A Theory of Change for Tackling Violence Against ... - ActionAid

A Theory of Change forTackling Violence AgainstWomen and Girls

2“ Discrimination and violence destroysthe potential of girls and women indeveloping countries and prevents themfrom pulling themselves out of poverty.”Andrew Mitchell, International DevelopmentSecretary, International Women’s Day,8 March 2012Members of the Voices of Women ofthe Congo group in Goma, DemocraticRepublic of Congo, call for peace andprotection for women in theaftermath of conflict with placardsthat say: ‘We don’t want to be rapedany more. Stop the violence’.PHOTO: JENNY MATTHEWS/ACTIONAID

42.PrinciplesThe seven key principles underlying theTheory of Change are that:1. Context is critical: successfulinterventions are those that are tailoredand based on rigorous analysis of theparticular factors affecting violenceagainst women and girls in a specificcontext, including setting, form of violenceand population affected by the violence.2. The state has primary responsibility foraction on violence against women andgirls: national governments hold theultimate responsibility for implementinglaws, policies and services aroundviolence against women and girls and canachieve change on violence againstwomen and girls.3. Holistic and multi-sectoral approachesare more likely to have impact:coordinated interventions operating atmultiple levels, across sectors and overmultiple time-frames are more likely toaddress the various aspects of, andtherefore have greater impact on, tacklingviolence against women and girls.5. Backlash is inevitable but manageable:resistance to tackling violence againstwomen and girls, which may includeincreased risk of further violence againstwomen and girls, is inevitable where rootcauses are being addressed but can, andshould, be managed.6. Women’s rights organisations createand sustain change: supporting women’srights organisations, especially thoseworking to tackle violence against womenand girls, to make change and build strongand inclusive social movements is themost effective mechanism for ensuringsustainable change in the lives of womenand girls.7. Empowering women is both the meansand the end: focusing on the rights of,and being accountable to, women andgirls is the most effective way of tacklinggender inequality as the root cause ofviolence against women and girls.4. Social change makes the difference:sustained reduction in violence againstwomen and girls will only occur throughprocesses of significant social change,including in social norms, at all levels.

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62.2The state has primary responsibilityfor action on violence against womenand girlsThis principle isespecially relevantat the barriersand theinterventionsstages of theTheory of Change.The Theory of Change assumes that the statehas primary responsibility for action onviolence against women and girls: nationalgovernments are legally bound to, and holdthe ultimate responsibility for, theimplementation of laws, policies and servicesrelated to violence against women and girlsand can, and should be, held accountable fordoing so. They are also well placed to achievechange on violence against women and girls.The obligation for states to prevent violenceagainst women and girls and to providecomprehensive services to survivors of suchviolence was established as a ‘due diligence’standard by General Recommendation No. 19of the UN Committee on the Elimination ofDiscrimination against Women in 1992. 15 TheRecommendation also stipulates the need forstates to tackle the gender inequality that bothcauses and perpetuates violence againstwomen and girls.While there is still some work to be done(depending on the country) to reform law andpolicy, in many contexts the normativeframeworks to address violence againstwomen and girls now exist. 16 The problem liesin the implementation of these frameworks. Inreality, no state in the world is effectivelyfulfilling its obligations to prevent violenceagainst women and girls, protect women andgirls from violence or provide comprehensiveservices to survivors. 17 The reasons for thisvary and include a lack of political will and lowinstitutional capacity at local, regional andnational levels. In some cases, conservativeideologies, such as so-called ‘religiousfundamentalisms’, 18 as well as entrenchedinstitutional sexism act as further barriers.Impunity is also a problem, particularly in thejustice and security sectors. For example,systematic failures of police, armies and lawenforcement agents at the local level putwomen and girls at risk of violence andprevent access to justice. 19 In extreme cases,failures of the state can manifest as stateviolence, where the state is the perpetrator ofviolence against women and girls. 20 In additionto being a violation of rights, this can lead towomen and girls avoiding or fearing agents ofthe state who are supposed to be acting astheir access point to claiming rights andjustice. This may especially be the case forcertain groups of marginalised women such aswomen involved in the sex industry, lesbianwomen and migrant women. 21Lessons on working with the state to tackleimpunity and improve implementation of lawsand policy show targeted support can make asignificant difference. Through sector policydialogue and in joint sector reviews, missionsand sector consultative forums, DFID and itspartners can influence national programmingon violence against women and girls andprovide appropriate, targeted capacity buildingof government institutions.For example, integrating violence againstwomen and girls programming in governanceand security sector reform can build statecapacity to recognise, respond to and tackleviolence against women and girls. 22 Integratingviolence against women and girls programminginto education policy frameworks can help thestate to prevent, manage and work to eliminateviolence against girls in schools. 23 Integratingviolence against women and girls programminginto health systems strengthening can buildstate capacity to provide comprehensiveservices for survivors. 24 Integrating violenceagainst women and girls programming intohumanitarian and emergency response cansave lives and empower women to be part ofefforts to rebuild their communities. 25Direct support to women’s rights organisations,for example through providing core, long-termfunding, can also support state efforts byensuring that civil society has the resources toshare its good practice with the state, raiseawareness of rights and services amongstwomen and girls and increase their access tojustice, and hold the state to account and helptackle impunity. 26 See the Practical Guide toCommunity Programming on Violence againstWomen and Girls for more detail.As discussed in further detail under Principle2.3, efforts to support holistic and multi-sectoralstate approaches to addressing violenceagainst women and girls, for example throughestablishing National Action Plans, areparticularly effective. DFID and its partners canadd value by promoting the participation ofwomen’s rights organisations in the development,implementation and monitoring of such actionplans. It can also provide analytical andtechnical support to facilitate cross-departmentalworking, monitoring and evaluation.

72.3Holistic and multi-sectoral approachesare more likely to have impactThis principleis especiallyrelevant at theinterventionsstage of theTheory of Change.Figure 1: A Holistic and multi-sectoral approachMultiple levelsAcross sectorsIndividualEconomic lifeRelationshipEducationCommunityHealthSocietyJusticeSecuritySocial welfareMultiple time-framesShort-term(2-5 years)Medium-term(5-8 years)Long-term(8-10+ years)The Theory of Change assumes that a holisticapproach is more likely to have greaterimpact: coordinated interventions operatingat multiple levels, across sectors and overmultiple time-frames are more likely toaddress the various aspects of, and thereforehave greater impact on, tackling violenceagainst women and girls (see Figure 1 above).Violence against women and girls manifests atevery level of society, from interpersonal andfamilial relationships, through communitiesand right up throughout society, including viathe state. This is known as the ‘ecologicalmodel’. 27 Interventions that address only onelevel of the ecological model or use only oneintervention method can achieve results, butthese will be limited. Legal reform is a goodexample. Despite laws that criminalise maritalrape at the level of ‘society’, marital rape is stillwidely practised at the ‘relationship’ level in anumber of countries because social norms atthe level of ‘relationship’ have not sufficientlychanged. It is therefore necessary to pursuechange at all levels – from the family andhousehold, through to national andinternational structures and institutions.Single-sector responses can similarly achieveonly limited results. Integrated multi-sectoralapproaches that use a variety of methods tocreate change are better able to tackleviolence against women and girls, 28 especiallyin terms of ‘primary prevention’ efforts –stopping violence before it occurs andproviding protection for women at risk ofviolence. 29 In particular, there is a need torecognise the links between prevention andresponse interventions, where responses toviolence can integrate services that helpprotect women and girls from furtherviolence. For example, strengthening justicesystems without improving health andpsycho-social welfare systems could leavesurvivors unable to pursue justice orprotection from the police, because they arestruggling to cope with the physical andemotional trauma of the violence they haveexperienced.Different sorts of changes take different timeperiods to be achieved, with social changeand changes to social norms (includingbehaviours and practices) taking longer. It istherefore helpful to plan interventions overmultiple time-frames. You can read moreabout this in the Guidance on Monitoring andEvaluating for Programming on Violenceagainst Women and Girls (section 2b on p.5).

8Fudia Conteh, a farmerin Sierra Leone, is partof ActionAid’s DFIDfundedAccess toJustice for WomenProject. This supportswomen to improvetheir livelihoods andlegal rights, and inturn strengthen theirstatus as women in thecommunity.PHOTO: ACTIONAIDMost donors tend to focus on the short-termand have had success in achieving somechanges (such as increased reporting ofviolence against women and girls) in thistime. 30 However it is doubtful whether initiallypromising results can be sustained over timewithout longer-term planning and investment. 31Most of the outputs, outcomes and impacts inthe Theory of Change cannot be achieved inthe short to medium-term but require longtermcommitments because they are aboutcomplex social change, including changes insocial norms around violence against womenand girls, and transforming power relations.Emerging lessons from work on social changearound violence against women and girlsdemonstrates that long-term interventions areessential. 32 See the Practical Guide toCommunity Programming on Violence againstWomen and Girls and Principle 2.4 for moreinformation.While a long-term, coordinated and holisticapproach to tackling violence against womenand girls is more likely to have a greater andsustained impact, this does not mean thatDFID must work at all levels and across allsectors in order to achieve results. DFID canplay an important role by supportingcoordination between different efforts andactors to facilitate holistic and integratedmulti-sectoral approaches. 33

92.4Social change makes the differenceThis principleis especiallyrelevant at theoutputs andoutcomes stagesof the Theory ofChange.The Theory of Change assumes that socialchange is a necessary enabler: sustainedreduction in violence against women and girlswill only occur through processes ofsignificant social change, including in powerrelations between women and men, and inthe values, beliefs, attitudes, behaviours andpractices (social norms) related to violenceagainst women and girls, at all levels – fromindividuals to communities to institutions.Because gender inequality and unequalpower relations between women and men arethe root cause of violence against women andgirls, social change that shifts these is vitalfor reducing and ultimately eliminatingviolence against women and girls. Theimportance of women’s empowerment isdiscussed further in Principle 2.7.Social norms are the ‘rules’ and conventionsthat provide part of the social context withinwhich people take decisions. They includevalues, beliefs, attitudes, behaviours andpractices, can be explicit or implicit, formal orinformal, and operate at multiple levels. Socialnorms can be invoked to justify particularactions, such as violence against women andgirls, especially when they are dominant. Inany context, social norms will not necessarilybe uniform (exactly the same for all people) oruniversal (adopted by all people). It iscommon for women to negotiate, navigate,not conform to and resist dominant socialnorms that condone violence against womenand girls for example. The penalties fortransgressing social norms can be severe attimes, for example when women aremurdered for ‘shaming’ their families, while insome cases it is commonplace to transgress,for example women who have sex outside ofmarriage in communities where this is notpublicly acceptable. 34Evidence shows that social changes in genderpower relations and gender equality can occurthrough changes to social norms. 35 However,social change comprises more than socialnorms; norms can be influenced by broadersocial change, for example in times of conflict,environmental stress and food crisis.Evidence, including ‘practice-based insights’,reveal that social norms have a powerfuleffect on how violence against women andgirls operates and how it can be tackled. 36 Forinstance, evidence shows incidents of rapeare more common in settings where socialnorms condone or ignore men’s sexuallycoercive or aggressive behaviours. 37Meanwhile, evidence also shows thatwomen’s and girls’ ability to resist violence,and access justice and support afterviolence, is highly dependent on the socialnorms that operate within communities. 38 Forexample, legal reforms are often insufficientto address the needs of survivors, even whenaccompanied by training for the police, incontexts where social norms and practicesprevent women and girls from reportingviolence or seeking services. 39Not surprisingly, therefore, there is clearevidence of the need to transform socialnorms that perpetuate and condone violenceagainst women and girls in order to producea long-term reduction in violence againstwomen and girls. 40 Social norm change alsoacts as an enabler to other types of change,including legal reform and policy change. ThePractical Guide to Community Programmingon Violence against Women and Girlsdiscusses a number of examples of promisingapproaches to tackling violence againstwomen and girls at the community levelthrough shifting social norms.Evidence suggests that while values, beliefs,attitudes, behaviours and practices influenceeach other, their relationships are morecomplicated than a linear process. 41 Evidencethat attitude change produces behaviourchange, for example, is relatively limited, andmore research is needed to determine therelationship between the two. 42 Evidence onworking with men and boys suggests that it ispossible for interventions to be effective atshifting attitudes, and in some cases alsoshifting behaviours, in the short-term. 43Challenges remain in evaluating impacthowever, as evaluators often rely on selfreportedattitudinal change as a proxy forevaluating behavioural change. 44 In addition,most attitude and behaviour changeprogrammes are not yet running for a periodof time that is sufficient to allow longer-termchange to be assessed. 45

10Social institutions play a powerful role ininfluencing social norms. Religiousinstitutions, for example, can be vital allies inshifting norms around violence againstwomen and girls, but equally can beresponsible for defending violations of womenand girls’ rights. Other ‘culture creators’include so-called ‘traditional’, community andreligious leaders, including women, and themedia. Each can have a powerful role inestablishing norms – and therefore ininfluencing social change – and musttherefore be engaged with as part of thechange process.In planning interventions, it is important forDFID and its partners to work with the groupsand organisations that can influence socialchange, including in social norms. Theseinclude so-called ‘traditional’, community andreligious leaders, and the media. Women’srights organisations are also critical partners,playing a key role in supporting women’sorganising and building the social movementsthat ensure that change reaches women andgirls, and is sustainable. This is discussed inmore detail under Principle 2.6 and also in thePractical Guide to Community Programmingon Violence against Women and Girls. 46

112.5Backlash is inevitable but manageableThis principle isespecially relevantat the outputs andoutcomes stages ofthe Theory ofChange.The Theory of Change assumes that backlashis inevitable but manageable: resistance tochange and to tackling violence againstwomen and girls, which may includeincreased risk of further violence againstwomen and girls, is inevitable where rootcauses are being addressed but can, andshould be, managed.Backlash can in fact be an indicator ofprogress – a sign that prevailing powerdynamics are being challenged (see Box 1 oninterpreting backlash on p.20 of the Guidanceon Monitoring and Evaluation for Programmingon Violence against Women and Girls). 47Some groups of women will be particularly atrisk of backlash at certain times. Evidencehas shown that women human rightsdefenders face higher threats of violence thantheir male counterparts, both because theyare women and because they are challengingnorms around gender, for example byparticipating in politics and the publicsphere. 48 In addition, the types of violencewomen human rights defenders face areoften gendered to reinforce theirsubordination as women, for example beingtargeted for rape, sexual harassment andsexual assault. 49Across all types of interventions therefore,DFID programmes need to integrate riskassessment and mitigation regardingbacklash from the outset, conduct on-goingmonitoring for adverse outcomes, andprovide intensive support for those on thefrontline, such as women human rightsdefenders and other community activists.Emerging work in this area emphasises thebenefits of building social movements anddocumenting incidents of backlash. 50 Theaccompanying Practical Guide to CommunityProgramming on Violence against Womenand Girls provides additional guidance on‘Measures to reduce the risk of violence andrespond to violence if it occurs’ (see p.5-6).Catherine Selemoi (16, right),took part in an ActionAid girls’forum on FGM (female genitalmutilation). Her parentswanted her to be cut but shesuccessfully refused.PHOTO: SVEN TORFINN/PANOS PICTURES/ACTIONAID

122.6Women’s rights organisationscreate and sustain changeThis principle isrelevant at allpoints on theTheory of Change.The Theory of Change assumes that women’srights organisations and their movementscreate and sustain change: supportingwomen’s rights organisations, especially thoseworking to tackle violence against women andgirls, to make change and build strong andinclusive social movements is a very effectivemechanism for ensuring sustainable change inthe lives of women and girls.Women’s rights organisations are well placedto support such social change for a numberof reasons, including their connections toaffected communities. 51 These and otherreasons women’s rights organisations areuniquely placed to effect change at thecommunity level are discussed in furtherdetail in the Practical Guide to CommunityProgramming on Violence against Womenand Girls (see p.4-6).Suraya Pakzad is founder ofActionAid partner, the Voice ofWomen Organization in Afghanistan– which is one of the mostdangerous places to be a woman:87% of women experience domesticabuse and 1 in 11 dies in childbirth.PHOTO: JENNY MATTHEWS/ACTIONAID

132.7Empowering women is boththe means and the endThis principle isrelevant at allpoints on theTheory of Change.The Theory of Change assumes thatempowering women is both the means andthe end: focusing on the rights of, and beingaccountable to, women and girls is the mosteffective way of tackling gender inequality asthe root cause of violence against womenand girls.Evidence confirms that gender inequalityincreases the risk of gender-based violenceagainst women and that building women’sand girls’ resources, assets and agency iscritical to transforming unequal powerrelations and preventing violence againstwomen and girls. 52 It can therefore be helpfulto fund broader women’s rights andempowerment initiatives as a contribution toaddressing the root cause of violence againstwomen and girls. See the Practical Guide toCommunity Programming on Violence againstWomen and Girls for more information on therole of asset-building in protecting girls at riskin Ethiopia, for example (p.22-23).Work by the Pathways of Women’sEmpowerment programme has found that theprocess of challenging violence can itselfsupport women’s empowerment as womenbuild political agency by organising andmobilising against violence against womenand girls. 53 Nevertheless, as discussed earlierin this narrative, backlash and increased risksto women and girls challenging violence islikely and must be planned for.The increasing focus on working with menand boys presents both an opportunity and achallenge in terms of ensuring a focus onwomen’s and girls’ rights as well asaccountability to them. There is evidence thatprogrammes targeting men and boys areeffective at tackling violence against womenand girls only where they explicitly focus ontransforming unequal power relationsbetween women and men, includingpromoting alternative notions of masculinity. 54Conversely programmes targeting men andboys that are less accountable to women andgirls risk reinforcing unequal powerrelations. 55 See the detailed discussion in thePractical Guide to Community Programmingon Violence against Women and Girls onworking with men and boys for moreinformation, including the section on‘Principles for supporting work with men andboys to end violence against women andgirls’ (p.15).Since the empowerment of women and girlsis recognised as core to challenging violenceagainst women and girls, with all DFIDinterventions including work with men andboys it is essential to ask: how does theproposed intervention empower women andgirls as the means as well as the end?

143.A Theory of Change for TacklingViolence Against Women and GirlsWomen and girls are safe to pursue their human rights andfundamental freedomsDevelopment gains (e.g. meeting the MDGs) are made as akey barrier to their success is eliminatedWomen and girls are free from all forms of gender-basedviolence and from the threat of such violenceSocial change related to gender power relations and gender equality:Power relations and control over resources shift to become morebalanced and gender equality increases. Women and girls exerciseagency and autonomy over their bodies and lives.Changes in social norms related to VAWG: VAWG is unacceptableunder any social, political, economic and cultural circumstances atall levels. Men and women do not engage in violent behaviour orpractices against women and girls. Gender-based violence againstwomen and girls is actively and effectively negatively sanctioned atall levels.Government and service providersare accountable to womenand girls for prevention, protectionand responseWomen and girl survivors safely accessadequate and appropriate supportservices (economic, medical,psychosocial, security, shelter)Women and girls safely access justiceat all levels including withincustomary and religious lawsWomen and girls know their rights and are empowered, supported and resourced to claim them as individuals and collectively.Values, beliefs, attitudes, behaviours and practices (individuals, communities, institutions) shift to recognise VAWG as unacceptable and a crime.OUTCOMESIMPACTSSUPERIMPACTS

15Women and girls haveincreased ownershipof, access to andcontrol over resources(political, legal,economic and social)Women, women’shuman rightsdefenders and WROsworking on genderbasedVAWG have thecapacity to organisecollectively, facilitatesocial change, andrespond to backlashPreventing andresponding to VAWG isan explicit aim ofgovernment witheffective policies andbudgets in place todeliver and beingmonitored at all levelsThe legal system,including customaryand religious laws,prevents, recognisesand adequatelyresponds to VAWGCommunity-levelprevention andresponse mechanismsare active andeffective, and respectwomen’s rightsEmpower women and girls,e.g. build assets, increaserights to land, promoteleadership at all levels,increase literacy, educationand skills, inform and educatewomen and girls about theirrights, support women and girlsto organise and create changeChange social norms,e.g. build capacity of media toreport on VAWG, supportwomen’s rights organisations(WROs) to deliver programmesand run campaigns, supportwomen human rights defenders,work with men and boys,engage local leaders, teachgender equality in schoolcurricula, encourage politiciansto speak out about VAWGBuild political will and legaland institutional capacity toprevent and respond,e.g. support design andimplementation of VAWGpolicies and action plans &track spends across sectors,build women’s ministries,reform security and justicesectors, collect national leveldata on VAWG, supportadvocacy work by WROs,support national andinternational networks lobbyingfor changeProvide comprehensiveservices,e.g. create and protectwomen’s and girls’ onlyspaces, strengthen socialassets and safety nets,provide core funding forWROs delivering specialistservices, create specialistgender units in policeLack of political will andresources ingovernments at alllevels of governmentDominant social norms(values, beliefs,attitudes, behavioursand practices) supportmale dominance,condone VAWG andsupport impunityInadequate services(education, health,justice, security, socialwelfare) to prevent,protect andrespond effectivelyOverburdened andunder-resourced civilsociety undertakesmajority of preventionand response effortsLack of social, legal andeconomic autonomy forwomen and girls whichincreases vulnerability toviolence and decreasesagency to respondGender-based violence against women and girls (VAWG), and the threat of such violence, exercised through individuals, communitiesand institutions in both formal and informal ways, violates women and girls’ human rights, constrains their choices and agency, andnegatively impacts on their ability to participate in, contribute to and benefit from developmentPROBLEMBARRIERSINTERVENTIONSOUTPUTS

164.Using the Theory of Change diagramThis Theory ofChange narrativeis accompanied bya diagram toillustrate theTheory of Change.The diagramshould be readvertically frombottom to top.In order to demonstrate key milestones andconcepts, the Theory of Change diagram islinear. In reality however, the processes ofchange around violence against women andgirls are complicated, multi-directional andhighly context-specific. As one gender activisthas stated ‘it’s two steps forward – if you’rereally smart and very lucky! – and at least onestep back’. 56 The Theory of Change shouldtherefore be treated as an analyticalframework that can be interrogated andadapted to the particular context that a DFIDoffice is working in rather than as a strictlyprescriptive map. This is especially importantgiven the interdependence between pathwaysof change, and the fact that ‘recursivecausality’ operates throughout the Theory ofChange – there are multiple feedback loopswithin and between the different elements inthe Theory of Change.The discussion below expands on each stageof the Theory of Change and providesexample indicators. Detailed analysis of howthese can be applied in practice is examinedfurther in the Practical Guide to CommunityProgramming on Violence against Womenand Girls and the Guidance on Monitoringand Evaluation for Programming on Violenceagainst Women and Girls. However, it mustbe remembered that the process ofdeveloping indicators can itself becomplicated, political and necessarilycontext-specific. 57Stage 1: ProblemThe base of the Theory of Change beginswith a problem definition to establish thatboth the reality and threat of gender-basedviolence against women and girls operate toviolate women and girls’ rights and constraintheir choices and agency, affecting theirability to participate in and benefit fromdevelopment.Example indicator:> The proportion of women who haveexperienced violence. This indicator shouldbe disaggregated by form of violence(physical, sexual, psychological, financial,etc); severity (moderate/severe); perpetrator(intimate/other relative/other known person/stranger/state authority); population (age,marital status, disability, sexual orientation,migration status, HIV status, class, minoritystatus, etc); time period (last year/life-time);and frequency (one/few/many time(s)). 58The Theory of Change uses the establishedUN definition of violence against women andgirls 59 as its basis, recognising that ‘genderbasedviolence’ against women and girls isviolence directed against women and girlsbecause of their gender – i.e. because theyare women and girls.

17Stage 2: BarriersStage 3: InterventionsThe barriers section of the Theory ofChange outlines five key obstacles toeffective violence against women and girls’prevention, protection and response.Example indicators:> Services to shelter and support victimse.g. the number of shelter places per100,000 population or the package ofservices provided. 60> The actions of the justice and healthsystems e.g. whether the legal systemreaches CEDAW (Convention on theElimination of All Forms of DiscriminationAgainst Women) standards in relation togender-based violence against women andgirls, the attrition rate of violence againstwomen and girls cases in the legal system,the budgetary allocations to supportservices for women and girls who haveexperienced violence. 61> Proportion of a donor’s total funding spenton tackling violence against women andgirls, disaggregated by country. 62These barriers are based on the evidenceavailable, including work by DFID and itspartners, as well as work by women’s rightsorganisations working on violence againstwomen and girls. The principle that the statehas ultimate responsibility for human rights isespecially key here, and is discussed in moredetail in Principle 2.2.Protection and support to survivors and towomen at risk of violence continue to beunder-resourced areas. There is alsoincreasing acknowledgement of the additionalneed for greater investments in preventionand tackling the root causes of violenceagainst women and girls. 63Four areas of intervention are outlined in theTheory of Change with examples ofprogramme entry points and objectives thatcould apply to each type of intervention.Example indicators:> Proportion of women who are aware oftheir rights.> Number of teacher training programmesthat include violence against women andgirls in their curriculums. 64> Proportion of women who know of a localorganisation that provides legal aid tosurvivors. 65> Proportion of reported violence againstwomen and girls cases that receive essentialhealth services within 72 hours inemergency settings. 66The interventions suggested support thecreation of an enabling environment (seeDFID’s Strategic Vision for Girls andWomen 67 ), as well as targeting specificbarriers to tackling violence against womenand girls. They are not exhaustive as effectiveprogramme design will need to respond to arange of context-specific factors. Forexample, in some situations, women’seconomic empowerment is key, as economicdependency can be a factor in preventingwomen from reporting violence, seeking helpor exiting abusive relationships andsituations. 68 On the other hand, there is alsoevidence that increases in women’s economicempowerment can escalate the violence theyexperience in certain instances, at least in theshort-term. 69Across all types of interventions, programmesshould assess the risk they may generate forwomen and girls, and put in place measuresto avert and respond to this risk. Principle 2.5on backlash is relevant here. See also thePractical Guide to Community Programmingon Violence against Women and Girls forguidance on ‘Measures to reduce the risk ofviolence and respond to violence if it occurs’(p.5-6).

18The causal arrows between interventionsapply across all the interventions; eachintervention box can affect every otherintervention box. For example, interventionsto empower women and girls can supportand influence interventions to change socialnorms, as well as interventions to buildpolitical will, and legal and institutionalcapacity to prevent and respond, andinterventions providing comprehensiveservices. 70Together, the interventions lead to sixoutputs. Each intervention can on its owninfluence each of the six outputs.Stage 4: OutputsEach of the six outputs in the Theory ofChange is influenced to some extent by eachof the four interventions leading into them.Example indicators:> Proportion of people who say that usingphysical violence is an acceptable way formen to ‘discipline’ their partners,disaggregated by gender. 71> Proportion of people who would assist awoman being beaten by her partner,disaggregated by gender. 72> Proportion of women who survive violencewho report the violence, and to whom. 73The causal arrows between outputs applyacross all the outputs; each output box canaffect every other output box.The output box at the top of the outputsection focuses on the social change that isessential for the outputs to produce thedesired outcomes.Each of the other outputs is supported andinfluenced by this social change output andcannot effectively achieve the desiredoutcomes without this social change output.The importance of social change inpreventing and effectively responding toviolence against women and girls isdiscussed under Principle 2.4.Linked to the importance of social change isthe critical role played by women human rightsdefenders and women’s rights organisations atthe output level, and the need for DFID tosupport this. Social movements, andspecifically women’s rights and feministmovements, are necessary to ensure thatpolicy change actually impacts on women andgirls’ everyday lives and that this change issustainable. 74 This is explored in more detail inthe Practical Guide to CommunityProgramming on Violence against Women andGirls and under Principle 2.6.Stage 5: OutcomesThe social change outputs, supported andinfluenced by each of the other five outputs,lead to five outcome boxes in the Theory ofChange.Example indicators:> Number of service providers trained toidentify, refer, and care for survivors. 75> Proportion of prosecuted cases ofviolence against women and girls that resultin a conviction. 76> Proportion of men and boys who agreethat violence against women and girls isnever acceptable. 77> Proportion of women aged 18-24 whowere married before age 18. 78The first outcome – government and serviceproviders are accountable to women and girlsfor prevention, protection and response –supports and influences each of the otheroutcomes. This relates to Principle 2.2 thatthe state has primary responsibility for actionon violence against women and girls.The second and third outcomes – women andgirl survivors safely access adequate andappropriate support services, and womenand girls safely access justice at all levels –support and influence each other. Access tojustice in this scenario includes formal andinformal avenues, including within customaryand religious laws, that uphold women’shuman rights and combat impunity, forexample by providing reparations. 79 See thePractical Guide to Community Programmingon Violence against Women and Girls for adiscussion of non-formal, alternate arbitrationsystems in India, for example (p.19-20).

19The two outcomes boxes at the top of theoutcome section focus on social change thatis essential for the outcomes to produceimpacts. The two social change outcomeboxes are linked: each supports andinfluences the other (see Figure 2 below) andboth are supported and influenced by thefirst, second and third outcomes under them.Figure 2: Social change outcomes:The focus of the impact is on the preventionof violence so that even the threat (and fear)of violence against women and girls iseliminated. This goes beyond women andgirls being ‘safe’, which could be a reflectionof more effective protection efforts but doesnot address the threat of violence, towardsthe elimination of gender-based violenceagainst women and girls altogether.Stage 7: Super impactsSocial changerelated togender powerrelations andgender equalityEach of the first, second and third outcomesis in turn supported and influenced by thesetwo sets of social change outcomes. None ofthe other outcomes can effectively achievethe desired impacts without these socialchange outcomes. The importance of socialchange is discussed in Principle 2.4 above.Stage 6: ImpactsThe social change outcomes in the Theoryof Change, supported and influenced byeach of the other three outcomes, lead to areduction in violence against women andgirls and ultimately women and girls beingfree from all forms of gender-based violenceand from the threat of such violence.Example indicator:Changes insocial normsrelated toVAWG> The proportion of women who haveexperienced violence. This indicator shouldbe disaggregated by form (physical, sexual,psychological, financial, etc); severity(moderate/severe); perpetrator (intimate/other relative/other known person/stranger/state authority); population (age, maritalstatus, disability, sexual orientation,migration status, HIV status, class, minoritystatus, etc); time period (last year/life-time);and frequency (one/few/many time(s)). 80While the impact in the Theory of Change isa valuable end itself, the Theory of Changehighlights two super impacts that result fromwomen and girls being free from all forms ofgender-based violence and the threat ofsuch violence.Example indicators:> Proportion of seats held by women innational parliaments. 81> Proportion of girls who complete primaryschool. 82Key to these super impacts is women andgirls’ participation. For example, if womenwere free from violence, they would be ableto be more involved in decision-making at alllevels without fear for their safety and couldhelp shape social and development goals andgains. 83

20Endnotes1 UN Secretary-General (2006) In-depth study on allforms of violence against women: Report of the SecretaryGeneral, New York: UN, 6 July 2006, available at:www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/vaw/violenceagainstwomenstudydoc.pdf2 Organisations consulted specifically for this workinclude the OECD, the International Center for Researchon Women (ICRW), SIDA, UN Women, UNICEF, Norad,GIZ, Promundo, Raising Voices and FORWARD. Pleasecontact DFID’s violence against women and girls pillarleads (Kate Bishop/Kathryn Lockett) for a fuller list.3 Written by Emily Esplen of Womankind Worldwide onbehalf of the Gender and Development Network for DFID,available at: http://www.gadnetwork.org.uk/storage/VAWG_guidance2_community%20programming1.pdf4 Written by Karen Barnes Robinson and AchimEngelhardt of Social Development Direct on behalf of theGender and Development Network for DFID, available at:http://www.gadnetwork.org.uk/storage/VAWG_guidance3_%20ME1.pdf5 DFID Gender Team, Policy Division (2011), DFIDWorking Paper: Key Issues and Opportunities to PreventViolence Against Women and Girls: BackgroundInformation Note, July 20116 UN Division for the Advancement of Women and UNOffice on Drugs and Crime (2005) Good practices incombating and eliminating violence against women,Report of expert group meeting organized by UnitedNations Division for the Advancement of Women incollaboration with United Nations Office on Drugs andCrime, 17 to 20 May 2005, Vienna, Austria, available at:http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/egm/vaw-gp-2005/docs/FINALREPORT.goodpractices.pdf7 Heise, L. (2011) What Works to Prevent PartnerViolence? An Evidence Overview, London: DFID, availableat: http://www.dfid.gov.uk/R4D/PDF/Outputs/Gender/60887-Preventing_partner_violence_Jan_2012.pdf; Governance and Social Development ResourceCentre (2009) Helpdesk Research Report: ViolenceAgainst Women Interventions, 08.10.2009, available at:http://www.gsdrc.org/docs/open/HD623.pdf8 There are mixed views on whether to use ‘mutilation’or ‘cutting’ when referring to this harmful practice.Because this is a ToC on violence against women andgirls, this guidance recommends using female genitalmutilation (FGM) in line with the Beijing Platform forAction and the African Union’s Protocol on the Rights ofWomen.9 UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre (2010) TheDynamics of Social Change: Towards the Abandonmentof Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting in Five AfricanCountries, Florence: UNICEF IRC, available at: http://www.unicef-irc.org/publications/pdf/fgm_insight_eng.pdf10 UN Division for the Advancement of Women and UNEconomic Commission for Africa (2009) Good Practicesin Legislation on ‘Harmful Practices’ Against Women,Expert group meeting organized by United NationsDivision for the Advancement of Women, United NationsEconomic Commission for Africa, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia,26-29 May 2009, available at: http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/egm/vaw_legislation_2009/Report%20EGM%20harmful%20practices.pdf11 Ward, J. and Marsh, M. (2006) Sexual ViolenceAgainst Women and Girls in War and Its Aftermath:Realities, Responses, and Required Resources. ABriefing Paper, Prepared for Symposium on SexualViolence in Conflict and Beyond, 21-23 June 2006,Brussels, available at: http://www.unfpa.org/emergencies/symposium06/docs/finalbrusselsbriefingpaper.pdf; ActionAid (2010) Her Stories: Case studiesfrom ActionAid’s Violence Against Women project,Johannesburg: ActionAid, available at:http://www.actionaid.org/sites/files/actionaid/her_stories_-_case_studies_from_actionaids_violence_against_women_project.pdf; Médecins Sans Frontiers(2005) The Crushing Burden of Rape: Sexual Violence inDarfur, Amsterdam: Médecins Sans Frontiers12 Heise, L. (2011) What Works to Prevent PartnerViolence? An Evidence Overview, London: DFID, availableat: http://www.dfid.gov.uk/R4D/PDF/Outputs/Gender/60887-Preventing_partner_violence_Jan_2012.pdf13 Discussion between Expert Group members:Heather Cole, Lori Heise, Jessica Horn and SarahMaguire, March 201214 See Greig, A. and Edström, J. (2012) Mobilising Menin Practice: Challenging Sexual and Gender-basedViolence in Institutional Settings, Brighton: Institute ofDevelopment Studies; International Planned ParenthoodFederation (IPPF) (2010) Men are changing: Case studyevidence on work with men and boys to promote genderequality and positive masculinities, London: IPPF,available at: http://www.ippf.org/NR/rdonlyres/36B8FD71-BB77-45D6-8424-B887323D6ED7/0/MenAreChanging.pdf15 UN Division for the Advancement of Women(1986-1999) General recommendations made by theCommittee on the Elimination of Discrimination againstWomen, available at: http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/recommendations/recomm.htm#top16 UN Women (2011) Progress of the World’s Women2011-2012: In Pursuit of Justice, New York: UN Women,available at: http://progress.unwomen.org/pdfs/EN-Report-Progress.pdf17 UN Secretary-General (2006) In-depth study on allforms of violence against women: Report of the SecretaryGeneral, New York: UN, 6 July 2006, available at:www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/vaw/violenceagainstwomenstudydoc.pdf18 Gokal, S., Barbero, R. and Balchin, C. (2010) KeyLearnings from Feminists on the Frontline: Summaries ofCase Studies on Resisting and ChallengingFundamentalisms, Toronto: AWID, available at: http://www.awid.org/content/download/104026/1199182/file/CF_KeyLearnings_2011.pdf19 UN Secretary-General (2006) In-depth study on allforms of violence against women: Report of the SecretaryGeneral, New York: UN, 6 July 2006, available at: www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/vaw/violenceagainstwomenstudydoc.pdf; See for example:Human Rights Watch (2009) Broken System: Dysfunction,Abuse, and Impunity in the Indian Police, USA: HumanRights Watch, available at: http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/india0809webwcover.pdf

2120 For example see: Human Rights Watch (2010)“Welcome to Kenya”: Police Abuse of Somali Refugees,USA: Human Rights Watch, available at:http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/kenya0610webwcover.pdf; Amnesty International (2006)Nigeria: Rape - The Silent Weapon, London: AmnestyInternational Publications, available at: www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/AFR44/020/2006/en/d6ffed15-d3e9-11dd-8743-d305bea2b2c7/afr440202006en.pdf21 Vance, K. (2011) Gender motivated killings of womenon the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity,soon to be available at: http://arc-international.net/;ActionAid (2009) Hate crimes: The rise of ‘corrective’ rapein South Africa, London: ActionAid, available at:http://www.actionaid.org.uk/doc_lib/correctiveraperep_final.pdf; UN Secretary-General (2003) Violence againstwomen migrant workers: Report of the Secretary-General, available at: http://www.iom.int/jahia/webdav/shared/shared/mainsite/policy_and_research/un/58/A_58_161_en.pdf22 OECD (2009) OECD DAC Handbook on SecuritySystem Reform: Section 9: Integrating Gender Awarenessand Equality, Paris: OECD, available at: http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/4/52/42168607.pdf; Barr, C. (2011) ‘MakingConnections: Bridging transitional justice and securitysector reform to confront conflict-related sexual andgender-based violence’, PRAXIS The Fletcher Journal ofHuman Security, XXVI: 5-23, available at: http://fletcher.tufts.edu/Praxis/~/media/Fletcher/Microsites/praxis/xxvi/CoreyBarr.pdf23 Tropp, S. and Ellsberg, M. (2005) AddressingViolence against Women within the Education Sector,Prepared for the Gender and Development Group, PREM,available at: http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTGENDER/Resources/Education.pdf; ActionAid (2009)Making the grade: A model national policy for theprevention, management and elimination of violenceagainst girls in school, Johannesburg: ActionAid,available at: http://www.actionaid.org/assets/pdf/Model_policy_educ.pdf24 World Health Organisation (2005) WHO Multi-countryStudy on Women’s Health and Domestic Violence againstWomen: Initial results on prevalence, health outcomesand women’s responses, Geneva: World HealthOrganisation, available at: http://www.who.int/gender/violence/who_multicountry_study/en/; Tropp, S. andEllsberg, M. (2005) Violence against Women: HealthSector Responses, Prepared for the Gender andDevelopment Group, PREM, available at:http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTGENDER/Resources/Health.pdf25 International Rescue Committee (2012) Violenceagainst Women and Girls in Emergencies, ComplexHumanitarian Crises & Fragile Settings: TechnicalGuidance Note for DFID; Ward, J. (2002) If Not Now,When? Addressing Gender-based Violence in Refugee,Internally Displaced, and Post-conflict Settings: A GlobalOverview, New York: The Reproductive Health forRefugees Consortium, available at: http://www.rhrc.org/resources/ifnotnow.pdf26 UN Women (2011) Progress of the World’s Women2011-2012: In Pursuit of Justice, New York: UN Women,available at: http://progress.unwomen.org/pdfs/EN-Report-Progress.pdf; UNIFEM (2009) Progress of theWorld’s Women 2008/2009: Who Answers to Women,New York: UNIFEM, available at: http://www.unifem.org/progress/2008/media/POWW08_Report_Full_Text.pdf27 Heise, L., Ellsberg, M. and Gottemoeller, M. (1999)‘Ending Violence Against Women’, Population Reports,XXVII(4), available at: http://www.k4health.org/pr/l11/violence.pdf; For more information see UN Women (2011)‘Operating within the ecological model’, VirtualKnowledge Centre to End Violence Against Women andGirls, available at: http://www.endvawnow.org/en/articles/310-operating-within-the-ecological-model-.html%20for%20further%20guidance28 Baños Smith, M. (2011) A Different World is Possible:Promising practices to prevent violence against womenand girls, London: End Violence Against WomenCoalition, available at: http://www.endviolenceagainstwomen.org.uk/data/files/promising_practices_report_.pdf; UNIFEM (2010) National Accountability Framework toEnd Violence against Women and Girls, New York:UNIFEM, available at: http://www.endvawnow.org/uploads/browser/files/EVAW10 Point_for_KMSite_EN.pdf; UN Women (2011) Handbook for National ActionPlans on Violence against Women, New York: UNWomen, available at: http://www.endvawnow.org/uploads/browser/files/handbook-for-nap-on-vaw.pdf;Michau, L. (2007) ‘Approaching Old Problems in NewWays: Community Mobilisation as a Primary PreventionStrategy to Combat Violence Against Women,’ Genderand Development Journal, 15(1): 95-109; For moreinformation see UN Women (2012) ‘Ensuring holisticmultisectoral policies and national plans of actions’,Virtual Knowledge Centre to End Violence AgainstWomen and Girls, available at: available at:http://www.endvawnow.org/en/articles/316-ensuringholistic-multisectoral-policies-and-national-plans-ofactions-.html29 Harvey, A., García-Moreno, C. And Butchart, A.(2007) Primary prevention of intimate-partner violenceand sexual violence: Background paper for WHO expertmeeting, May 2–3, 2007, available at: http://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/publications/violence/IPV-SV.pdf; For more information see UN Women (2012)‘Promoting Primary Prevention’, Virtual Knowledge Centreto End Violence Against Women and Girls, available at:http://www.endvawnow.org/en/articles/318-promotingprimary-prevention-.html30 For example see UNIFEM Haiti (2009) Continuity andChange: Building stronger community-basedorganizations and alliances to prevent and address sexualand gender-based violence in Haiti: End of projectbaseline review31 World Health Organisation (2009) ViolencePrevention: The evidence. Promoting gender equality toprevent violence against women, Geneva: World HealthOrganisation, available at: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2009/9789241597883_eng.pdf32 Michau, L. (2007) ‘Approaching Old Problems in NewWays: Community Mobilisation as a Primary PreventionStrategy to Combat Violence Against Women,’ Genderand Development Journal, 15(1): 95-109

2233 Governance and Social Development ResourceCentre (2009) Helpdesk Research Report: ViolenceAgainst Women Interventions, 08.10.2009, available at:http://www.gsdrc.org/docs/open/HD623.pdf34 Discussion with Expert Group members: SrilathaBatliwala, Lyndsay McLean Hilker and Suzanne Williams,March 201235 See for example Verma, R. K., Pulerwitz, J.,Mahendra, V., Khandekar, S., Barker, G., Fulpagare, P.and Singh, S.K. (2006) ‘Shifting support for inequitablegender norms among young Indian men to reduce HIVrisk and partner violence’, Horizons Research Summary,New Delhi: Population Council, available at: http://www.popcouncil.org/pdfs/horizons/ingndrnrmssum.pdf36 For more information on the Social Norms Approachsee: Berkowitz, A.D. (2010) Fostering Healthy Norms toPrevent Violence and Abuse: The Social NormsApproach, available at: http://www.alanberkowitz.com/articles/Preventing%20Sexual%20Violence%20Chapter%20-%20Revision.pdf and Berkowitz, A.D.(2004) The Social Norms Approach: Theory, Research,and Annotated Bibliography, available at: http://www.alanberkowitz.com/articles/social_norms.pdf37 Ricardo, C., Eads, M. and Barker G. (2012)Engaging Boys and Young Men in the Prevention ofSexual Violence: a Systematic and Global Review ofEvaluated Interventions, South Africa: Sexual ViolenceResearch Initiative, available at: http://www.svri.org/menandboys.pdf38 Batliwala, S. (2008) Changing Their World: Conceptsand Practices of Women’s Movements, Toronto: AWID,available at: available at: http://www.awid.org/About-AWID/AWID-News/Changing-Their-World; Hagemann-White, C., Kavemann, B., Kindler, H., Thomas Meysen, T.and Puchert, R. (2011) Review of Research on Factors atPlay in Perpetration, available at: http://ec.europa.eu/justice/funding/daphne3/multi-level_interactive_model/bin/review_of_research.pdf; Barker, G., Contreras, M.,Heilman, B., Singh, A., Verma,R., and Nascimento, M.(2011) Evolving Men: Initial Results of the InternationalMen and Gender Equality Survey (IMAGES), Washington,DC: International Center for Research on Women and Riode Janeiro: Instituto Promundo, available at:http://www.icrw.org/publications/evolving-men39 Batliwala, S. (2008) Changing Their World: Conceptsand Practices of Women’s Movements, Toronto: AWID,available at: available at: http://www.awid.org/About-AWID/AWID-News/Changing-Their-World;40 Heise, L. (2011) What Works to Prevent PartnerViolence? An Evidence Overview, London: DFID, availableat: http://www.dfid.gov.uk/R4D/PDF/Outputs/Gender/60887-Preventing_partner_violence_Jan_2012.pdf; Ricardo, C., Eads, M. and Barker G. (2012) EngagingBoys and Young Men in the Prevention of SexualViolence: a Systematic and Global Review of EvaluatedInterventions, South Africa: Sexual Violence ResearchInitiative, available at: http://www.svri.org/menandboys.pdf; Barker, G., Contreras, M., Heilman, B., Singh, A.,Verma,R., and Nascimento, M.(2011) Evolving Men: InitialResults of the International Men and Gender EqualitySurvey (IMAGES), Washington, DC: International Centerfor Research on Women and Rio de Janeiro: InstitutoPromundo, available at: http://www.icrw.org/publications/evolving-men41 Heise, L. (2011) What Works to Prevent PartnerViolence? An Evidence Overview, London: DFID, availableat; http://www.dfid.gov.uk/R4D/PDF/Outputs/Gender/60887-Preventing_partner_violence_Jan_2012.pdf; Batliwala, S. and Pittman, A. (2010) CapturingChange in Women’s Realities: A Critical Overview ofCurrent Monitoring & Evaluation Frameworks andApproaches, Toronto: AWID; Pathways of Women’sEmpowerment (2012) Empowerment: A Journey Not aDestination, Brighton: Pathways of Women’sEmpowerment, available at: http://www.pathwaysofempowerment.org/PathwaysSynthesisReport.pdf42 Governance and Social Development ResourceCentre (2011) Helpdesk Research Report: Impactevaluations of programmes to prevent and respond toviolence against women and girls, 16.09.11, available at:http://www.gsdrc.org/docs/open/HD789.pdf43 Ricardo, C., Eads, M. and Barker G. (2012) EngagingBoys and Young Men in the Prevention of Sexual Violence:a Systematic and Global Review of Evaluated Interventions,South Africa: Sexual Violence Research Initiative, availableat: http://www.svri.org/menandboys.pdf; Greig, A. andEdström, J. (2012) Mobilising Men in Practice: ChallengingSexual and Gender-based Violence in InstitutionalSettings, Brighton: Institute of Development Studies44 Governance and Social Development ResourceCentre (2011) Helpdesk Research Report: Impactevaluations of programmes to prevent and respond toviolence against women and girls, 16.09.11, available at:http://www.gsdrc.org/docs/open/HD789.pdf45 International Planned Parenthood Federation (IPPF)(2010) Men are changing: Case study evidence on workwith men and boys to promote gender equality andpositive masculinities, London: IPPF, available at:http://www.ippf.org/NR/rdonlyres/36B8FD71-BB77-45D6-8424-B887323D6ED7/0/MenAreChanging.pdf46 For a more detailed discussion on how social normswork and effective components in social norms marketingcombating violence against women and girls see Paluck,E. L. and Ball, L. (2010) Social norms marketing aimed atgender based violence: A literature review and criticalassessment, New York: International Rescue Committee47 Batliwala, S. and Pittman, A. (2010) CapturingChange in Women’s Realities: A Critical Overview ofCurrent Monitoring & Evaluation Frameworks andApproaches, Toronto: AWID48 Jilani, H. (2002) Promotion and protection of humanrights: human rights defenders: Report submitted by Ms.Hina Jilani, Special Representative of Secretary-Generalon human rights defenders, pursuant to the Commissionon Human Rights resolution 2000/61, available at:http://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/F40AE5FC19F8B08685256CC900581CF2; Asia PacificForum on Women, Law and Development (APWLD)(2007) Claiming Rights, Claiming Justice: A Guidebook onWomen Human Rights Defenders, Thailand: APWLD,available at: http://www.defendingwomendefendingrights.org/pdf2007/book3NeoWithCover.pdf49 Sekaggya, M. (2010) Report of the SpecialRapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders,available at: http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/docs/16session/A-HRC-16-44.pdf

2350 Barcia, I. (2011) Urgent Responses for WomenHuman Rights Defenders at Risk: Mapping & PreliminaryAssessment, Toronto: AWID, available at: http://www.awid.org/Library/Urgent-Responses-for-Women-Human-Rights-Defenders-at-Risk-Mapping-and-Preliminary-Assessment; Barcia, I. and Penchaszadeh, A. (2012) TenInsights To Strengthen Responses For Women HumanRights Defenders At Risk, Toronto: AWID, available at:http://www.awid.org/content/download/136703/1522035/file/WHRD%20Ten%20Insights%20ENG.pdf; Sekaggya,M. (2010) Report of the Special Rapporteur on thesituation of human rights defenders, available at:http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/docs/16session/A-HRC-16-44.pdf51 Correspondence with Lori Michau, Director of RaisingVoices, January 2011; Spraos, H. (2011) UN WomenProgramme: From Communities to Global SecurityInstitutions: Engaging Women in Building Peace andSecurity. Baseline Study: Haiti, London: SocialDevelopment Direct; Mukhopadhyay, M. and Eyben, R.(2011) Rights and Resources: the Effects of ExternalFinancing for Women’s Rights, Brighton: Pathways ofWomen’s Empowerment, available at: http://www.pathwaysofempowerment.org/Rights_and_Resources.pdf52 World Health Organisation (2009) ViolencePrevention: The evidence. Promoting gender equality toprevent violence against women, Geneva: World HealthOrganisation, available at: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2009/9789241597883_eng.pdf; Governanceand Social Development Resource Centre (2009)Helpdesk Research Report: Violence Against WomenInterventions, 08.10.2009, available at:http://www.gsdrc.org/docs/open/HD623.pdf; UNIFEM(2010) Investing in Gender Equality: Ending Violenceagainst Women and Girls, New York: UNIFEM, availableat: http://www.endvawnow.org/uploads/browser/files/genderequality_vaw_leaflet_en_web.pdf53 Hossain, N. (2011) Security and the pathways ofwomen’s empowerment: Findings from a thematicsynthesis of the Pathways of Women’s EmpowermentResearch, available at: http://www.pathwaysofempowerment.org/Security_Draft_Paper.pdf54 World Health Organisation (2007) Engaging men andboys in changing gender-based inequity in health:Evidence from programme interventions, Geneva: WorldHealth Organisation, available at: http://www.who.int/gender/documents/Engaging_men_boys.pdf55 International Rescue Committee (2009) Part of theSolution: Engaging men as partners to prevent violenceagainst women and girls: Principles and PromisingPractice, London: International Rescue Committee56 Cited in Batliwala, S. and Pittman, A. (2010)Capturing Change in Women’s Realities: A CriticalOverview of Current Monitoring & Evaluation Frameworksand Approaches, Toronto: AWID: 757 Batliwala, S. and Pittman, A. (2010) CapturingChange in Women’s Realities: A Critical Overview ofCurrent Monitoring & Evaluation Frameworks andApproaches, Toronto: AWID58 Adapted from UN Division for the Advancementof Women, UN Economic Commission for Europe andUN Statistical Division (2007) Indicators to measureviolence against women: Report of the Expert GroupMeeting Organized by United Nations Division for theAdvancement of Women, United Nations EconomicCommission for Europe, United Nations StatisticalDivision, 8 to 10 October 2007, Geneva, Switzerland,available at: http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/egm/IndicatorsVAW/IndicatorsVAW_EGM_report.pdf59 UN General Assembly (1993) Declaration on theElimination of Violence against Women, available at:http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/48/a48r104.htm60 Adapted from Walby, S. (2007) Developing Indicatorson Violence Against Women, Lancaster: LancasterUniversity Department of Sociology, available at:http://www.lancs.ac.uk/fss/sociology/papers/walby-Indicatorsgenderbasedviolence.pdf61 Adapted from Walby, S. (2007) Developing Indicatorson Violence Against Women, Lancaster: LancasterUniversity Department of Sociology, available at:http://www.lancs.ac.uk/fss/sociology/papers/walby-Indicatorsgenderbasedviolence.pdf62 For more information see Women Won’t Waitcampaign (2007) Show Us the Money: Is violence againstwomen on the HIV&AIDS funding agenda?, London:ActionAid, available at: http://www.womenwontwait.org/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=20&Itemid=7263 Heise, L. (2011) What Works to Prevent PartnerViolence? An Evidence Overview, London: DFID, availableat: http://www.dfid.gov.uk/R4D/PDF/Outputs/Gender/60887-Preventing_partner_violence_Jan_2012.pdf64 Adapted from Bloom, S. S. (2008) Violence againstWomen and Girls. A Compendium of Monitoring andEvaluation Indicators, Chapel Hill, NC: CarolinaPopulation Center, available at: http://www.cpc.unc.edu/measure/publications/pdf/ms-08-30.pdf65 Adapted from Bloom, S. S. (2008) Violence againstWomen and Girls. A Compendium of Monitoring andEvaluation Indicators, Chapel Hill, NC: CarolinaPopulation Center, available at: http://www.cpc.unc.edu/measure/publications/pdf/ms-08-30.pdf66 Adapted from International Rescue Committee (2012)Violence against Women and Girls in Emergencies,Complex Humanitarian Crises & Fragile Settings:Technical Guidance Note for DFID67 Available at: http://www.dfid.gov.uk/Documents/publications1/strategic-vision-girls-women.pdf68 Amnesty International (2010) ‘I can’t afford justice’:Violence against women in Uganda continues uncheckedand unpunished, London: Amnesty InternationalPublications, available at: http://www.amnesty.org.uk/uploads/documents/doc_20290.pdf; UNIFEM (2010)Investing in Gender Equality: Ending Violence againstWomen and Girls, New York: UNIFEM, available at:http://www.endvawnow.org/uploads/browser/files/genderequality_vaw_leaflet_en_web.pdf

2469 Bradshaw, S. and Quiroz Viquez, A. (2008) ‘WomenBeneficiaries or Women Bearing the Cost: A GenderedAnalysis of the Red de Proteccion Social in Nicaragua’,Development and Change, 39(5): 23-44; Molyneux, M.(2008) ‘Conditional Cash Transfers: A ‘Pathway toWomen’s Empowerment’?’ Pathways Working Paper 5,available at: http://www.pathwaysofempowerment.org/PathwaysWP5-website.pdf; Kabeer, N. (2005) ‘IsMicrofinance a ‘Magic Bullet’ for Women’s Empowerment?Analysis of Findings from South Asia’, Economic andPolitical Weekly, 29 October 29 2005, available at: http://www.eledu.net/rrcusrn_data/Is%20Microfinance%20a%20%60Magic%20Bullet%60%20for%20Women%60s%20Empowerment.pdf70 For a discussion on what constitutes acomprehensive approach, including how prevention andresponse services are linked, see International RescueCommittee (2012) Violence against Women and Girls inEmergencies, Complex Humanitarian Crises & FragileSettings: Technical Guidance Note for DFID.71 Adapted from Bloom, S. S. (2008) Violence againstWomen and Girls. A Compendium of Monitoring andEvaluation Indicators, Chapel Hill, NC: CarolinaPopulation Center, available at: http://www.cpc.unc.edu/measure/publications/pdf/ms-08-30.pdf72 Bloom, S. S. (2008) Violence against Women andGirls. A Compendium of Monitoring and EvaluationIndicators, Chapel Hill, NC: Carolina Population Center,available at: http://www.cpc.unc.edu/measure/publications/pdf/ms-08-30.pdf73 Adapted from Hossain, N. (2011) Security and thepathways of women’s empowerment: Findings from athematic synthesis of the Pathways of Women’sEmpowerment Research, available at http://www.pathwaysofempowerment.org/Security_Draft_Paper.pdf74 For a detailed discussion, see Batliwala, S. (2008)Changing Their World: Concepts and Practices ofWomen’s Movements, Toronto: AWID, available at:http://www.awid.org/About-AWID/AWID-News/Changing-Their-World75 Adapted from Bloom, S. S. (2008) Violence againstWomen and Girls. A Compendium of Monitoring andEvaluation Indicators, Chapel Hill, NC: CarolinaPopulation Center, available at: http://www.cpc.unc.edu/measure/publications/pdf/ms-08-30.pdf76 For more information see the Guidance on Monitoringand Evaluation for Programming on Violence againstWomen and Girls77 For more information see the Guidance on Monitoringand Evaluation for Programming on Violence againstWomen and Girls78 For more information see the Guidance on Monitoringand Evaluation for Programming on Violence againstWomen and Girls79 For more information on reparations in the context ofviolence against women and girls see Manjoo, R. (2010)Promotion and Protection of all Human Rights, Civil,Political, Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, includingthe Right to Development: Report of the SpecialRapporteur on violence against women, its causes andconsequences, available at: http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/docs/14session/A.HRC.14.22_AEV.pdf80 Adapted from UN Division for the Advancement ofWomen, UN Economic Commission for Europe and UNStatistical Division (2007) Indicators to measure violenceagainst women: Report of the Expert Group MeetingOrganized by United Nations Division for theAdvancement of Women, United Nations EconomicCommission for Europe, United Nations StatisticalDivision, 8 to 10 October 2007, Geneva, Switzerland,available at: http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/egm/IndicatorsVAW/IndicatorsVAW_EGM_report.pdf81 From UN (2008) Official list of MillenniumDevelopment Goals Indicators, available at: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Host.aspx?Content=Indicators/OfficialList.htm82 Adapted from World Bank (2012) Indicators, availableat: http://data.worldbank.org/indicator83 ActionAid (2010) Destined to Fail? How violenceagainst women is undoing development, London:ActionAid, available at: available at: http://www.actionaid.org.uk/doc_lib/destined_to_fail.pdf ; World HealthOrganisation (2005) Addressing violence against womenand achieving the Millennium Development Goals,Geneva: World Health Organisation, available at: http://www.who.int/gender/documents/MDGs&VAWSept05.pdf

“ Violence against women is… embeddedin our cultural practices. It has livedwith us, and I would say will die with us,if we don’t take action now.”Zynab Sennesie, Reducing ViolenceAgainst Women project coordinator,ActionAid Sierra LeoneActionAid33-39 Bowling Green LaneLondonEC1R 0BJwww.actionaid.org.ukRegistered charity no 274467November 2012