Evidence-based Sports Medicine

Indexincidence 470pain 446physical diagnostic features 445–6pre-exercise stretching effect 112prevention see ankle sprains, preventionrisk factors 470sports associated 452, 470sprains see ankle sprainssupport (bracing) 451, 453–5surgical treatment 448taping 448, 451see also ankle sprainsankle ligamentsrupture, delayed physical examination 446supination injuries 445ankle sprainsanatomy and pathomechanics 452bracing 453–5acute sprains 455–6advantages over taping 453, 455chronic sprains 457–9negative effects 462, 463sprain prevention 456–7, 471, 473,479, 482effect of orthoses on performance 463functional stability 459ice therapy study 51mechanical instability 458–9, 460pre-exercise stretching effect 112prevention 456–7, 461–2, 470–90ankle disk training v orthoses 476balance exercises 478–9, 479, 480,481, 483boot ankle brace 480, 481external ankle support 471, 473–4,477, 478future research directions 481–2injury prevention programme 475–6literature search strategies 470–1, 473peroneal reaction time 460randomised trials 472, 475, 486–8research papers 474–81reviews 471, 472, 473–4semirigid stabiliser 456, 457,477, 478shoe type 471, 473, 476, 477, 481summary of methods/evidence 483–4,484, 489summary of studies 486–8taping/bracing 456–7, 471, 473,479, 482rehabilitation 473taping 451–69, 455acute sprains 455–6advantages over bracing 453chronic sprains 457–9Hinton-Boswell method 452–3literature searches 451–2negative effects 462, 463prewrap/underwrap effect 463sprain prevention 456–7, 471, 473,479, 482technique 452–3treatment summary 465ankylosing spondylitis, heel pain 548anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)deficiency 408, 409examination 375rupture 379, 383anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)injuries 405–21clinical presentation 405–6, 408conservative management 405, 407, 417bracing 410outcome 409–11, 411degenerative change after 407, 411diagnosis 382–3early management 408–9medial collateral ligament injurywith 408reconstruction 408, 411–12, 417fixation techniques 413–14graft placement 414graft types 413types 413–14surgery 405–6, 417meniscal repair with reconstruction 412outcome 411–13tears 379, 383treatmentliterature search strategies 406, 407quality adjusted life years 410randomised trials 407summary/current practice 415, 417anterior drawer test 375, 382, 383, 446effect on wound healing 448sensitivity/specificity 447skin dimple detection 446anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL)examination/palpation 446, 447injuries 452see also ankle sprainsanti-inflammatory drugslateral epicondylosis (tennis elbow)358–9see also non-steroidal anti-inflammatorydrugs (NSAIDs)Apley grind test 374, 379apolipoprotein E (ApoE), polymorphism74–5aprotinin 425arthrography, ankle injuries 447arthroscopic lavage, shoulder dislocation335, 336arthroscopyknee injury diagnosis 380shoulder stabilisation 330, 332, 338complications 339–40techniques 338–9asthma, exercise-induced (EIA) 165564