potassium recommendations for field crops in new york - Cornell ...

Potassium Recommendations for Field Crops in New York. CSS E01-6. October 2001.POTASSIUM RECOMMENDATIONSFOR FIELD CROPS IN NEW YORKQuirine M. Ketterings, Stuart D. Klausner, and Karl J. CzymmekDepartment of Crop and Soil Sciences Extension Series E01-6Cornell UniversityOctober, 2001Picture by Q. M. KetteringsQuirine M. Ketterings is an Assistant Professor of Nutrient Management in AgriculturalSystems, Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Cornell University. Karl J. Czymmek isa Senior Extension Associate with PRO-DAIRY. Stuart D. Klausner is a retired SeniorExtension Associate in Nutrient Management, Department of Crop and Soil Sciences,Cornell University. For more information contact Quirine Ketterings at the Department ofCrop and Soil Sciences, Cornell University, 817 Bradfield Hall, Ithaca NY 14583 or e-mail: qmk2@cornell.edu.1

Potassium Recommendations for Field Crops in New York. CSS E01-6. October 2001.Acknowledgments:The agronomic potassium fertilizer recommendations for field crops are based ondecades of field research conducted in New York by The agronomic nitrogenfertilizer recommendations for field crops are based on decades of field researchconducted in New York by D.R. Bouldin, S.D. Klausner, D.J. Lathwell W.S.Reid, retired faculty members at the Department of Crop and Soil Sciences,Cornell University.Correct citation:Ketterings, Q.M., S.D. Klausner and K.J. Czymmek (2001). Potassiumrecommendations for field crops in New York. Department of Crop and SoilSciences Extension Series E01-6. Cornell University, Ithaca, NY. 39 pages.@2001. All rights reserved.2

Potassium Recommendations for Field Crops in New York. CSS E01-6. October 2001.TABLE OF CONTENTS1. INTRODUCTION 52. POTASSIUM FORMS AND PLANT AVAILABILITY 53. SOIL MANAGEMENT GROUPS 53.1 Soil management group I 73.1.1 Subgroup IA 73.1.2 Subgroup IB 83.2 Soil management group II 93.2.1 Subgroup IIA 93.2.2 Subgroup IIB 103.2.3 Subgroup IIC 103.3 Soil management group III 103.3.1 Subgroup IIIA 103.3.2 Subgroup IIIB 113.4 Soil management group IV 123.5 Soil management group V 133.6 Muck soils 134. SOIL TEST INTERPRETATION AND CONVERSIONS 135. CALCULATING POTASSIUM RECOMMENDATIONS FOR SPECIFICFIELD CROPS 145.1 Corn, millet, sorghum, sorghum sudan hybrid, sudangrass andsunflowers 155.2 Soybeans 155.3 Established stands of alfalfa, alfalfa grass, and alfalfa birdsfoot trefoil 165.4 Established grasses, intensively managed grass, and native grass pasture 175.5 Spring barley, winter barley, oats, and wheat 175.6 Buckwheat and rye cover crop 175.7 Triticale peas 185.8 Other crops 186. SOURCES OF POTASSIUM AND THEIR MANAGEMENT 19BACKGROUND LITERATURE 203

Potassium Recommendations for Field Crops in New York. CSS E01-6. October 2001.1. INTRODUCTIONAfter nitrogen and phosphorus, potassium (K) is the nutrient most likely to limitplant productivity. It is commonly applied to soils as a fertilizer. Potassium acts as anactivator for cellular enzymes involved in processes such as energy metabolism, starchsynthesis, nitrate reduction, photosynthesis, nitrogen fixation, and sugar degradation.Potassium plays an important role in lowering cellular osmotic potentials, allowing plantsto conserve water transpiration from leaves and to increase uptake through the roots.Plants with optimum potassium levels are known to be more resistant to environmentalstresses including drought.Presently, K is not considered a contaminant in water or a threat to water quality.However, K should be managed appropriately to improve crop production economics,reduce loss, and to prevent excessive build up in soils. Excessive soil K may cause anaccumulation of K in the feed ration and pose a risk to milk production and animalhealth.2. POTASSIUM FORMS AND PLANT AVAILABILITYSoil K can be divided into three major pools of availability. Unavailable ornonexchangeable potassium is contained in the form of soil minerals (micas andfeldspars). These primary minerals are the original source of potassium. Plants cannot useK in these crystalline insoluble forms. However, over long periods of time, these soilminerals weather and decompose, thereby releasing K. Most of the soil potassium iscontained in the primary non-exchangeable mineral forms.Readily available K is composed of exchangeable and soil solution K. The totalamount of K in this pool is relatively small (one or two percent of the total K in the soil).Potassium is a positively charged ion (cation). It does not leach readily because of itsattraction to the soil's negative charge. However, K can leach in very sandy soils with alow cation exchange capacity.Slowly available or exchangeable K is part of the internal structure of clayminerals of the soil. Some of the readily soluble K applied in fertilizer and manure maybe temporarily converted to a more slowly available form within the clay structure.Much of the K required for crop production can be derived from the pool ofexchangeable K. Some potassium may be returned to the soil as a result of leaching fromplant foliage by rainwater or irrigation.3. SOIL MANAGEMENT GROUPSNew York agricultural soils are divided into five mineral soil management groupsand a sixth group that includes organic (muck) soils, urban soils, the AdirondackMountains, Tug Hill and primarily rock land (Figure 1). There is a good correlationbetween the groups and their ability to supply K. The five mineral groups are classified5

Potassium Recommendations for Field Crops in New York. CSS E01-6. October 2001.according to texture of the surface and subsoil and parent material (lake sediments,calcareous glacial till, glacial outwash and recent alluvium). Table 1 gives an overview ofthe five mineral soil management groups. A complete list of New York soils and theirsoil management group classification can be found in Appendix Table 2. In the followingsections, each of the soil management groups are discussed briefly.Figure 1: Soils and soil management groups of New York. Printed with permission fromthe Cornell Field Crops and Soils Handbook (1987). Cornell Cooperative Extension.Ithaca NY.6

Potassium Recommendations for Field Crops in New York. CSS E01-6. October 2001.Table 1: Soil management groups for New York State agricultural soils (modified from:Cornell Field Crops and Soils Handbook, Cornell Cooperative Extension, 1987).SoilManagementGroupGeneral DescriptionIIIIIIIVVVIFine-textured soils developed from clayey lake sediments and mediumtofine-textured soils developed from lake sediments.Medium- to fine-textured soils developed from calcareous glacial tilland medium-textured to moderately fine-textured soils developed fromslightly calcareous glacial till mixed with shale and medium-texturedsoils developed in recent alluvium.Moderately course textured soil developed from glacial outwash andrecent alluvium and medium-textured acid soil developed on glacial till.Course- to medium-textured soils formed from glacial till or glacialoutwash.Course- to very course-textured soils formed from gravelly or sandyglacial outwash or glacial lake beach ridges or deltas.Organic or muck soils with more than 80% organic matter.3.1 Soil management group IThe soils in this management group are medium- to fine-textured soil s developedfrom lake sediments. They are heavy-textured, generally wet soils formed from lake ormarine sediments deposited in glacial lakes. They are characterized by a very slowlypermeable subsurface of silty clay to clay.3.1.1 Subgroup IAThese are fine-textured soils developed from clayey lake sediments. These are theheavy, generally wet soils formed from lake or marine sediments with silty clay loam toclay surfaces over heavier silty clay to clay subsoils. They contain little or no sand orgravel. The slope is generally level or nearly level, and the topography is level toundulating. Their very slowly permeable profile and nearly level slopes makes soil7

Potassium Recommendations for Field Crops in New York. CSS E01-6. October 2001.drainage and water management difficult but very important. Land smoothing and openditches with good outlets are recommended. Rotations containing sod crops, culturalpractices such as fall plowing, the incorporation of organic residues, and timely fittingoperations at proper moisture conditions, should be used to maintain good soil tilth foroptimum crop yields. The water-holding capacity of these soils is high; but because oflimited rooting in the clayey subsoils, crops suffer from drought more frequently thanwhen grown on groups II or III soils.The soil pH ranges from 5.4 to 7.0; thus lime may or may not be needed. If the pHis low, large quantities of lime are required. Magnesium on these soils is usually adequateto high. The organic matter contents are generally high, but the release of nitrogen (N) isslow, especially in the spring because of the cold, wet nature of these soils. The nitrogen -supplying power of these soils usually exceeds 80 pounds per acre per year. Theefficiency of applied N is often low, especially if applied preplant. These heavy-texturedsoils are often waterlogged, and some N is lost by denitrification. Side-dressing Nincreases its efficiency.Phosphorus (P) is usually low, and the placement of P in the band near the seed atplanting is critical. The heavy soil texture and wet, cold spring conditions slow rootgrowth. Thus the roots cannot extract nutrients from a large volume of soil. This reducesP uptake and increases the probability of a response when placed in the fertilizer band.The K supplying power is high, but restricted root growth decreases the ability of theplant to extract K; therefore, some K containing fertilizers are needed.The corn yields in this subgroup are generally below 100 bu/acre (17 tons per acreof silage), except for the moderately well drained Vergennes and Wilpoint soils. Theyield potential for perennial forages ranges from 2.5 to 4.5 tons /acre. Birdfoot trefoil andgrass are usually the most appropriate species to grow. Examples from group IA clayeysoils are the moderately well drained Vergennes, the somewhat poorly drainedKingsbury, and the poorly drained Livingston soils. Large acreages of group IA soilsoccur in northern New York with limited acres (not shown on figure 1) in eastern NewYork and the Hudson Valley.3.1.2 Subgroup IBThese are medium- to fine-textured soils developed from lake sediments. Thesesoils are formed from glacial lake or marine deposits and have a permeable, very finesandy loam, silt loam, or silty clay loam surface over a more slowly permeable, heaviersilty clay loam to clay subsurface. They differ from subgroup IA because of the moresandy surface and usually a more permeable subsoil. They generally occur on nearly levelto gently sloping or rolling landscapes of the lower elevations near the lakes and alongthe Hudson River. The more rolling landscape makes surface water control and drainageeasier than on the nearly level areas, but it increases the erosion hazard. Water anderosion control are important in managing these soils for crop production.The pH of these soils ranges from 5.2 to 7.4, but most often the pH is 5.8 orabove. Most subgroup IB soils need some lime for alfalfa production. The magnesium(Mg) supply is usually adequate.8

Potassium Recommendations for Field Crops in New York. CSS E01-6. October 2001.The organic matter content is generally medium, and the N release is good on thewell-drained to moderately well drained soils. The N-supplying power generally exceeds80 lbs per acre per year, but nitrogen loss is a problem as with the subgroup IA soils.Original P levels are low, but the addition of manure and fertilizer P to cultivatedareas may have increased soil P to higher levels. Band placement of P is important forcrop establishment where P application is recommended. The K-supplying power is high,but continuous cropping without adequate fertilizer can reduce the K levels.The yield potentials for these soils vary from 75 to 120 bushels of corn per acre(13 to 20 tons of silage) depending on the soil drainage. The potential yields of perennialforage range from 2.5 to 5.5 tons per acre, but only the well-drained and moderately welldrained soils are suited for alfalfa production. The Hudson, Odessa, and Schoharie seriesare examples of the well-drained and moderately well drained soils of the subgroup IB.Other examples are the somewhat poorly and poorly drained Caneadea, Canadice, andRhinebeck soils and the very poorly drained Lakemont soils.3.2 Soil management group IIThe soils of this group are medium-textured to moderately fine-textured soilsdeveloped from calcareous glacial till, calcareous glacial till mixed with shale, or recentalluvium. The soils in this management group belong to one of three subgroupsdepending on parent material. Yield potentials of these soils vary from 75 to 150 bushelsor corn (13-26 tons per acre of corn silage) and from 2.5 to 6 tons per acre of forage,depending primarily on the soil drainage characteristics.3.2.1 Subgroup IIAMedium- to fine-textured soils developed from calcareous glacial till. These soilsare found in areas of undulating to gently rolling topography in the central plains of NewYork. They are formed from strongly calcareous glacial till. The soil profile is slightlyacid to slightly alkaline in the surface and slightly alkaline or strongly alkaline in thesubsoil. The surface texture may be a very fine sandy loam, loam, or silt loam with siltloam to silty clay loam subsoils. The water-holding capacity of these soils is high. Limeis usually not required, but surface soil pH’s are occasionally low. Additions of manureand fertilizer P have increased the P content to high levels in some soils.Soil water management is a problem on most of these soils. Erosion control andadequate soil drainage are critical problems. Subsurface drainage is effective in removingexcess soil water. Strip-cropping, diversion ditches, sod waterways, and subdrain outletterraces have successfully provided both erosion control and drainage. Once the watermanagement problems have been solved, these are among the most productive soils ofthe state.Some examples are the well-drained Cazenovia, Hilton, Honeoye, Lima andOntario series; the somewhat poorly drained Appleton, Kendaia, and Ovid series; and thepoorly drained Lyons and Romulus series.9

Potassium Recommendations for Field Crops in New York. CSS E01-6. October 2001.3.2.2 Subgroup IIBMedium-textured to moderately fine textured soils developed from slightlycalcareous glacial till mixed with shale. These soils generally have a very fine sandyloam or silt loam surface over a heavy silt loam or silty clay loam subsurface. These soilsoccur on nearly level or slightly undulating to rolling landscapes and are generallylocated in the transition zone to the higher lime soils. The sloping landscapes often showsigns of erosion, and erosion control practices are generally necessary. On the more levelor concave topography and finer-textured soils, drainage is a problem. The better-drainedsoils of this group are well suited for the production of almost all field crops andvegetables. Almost all soils of this group require lime for legumes, and many must belimed for optimum production of other field crops. In general, the organic matter and Nin these soils are medium. The original P supply was low, but P additions have increasedit to high levels in some soils. The K supply is high. Some examples are the well-drainedto moderately well drained Conesus, Lansing, Mohawk, and Nunda series. The somewhatpoorly to poorly drained members include the generally finer textured Burdett, Darien,Kendaia, and Manheim series.3.2.3 Subgroup IICMedium-textured soils developed in recent alluvium. These soils have developedon nearly level, first bottomlands and are subject to spring floods. The better-drainedsoils are intensively used and highly productive for a wide variety of crops. They have awater-holding capacity of 5 to 9 inches of available water. These are among the mostfertile soils in New York. Crops grown on these soils respond to practices that improvesoil tilth and minimize soil compaction. Examples are the well-drained Hamlin orGenesee, moderately well drained Teel, and somewhat poorly drained Wayland.3.3 Soil management group IIIThe soils in this management group are medium-textured silt loams in both thesurface and the subsoil. They are medium in K supplying power. There are twosubgroups in this category that are similar in most of their management requirements butcan differ in parent material, slope, tillage, and erosion control practices.3.3.1 Subgroup IIIAModerately coarse textured soil developed from recent alluvium. These soilsgenerally have a sandy loam, gravelly loam, or gravelly silt loam surface and gravellyloam, loam, sand or gravel subsurfaces. They occur on gravel outwash plains in the10

Potassium Recommendations for Field Crops in New York. CSS E01-6. October 2001.valleys or on glacial kames or eskers. The majority is level to nearly level and are wellsuited to a variety of crops. Erosion and soil structure are generally not problems. Thesesoils contain about 4 to 7 inches of available water in the soil profile. Irrigation may berequired for vegetable production or during dry years for field crops.The soils located near the high lime glacial tills are usually higher in pH than thesoils in the southern part of the state, but lime must be added to most of these soils foroptimum crop production. Yield potentials for this group are high with corn yieldsgenerally between 110 and 130 bushels per acre on the well-drained and moderately welldrained areas. Perennial forage yields range from 2.5 to 5.8 tons per acre depending onsoil drainage. Examples are the well-drained to moderately well drained Barbour,Braceville, Chenango, Howard, Kars, Palmyra, Phelps, and Tioga series. The somewhatpoorly drained soils include the Fredon, Holly, and Red Hook series.3.3.2 Subgroup IIIBThese are medium-textured acid soils with fragipans developed on glacial till.These soils contain shale, sandstone, slate, or schist-type rocks with little or no lime.They have a silt loam surface and a more dense or compacted silt loam subsoil withfragipan or hardpan at various depths below the surface. The depth to the fragipandetermines the soil drainage characteristics – the deeper the pan, the better drained thesoil. The entire profile contains few to many angular and (or) flat stones of various sizes.The well-drained and moderately well drained soils usually contain 4 to 7 inches ofavailable water; the somewhat poorly drained soils contain 3 to 4 inches. Erosion is aproblem on all soils within this group. These sloping soils must be protected to reduceerosion by using combinations of cover crops, strip-cropping, rotations, and diversionditches.The pattern of soils within a field is usually complex because of the variableslopes. Most fields will contain two or more soils with different drainage characteristics;that is, the majority of a field may be moderately well drained soil such as Mardin, but inthe low places a poorly drained soil such as Chippewa will occur. This type of soilpattern required diversion terraces to intercept runoff from higher elevations and randomsubdrainage to eliminate wet spots. Such practices permit more timely, efficient farmoperations. Yield potentials for the subgroup IIIB soils are generally lower than forsubgroup IIIA because water is often a problem.The well-drained and moderately well drained soils generally occur on the convexslopes near the top of the hills, on the knolls, or on sloping areas where there is no waterseepage. These include the Mardin, Valois, and Langford soils. The well-drainedLordstown and Oquaga soils occur on steeper slopes and are shallow to bedrock. Thesomewhat poorly and poorly drained soils such a Camroden, Ellery, Erie, Marcy, Morris,and Volusia occur on the longer slopes, and near the bases of hills where water tends tocollects or seep from above.11

Potassium Recommendations for Field Crops in New York. CSS E01-6. October 2001.3.4 Soil management group IVThese soils are low in K-supplying power and are coarse- to moderately coarsetexturedsoils formed from glacial till or glacial outwash (Figure 2). There is nosubdivision of the soil management IV. The soil texture is sandy loam or silt loam in thesurface, with or without gravel. The subsurface ranges from gravelly loams to clays. Theslopes vary from level to strongly undulating. The somewhat poorly to poorly drainedsoils of this group can usually be drained effectively with widely spaced tile lines.Picture by K.J. Czymmek.Figure 2: Glacial influences set the stage for soil managementgroups.These soil profiles usually have an available water capacity of 3 to 5 inches.Crops grown on these soils suffer from insufficient water during extended dry periods,especially as the water table is more than 2 to 3 feet in depth. The soil tilth is excellent,and the soils can be worked over a wide range of moisture conditions without injury.Erosion from wind and water may be a problem in some areas. Most of these soils requireregular additions of lime for crop growth. Crops respond well to fertilizers when moistureis adequate. Examples of the well-drained to moderately well drained soils of this groupare Bombay, Broadalbin, Copake, Empeyville, Gloucester, Grenville, Hogansburg,Hoosic, Ira, Madrid, Moira, Parishville, Sodus, and Worth. Some somewhat poorly topoorly drained examples are Brayton, Fredon, Massena, Scriba, and Westbury.12

Potassium Recommendations for Field Crops in New York. CSS E01-6. October 2001.3.5 Soil management group VThese are coarse- to very coarse-textured soils formed from gravelly or sandyglacial outwash or glacial lake beach ridges or deltas. The parent material for these soilshas been reworked by water either as glacial outwash or by wave action from the glaciallakes, removing almost all the fine materials, silt, and clay and leaving usually deepdeposits of sand and/or gravel. The soils that form have similar textures, usually withlittle organic matter. The topography is nearly level to undulating. Most of these soils areexcessively drained. The available water capacity is very low, 2 to 3 inches.Supplemental irrigation is essential for consistent crop production. The tilth of these soilsis generally good to loose. They can be worked at almost any time following a rain andare commonly used for producing fresh market vegetable crops. They require small, butregular, additions of lime. The fertility needs are great. The soils usually supply less than50 pounds per acre of available N or K. Leaching of fertilizer N and K is a problem, andadditional N and K should be added to the irrigated soils. Without irrigation these soilshave low yields, generally less than 90 bushels per acre of corn and 4.5 tons of alfalfa.Examples of the excessively drained to well-drained soils include Alton, Colosse, Colton,Hinckley, and Windsor. The somewhat poorly and poorly drained soils includeClaverack, Colonie, Elmwood, Granby, Junius, and Swanton.3.6 Muck soilsMuck is formed by deposits of decaying organic matter in bogs. Muck lands mustbe drained before they can be used for agriculture. Water management is extremelyimportant not only for drainage for crop production but also for irrigation and control ofthe rate of decay of the organic matter. Muck soils are usually high in N, but low in P, K,copper and magnesium. The deep mucks may have marl mixed with, or very close to, thesurface. This complicates the fertility program, especially for zinc and manganese.The muck soils are generally used for the production of vegetable crops, but fieldcrops are sometimes grown. When used for field crops, they should be fertilized withphosphorus and potassium as indicated in the section for soil management group V but Napplication rates should be reduced one-third to one-half of the rates recommended formineral soils.4. SOIL TEST INTERPRETATION AND CONVERSIONSCornell University’s potassium recommendations are based on decades of yieldresponse trials in New York. The Morgan extraction is the basis for theserecommendations. Cornell soil K tests can be interpreted using Table 2.13

Potassium Recommendations for Field Crops in New York. CSS E01-6. October 2001.Table 2: Interpretations of Cornell soil test K data.SoilManagementGroupSoil test KVery Low Low Medium High Very High---------------------Lbs K/acre (CNAL Morgan extraction)--------------------I 149II 164III 199IV 239V/VI 269Mehlich-III soil tests from Brookside Laboratories Inc. (New Knoxville, Ohio)and Mehlich-III based soil test results reported by Spectrum Analytic Inc. (WashingtonC.H., Ohio) can be used to derive Cornell Morgan equivalents:Brookside Laboratories Inc. (n=235, r 2 =0.94, range = 84 to 1434 lbs K/acre):CNAL Morgan K (lbs/a) = 1.08 * Brookside K (lbs/acre) - 50Spectrum Analytic Inc. (n=235, r 2 =0.94, range = 36 to 1646 lbs K/acre):CNAL Morgan K (lbs/a) = 0.92 * Spectrum K (lbs/acre) – 10These equations are derived from a dataset with CNAL Morgan extractable K rangingfrom 39 to 1809 lbs K/acre. Soil pH in water ranged from 4.4 to 7.8. Comparative studiesare necessary to derive CNAL Morgan equivalents for Mehlich-III data from otherlaboratories.5. CALCULATING POTASSIUM REQUIREMENTS FOR SPECIFIC CROPSPotassium requirements are expressed in lbs of K 2 O. The K recommendations forsod crops depend on yield potential, soil test K level and constants associated with thesoil type. Non-sod crop K requirements depend on soil test K level and constantsassociated with the soil type.14

Potassium Recommendations for Field Crops in New York. CSS E01-6. October 2001.5.1 Corn, millet, sorghum, sorghum sudan hybrid, sudangrass and sunflowersPotassium requirements for corn (COG, COS), millet (MIL) sorghum forage (SOF),sorghum grain (SOG), sorghum sudan hybrids (SSH), sudangrass (SUD) and sunflowers(SUN) are calculated using the following K requirement equation:K 2 O recommendation (lbs/acre) = 20 + A – SoilTestKSee Table 3 for the A parameter and minimum and maximum recommendations. If thesoil test K level is higher than 150% of the A value of a specific soil management group,the potassium requirement becomes zero. For crop establishment and topdressingpotassium, manure can be used to supply the entire requirement. Appendix Table Bshows the K recommendations for each of these crops by Cornell Morgan soil test Klevel.Table 3: Fitting parameters A and B and minimum and maximum K 2 O recommendationsfor grain corn (COG), corn silage (COS), millet (MIL, ) sorghum forage (SOF), sorghumgrain (SOG), sorghum sudan hybrids (SSH), sudangrass (SUD) and sunflowers (SUN).SoilManagementGroupFittingParameterAMinimumRecommendation(COG, COS,MIL, SOF, SOG,SSH, SUD, SUN)(COG, COS)MaximumRecommendation(MIL, SOF, SOG,SSH, SUD, SUN)------------------------ Lbs K 2 O/acre -------------------------I 100 20 50 50II 110 20 60 60III 130 20 80 70IV 160 20 120 80V/VI 180 20 120 1005.2 SoybeansThe K recommendations for soybean are listed in Table 4.15

Potassium Recommendations for Field Crops in New York. CSS E01-6. October 2001.Table 4: Potassium recommendations (lbs K 2 O/acre) for soybeans.CNAL Morgan extractable KSoil Management Grouplbs K/acre I, II III IV, V, VI269 0 0 05.3 Established stands of alfalfa, alfalfa grass, and alfalfa birdsfoot trefoilThe potassium recommendations for established stands of alfalfa (ALT), alfalfagrass (AGT) and alfalfa birdsfoot trefoil (ABT) are derived using the followingequations:Soil management group I:K recommendation (lbs K 2 O/acre) = [{(ypa * 40) – SoilTestK} / 0.6] – 120Soil management group II:K recommendation (lbs K 2 O/acre) = [{(ypa * 40) – SoilTestK} / 0.6] – 100Soil management group III:K recommendation (lbs K 2 O/acre) = [{(ypa * 40) – SoilTestK} / 0.6] – 80Soil management group IV:K recommendation (lbs K 2 O/acre) = [{(ypa * 40) – SoilTestK} / 0.6] – 60Soil management group V and VI:K recommendation (lbs K 2 O/acre) = [{(ypa * 40) – SoilTestK} / 0.6] – 40In these equations, ypa is the soil specific alfalfa yield potential in tons/acre andSoilTestK is the lbs CNAL Morgan extractable K/acre. Soil type specific yield potentialsfor alfalfa can be found in Appendix Table C.16

Potassium Recommendations for Field Crops in New York. CSS E01-6. October 2001.5.4 Potassium requirements for established grasses, intensively managed grass, and nativegrass pasturePotassium recommendations for established and intensively managed grass (GIT)and established grasses (GRT) and native grass pasture (PNT) are derived from those fortopdressing alfalfa (ALT):GIT K recommendation (lbs K 2 O/acre) = 0.8 * ALT K recommendationsGRT/PNT K recommendation (lbs K 2 O/acre) = 0.66 * ALT K recommendationsDerivations for potassium recommendations for established alfalfa were discussed insection 5.3.5.5 Spring barley, winter barley, oats, and wheatPotassium requirements for spring barley (BSP), winter barley (BWI), oats (OAT)and wheat (WHT) are calculated using the following general K requirement equation:K recommendation (lbs K 2 O /acre) = 110 – (0.70 * SoilTestK)In this equation, SoilTestK is the amount of CNAL Morgan extractable K in lbs/acre. Therecommendations for these crops do not depend on soil management group. Therecommendations become zero lbs/acre for soil with soil test K levels of 157 lbs/acre orhigher. Appendix Table D shows the K recommendations for these crops as a function ofsoil test K level.5.6 Buckwheat and rye cover cropBecause buckwheat (BUK) is well-adapted to poor soils and easily lodges onhighly fertile soils, no K 2 O is recommended for soil with soil test K levels of 10 lbs/acre(CNAL Morgan soil test) or higher. The K recommendation for a rye cover crop (RYC)is identical to that of buckwheat. The maximum K recommendation amounts to 50 lbsK 2 O/acre on soils with virtually no extractable K. Recommendations decrease with 5 lbsK 2 O/acre for each lb/acre increase in soil test K (SoilTestK in lbs K/acre):K recommendation (lbs K 2 O/acre) = 50 – (5 * SoilTestK)Appendix Table E shows K recommendations for buckwheat and rye cover crops as afunction of CNAL Morgan extractable soil test K level.17

Potassium Recommendations for Field Crops in New York. CSS E01-6. October 2001.5.7 Triticale peasTriticale peas recommendations are soil test but not soil management groupspecific. Recommendations follow the general equation:K recommendation (lbs K 2 O /acre) = (110 – SoilTestK)*0.70In this equation, SoilTestK is the amount of CNAL Morgan extractable K in lbs/acre. Theminimum requirement is 20 lbs K 2 O/acre. Appendix Table F list K recommendationsas a function of Cornell Morgan soil test level.5.8 Other cropsTable 5 lists other crops for which K recommendations are available. Potassiumrecommendations for these crops are calculated using the following equations:Soil management group I:K recommendation (lbs K 2 O /acre) = (100 - SoilTestK)*0.70Soil management group II:K recommendation (lbs K 2 O /acre) = (110 - SoilTestK)*0.70Soil management group III:K recommendation (lbs K 2 O /acre) = (130 - SoilTestK)*0.80Soil management group IV:K recommendation (lbs K 2 O /acre) = (160 - SoilTestK)*0.90Soil management group V and VI:K recommendation (lbs K 2 O /acre) = (200 - SoilTestK)*0.70Appendix Table G shows K recommendations as a function of Cornell Morgan soil test Klevel of each of the soil management groups. A minimum application of 20 lbs K 2 O isrecommended for all crops except for established birdsfoot trefoil (BTT), birdsfoot trefoilclover (BCT), birdsfoot trefoil grass (BGT), and birdsfoot trefoil seed. A maximumapplication applies for rye seed production (RYC), established pasture of improvedgrasses and intensively grazed pasture. Maximum application rates for these cropsamount to 50, 60, 70, 80 and 100 lbs K 2 O/acre for soils in management groups I, II, III,IV, V/VI, respectively.18

Potassium Recommendations for Field Crops in New York. CSS E01-6. October 2001.Table 5: Crops and their Cornell crop codes that utilize K recommendation equations thatare generated using the general equation: K recommendation = (A-SoilTestK)*B.CropCropCode DescriptionCode DescriptionABE Alfalfa trefoil grass, EstablishmentAGE Alfalfa grass, EstablishmentALE Alfalfa, EstablishmentBCE Birdsfoot trefoil clover,EstablishmentBCT Birdsfoot trefoil clover, EstablishedBGE Birdsfoot trefoil grass,EstablishmentBGT Birdsfoot trefoil grass, EstablishedBSE Birdsfoot trefoil seed,EstablishmentBST Birdsfoot trefoil seed, EstablishedBTE Birdsfoot trefoil, EstablishmentBTT Birdsfoot trefoil, EstablishedBSS Spring barley with legumesBWS Winter barley with legumesCGE Clover grass, EstablishmentCGT Clover grass, EstablishedCLE Clover, EstablishmentCLT Clover, EstablishedCSE Clover seed production,EstablishmentCST Clover seed production,EstablishedCVE Crownvetch, EstablishmentCVT CrownvetchGIE Grasses intensively managed,EstablishmentGRE Grasses, EstablishmentPGE Pasture, EstablishmentPGT Pasture improved grasses,EstablishedPasture intensively grazed,PIE EstablishmentPasture intensively grazed,PIT EstablishedPasture with legumes,PLE EstablishmentPLT Pasture with legumes, EstablishedRYS Rye seed productionOAS Oats with legumeWHS Wheat with legume6. SOURCES OF POTASSIUM AND THEIR MANAGEMENTPotassium fertilizers (Table 6) contain readily available K. The K in manure isprimarily in a soluble form and most if not all of it is readily available to plants. ManureK can be substituted for fertilizer K on a one-to-one basis. Potassium can, and often does,accumulate to very high levels in heavily manured fields. The accumulated K can be usedby another crop later in the rotation. Crop monitoring may be important because anexcessive amount of K in the feed ration can affect animal health.Applications of fertilizer K are important on fields where soil test K levels are lowto medium, especially when manure will not be applied. Potassium fertilizers areprimarily mined from deposits of potassium chloride, potassium sulfate, and potassiumand magnesium sulfates.For crop establishment, if the fertilizer recommendation is less than 20 lbs K 2 Oper acre, the entire amount should be applied as fertilizer. For larger applications, apply20 lbs of K fertilizer and use the K in manure to supply the rest. To prevent salt injury,19

Potassium Recommendations for Field Crops in New York. CSS E01-6. October 2001.N+K 2 O applications should be limited to no more than 80-100 lbs in the fertilizer band atplanting. Potassium fertilizer can be broadcast and incorporated separately. If more than80 lbs of N+K 2 O need to be applied in the fertilizer band, it is recommended to place thefertilizer 2 inches below and 3 inches to the side of the seed.Table 6: Common potassium containing fertilizersCommon nameChemicalformulaN P 2 O 5 K 2 O MgMuriate of potash KCl 0 0 60 0Monopotassium phosphate KH 2 PO 4 0 ~50 1 40 0Sulfate of potash K 2 SO 4 0 0 50 0Sulfate of potash-magnesia K 2 SO 4 MgSO 4 0 0 22 111Variable analysis.BACKGROUND LITERATUREThe following references summarize corn and alfalfa research that contributed to thedevelopment of the current fertilizer recommendations for New York field crops:! Klausner S.D. and E.A. Goyette. 1993. Soil fertility research: 1992. Department ofSoil, Crop and Atmospheric Sciences Research Series R93-2. Cornell University,Ithaca NY.! Klausner S.D. and E.A. Goyette. 1992. Soil fertility research: Corn 1991. Departmentof Soil, Crop and Atmospheric Sciences Research Series R92-1. Cornell University,Ithaca NY.! Klausner S.D. and E.A. Goyette. 1992. Soil fertility research: Alfalfa 1991.Department of Soil, Crop and Atmospheric Sciences Research Series R92-2. CornellUniversity, Ithaca NY.! Klausner S.D., W.S. Reid and E.A. Goyette. 1991. Soil fertility research: Corn 1990.Department of Soil, Crop and Atmospheric Sciences Research Series R91-1. CornellUniversity, Ithaca NY.! Klausner S.D., W.S. Reid and E.A. Goyette. 1991. Soil fertility research: Alfalfa1990. Department of Soil, Crop and Atmospheric Sciences Research Series R91-2.Cornell University, Ithaca NY.! Klausner, S.D., and W.S. Reid, 1990. Soil fertility research for corn, 1989. AgronomyMimeo 90-1. Cornell University, Ithaca NY.! Klausner, S.D., and W.S. Reid, 1990. Soil fertility research for alfalfa, 1989.Agronomy Mimeo 90-2. Cornell University, Ithaca NY.! Klausner, S.D., W.S. Reid, G. Ferguson, and E.A. Goyette, 1989. Calibrating afertilizer and plant analysis program for corn. 1988 Agronomy Mimeo 89-3.Agronomy Department, Cornell University, Ithaca NY.20

Potassium Recommendations for Field Crops in New York. CSS E01-6. October 2001.APPENDIX TABLE A: CORNELL CROP CODES.Crop CodeCrop DescriptionABEABTAGEAGTALEALTAlfalfaAlfalfa trefoil grass, EstablishmentAlfalfa trefoil grass, EstablishedAlfalfa grass, EstablishmentAlfalfa grass, EstablishedAlfalfa, EstablishmentAlfalfa, EstablishedBCEBCTBGEBGTBSEBSTBTEBTTBirdsfootBirdsfoot trefoil clover, EstablishmentBirdsfoot trefoil clover, EstablishedBirdsfoot trefoil grass, EstablishmentBirdsfoot trefoil grass, EstablishedBirdsfoot trefoil seed, EstablishmentBirdsfoot trefoil seed, EstablishedBirdsfoot trefoil, EstablishmentBirdsfoot trefoil, EstablishedBSPBSSBUKBWIBWSBarleySpring barleySpring barley with legumesBuckwheatWinter barleyWinter barley with legumesCGECGTCLECLTCSECSTCloverClover grass, EstablishmentClover grass, EstablishedClover, EstablishmentClover, EstablishedClover seed production, EstablishmentClover seed production, EstablishedCOGCOSCornCorn grainCorn silage21

Potassium Recommendations for Field Crops in New York. CSS E01-6. October 2001.APPENDIX TABLE A (CONTINUED): CORNELL CROP CODES.Crop CodeCrop DescriptionCVECVTGIEGITGREGRTPGEPGTPIEPITPLEPLTPNTRYCRYSTRPGrasses, pastures, covercropsCrownvetch, EstablishmentCrownvetchGrasses intensively managed, EstablishmentGrasses intensively managed, EstablishedGrasses, EstablishmentGrasses, EstablishedPasture, EstablishmentPasture improved grasses, EstablishedPasture intensively grazed, EstablishmentPasture intensively grazed, EstablishedPasture with legumes, EstablishmentPasture with legumes, EstablishedPasture native grassesRye cover cropRye seed productionTriticale peasMILOASOATSOFSOGSOYSSHSUDWHSWHTSmall grainsMilletOats with legumeOatsSorghum forageSorghum grainSoybeansSorghum sudan hybridSudangrassWheat with legumeWheatSUNOthersSunflower22

Potassium Recommendations for Field Crops in New York. CSS E01-6. October 2001.APPENDIX B: POTASSIUM RECOMMENDATIONS FOR CORN SILAGE (COS),GRAIN CORN (COG), MILLET (MIL) SORGHUM FORAGE (SOF), SORGHUMGRAIN (SOG), SORGHUM SUDAN HYBRIDS (SSH), SUDANGRASS (SUD) ANDSUNFLOWERS (SUN).K recommendation (lbs K 2 O/acre)CNALMorganSoil TestKCOS and COGSoil Management GroupMIL, SOF, SOG, SSH, SUD, SUNSoil Management GroupLbs K/acre I II III IV V/VI I II III IV V/VI≤62 50 60 80 120 120 50 60 70 80 10063-67 50 60 80 115 120 50 60 70 80 10068-72 50 60 80 110 120 50 60 70 80 10073-77 45 55 75 105 120 45 55 70 80 10078-82 40 50 70 100 120 40 50 70 80 10083-87 35 45 65 95 115 35 45 65 80 10088-92 30 40 60 90 110 30 40 60 80 10093-97 25 35 55 85 105 25 35 55 80 10098-102 20 30 50 80 100 20 30 50 80 100103-107 20 25 45 75 95 20 25 45 75 95108-112 20 20 40 70 90 20 20 40 70 90113-117 20 20 35 65 85 20 20 35 65 85118-122 20 20 30 60 80 20 20 30 60 80123-127 20 20 25 55 75 20 20 25 55 75128-132 20 20 20 50 70 20 20 20 50 70133-137 20 20 20 45 65 20 20 20 45 65138-142 20 20 20 40 60 20 20 20 40 60143-147 20 20 20 35 55 20 20 20 35 55148-150 20 20 20 30 50 20 20 20 30 50151-152 0 20 20 30 50 0 20 20 30 50153-157 0 20 20 25 45 0 20 20 25 45158-162 0 20 20 20 40 0 20 20 20 40163-165 0 20 20 20 35 0 20 20 20 35166-167 0 0 20 20 35 0 0 20 20 35168-172 0 0 20 20 30 0 0 20 20 30173-177 0 0 20 20 25 0 0 20 20 25178-195 0 0 20 20 20 0 0 20 20 20196-240 0 0 0 20 20 0 0 0 20 20241-270 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 20>270 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 023

Potassium Recommendations for Field Crops in New York. CSS E01-6. October 2001.APPENDIX TABLE C: SOIL MANAGEMENT GROUP (SMG) AND ALFALFA YIELDPOTENTIAL (YP IN BUSHELS/ACRE) FOR UNDRAINED (UD) AND ARTIFICIALLYDRAINED (DR) NEW YORK SOILS.Soil Name SMG ALFYPUDALFYPDR(ton/a) (ton/a)Acton 4 4.0 5.5Adams 5 4.5 4.5Adirondack 4 4.0 4.0Adjidaumo 1 2.5 3.5Adrian 6 2.5 4.0Agawam 4 6.0 6.0Albia 3 3.5 4.5Albrights 2 4.5 5.0Alden 3 2.0 3.5Allagash 5 5.0 5.0Allard 3 6.0 6.0Allendale 3 2.5 3.5Allis 3 2.5 4.5Alluvial Land 3 3.0 4.0Almond 3 2.5 3.0Alps 3 4.5 5.0Altmar 5 4.5 5.0Alton 5 5.5 5.5Amboy 4 5.5 5.5Amenia 4 5.0 5.5Angola 2 3.0 4.5Appleton 2 4.0 4.5Arkport 4 5.5 5.5Armagh 2 2.5 4.0Arnot 3 4.0 4.0Ashville 3 3.0 3.5Atherton 3 2.5 4.0Atkins 3 2.0 3.5Atsion 5 3.0 4.5Au Gres 5 3.0 4.5Aurelie 3 2.0 2.5Aurora 2 4.5 4.5Barbour 3 6.0 6.0Barcelona 3 3.5 4.5Soil Name SMG ALFYPUDALFYPDR(ton/a) (ton/a)Barre 1 2.5 4.0Bash 3 5.0 5.5Basher 3 5.5 6.0Bath 3 5.0 5.0Becket 4 4.5 4.5Becraft 3 5.5 6.0Belgrade 3 5.5 6.0Benson 4 4.0 4.0Berkshire 5 5.5 5.5Bernardston 4 5.5 5.5Berrien 5 4.5 5.0Berryland 5 2.0 3.5Beseman 6 2.5 3.5Bice 5 5.0 5.0Biddeford 2 2.0 3.5Birdsall 3 2.5 3.5Blasdell 3 5.5 5.5Bombay 4 5.0 5.5Bonaparte 4 4.5 4.5Bono 1 3.0 4.0Boots 6 2.5 3.5Borosaprists 6 2.0 3.5Boynton 3 2.5 4.0Braceville 4 4.0 5.0Brayton 4 3.0 4.5Bridgehampton 3 6.0 6.0Bridport 2 3.5 4.5Briggs 4 5.0 5.0Brinkerton 2 2.5 4.0Broadalbin 4 5.5 5.5Brockport 1 4.0 4.5Brookfield 3 5.0 5.0Buckland 3 0.0 4.0Bucksport 6 2.0 3.524

Potassium Recommendations for Field Crops in New York. CSS E01-6. October 2001.Soil Name SMG ALFYPUDALFYPDR(ton/a) (ton/a)Budd 4 5.5 5.5Burdett 2 4.0 4.5Burnham 3 2.0 3.5Busti 3 3.5 4.0Buxton 2 5.0 5.5Cambria 2 2.5 3.5Cambridge 3 5.0 5.5Camillus 3 5.0 5.0Camroden 3 4.0 4.5Canaan 4 4.5 4.5Canaan-RockOutcrop 4 4.5 4.5Canadice 2 3.0 4.0Canandaigua 3 2.5 4.0Canaseraga 3 5.0 5.5Canastota 2 4.5 5.0Caneadea 2 4.0 4.5Canfield 3 4.5 5.0Canton 4 5.5 5.5Carbondale 6 2.0 3.5Carlisle 6 2.0 3.5Carrollton 3 3.5 3.5Carver 5 4.0 4.0Carver-Plymouth 5 4.0 4.0Castile 4 5.5 5.5Cathro 6 2.5 3.5Cathro-Greenwood 6 2.5 3.5Cattaraugus 3 5.5 5.5Cavode 2 3.5 4.5Cayuga 2 5.5 5.5Cazenovia 2 5.5 5.5Ceresco 3 6.0 6.0Chadakoin 3 5.5 5.5Chagrin 3 6.0 6.0Champlain 5 3.5 3.5Charles 3 2.0 3.0Soil Name SMG ALFYPUDALFYPDR(ton/a) (ton/a)Charlton 4 5.5 5.5Chatfield 4 4.5 4.5Chatfield 4 4.5 4.5Chaumont 1 3.0 4.0Chautauqua 3 5.0 5.0Cheektowaga 5 3.0 4.0Chenango 3 5.5 5.5Cheshire 4 5.0 5.0Chippeny 6 2.0 3.5Chippewa 3 2.5 4.0Churchville 2 3.0 4.5Cicero 2 3.5 4.5Clarkson 2 5.5 6.0Claverack 4 5.5 5.5Clymer 4 5.0 5.0Cohoctah 4 2.5 3.5Collamer 3 5.5 6.0Colonie 5 4.5 4.5Colosse 4 4.5 4.5Colrain 4 5.5 5.5Colton 5 4.5 4.5Colwood 3 2.5 4.0Conesus 2 5.0 5.5Conotton 3 5.5 5.5Constable 5 4.5 4.5Cook 5 2.5 3.5Copake 4 6.0 6.0Cornish 3 3.5 4.5Cosad 4 4.0 5.0Cossayuna 4 5.5 5.5Covert 4 5.0 5.5Coveytown 4 3.0 4.5Covington 1 2.5 3.5Crary 4 4.0 4.5Croghan 5 4.5 4.5Culvers 3 4.5 5.0Dalbo 3 4.5 4.5Dalton 3 3.0 4.025

Potassium Recommendations for Field Crops in New York. CSS E01-6. October 2001.Soil Name SMG ALFYPUDALFYPDR(ton/a) (ton/a)Danley 2 4.5 5.0Dannemora 4 2.5 3.5Darien 2 3.5 4.5Dawson 6 2.5 3.5Deerfield 5 4.5 4.5Deford 4 4.0 4.0Dekalb 4 5.0 5.0Depeyster 3 5.5 6.0Deposit 3 5.0 5.5Derb 3 3.5 4.0Dixmont 5 4.5 5.0Dorval 6 2.0 3.5Dover 4 5.5 5.5Duane 4 4.0 4.5Dunkirk 3 5.5 5.5Dutchess 4 5.5 5.5Duxbury 4 5.0 5.0Edwards 6 2.5 3.5Eel 2 4.5 5.5Eelweir 4 5.0 5.5Elka 4 4.5 4.5Ellery 3 2.5 4.0Elmridge 5 4.5 5.5Elmwood 4 4.5 5.0Elnora 5 4.5 5.0Empeyville 4 3.5 4.5Enfield 3 5.5 5.5Ensley 3 3.0 3.5Erie 3 3.0 4.0Ernest 3 4.0 4.0Essex 5 4.5 4.5Fahey 5 4.0 4.5Farmington 3 4.0 4.0Farnham 4 5.0 5.5Fernlake 4 3.0 3.0Fonda 2 2.0 3.5Fredon 4 3.0 4.0Freetown 6 2.5 3.5Soil Name SMG ALFYPUDALFYPDR(ton/a) (ton/a)Fremont 2 3.0 4.5Frenchtown 3 2.5 4.0Frewsburg 3 3.0 4.0Fryeburg 3 4.0 4.0Gage 3 3.0 4.0Galen 4 5.0 5.5Galestown 5 4.0 4.0Galoo 4 3.5 3.5Galoo-RockOutcrop 4 3.5 3.5Galway 4 5.0 5.0Genesee 2 6.5 6.5Georgia 4 5.0 5.5Getzville 3 3.0 3.5Gilpen 3 4.0 4.0Gilpin 3 4.0 4.0Glebe 4 3.0 3.0Glebe-Saddleback 4 3.0 3.0Glendora 4 3.0 3.0Glenfield 3 2.5 3.5Gloucester 4 4.5 4.5Glover 4 3.5 3.5Gougeville 5 2.0 4.0Granby 5 2.0 3.5Grattan 5 4.5 4.5Greene 3 3.0 4.0Greenwood 6 2.0 3.0Grenville 4 5.5 5.5Gretor 3 2.5 3.0Groton 4 4.5 5.0Groveton 4 4.0 5.0Guff 1 2.5 3.0Guffin 1 2.5 3.5Gulf 4 2.5 3.5Hadley 3 5.0 5.0Haights 3 3.0 3.5Haights-Gulf 3 3.0 3.526

Potassium Recommendations for Field Crops in New York. CSS E01-6. October 2001.Soil Name SMG ALFYPUDALFYPDR(ton/a) (ton/a)Hailesboro 3 4.0 5.0Halcott 2 3.0 3.5Halsey 4 2.5 3.5Hamlin 2 6.5 6.5Hamplain 2 5.5 5.5Hannawa 4 3.0 4.0Hartland 4 6.0 6.0Haven 4 6.0 6.0Hawksnest 3 2.5 3.0Hempstead 4 6.0 6.0Henrietta 6 2.0 3.5Herkimer 3 5.5 6.0Hermon 4 5.0 5.0Hero 4 5.5 6.0Heuvelton 2 4.5 5.5Hilton 2 5.5 6.0Hinckley 5 4.5 4.5Hinesburg 4 5.5 5.5Hogansburg 4 5.0 5.5Hogback 5 4.0 4.0Hogback-Ricker 5 4.0 4.0Holderton 3 4.0 4.5Hollis 4 3.5 4.5Holly 2 2.5 3.5Holyoke 3 4.0 4.0Holyoke-RockOutcrop 3 4.0 4.0Homer 2 4.0 5.0Honeoye 2 5.5 5.5Hoosic 4 5.0 5.0Hornell 2 3.0 4.0Hornellsville 3 2.5 3.0Houghtonville 5 4.5 4.5Houghtonville-Rawson 5 4.5 4.5Housatonic 3 3.0 4.5Houseville 2 4.0 5.0Soil Name SMG ALFYPUDALFYPDR(ton/a) (ton/a)Howard 3 5.5 5.5Hudson 2 5.0 5.5Hulberton 2 4.0 4.5Ilion 2 2.5 4.0Insula 4 3.0 3.0Ipswich 6 2.5 3.5Ira 4 4.5 5.0Ischua 3 4.0 4.5Ivory 2 2.5 3.0Jebavy 5 3.0 4.0Joliet 4 2.5 4.0Junius 5 3.0 4.0Kalurah 4 5.0 5.5Kanona 2 2.5 3.5Kars 4 5.5 5.5Kearsarge 3 3.0 3.0Kendaia 2 4.0 4.5Kibbie 3 4.0 5.0Kingsbury 1 3.5 4.5Kinzua 3 4.5 4.5Knickerbocker 5 4.5 4.5Lackawanna 3 5.5 5.5Lagross 3 5.0 5.0Lagross-Haights 3 5.0 5.0Lairdsville 2 4.5 4.5Lakemont 1 2.5 3.5Lakewood 5 4.0 4.0Lamson 4 2.5 4.0Lanesboro 3 4.0 4.0Langford 3 4.5 5.0Lansing 2 5.5 5.5Leck Kill 3 4.0 4.0Leicester 4 2.5 3.5Leon 5 3.0 4.5Lewbath 3 4.5 4.5Lewbeach 3 5.5 5.5Leyden 2 4.5 5.027

Potassium Recommendations for Field Crops in New York. CSS E01-6. October 2001.Soil Name SMG ALFYPUDALFYPDR(ton/a) (ton/a)Lima 2 5.0 5.5Limerick 3 3.0 4.5Linden 4 6.0 6.0Linlithgo 3 3.5 4.5Livingston 1 2.0 3.0Lobdell 3 4.5 5.5Lockport 2 4.0 4.5Lordstown 3 4.5 4.5Lovewell 2 4.5 5.5Lowville 4 5.0 5.0Loxley 6 2.5 3.5Lucas 2 5.0 5.5Ludlow 4 5.0 5.5Lupton 6 2.5 3.5Lyman 4 4.0 4.0Lyman-Becket-Berkshi 4 4.0 4.0Lyme 5 2.5 4.0Lyons 2 2.5 3.5Machias 4 4.5 5.0Macomber 4 3.5 3.5Macomber-Taconic 4 3.5 3.5Madalin 1 2.5 3.5Madawaska 5 4.5 5.0Madrid 4 5.5 5.5Malone 4 3.5 4.5Manahawkin 6 2.5 3.5Mandy 3 4.0 4.0Manheim 2 3.5 4.5Manhoning 2 3.0 4.5Manlius 3 4.5 4.5Mansfield 3 2.0 3.5Maplecrest 2 5.5 5.5Marcy 3 3.0 4.0Mardin 3 4.5 5.0Marilla 3 4.0 4.5Markey 6 2.0 3.5Soil Name SMG ALFYPUDALFYPDR(ton/a) (ton/a)Marlow 4 5.0 5.0Martisco 6 2.5 3.5Massena 4 3.5 4.5Matoon 1 3.0 4.0Matunuck 6 2.5 3.0Medihemists 6 2.0 3.5Medomak 3 2.0 2.5Melrose 4 5.0 5.0Menlo 4 2.5 3.5Mentor 4 5.5 5.5Merrimac 4 5.0 5.0Middlebrook 3 4.0 4.5Middlebrook-Mongaup 3 4.0 4.5Middlebury 3 4.5 5.5Millis 4 5.0 5.0Millsite 4 4.5 4.5Mineola 4 5.0 5.5Miner 1 2.5 3.5Mino 4 3.0 5.0Minoa 4 3.0 5.0Mohawk 2 5.5 5.5Moira 4 4.0 5.0Monadnock 4 3.5 3.5Monarda 4 3.5 4.5Mongaup 3 4.5 4.5Montauk 4 5.0 5.0Mooers 5 3.0 3.5Morocco 4 3.0 4.0Morris 3 3.5 4.5Mosherville 4 3.5 4.5Muck 6 2.0 3.5Muck-Peat 6 2.0 3.5Mundal 4 3.5 3.5Mundalite 3 4.5 4.5Mundalite-Rawsonvill 3 4.5 4.5Munson 2 3.5 4.528

Potassium Recommendations for Field Crops in New York. CSS E01-6. October 2001.Soil Name SMG ALFYPUDALFYPDR(ton/a) (ton/a)Munuscong 4 2.0 3.5Muskego 6 2.0 3.5Muskellunge 3 3.5 4.5Napoleon 6 2.0 3.5Napoli 3 2.5 3.5Nassau 4 4.0 4.0Naumburg 5 3.0 4.5Nehasne 4 5.0 5.0Nellis 4 5.5 5.5Neversink 4 2.0 3.5Newfane 4 5.5 5.5Newstead 4 3.5 4.5Newton 5 2.0 3.5Niagara 3 4.0 5.0Nicholville 4 4.0 4.5Ninigret 4 5.5 6.0Norchip 3 2.5 3.5Norwell 5 3.5 4.5Norwich 3 2.5 3.5Nunda 2 5.0 5.5Oakville 5 4.5 4.5Occum 4 5.5 5.5Odessa 2 4.0 4.5Ogdensburg 4 3.5 4.5Olean 2 5.5 6.0Ondawa 4 6.0 6.0Oneida 4 3.5 4.5Onoville 3 4.0 4.5Ontario 2 6.0 6.0Onteora 3 3.5 4.5Ontusia 3 3.5 4.5Oquaga 3 4.5 4.5Oramel 2 5.5 5.5Organic 6 2.5 3.5Orpark 2 3.5 4.5Orwell 2 3.0 4.5Ossipee 6 2.0 3.5Otego 2 5.0 5.5Soil Name SMG ALFYPUDALFYPDR(ton/a) (ton/a)Otisville 4 4.5 4.5Otsego 3 4.5 5.0Ottawa 5 5.0 5.0Ovid 2 4.0 4.5Palatine 2 4.5 4.5Palms 6 2.5 3.5Palmyra 3 5.5 5.5Panton 1 3.5 4.5Papakating 2 2.5 3.5Parishville 4 4.0 5.0Parsippany 1 2.5 3.5Patchin 3 2.5 3.5Pawcatuck 6 2.5 3.5Pawling 4 5.5 5.5Paxton 4 5.0 5.0Peacham 3 2.0 3.0Peat 6 2.5 3.5Peat-Muck 6 2.0 3.5Peru 4 4.5 5.0Petoskey 4 5.5 5.5Phelps 3 5.0 5.5Philo 3 5.5 6.0Pillsbury 4 2.5 4.0Pinckney 3 4.5 4.5Pipestone 5 2.5 4.0Pittsfield 4 5.5 5.5Pittstown 4 5.0 5.5Plainbo 5 3.0 3.0Plainfield 5 4.5 4.5Plessis 3 3.5 4.0Plymouth 4 4.0 4.0Podunk 4 5.5 6.0Poland 2 5.5 5.5Pompton 4 4.5 5.0Pootatuck 4 5.0 5.5Pope 4 5.5 5.5Potsdam 4 5.0 5.0Poygan 1 2.0 3.029

Potassium Recommendations for Field Crops in New York. CSS E01-6. October 2001.Soil Name SMG ALFYPUDALFYPDR(ton/a) (ton/a)Punsit 3 3.0 4.5Pyrities 4 5.5 5.5Quetico 4 3.0 3.0Quetico-RockOutcro 4 3.0 3.0Raquette 4 4.0 5.0Rawsonville 5 4.0 4.0Rawsonville-Beseman- 5 4.0 4.0Rayne 3 5.0 5.0Raynham 3 3.5 4.5Raypol 3 2.5 3.5Red Hook 4 3.5 4.5Redwater 3 4.5 5.5Remsen 2 3.0 4.5Retsof 2 3.5 4.5Rexford 4 3.0 4.5Rhinebeck 2 4.0 4.5Ricker 4 4.0 4.0Ricker-Lyman 4 4.0 4.0Ridgebury 4 3.0 4.0Rifle 6 2.5 3.5Riga 2 4.5 4.5Rippowam 4 2.5 3.5Riverhead 4 4.5 5.5Rockaway 2 5.5 5.5Romulus 2 3.0 4.0Ross 2 6.0 6.0Roundabout 3 3.5 4.0Rumney 2 2.0 4.0Runeberg 4 2.0 3.0Ruse 4 2.5 3.5Rushford 3 4.5 5.0Saco 3 2.0 3.0Salamanca 3 4.0 4.5Salmon 4 5.0 5.0Saprists 6 2.0 3.5Saugatuck 5 3.0 4.5Soil Name SMG ALFYPUDALFYPDR(ton/a) (ton/a)Scantic 2 3.0 4.5Scarboro 4 2.5 4.0Schoharie 1 5.0 5.0Schroon 5 5.0 5.0Schuyler 3 4.5 5.0Scio 3 5.0 5.5Scituate 4 4.5 4.5Scriba 4 3.5 4.5Searsport 4 2.5 4.0Shaker 2 3.5 4.5Shoreham 2 2.0 3.5Sisk 4 2.0 3.5Skerry 5 4.0 4.5Sloan 3 2.0 3.5Sodus 4 5.0 5.0Somerset 5 3.0 4.5St Johns 4 2.5 4.0Staatsburg 3 4.0 4.0Stafford 4 3.5 4.5Steamburg 3 4.0 4.5Stetson 5 5.0 5.0Stissing 4 2.5 4.0Stockbridge 3 5.5 5.5Stockholm 5 3.0 4.0Stowe 4 4.5 4.5Sudbury 4 4.0 5.0Suffield 2 5.0 5.5Summerville 4 4.0 4.0Sun 4 2.5 3.5Sunapee 4 3.5 4.5Suncook 5 3.0 3.0Suny 4 2.0 3.4Surplus 4 2.0 3.5Surplus-Sisk 4 2.0 3.5Sutton 4 5.0 5.0Swanton 4 3.0 4.5Swartswood 4 5.0 5.0Swormville 1 3.0 4.530

Potassium Recommendations for Field Crops in New York. CSS E01-6. October 2001.Soil Name SMG ALFYPUDALFYPDR(ton/a) (ton/a)Taconic 3 3.5 3.5Taconic-Macomber 3 3.5 3.5Tawas 6 2.5 3.5Teel 2 4.5 5.5Toledo 2 2.0 3.5Tonawanda 2 3.0 4.5Tor 4 2.0 3.5Torull 3 3.0 4.0Towerville 3 4.5 5.0Trestle 3 5.5 5.5Trout River 5 4.0 4.0Troy 3 5.0 5.5Trumbull 1 2.5 3.5Tughill 4 2.5 3.5Tuller 3 3.5 4.0Tunbridge 4 4.5 4.5Tunbridge-Adirondack 4 4.5 4.5Tunkhannock 3 5.5 5.5Turin 2 3.0 4.5Tuscarora 4 5.5 5.5Unadilla 3 6.0 6.0Valois 3 5.5 5.5Varick 2 2.5 3.5Varysburg 2 5.5 5.5Venango 3 3.5 4.5Vergennes 1 4.5 5.0Vly 3 4.0 4.0Volusia 3 3.5 4.5Waddington 4 5.0 5.0Wainola 5 3.0 4.5Wakeland 3 3.5 4.5Wakeville 3 4.0 5.0Wallace 5 4.0 4.0Wallington 3 3.5 4.5Wallkill 3 2.0 4.0Walpole 4 3.0 4.5Soil Name SMG ALFYPUDALFYPDR(ton/a) (ton/a)Walton 3 5.5 5.5Wampsville 3 5.5 5.5Wappinger 3 6.0 6.0Wareham 5 3.0 4.5Warners 3 2.0 3.5Wassaic 4 4.5 4.5Watchaug 4 3.0 4.0Waumbeck 4 3.0 4.5Wayland 2 2.5 3.5Weaver 3 3.5 4.5Wegatchie 3 2.5 4.0Wellsboro 3 4.5 5.0Wenonah 4 5.0 5.0Westbury 4 3.0 4.5Westland 2 2.5 3.5Wethersfield 4 5.5 5.5Wharton 2 4.5 5.0Whately 4 2.0 3.5Whippany 2 3.5 4.5Whitelaw 4 5.5 5.5Whitman 4 2.0 3.5Wilbraham 4 3.0 4.5Willdin 3 4.5 5.0Willette 6 2.5 3.5Williamson 4 4.5 5.0Willowemoc 3 4.5 5.0Wilmington 4 2.5 4.0Wilpoint 1 4.0 5.0Windsor 5 4.5 4.5Winooski 4 5.0 5.0Wolcottsburg 1 2.5 3.5Wonsqueak 6 2.0 3.5Woodbridge 4 4.5 5.0Woodlawn 4 4.5 4.5Woodstock 4 4.0 4.0Woodstock-Rock Outcrop 4 4.0 4.0Wooster 3 5.0 5.031

Potassium Recommendations for Field Crops in New York. CSS E01-6. October 2001.Soil NameSMG ALF ALFYP YPUD DR(ton/a) (ton/a)Woostern 3 5.5 5.5Woostern-Bath-Valois 3 5.5 5.5Worden 4 2.0 3.5Worth 4 4.5 4.5Wurtsboro 4 4.0 4.5Wyalusing 3 3.0 4.0Yalesville 4 5.0 5.0Yorkshire 3 3.5 4.032

Potassium Recommendations for Field Crops in New York. CSS E01-6. October 2001.APPENDIX TABLE D: POTASSIUM RECOMMENDATIONS FOR SPRING BARLEY(BSP), WINTER BARLEY (BWI), OATS (OAT) AND WHEAT (WHT).CNAL Morgan Soil TestLbs K/acK recommendationLbs K 2 O/acre≤3 1104-10 10511-17 10018-25 9526-32 9033-39 8540-46 8047-53 7554-60 7061-67 6568-75 6076-82 5583-89 5090-96 4597-103 40104-110 35111-117 30118-125 25126-132 20133-139 15140-146 10147-153 5>153 033

Potassium Recommendations for Field Crops in New York. CSS E01-6. October 2001.APPENDIX TABLE E: POTASSIUM RECOMMENDATIONS FOR BUCKWHEAT(BUK) AND RYE COVER CROP (RYC).CNAL Morgan Soil TestLbs K/acreK recommendationLbs K 2 O/acre

Potassium Recommendations for Field Crops in New York. CSS E01-6. October 2001.APPENDIX TABLE F: POTASSIUM RECOMMENDATIONS FOR TRITICALE PEAS(TRP).CNAL Morgan Soil TestLbs K/acreK recommendationLbs K 2 O/acre≤6 757-13 7014-20 6521-27 6028-35 5536-42 5043-49 4550-56 4057-63 3564-70 3071-77 25>77 2035

Potassium Recommendations for Field Crops in New York. CSS E01-6. October 2001.APPENDIX TABLE G: POTASSIUM RECOMMENDATION FOR ALFALFA (ABE,AGE, ALE), BIRDSFOOT TREFOIL (BCE, BCT, BGE, BGT, BSE, BSS, BST,BTE, BTT, BWS), CLOVER (CGE, CGT, CLE, CLT), PASTURE (PGT, PIT),AND RYE SEED (RYS) 1 . See Appendix Table A for a description of crop codes.CNALMorganSoil test KK recommendationSoil Management GroupI II III IV V/VILbs K/acre -------------------------------------lbs K 2 O/acre-------------------------------------≤1 70 75 105 145 1402-3 70 75 100 140 1404-6 65 75 100 140 1357 65 70 100 140 1358 65 70 100 135 1359-10 65 70 95 135 13511-12 60 70 95 135 13013 60 70 95 130 13014 60 65 95 130 13015-17 60 65 90 130 13018 55 65 90 130 12519-20 55 65 90 125 12521-23 55 60 85 125 12524-25 55 60 85 120 12526 50 60 85 120 12027 50 60 80 120 12028-29 50 55 80 120 12030-32 50 55 80 115 12033 45 55 80 115 11534-35 45 55 75 115 11536-39 45 50 75 110 11540 40 50 70 110 11041-42 40 50 70 105 11043-45 40 45 70 105 11046 40 45 65 105 11047-49 35 45 65 100 10550-51 35 40 65 100 10552-53 35 40 60 95 1051Minimum recommendations are 20 lbs K 2 O/acre for the above-mentioned crops exceptBCT, BGT, BST and BTT. Maximum recommendations for PGT, PIT and RYS are 50,60, 70, 80 and 100 lbs K 2 O/acre for SMG I, II, III, IV, and V/VI, respectively.36

Potassium Recommendations for Field Crops in New York. CSS E01-6. October 2001.APPENDIX TABLE G: POTASSIUM RECOMMENDATION FOR ALFALFA (ABE,AGE, ALE), BIRDSFOOT TREFOIL (BCE, BCT, BGE, BGT, BSE, BSS, BST,BTE, BTT, BWS), CLOVER (CGE, CGT, CLE, CLT), PASTURE (PGT, PIT),AND RYE SEED (RYS) 2 . See Appendix Table A for a description of crop codes.CNALMorganSoil test KK recommendationSoil Management GroupI II III IV V/VILbs K/acre -------------------------------------lbs K 2 O/acre-------------------------------------54-56 30 40 60 95 10057 30 35 60 95 10058 30 35 60 90 10059-60 30 35 55 90 10061-62 25 35 55 90 9563 25 35 55 85 9564 25 30 55 85 9565-67 25 30 50 85 9568 20 30 50 85 9069-70 20 30 50 80 9071-73 20 25 45 80 9074-75 20 25 45 75 9076 15 25 45 75 8577 15 25 40 75 8578-79 15 20 40 75 8580-82 15 20 40 70 8583 10 20 40 70 8084-85 10 20 35 70 8086-89 10 15 35 65 8090 5 15 30 65 7591-92 5 15 30 60 7593-95 5 10 30 60 7596 5 10 25 60 7597 0 10 25 60 7098-99 0 10 25 55 70100-101 0 5 25 55 70102-103 0 5 20 50 70104-106 0 5 20 50 652Minimum recommendations are 20 lbs K 2 O/acre for the above-mentioned crops exceptBCT, BGT, BST and BTT. Maximum recommendations for PGT, PIT and RYS are 50,60, 70, 80 and 100 lbs K 2 O/acre for SMG I, II, III, IV, and V/VI, respectively.37

Potassium Recommendations for Field Crops in New York. CSS E01-6. October 2001.APPENDIX TABLE G: POTASSIUM RECOMMENDATION FOR ALFALFA (ABE,AGE, ALE), BIRDSFOOT TREFOIL (BCE, BCT, BGE, BGT, BSE, BSS, BST,BTE, BTT, BWS), CLOVER (CGE, CGT, CLE, CLT), PASTURE (PGT, PIT),AND RYE SEED (RYS) 3 . See Appendix Table A for a description of crop codes.CNALMorganSoil test KK recommendationSoil Management GroupI II III IV V/VILbs K/acre -------------------------------------lbs K 2 O/acre-------------------------------------107 0 0 20 50 65108 0 0 20 45 65109-110 0 0 15 45 65111-112 0 0 15 45 60113-114 0 0 15 40 60115-118 0 0 10 40 60119-120 0 0 10 35 60121-123 0 0 5 35 55124-125 0 0 5 30 55126 0 0 5 30 50127-129 0 0 0 30 50130-132 0 0 0 25 50133-135 0 0 0 25 45136-139 0 0 0 20 45140 0 0 0 20 40141-143 0 0 0 15 40144-146 0 0 0 15 40147-151 0 0 0 10 35152-153 0 0 0 5 35154-157 0 0 0 5 30158-160 0 0 0 0 30161-167 0 0 0 0 25168-175 0 0 0 0 20176-182 0 0 0 0 15183-189 0 0 0 0 10190-196 0 0 0 0 5>196 0 0 0 0 03Minimum recommendations are 20 lbs K 2 O/acre for the above-mentioned crops exceptBCT, BGT, BST and BTT. Maximum recommendations for PGT, PIT and RYS are 50,60, 70, 80 and 100 lbs K 2 O/acre for SMG I, II, III, IV, and V/VI, respectively.38

Potassium Recommendations for Field Crops in New York. CSS E01-6. October 2001.Picture by Q.M. KetteringsPotassium Recommendations for Field Crops in New York. Q.M. Ketterings, S. D. Klausner,and K.J. Czymmek (2001). Department of Crop and Soil Sciences Extension Series E01-6.Cornell University, Ithaca NY. 39 pages.39