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Ministry of Nation Building and Estate Infrastructure DevelopmentEASTERN PROVINCE INTEGRATED COASTALRESOURCES MANAGEMENT PLAN25 JANUARY 2010North East Coastal Community Development Project

EASTERN PROVINCE INTEGRATED COASTALRESOURCES MANAGEMENT PLANFINALPREPARED FORNECCDEPANZDEC LIMITEDIN ASSOCIATION WITHResource Development Consultants20 January 2010

Citation:This document may be cited as:NECCDEP (2009). Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan(EPICRMP) 2010-2013. The Green Blue Sunrise Plan. Final. January 2010. Pp. 264 AnzdecLtd., Resource Development Consultants. ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East CoastalCommunity Development Project (NECCDEP).Note to the Pictures in the cover page:Top to Bottom:1. Spemfex Littorals - Manmunai West2. Adampan Kodi - Mutur3. Sand Mining - Koralaipathu Central4. Kallady Bridge - Batticaloa5. Paddy Cultivation - Allaiyadivembu6. Lagoon Fishing - Sinnamuhathhtuwaram7. Beach - Nilaveli8. Thalipotta Aru - ThirukkovilPage Cover Concept:Page Cover Design:A. Rajaratnam, Deputy Project Director, NECCDEPN. Gobyrajh, Data Entry Operator, NECCDEPThis document is available electronically from NECCDEP at www.neccdep.com.Please do not print unnecessarily and use paper and ink responsibly.

COASTAL RESOURCES PLANNING UNIT (CRPU) MEMBERSNameDr. A.R. DawsonShepherdDr. Steven CreechDr. Selvaratnam KandaiahDesignationTeam Leader (From 24 thFebruary to November 2009)Team Leader (From November2007 to December 2008)Deputy Team Leader - ResourcePlannerConsultantsMr. Andrew SillitoeMr. P.P. HettiarachchiMr. B. UmashanthanMr. A.M.A. LebbeTourism Planner (International)Tourism Planner (National)Database & GIS SpecialistLegal AdvisorAdministrative and Logistic SupportMrs. R. ChandrakalaMr. K. VijayananthanMiss. G. Nilukshi NadeekaMr. C.J. RathnakumarMr. M. EnokeOffice ManagerPlannerData Management AssistantDriverOffice AssistantNECCDEP MEMBERS NAMESNameS.M. CroosDesignationProject DirectorA. Rajaratnam Deputy Project DirectorDistrict CoordinatorsMr. N.ArunanthiMr. M.ThileebanMs. ManoranjaniMr. J. GnanenthiranNatural Resource PlannerNatural Resource PlannerNatural Resource PlannerManagement Assistant

FOREWORDThis Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP) is asignificant deliverable from Component three of the North East Coastal CommunityDevelopment Project (NECCDEP TA No.2027- SRI). The NECCDEP is funded by the AsianDevelopment Bank (ADB), under the guidance of the Ministry of Nation Building and EstateInfrastructure Development.The Government of Sri Lanka recognizes significant links between natural resources andsocial and economic development. Substantial social and economic benefits may beachieved from the goods and services provided by natural resources, especially in thesectors of agriculture, fisheries, forestry, recreation, and culture. However, all these naturalassets, and the social and economic benefits derived from them, are at risk fromoverexploitation and projected negative impacts from climate change.The Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)provides a roadmap to respond to these risks and reflects the guidelines provided by theCoast Conservation Department in the National Coastal Zone Management Plan of 2004which was published in the Gazette in 2006. It has been formulated over a period of twoyears, starting from November 2007 and ending in November 2009.Technical support for delivery of Component three “Coastal Resources Planning”, includingthis EPICRMP, involved 18 person-months of international and 22 person-months of nationalconsulting input.The delivery of this product was co-ordinated by the NECCDEP. Products of a number ofNECCDEP activities, such as the Divisional level “Coastal Resource Profiles” and “SpecialStudies”, were used as resources for this plan.During the course of the assignment the consultant team worked closely with the publicsector at national, provincial, district and divisional secretaries’ divisions (DSD) level, aswell as with civil society stakeholders. The plan was subject to review by the general public,District Level Special Area Management Community Consultative Committees, andProvincial and National Interagency Planning Groups.This EPICRMP has been designed using the logical framework approach. It contains 20 keyenvironmental performance targets with associated objective actions and means ofverification. It is the hope of the NECCDEP that this Plan will complement, and integratewith, the next National Coastal Zone Management Plan being prepared by the CoastConservation Department.Finally, may I take this opportunity to thank the Secretary and the Senior Advisor of theMinistry of Nation Building and Estate Infrastructure Development, Chief Secretary,Secretary to the Honorable Chief Minister and other officials of the Eastern ProvincialCouncil, Security Forces, and all those who have shared their knowledge and experience tomake the formulation of this plan a success. I am grateful to the consultants and to theNECCDEP staff of Trincomalee, Batticaloa and Ampara for their commitment and dedicationto the production of this EPICRMP.SM. CroosProject Director, NECCDEP15 th January 2010

PREAMBLEThe Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP) hasbeen produced by a team of consultants at a time when our Province is gradually recoveringfrom difficult times. At this juncture, I cannot help but think, with nostalgia, of the past whenteeming tourists thronged the lovely beaches and other places of natural and culturalimportance in the Eastern Province.This document is especially significant at a time when the Eastern Provincial Council has thefull backing of the central government and the support of international agencies in itsrelentless pursuit of economic recovery and growth. In these respects I cannot overstress theimportant contribution that the natural environment has to make to this recovery and growth.This Plan provides a roadmap for this contribution to be delivered.I would like to thank the Asian Development Bank for funding the development of the Planand NECCDEP, under the Ministry of Nation Building and Estate Infrastructure Development,for managing and facilitating the development of this Plan. I would also like to take thisopportunity to thank the Project Director and the consultants comprising of national andinternational planners for their hard and dedicated work.V.P. BalasinghamChief SecretaryEastern Province15 th January 2010

PREFACE"Reawakening East" is one of the major initiatives of Mahinda Chintana. The North EastCoastal Community Development Programme (NECCDEP) was launched by the Ministry ofNation Building and Estate Infrastructure Development in 2004 to contribute to thisreawakening.The Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP) hasbeen prepared by a team of consultants under Component 3 “Coastal Resources Planning”of NECCDEP.Agriculture, fisheries, forestry and tourism all contribute positively to national and provincialeconomic and social development by providing food and fuel, generating foreign exchangeand providing direct and indirect employment. To a great extent these benefits derive fromthe environmental goods and services provided by renewable natural resources. Theseresources need to be managed to ensure that they continue to provide these goods andservices to current and future generations. Overexploitation and the projected negativeimpacts from climate change are challenges to this management. I believe that this Plan willhelp build capacity to meet these challenges.The Eastern Provincial Council has a concurrent role with that of the central Government toregulate and promote the environment in the Eastern Province so that it continues to providebenefits to present and future generations. MNB & EID commends the Eastern ProvincialCouncil for supporting the development of this Plan and looks forward to facilitating itsimplementation under the concurrent list.On behalf of the Ministry of Nation Building and Estate Infrastructure Development, I wish toconvey my sincere appreciation to the Asian Development Bank for providing funds, theProject Director of NECCDEP and his team, the Consultants and all those who havecontributed in many ways to the successful development of this EPICRMP.W.K.K. KumarasiriSecretaryMinistry of Nation Building and Estate Infrastructure Development15 th January 2010

MESSAGEI am very pleased to note my appreciation of the hard work undertaken by NECCDEP inproducing the Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan(EPICRMP)This plan provides a good example of how to manage the environment under the concurrentlist of the 13 th Amendment in that it “thinks globally but acts locally”. The plan also reflectsinternational good practice in terms of the principles of the “Ecosystem Approach”, and of theInternational Convention on Biodiversity to which Sri Lanka is a signatory.The plan addresses provincial level environmental issues but also responds to national andinternational concerns such as climate change. In these respects it complements andsupports the CCD requirement, under the Coast Conservation Act, to deliver a nationalcoastal zone management plan at four yearly intervals.It is my hope that this plan will be fully integrated into CCD work plans and the next Sri LankaNational Coastal Zone Management Plan. Over the last year CCD has assigned officers toall three of the districts in Eastern Province and it is my hope and expectation that the planrequest for significant participation of the CCD will be met.H.N.R. PereraDirector GeneralCoast Conservation Department15 th January 2010

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe assistance of the Asian Development Bank, the Government of Sri Lanka and inparticular the staff of the NECCDEP and the people of Eastern Province are warmlyacknowledged.The following persons helped in the preparation of this EPICRMP:Mr. S.M. Croos, Project Director, NECCDEPMr. A. Rajaratnam, Deputy Project Director, NECCDEPMr. M. Thileepan, NRP, NECCDEP, TrincomaleeMr. A. Arunandi, NRP, NECCDEP, BatticaloaMs. Manoranjani Kanagarednam, NRP, NECCDEP, AmparaMr. Vijayanantha Kanasundaram, Planner, NECCDEPDr. Selvaretnam Kandiah, Deputy Team Leader and Coastal Resources Planner, RDCDr. Dr Sunil Liyanage, SAM Planner, RDCMr. T. Mathiventhan, SAM Planner, RDCMr. B. Umashanthan, GIS/Database specialist, RDCMr. Kasinathar Gnanadas, Interpretation materials specialist, RDCMs. Abirami Subramaniam, Research Assistant, RDCMs. Nilukshi Nadeeka, Data processing assistant, AnzdecAppreciation is extended to the members of the DSAM CCC of Trincomalee District,Batticaloa District and Ampara District.Dr. Alec Dawson Shepherd,Team Leader and Coastal Resources Planner,Anzdec

ABBREVIATIONSAcronym Full titleADB Asian Development BankAG (GA) Auditor General (General Auditor)ANZDEC ANZDEC LimitedARDQIP Aquatic Resources Development and Quality Improvement ProjectCA Ceasefire AgreementCCA Coast Conservation ActCCC Community Coordinating CommitteeCCD Coast Conservation DepartmentCEA Central Environmental AuthorityCFHC Ceylon Fisheries Harbour CorporationCPUE Catch per unit effortCRMP Coastal Resources Management Planning/PlanCRPU Coastal Resources Planning Unit (NECCDEP)CZMP 04 Sri Lanka Coastal Zone Management Plan gazetted 2006DB Department of BuildingsDCS Deputy Chief SecretaryDCeS Department of Census and StatisticsDFAR Department of Fisheries and Aquatic ResourcesDF Department of FisheriesDFO District Forest OfficeDoI Department of IrrigationDoF Department of ForestryDID Document ID number in the CRPU Information Management SystemDMF Design & Monitoring FrameworkDPD Deputy Project Director (NECCDEP)DPO District Project OfficeDSD Divisional Secretaries’ DivisionDVCC Divisional Village Coordinating CommitteeDWDS Department of Water Drainage and SuppliesDWLC Department of Wildlife ConservationEIA Environmental Impact AssessmentEP Eastern ProvinceEPICRMP Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management PlanEP IEPA Eastern Province Integrated Environmental Planning Audit unitContinued……

AcronymEPCPPSERDEUSLFDFFHGDPGISGNGOSLGSMBHDIIAPG EPIAPG NICAMIEEIP NGOIUCNSLLHCCLTTEMCMDG’sMDTDMFARMNBEIDMoAMoFMoDMoHMPMPAMPEMPPAMSLNARANDTFABBREVIATIONS continued…..Full titleEastern Provincial CouncilProvincial Planning SecretariatExternal Resource DepartmentEastern University of Sri LankaForest DepartmentFemale Household HeadsGross Domestic ProductGeographic Information SystemGrama NiladhariGovernment of Sri LankaGeological Survey and Mines BureauHuman Development IndexInter Agency Planning Group Eastern ProvinceInter Agency Planning Group NationalIntegrated Coastal Area ManagementInitial Environmental ExaminationsImplementing Partner Non Governmental OrganizationsInternational Union for Conservation of Nature Sri LankaLive Hard Coral CoverLiberation Tigers of Tamil EelamMunicipal CouncilMillennium Development GoalsManagement Development Training DivisionMinistry of Fisheries and Aquatic ResourcesMinistry of Nation Building and Estate Infrastructure DevelopmentMinistry of AgricultureMinistry of FinanceMinistry of DefenseMinistry of HealthMinistry of PlantationMinistry of Public AdministrationMinistry of Power and EnergyMarine Pollution Prevention AuthorityMean Sea LevelNational Aquatic Resource AgencyNational Development Trust FundContinued……

AcronymNEAFull titleNational Environmental ActABBREVIATIONS continued…..NECCDEP North East Coastal Community Development ProjectNGO Non Government OrganizationNPC Northern Provincial CouncilNPPD National Physical Planning DepartmentNRP Natural Resources PlannerPD Project Director (NECCDEP)PO Project OfficePPCC EP Provincial Project Coordinating Committee (Eastern Province)PPP Purchasing Power ParityPPS Provincial Planning SecretariatPPTA Project Planning Technical AssistancePPUE Production Per Unit EffortPS Pradeshya SabhaRDC Resource Development ConsultantsREF Bibliographic Reference number in the CRPU Information Management SystemRRP Report and Recommendations to the President of ADBSEA Strategic Environmental AssessmentSEDOT Social and Economic Development Organization of TrincomaleeSIS Spatial Information SystemSLTDA Sri Lanka Tourism Development AuthoritySMA/SAM* Special Management Area/Special Area ManagementSTF Special Task ForceTA Technical Assistance (ANZDEC/RDC Component 2 and 3).TEC Total Estimated CostTL Team LeaderTMVP Tamil Makkal Viduthalai PulikalTNA Training Needs AssessmentTOR Terms of ReferenceUC Urban CouncilUDA Urban Development AuthorityUNOCHA United Nations Organization for Coordination of Humanitarian Assistance“Special Management Area (SMA)” is considered to be synonymous with the term “Special Area Management(SAM)” according to the Sri Lanka National Coastal Zone Management Plan – 2004, gazetted 2006

CONTENTSPageEXECUTIVE SUMMARYiI. INTRODUCTION 1A. Use of terms 1B. Structure of the EPICRMP 5C. Limitations to the EPICRMP 6D. Coastal Zone Management in Sri Lanka 7II. METHOD 8A. Introduction 8B. Targets 8C. Principles 11D. Tools 12E. Data management 13F. Baseline 14G. Assessment 18H. EPICRMP development 22III. PUBLIC SECTOR (CIVIL SERVICE) ADMINISTRATION 23A. Introduction 23B. Baseline 23C. Assessment 24D. EPICRMP development 32E. EPICRMP Objectives, policies, strategies and activities 34IV. SOCIETY AND ECONOMY 36A. Baseline 36B. Assessment 36C. EPICRMP development 39D. EPICRMP Objectives, policies, strategies and actions 41V. MANAGING COASTAL EROSION 43A. Baseline 43B. Assessment 43C. EPICRMP development 47D. Objectives, policies, strategies and actions 50VI. CONSERVING COASTAL HABITATS AND SPECIES 52A. Introduction 52B. Beaches/shorelines, spits and bars 52C. Coral Reefs 53D. Dunes 56E. Estuaries, bar mouths and wetlands 57F. Islands 63G. Mangroves 65H. Seagrasss 71I. Species 71J. EPICRMP Objectives, policies, strategies and actions 74

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / vVII. CONTROLLING COASTAL POLLUTION 77A. Introduction 77B. Liquid waste 77C. Solid waste 80D. EPICRMP Objectives, policies, strategies and actions 85VIII.INTEGRATING COASTAL AGRICULTURE, FISHERIES,AQUACULTURE AND FORESTRY 87A. Introduction 87B. Agriculture 87C. Aquaculture (mariculture) 95D. Fisheries 96E. Forestry 104F. EPICRMP Objectives, policies, strategies and actions 108IX. SPECIAL AREA MANAGEMENT 110A. Introduction 110B. SAM plans 110C. EPICRMP Objectives, policies, strategies and actions 112X. MANAGEMENT OF SITES OF SPECIAL SIGNIFICANCE AND PUBLICACCESS 116A. Introduction 116B. Baseline 116C. Assessment 116D. EPICRMP development 123E. EPICRMP Objectives, policies, strategies and actions 133XI. PLAN SYNTHESIS 136A. Introduction 136C. EPICRMP goal, purpose and results 136D. Plan indicators 137E. Monitoring of EP ICRMP indicators 139F. EPICRMP objectives, policies, strategies and actions 144G. EPICRMP administration 149H. Consultation 149I. Plan resources 156XII. CONSULTATION PROCESS 159A. Introduction 159B. Public consultation 159C. District level Community Consultative Committee (CCC) 163C. EP IAPG 219D. National IAPG 222APPENDIXES:1. References 1652. Ep Icrmp Consultation Document(Ref.1091) 1793. Consultation Meetings 1984. Ep Icrmp Objectives, Policies, Strategies And Actions 231

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / viRevisions:No Former Current Change By1 V1.1 FINAL BEE SAM to BL SAM CRPU2 Table III.3 CCD Staff CRPU3 CZMP 06 changed to CZMP 2004 CRPUObjectives, policies, strategies and actions added CRPU

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP) P a g e / ii 1Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EP ICRMP)constituency registration, meetings compliance and stocktaking by constituents that form anintegral part of the EPICRMP.10. Result 2 – Resources assessed: Resource indicators are monitored to provideearly signs of problems. Twenty core environmental performance indicators (and their subindicators)underpin the EPICRMP. Result two requires that there be a baseline againstwhich to monitor the change.11. Result 3 – Response delivered: Consultation specifies informed and relevantactions to resolve problems. This requires evidence that the proposed actions addressrelevant problems and that the actions are identified in a consultative way. The guidelines forthe consultative process are specified in the constituency registration and meetings checklistreferred to in this EPICRMP.12. Result 4 – Results obtained: The response delivers objective indicator-basedperformance targets. Initially the results are benchmarked against the baseline state of the20 core EPICRMP environmental performance indicators from result two above and theperformance targets set for these indicators. The results will have been obtained if theperformance targets are achieved.13. Result 5 – Purpose achieved: It is assumed, within the vertical logic of the logicalframework, that delivery of 20 core environmental performance targets will substantiallydeliver the EPICRMP purpose.14. It is proposed that the EPICRMP be administered by the EP Provincial Secretariatunder the national guidance of the Coast Conservation Department (CCD) and other lineagencies where relevant.15. The EPICRMP should be delivered to reflect the 13 th Amendment (Ref. 0915) to theConstitution that places environment under the Concurrent and Provincial Council Lists.16. An EP Integrated Environmental Planning and Audit Unit (EP IEPA) is proposedunder the EPICRMP. The IEPA Unit should have a mandate to audit sector agencies fordelivery of environmental management in the EP and to make recommendations.17. The IEPA Unit should be operationally affiliated to the EP Provincial Secretariat. Itshould act as an environmental secretariat to the Eastern Provincial Council and to the threeDistrict level SAM Community Coordinating Committees. The IEPA should also co-ordinateimplementation of the EPICRMP from the Provincial level and facilitate delivery of the Planusing a network of District Secretaries’ Division (DSD) and Grama Niladhari Division (GND)sustainability officers working with volunteer sustainability watchers.18. The IEPA Unit should produce a report at the end of year one of the EPICRMP. Thereport should comprise two parts. The first part should provide a statement as to the baselinestate (benchmark) of 20 core environmental performance indicators and their constituentsub-indicators in the context of the targets to be delivered. The second part, which couldcomprise and should detail the methods used to collect objective and quantitative data on thebaseline state of 20 core environmental performance indicators and their constituent subindicators.19. These baseline benchmarking methods should be the standard methods used tomonitor subsequent progress in the delivery of the EPICRMP performance targets for thesecore environmental performance indicators.

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / iii 220. Table I lists 20 core EPICRMP indicators and how these indicators relate to thevarious chapters of this EPICRMP document. It is evident that the indicators relate to nearlyall of the chapters.Table I: EPICRMP Indicator-Chapter linkages.NoEP ICRMP INDICATORSEP ICRMP CHAPTERSIII 1 IV 2 V 3 VI 4 VII 5 VIII6IX 7 X 8 XI 9 XII1001 Attitude and opinion 02 Administration effectiveness 03 Beach seine CPUE 11 04 Shrimp pond PPUE 12 05 Coastal coconut population

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / iv 321. Table II lists the EPICRMP targets for 20 indicators. The systems for determiningprogress in delivering the targets should be prepared by end of year one of the EPICRMPand a monitoring baseline/benchmark provided. Progress in delivery should be reported onat end of year three.Table II: Targets for 20 EP plan indicatorsCodeTARGETS FOR EP PLAN INDICATORSINDICATORTarget (relative to baseline)01 Attitude and opinion (satisfaction) Satisfaction score improves.02 Administration effectiveness02.102.202.302.402.502.602.7Effectiveness score improves.EPIEPA 13 Unit formed2 Sustainability officers per DSD1 Sustainability officer per GNDSustainability “watchers” systemIEE/EIA EMP tracking deliveredOffences tracking improved03 Beach seine CPUE 14 CPUE maintained04 Shrimp pond PPUE 15 PPUE maintained.05 Coastal coconut population

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 4 v22. Objectives, policies, strategies and actions: These targets are proposed to beachieved through delivery of a number of objectives, subordinate policies and strategies andassociated actions. The eight objectives and 56 associated policies are listed in Table IIIbelow. It should be emphasized that these objectives, policies, strategies and actions areinterrelated and should be implemented in an integrated manner to maximize efficiency,effectiveness, impact and sustainability. The full list of objectives, policies, strategies andactions is given in Appendix Four. The EPICRMP targets in this table are as per the coding inTable II above and the CZMP 2004 numbers relate to chapters in the Sri Lanka NationalCoastal Zone Management Plan of 2004, gazetted in 2006 (Ref.0903).Table III: EPICRMP objectives and policiesLevel No Statement EPICRMPtargetCZMP2004(Ref.0903)HostObjective 01 Institutionalize the EPICRMP 01,02 08 MNB&EIDPolicy 01.01 Obtain institutional ownership, funding andapproval for implementation of the EPICRMPPolicy 01.02 Monitor and evaluate delivery of objective 1Policy 01.03 Implement strategies and actions for relatedobjectives.Objective 02 Mainstream climate change into coastalresources management in EasternProvince.All 02.2.3,08CEAPolicy 02.01 Reduce greenhouse gas emissions 11,14 MPEPolicy 02.02 Use carbon trading and offset mechanisms 11,14 02.2.3,25APolicy 02.03 Incorporate climate change risk assessmentsinto management planningMoFCEAPolicy 02.04 Monitor and evaluate delivery of objective 2.Policy 02.05 Implement strategies and actions for relatedobjectives.Objective 03 Build a services delivery approach toEPICRMPPolicy 03.01 Improve attitude and opinion towards coastalresources01, 02, 01.4p.6A,08AG(GA)Policy 03.02 Strengthen administrative effectiveness to 02

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 5 vimanage coastal resources.Policy 03.03 Monitor and evaluate delivery of objective 3.Objective 04 Ensure sustainable use of renewablecoastal resourcesAll 01.4,01.5, p6A,p7A,08Policy 04.01 Ensure that beach seine CPUE is sustained 03 05.2.3 DFPolicy 04.02 Ensure that Shrimp pond PPUE is sustained 04 5.2.3,p.50ADFPolicy 04.03 Ensure that Coastal (

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / vii 6Objective 05 Eastern Province shoreline maintained 15 2.3 CCDPolicy 05.01 Eastern Province shoreline monitoredPolicy 05.02 Provide alternative sources for buildingmaterials to coastal and watershed sensitivesourcesPolicy 05.03 Restrict opportunities for businesses based onillegitimate sources of coastally sensitivesourced building materials.Policy 05.04 Implement coastal development that is futureproofed against climate change.15 GSMB15 MoD15 3 DB/UDAPolicy 05.05 Monitor and evaluate delivery of objective 5.Policy 05.06 Implement strategies and actions for relatedobjectives.Objective 06 % of ecosystems protected as special sitesincreased by 10% by 201516 2, 6, 7,8Policy 06.01 3 Eastern Province SAM Plans delivered CCDPolicy 06.02 6 Eastern Province beach/shorelinemanagement plans delivered16.2 2 CCDPolicy 06.03 Kokkilae Sanctuary extended and demarcated 16.3 DWLC,CCDPolicy 06.04 Seruwila Allai Sanctuary extended anddemarcatedPolicy 06.05 Mahaweli Ganga Mangrove demarcated andgazetted (TB SAM Plan core sub-zone 6)Policy 06.06 Palemeenmadu Thona demarcated andgazetted (BL SAM core sub-zone 1)Policy 06.07 Little Sober/Great Sober extensiondemarcated and gazetted (TB SAM Plan coresub-zone 12)Policy 06.08 Panama bar mouth, dunes and mangrove andcoastal sediment cell demarcated and gazetted(PAP SAM core sub-zone 17)Policy 06.09 Panama Hada Oya mangrove and demarcatedand gazetted (PAP SAM core sub-zone 5)16.4 7 DWLC,CCD16.5 3, 6, 7 DWLC,CCD,DoF16.6 6, 7 DoF,CCD16.7 6, 7 DWLC16.8 2, 3, 6,7, 816.9 3, 6, 7 CCD,DWLC,DoF

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / viii 7Policy 06.10 Pottuvil Point bar mouth and lagoon mangrovedemarcated and gazetted (PAP SAM core subzones1,2)Policy 06.11 Thampalagamam bay mangrove demarcatedand gazetted (TB SAM Plan core sub-zone 1)Policy 06.12 Kumana Yala East extended to include coastalzone and sediment cellPolicy 06.13 Kudumbigala, Panama extended to includecoastal zone and sediment cell16.10 2, 6, 7 DWLC,DoF,CCD16.11 3, 6, 7 DoF,CCD.16.12 2, 3, 7 CCD,DWLC16.13 2, 3, 7 CCD,DWLCPolicy 06.14 Monitor and evaluate delivery of objective 6.Policy 06.15 Implement strategies and actions for relatedobjectives.Objective 07 Red list species assessed 17 3, 8 DWLCPolicy 07.01 Red list species inventoried 17.1 3, 8 DWLCPolicy 07.02 Turtle nesting monitored 17.02 3 DWLCPolicy 07.03 Monitor and evaluate delivery of objective 7.Policy 07.04 Implement strategies and actions for relatedobjectives.Objective 08 Coastal water resources sustained 18, 19,294, 8 CEAPolicy 08.01 Estuary water quality maintained 18 CEAPolicy 08.02 Water reserves increased by 10% by 2015 19 - DoI,DWDSPolicy 08.03 Water treatment increased by 10% by 2015 20 4 DWDSPolicy 08.04 Monitor and evaluate delivery of objective 8.Policy 08.05 Implement strategies and actions for relatedobjectives.

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / ix 823. Table IV lists the budget for delivery of the EPICRMP in the first year. The budget isindicative and does not include staff and infrastructure costs. It is set at Rp 71.6 million in thefirst year but should fall in subsequent years.IndicatornumberTable IV: Budget for EPICRMP deliveryBUDGET FOR DELIVERING EP ICRMP TARGETS(excluding salaries and infrastructure)INDICATOR ACTIVITY Rp/YEAR01 Attitude and opinion (satisfaction) Questionnaire 1,000,00002 Administration effectiveness02.1 Questionnaire 500,00002.2 EP IEPA 20 Unit 5,000,00002.3 DSD Officers 500,00002.4 GND Officers 500,00002.5 “Watchers” 500,00002.6 IEE/EIA EMP500,000tracking02.7 Offences tracking 500,00003 Beach seine CPUE 21 CPUE survey 1,000,00004 Shrimp pond PPUE 22 PPUE survey 500,00005 Coastal coconut population

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 9 iiCont…..BUDGET FOR DELIVERING EPICRMP TARGETS (continued…)(excluding salaries and infrastructure)INDICATOR ACTIVITY Rp/year16 Special sites (% ecosystem protected) Gazette, field survey 1,000,0001.0 SAM Plans1.1 Pottuvil - Arugam Bay – Panama “PAP” SAM Demarcate, gazette 5,000,0001.2 Batticaloa lagoon “BL” SAM Demarcate, gazette 5,000,0001.3 Trincomalee Bay “TB” SAM Demarcate, gazette 5,000,0002.0 Beach management plans (6 plans) - -2.1 Arugam Bay Demarcate, gazette 1,000,0002.2 Oluvil lighthouse Demarcate, gazette 1,000,0002.3 Nilaveli Demarcate, gazette 1,000,0002.4 Navalady beach (Ref. 1091, CCD comment) Demarcate, gazette 1,000,0002.5 Kaluvankerni beach (Ref. 1091, CCD comment) Demarcate, gazette 1,000,0002.6 Ullai beach (Ref.1571, Ampara District 05/10/09) Demarcate, gazette 1,000,0003.0 Kokkilai Sanctuary demarcate and extend to Demarcate, gazette 2,000,000include coastal sediment cell.4.0 Seruwila Allai demarcate and extend to include Demarcate, gazette 2,000,000coastal sediment cell5.0 Mahaweli Ganga mangrove Demarcate, gazette 2,000,0006.0 Palameenmadu Thona 07.76630N, 081.66634E Demarcate, gazette 2,000,0007.0 Little Sober/Great Sober extend to includeDemarcate, gazette 2,000,000submarine (10m) water depth.8.0 Panama bar mouth, dunes, mangrove andDemarcate, gazette 2,000,000coastal sediment cell 06.76440N, 081.82493E9.0 Panama Hada Oya mangrove (see GreenTech Demarcate, gazette 2,000,000Transect 2)10.0 Pottuvil Point bar mouth and lagoon mangrove Demarcate, gazette 2,000,00006.89812N, 081.84546E.11.0 Thampalagamam Bay (see Greentech Transect Demarcate, gazette 2,000,00015)12.0 Kumana, Yala East extend to include coastal Demarcate, gazette 2,000,000sediment cell if not already done.13.0 Kudumbigala, Panama extend to include coastal Demarcate, gazette 2,000,000sediment cell if not already done17 Species: Red list species17.1 General inventory Field survey 2,000,00017.2 Turtle Monitor nesting 1,000,00018 Water quality: Estuary Field survey 2,000,00019 Water reserves (% by type) Field survey 1,000,00020 Water treatment (% by type) Field survey 1,000,000Total: 71,600,000

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EP ICRMP)P a g e / 1I. INTRODUCTIONA. Use of terms1. Key terms used in this document are described as follows:2. Baseline: The description of the current status with respect to coastal resources andresource uses. The impact, or change in state, is assessed using the baseline but takingnote of trends over time.3. Beach: Shall have the meaning given in Section 10, paragraph 1 of the Sri LankaCoast Conservation (Amendment) Act, No. 64 of 1988 (Ref. 0914) .4. Coastal region: The Divisional Secretaries' Divisions (DSD) with a coastal boundarywithin the Eastern Province hereinafter referred to as the Coastal Region 27 as illustrated inFigure I.1 and Table I.1 below.5. Coastal resource: As defined in Part II, Section 11 of the Coast Conservation Act(CCA) of 1981 28 with an emphasis on coastal resource goods and services that arerenewable and ecosystem dependent.6. Coastal zone: As defined in the CCA of 1981 as the area lying within a limit of 300mlandward of the Mean High Water Line (MHWL) and a limit of 2km seaward of the Mean LowWater Line (MLWL); in the case of rivers, streams, lagoons, or any other body of waterconnected to the sea either permanently or periodically, the landward boundary extends to alimit of 2km measured perpendicular to the straight base drawn between the natural entrancepoints thereof and includes the waters of such rivers, streams and lagoons or any other bodyof water so connected to the sea.7. Consultation document: The summary EPICRMP consultation document (Ref.1091)presented in Appendix Two, to which this full EPICRMP should be compliant and which wassubject to the consultation process described in Chapter XII and detailed in Appendix Three.8. Ecosystem: "Ecosystem" means a dynamic complex of plant, animal and microorganismcommunities and their non-living environment interacting as a functional unit 29 .9. EPICRMP: The Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Planprepared under Component 3, Output 1 of the NECCDEP comprising coastal region DSDs inthe Eastern Province (EP) as illustrated in Figure I.1 and Table I.1.10. Environmental impact assessment: Shall have the meaning ascribed in the SriLanka Coast Conservation Act No. 57 of 1981 (Ref.0913) and according to the guidance providedby the Central Environmental Authority (Ref.1209) with “development activity” having the meaningascribed in the Sri Lanka Coast Conservation (Amendment) Act, No. 64 of 1988 (Ref.0914) .11. Table I.1 lists and Figure I.1 illustrates the location of the EPICRMP core area.27 Sri Lanka Coastal Zone Management Plan, 2006, (Ref.0903).28 Coast Conservation Act, No., 57 of 1981, (Ref.0913).29 Article 2 of the Convention on Biological Diversity (1992), (ref.0121).

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 2Table I.1: Eastern Province coastal region Divisional Secretaries’ Divisions (DSD)

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 3Figure I.1: Eastern Province coastal region Divisional Secretaries’ Divisions (DSD)

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 412. Impact: A qualitative assessment from -10 (maximum negative) to +10 (maximumpositive) of the impact (change in state) of a specified coastal resource with respect to abaseline. The qualitative assessment should become more quantitative and objectivethrough delivery of the EP ICRMP.13. NECCDEP: The North East Coastal Community Development Project hereinafterreferred to as the “NECCDEP” is taken to mean the ADB loan project 2027 SRI (SF) (Ref. 0978) .14. Precautionary principle: Shall have the meaning “Noting also that where there is athreat of significant reduction or loss of biological diversity, lack of full scientific certaintyshould not be used as a reason for postponing measures to avoid or minimize such a threat”Ref. 0121) .15. Prognosis: The qualitatively assessed “impact” score plus the qualitatively assessed“response” score for a specified coastal resource. The total provides a qualitative indicationof the expected condition of that coastal resource if the management response is businessas usual. The assessment is reflected, for public communications purposes, by a “traffic lightstandard” colour coded scale detailed in the methodology section. The qualitativeassessment should become more quantitative and objective through delivery of the EPICRMP.16. Public access: Shall have the meaning in the Coast Conservation Act (Ref.0914) 31D (3)“Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph (2) of this Section, the public shall have theright to use or enjoy any portion of the beach."17. References: The unique bibliographic reference number to the full title of a documentcited in the text and presented in the references list in Appendix One.18. Response: A qualitative assessment from -10 (maximum negative) to +10 (maximumpositive) of the administrative capacity to avoid, minimize or mitigate an impact on a specifiedcoastal resource. The qualitative assessment should become more quantitative and objectivethrough delivery of the EPICRMP.19. Significance: A qualitative assessment from -10 (maximum negative) to +10(maximum positive) of the significance or importance of the sustainable goods and servicesprovided a specified coastal resource. This assessment is reflected, for publiccommunications purposes, by a “gold standard” colour coded scale detailed in themethodology section. The qualitative assessment should become more quantitative andobjective through delivery of the EPICRMP.20. Special Area Management (SAM): “A locally based, geographically specific planningprocess that in theory is a highly participatory practice and allows for the comprehensivemanagement of natural resources with the active involvement of the local community as themain stakeholder group……” (Ref. 0903) , (see Chapter IX).21. Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA): Strategic environmental assessmentshall have the meaning and application implied by the Central Environmental Authority(CEA) (Ref.1155) .22. Sri Lanka CZMP, 2004: The 2004, Sri Lanka Coastal Zone Management Plan,Gazetted in 2006 (Ref.0903) .

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 523. Sustainable development: “Development that meets the needs of the presentwithout compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs 30 .”B. Structure of the EPICRMP24. This EP ICRMP is divided into an Executive Summary followed by 12 Chapters. To agreat extent this structure reflects that of the Sri Lanka CZMP, 2004 (Ref.0903) . Where there aredifferences these are listed below by Chapter. It should be noted that Chapter Eight from the2004 Plan entitled “Regulatory Mechanism” is not included. It was felt that a regulatoryframework chapter in a Provincial Level Plan was not appropriate either to the Concurrent orProvincial Council Lists under the 13 th Amendment (Ref. 0915) . Where relevant suggestedregulatory mechanisms are presented on an issues basis.25. It should be noted that the CCD has informally notified the NECCDEP that thecontents of the fourth Plan, due in 2010, will differ from that of the third Sri Lanka CZMP,2004 Plan. These changes are still pending so, with some notable exceptions, the Sri LankaCZMP, 2004 structure has been used.26. Chapter I - Introduction: This introductory Chapter provides key terms used in theEP ICRMP, the structure of the EPICRMP, and background on coastal zone management inSri Lanka. This differs from Chapter One of the Sri Lanka CZMP, 2004 which providesclimate and biophysical features. These are provided, where relevant, by Chapter in thisEPICRMP.27. Chapter II - Method: This Chapter provides a description of the principles and toolsused to develop this EPICRMP. This Chapter is not present in the Sri Lanka CZMP, 2004.However, since many of the principles and tools are cross-cutting it was felt that a “standalone” chapter should be used to set the scene.28. Chapter III – Public sector (civil service) administration: This Chapter provides adescription of the public sector opportunities and constraints to delivery of the EPICRMP.This Chapter is not present in the Sri Lanka CZMP, 2004. However, since human capacity issuch a constraint it was felt that this should be recognized as a stand alone chapter.29. Chapter IV – Social and economic factors: This chapter provides a summary of thekey social and economic factors influencing coastal resources use in the Eastern Province.This Chapter in not present in the Sri Lanka CZMP, 2004. Inclusion of this Chapter reflectsthe need to delivery of the EPICRMP according to the social and economic as well asecological and environmental principles of the ecosystem approach (Ref.1125) .30. Chapter V – Managing coastal erosion: This Chapter provides a summary of thekey issues relating to coastal erosion in EP and recommendations for management. ThisChapter reflects that of Chapter II of the Sri Lanka CZMP, 2004 (Ref.903) .31. Chapter VI – Conserving coastal habitats and species: This Chapter provides asummary of the key issues relating to coastal habitats and species in EP andrecommendations for management. This Chapter reflects that of Chapter III of the Sri LankaCZMP, 2004 but also includes species where appropriate.32. Chapter VII – Controlling coastal pollution: This Chapter provides a summary ofthe key issues relating to coastal pollution in EP and recommendations for management.This Chapter reflects that in Chapter IV of the Sri Lanka CZMP, 2004 but the title has been30 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_development

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 6slightly changed in the EPICRMP with the removal of the word “water” to reflect the fact thatsolid, as well as liquid, waste is a pollution issue.33. Chapter VIII – Integrating coastal agriculture, fisheries, aquaculture andforestry: This Chapter provides a summary of the key issues relating to coastal agriculture,fisheries, aquaculture and forestry in EP and recommendations for management. ThisChapter reflects that of Chapter V of the Sri Lanka CZMP, 2004 but agriculture and forestryhave been included to reflect the presence and vulnerability of these assets in EP particularlywith respect to climate change.34. Chapter IX – Special Area Management (SAM): This Chapter provides a briefsummary of the three Special Area Management (SAM) Plans prepared for the NECCDEP inEP. This Chapter reflects that of Chapter VI of the Sri Lanka CZMP, 2004.35. Chapter X – Management of sites of special significance and public access:This Chapter provides a summary of the key issues relating to sites of special significancesuch as protected areas and also the issues related to public access to the beach. ThisChapter reflects that of Chapter VII of the Sri Lanka CZMP, 2004.36. Chapter XI – Plan synthesis: This Chapter provides a summary of the keyindicators, targets, means of verification and budget for the EP ICRMP. This Chapter reflectsthat of Chapter VIII entitled “Regulatory mechanisms” and Chapter IX entitled“Implementation of CZMP policies, strategies and actions” of the Sri Lanka CZMP, 2004.37. Chapter XII – Consultation process: This Chapter provides a description of theconsultation process embodied within the EPICRMP consultation document and used todeliver the consultation process.38. Appendix 1: Appendix One provides a bibliography of all documents cited in the text.Each document is given a unique bibliographic reference number used to archive soft andhard copies.39. Appendix 2: Appendix Two provides the public consultation document as revised.40. Appendix 3: Appendix Three provides minutes and participants of the consultationmeetings.C. Limitations to the EPICRMP41. The scope and contents of the EPICRMP are constrained by circumstances that arebeyond the control of the NECCDEP. These constraints include limited information, difficultyin obtaining relevant expertise, and problems in accessing coastal resources. Aprecautionary approach has, therefore, been used to develop the EPICRMP.42. Innovative approaches and techniques were tested and used to supplement theavailable information. The information provided using these innovative approaches still has tobe independently verified and so has been used reservedly.43. Integrated Coastal Resources Management is a process and this EPICRMPdescribes the process. It is better judged in its delivery than in its conception.

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 7D. Coastal Zone Management in Sri Lanka44. The 2008 review of coastal zone laws and implementation experience in Sri Lanka(Ref.0945) provides a useful background of coastal zone management in Sri Lanka.45. Sri Lanka established a Coast Conservation Department (CCD) within the Ministry ofFisheries in 1978. Coastal zone management in Sri Lanka was formalized by the CoastConservation Act of 09 th September 1981 (Ref.0913) as amended on 17 th December 1988 (Ref.0914)and on 28 th July 1992 (Ref.0944) . The Act required the preparation of a Coastal ZoneManagement Plan (CZMP) as defined and subsequent CZMP revision for consideration atfour yearly intervals.46. The first Sri Lanka CZMP Plan was produced in 1990 some nine years after the 1981Act came into force. It included the concept of Special Area Management (SAM) that formsan integral part of this EPICRMP.47. The second Sri Lanka CZMP Plan was approved on 10 th September 1997 andincluded SAM plans for Rekawa and Hikkaduwa (Ref.0945) . The Plan also addressed issues ofpermits, prohibited activities, setback, exemptions and variations, monitoring of compliance,Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and Initial Environmental Examinations (IEE).48. The third Sri Lanka CZMP was completed before the tsunami on 26 th December2004. The CZMP was revised following the tsunami and was published in the Gazette on the24 th January 2006 and became operational from that date (Ref.0903) . The Sri Lanka CZMP,2004 identified a list of potential SAM Sites that includes significant elements of the threeareas subject to SAM planning in this EPICRMP.49. To a significant extent, this EPICRMP reflects the structure of the third Sri LankaCZMP, 2004 particularly so with respect to the thematic issues chapters.

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 8II.METHODA. Introduction50. Integrated Coastal Resources Management (ICRM) is a management process that isalso reflected in the closely related disciplines of Coastal Zone Management (CZM) andIntegrated Coastal Area Management (ICAM). These disciplines are extensively documentedin the literature. All these disciplines aim to deliver sustainable use of renewable naturalresources through spatial and temporal zoning of this use.51. The EPICRMP does not require an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) becauseit is not a project. In addition, since the EPICRMP contributes towards delivery of sustainabledevelopment, it can be considered to be environmentally beneficial. However, the EPICRMPshould be considered for Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA). This approach is muchthe same as for EIA except that it applies to a plan, or programme, rather than a project.52. To the extent possible a consultative and participatory process approach was used todevelop the EPICRMP. It involved similar stages to that used for EIA and SEA, namelybaseline stocktaking, gap filling (using special studies), qualitative impact assessment andmanagement planning. The approach aimed to comply with the following targets, principlesand tools:B. Targets53. The main reason for integrated coastal resources management is to underpin andsustain human development. There are three major sets of indicators that define humandevelopment and the relationship between human development and the natural resourcebase. There are many other groups of indicators that further detail this relationship and thatare principally associated with particular international conventions. The reportingrequirements of the Sri Lankan Public Administration reflect commitment to the InternationalConventions to which Sri Lanka is a party and to various national laws. It follows that theEPICRMP should strengthen and reflect these reporting requirements where relevant andpractical.54. The three major sets of indicators that define human development internationally withrespect to issues relating to environment are the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), theHuman Development Index (HDI), and the Convention on Biodiversity 2010 targets. None ofthese indicators are clearly disaggregated to the EP or to the three districts comprising theEP.55. The Millennium Development Goals (MDG): The MDG are set to be achieved by2015. The MDG Indicators are specified by the UN Statistics Division 31 . Progress indelivering these goals in Sri Lanka is reported on through UNDP Sri Lanka and Departmentof Statistics 32 . Delivery of the millennium development goals in Sri Lanka is summarizedbelow in Table II.1.31 http://mdgs.un.org/32 http://www.undp.lk, http://www.statistics.gov.lk/MDG/Mid-term.pdf

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 9Table II.1: Millennium development goals (MDG)Goals• Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty andhunger• Goal 2: Achieve universal primary education• Goal 3: Promote gender equality andempower women• Goal 4: Reduce child mortality• Goal 5: Improve maternal health• Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria andother diseasesOn track?*• Goal 7: Ensure environmental sustainability ±• Goal 8: Develop a global partnership fordevelopmentSource: see footnote 33* = on track, ± = progress required,? = insufficient information.56. Of particular relevance to integrated coastal resources management is goal sevenand the indicators for goal seven “Ensure Environmental Sustainability” as shown in TableII.2. below. It is indicated that progress is required in Sri Lanka to deliver this goal (Ref.1088) .Table II.2: MDG 7 – Ensure environmental sustainabilityIndicator7.1 Proportion of land areacovered by forest7.2 CO2 emissions, total, percapita and per $1 GDP (PPP)7.3 Consumption of ozonedepletingsubstances7.4 Proportion of fish stocks withinsafe biological limits7.5 Proportion of total waterresources used7.6 Proportion of terrestrial andmarine areas protected7.7 Proportion of speciesthreatened with extinction±?Sustainability linkMinimise erosion and terrestrialsediment run-off into coastal waters.Carbon sequestration.CO2 emissions will determine the extentof climate change and consequentimpacts.Greenhouse gas effects and decreasedprotection from solar radiation.Ecosystem stability and ecosystemgoods and services carrying capacity.Saline intrusion.Ecosystem stability and ecosystemgoods and services carrying capacity.Ecosystem stability and ecosystemgoods and services carrying capacity.Note: The indicators are specified officially. The sustainability link reflects this EP ICRMP.57. Human Development Index (HDI): Three core indicators determine the HumanDevelopment Index. They are: (1) life expectancy at birth; (2) adult literacy rate (with twothirdsweight) and the combined primary, secondary and tertiary gross enrolment ratio (withone-third weight); (3) GDP per capita in purchasing power parity (PPP) terms in US dollars.33 http://www.undp.org/mdg/basics.shtml

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 1058. None of these HDI indicators are natural resource related indicators. However, thelinks are explicitly specified in the Human Development Reports including the most recentone for 2007/8 entitled “Fighting Climate Change: Human Solidarity in a Divided World”(Ref.1074) .59. The HDI for Sri Lanka is 0.742 34 , which gives the country a rank of 104 th out of 179countries with data.60. 2010 Targets 35 : The 2010 targets are grouped into four focal areas each with goalsand contributing targets.61. Focal area one specifies the “Protection of the components of biodiversity”. This focalarea generally addresses the issues of habitat and species protection. Target 1.1 under thisfocal area is particularly significant because it is the only quantitative 2010 target. It specifies“At least 10 percent of each of the world's ecological regions effectively conserved”. Thistarget is also highly relevant to integrated coastal resources management because itrepresents the principle of zoning.62. Focal area two specifies “Promote Sustainable use and consumption”. This focal areaaims to re-enforce the negative (make things better), feedback loop between human use andecosystem health and associated carrying capacity by managing the level of human use.63. Focal area three “Address threats to biodiversity” aims to re-enforce the positive(makes things worse) feedback loop between human use and ecosystem health andassociated carrying capacity. This focal area addresses such issues such as pollution andclimate change.64. Focal area four “Maintain goods and services from biodiversity to support human wellbeing”explicitly recognizes the link between biodiversity and human development asrepresented by the MDGs and HDI. It is this link which justifies investment in integratedcoastal resources management since the purpose of integrated coastal resourcesmanagement is to secure renewable natural resources so that they can provide ecosystemgoods and services necessary to that development.65. Focal area five “Protect traditional knowledge, innovations and practices” recognizesthat people who have a traditional long-term vested interest in, and show wise use of,renewable natural resources should be given the opportunity of having stewardship overthese renewable natural resources. The focal area recognizes the need for the equitablesharing of the benefits arising from the sustainable use of renewable natural resources andby extension that the “tragedy of the commons” is not an acceptable option.66. Finally, focal area six “Ensure provision of adequate resources” relates to theprovision for technical and financial support to parties to the convention to meet theincremental costs of delivering these targets. The principle instrument for focal area six is theGlobal Environment Facility 36 .67. The 2010 targets are presently under review with the intention of providing a set ofpost 2010 targets (Ref.1127) . These deliberations will proceed through the 14th meeting of theCBD Subsidiary Body on Scientific, Technical and Technological Advice of the CBDscheduled for 13th-23rd May 2010 and in expectation of a formal submission to COP 10scheduled for 18-29 October 2010.34 http://hdrstats.undp.org/2008/countries/country_fact_sheets/cty_fs_LKA.html35 CBD (2007). 2010 Targets. CBD. http://www.cbd.int/2010-target/goals-targets.shtml36 http://www.gefweb.org

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 11C. Principles68. The EPICRMP aims to comply with the following principles:69. Climate change: The EPICRMP should reflect and build capacity to adapt to theadverse implication of climate change including: (i) projected sea-level rise of magnitude0.18-0.59m over 1980-1999 baseline to 2090-2099 and by 2300 will be between 0.3m and0.8m relative to 1980-1999 baseline; (ii) temperature rise; (iii) increase in severity of storms,rainfall events and droughts; and (iv) changes in global current patterns, the pH of seawaterand the nature and productivity of fisheries (Ref.0749) .70. Consultation: Consultation (participatory planning and consultative management) isboth a principle and a tool. Consultation helps deliver: (i) the equitable sharing of resourcesspecified in the International Convention on Biodiversity; (ii) principle two of the ecosystemapproach recommended by the Conference of the Parties to the above Convention that“management should be decentralized to the lowest appropriate level” and; (iii) theframework indicated by the Concurrent and Provincial Council lists of the 13 th Amendmentparticularly with respect to environment (Ref.0915) reflecting vertical and horizontal integration.71. Consultation through Community Coordination Committees (CCC) is also arequirement for SAM planning as detailed in the Sri Lanka CZMP, 2004.72. Equitable sharing of benefits and the tragedy of the commons: The naturalresources of the EP are held in trust for the people of Sri Lanka as a whole. No individual orgroup has a natural right to use any natural resource saving which can be shown to be atraditional use pre-dating the right of the State to determine that use.73. It follows that public natural assets should not be given freehold but should be leasedor conceded to particular individuals or groups for a specified period under terms andconditions designed to ensure that their use is within the carrying capacities of these assets.74. Polluters and other natural resource users should pay for the ecosystem goods andservices that they use.75. A proportion of these payments should go towards meeting the costs of managing thesustainable use of those same ecosystem goods and services.76. The principle of public access should meet with the principle of sustainable use asembodied in the Coastal Conservation Act.77. Ecosystem approach: The 12 principles of the ecosystem approach (Ref.1125)recognize the need to manage the links between the carrying capacity of ecosystem derivedgoods and services and their level of human use. Key to this approach is principle tworelating to consultation specified above.78. Precautionary principle: Shall have the meaning “Noting also that where there is athreat of significant reduction or loss of biological diversity, lack of full scientific certaintyshould not be used as a reason for postponing measures to avoid or minimize such athreat” (Ref.0121) .

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 1279. Sustainable development 37 : “Sustainable development is development that meetsthe needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirown needs.” The short- to medium-term (25 years) social and economic development of theEP depends, to a significant extent, on renewable natural resources and the value addedgoods and services provided by these renewable natural resources (e.g., in tourism).80. Sustainable development requires that these naturally derived goods and servicesare used within their carrying capacity.D. Tools81. Consultation: The framework for consultation was approved by the NECCDEP inJune 2009 and is reflected in Annex I and II of the EPICRMP public consultation document.The framework reflects the community consultative committee approach for SAM planningrequired by the Sri Lanka CZMP, 2004. The EPICRMP provides a system for objectiveregistration of constituency participation and a compliance checklist for action orientedmeetings.82. An ambitious 50:50 percent target is set for gender, and for public sector versus civilsociety, representation.83. It should be noted that the process of public and community consultative meetings toconsider the EPICRMP was limited by time and resourcing.84. The consultation process is detailed in Chapter XII.85. DPSIR model: The Driver, Pressure, State, Impact, Response (DPSIR) model is acause-effect model designed to deliver improved environmental management (Ref.1559) . It wasdeveloped by the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and isused by the European Environment Agency (EEA) of the European Union (EU). It provides aconceptual framework for linking the factors causing environmental deterioration with theireffects and for minimizing these effects through management.86. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA): EIA is a statutory requirement in SriLanka (Ref.1209) . It is required for projects (rather than plans or programmes) that exceedcertain specified thresholds for potential environmental impact.87. EIA should comply with a Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) framework (seebelow). For example, SEA may require that at least 30 percent of all power generation befrom renewable resources. A project proponent building a power station would then need toshow, in the EIA submitted for approval to proceed, that at least 30 percent of the power wasgenerated from renewable resources.88. Logical Framework: A logical framework (Ref.0011) provides the instructional guide forturning a problem into a solution. The guide comprises a vertical logic in which costs andmeans support activities. These activities produce outputs which deliver results. The results,in turn, help deliver a purpose or objective which contributes to achieving a goal.89. Indicators based approach: Both the DPSIR model and the logical framework workbest if the results they deliver are objective. This requires the identification of indicators ofobjective delivery together with their means of verification.37 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_development

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 1390. An indicator comprises a number of attributes, one of which is the title of the indicator.Table II.3. provides a brief description of such key attributes as may be relevant for anindicator supporting environmental management.Table II.3: Key attributes of an indicatorKey attributes of an indicatorNo Attribute Example1 Indicator name Mangrove2 Attribute name Circumference3 Location (place and time) Latitude/longitude and date/time4 A quality Live5 A unit of measurement Metres6 A means/method ofTape measure at 1.5m above groundmeasurement7 A value 2.3m (height of the tree)8 Link to other indicators Soil type, driver, pressure, response9 Control Mangrove distinguished by a differencein one or more key attributes that areindependent of the reason for themanagement.91. Geographic Information Systems (GIS): Location is a key attribute of mostenvironmental management indicators. A key tool for managing spatial information is aGeographic Information Systems (GIS).92. Baseline stocktaking: Stocktaking, equivalent to an assessment of theenvironmental baseline and “without project scenario”, is the initial stage of the EP ICRMPdevelopment process. The methodology is described below.93. Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA): SEA is an impact assessmentprocess applied to policies and programmes rather than projects. Projects are subject toEnvironmental Impact Assessment as described above. SEA is in its infancy in Sri Lanka(Ref.1175)but provides a useful framework where inter- and intra-sectoral plans andprogrammes need to be integrated as is required to deliver integrated coastal resourcesmanagement.94. Zoning: Zoning is a widely used land and sea use management tool in Sri Lanka andelsewhere. The DWLC operates a range of sanctuaries, national parks and otherconservation areas, Department of Forests (DOF) manages Forest Reserves and theDepartment of Tourism has tourism development areas and areas are set aside for fisheries.All these areas are, in effect, areas zoned for particular uses. The environmentalmanagement plans developed to avoid, minimize, or mitigate the adverse environmentaleffects of a plan using SEA or a project using EIA often include management by zoning.Data management95. Integrated coastal resources management is a process that despite the necessity ofthe precautionary principle, works best if it is informed by data that are available, objectiveand reliable. This first EPICRMP has been developed using relatively limited data andtherefore proposes that EPICRMP delivery includes efforts to improve the relevance,

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 14effectiveness, efficiency, impact and sustainability of data collection systems, including theindicator and attribute data that are collected.96. To support this approach, development of the EP ICRMP has included a bibliographyin a Microsoft Access database. This bibliographic register has indexed an electronic datalegacy where such data exist. Where possible and practical, spatial data have beenincorporated in a Geographic Information System (GIS).E. Baseline1. Introduction97. Any management planning process needs to start by answering two questions:“where do we start from?” and “where do we plan to go?” The EP ICRMP provides theroadmap for moving from departure to destination.98. The indicator targets specify the destination. The principles indicate the route. Thetools get us there. However, the starting point needs to be determined and this requires abaseline stocktaking exercise.99. As indicated above there are relatively limited data about coastal natural resourcesand resource uses in the EP. To some extent this reflects the difficulties of collecting dataduring 25 years of conflict. However, it also reflects the redundancy of former data that wererequired for a different use.100. Five sources of information have been used for stocktaking this EPICRMP. They are:(i) 32 DSD coastal resource profiles; (ii) secondary data sources; (iii) special studies; (iv)employment questionnaire; and (v) consultation including SAM Planning consultation.2. 32 DSD Coastal resource Profiles101. Thirty two DSD level coastal resource profiles were produced with assistance ofImplementing Partner Non Governmental Organisations (IP NGOs) (Ref.1323-DID1354) . Table II.4lists the key coastal resources surveyed with the assistance of the IP NGOs.102. The coastal resource uses including aquaculture; marine transport and trade; mining,quarrying and salterns; cottage industries and tourism; were qualitatively assessed for eachof these coastal resources and significant areas marked on maps as “hot spots”.103. The limitations in stocktaking coastal resources included: the participation of localresource dependent stakeholders in locating key resources; the qualitative methods used foraccessing resources; the availability of expertise to objectively and quantitatively assessresources; and the availability of maps and geographic positioning systems to mapresources.

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 15104. These limitations meant that most of the stocktaking done by the IP-NGOs wassubjective rather than objective. However, the profiles that were produced reflect significantDSD level involvement in stocktaking. The stocktaking process has raised awareness of, andparticipation in, planning for the management of these resources and the profiles provide adocumented legacy that can be revised in the future.Table II.4: IP NGO DSD coastal resource survey categoriesNo Coastal Resources, Uses and Stakeholders1 Shoreline and beaches2 Estuaries and lagoons3 Islands and rocky outcrops4 Marine (offshore resources)5 Coastal vegetation6 Coral reefs7 Mangroves8 Sea grass9 Marshes10 Sand dunes11 Wildlife12 Fisheries resources13 Coastal hazards14 Coastal resource uses15 Coastal resource stakeholder groupsNote: Appendix 08 of Ref. 0976.3. Secondary data sources105. Government publications and consultancy reports formed the main sources ofsecondary information. Constraints have been the lack of objective information suitable forintegrated coastal resources management planning and the repetitive citation of primary datathat cannot be sourced for validation.106. Secondary data sources lack a framework of objective indicators to help disseminatethese data through the e-government system. In addition, many documents that could bearchived for dissemination in electronic format are only available in hard copy format and insome cases are only available at a handful of locations.4. Special studies107. Nineteen special studies were identified by NECCDEP to supplement and verifyexisting information and to fill key gaps in available information to support integrated coastalresources management planning. Nine of the special studies were designed to provide EPwide information whilst 10 of the special studies were specifically designed to provideinformation for SAM planning.

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 16a. EP wide special studies108. EP wide special studies are listed in Table II.5 below. Of the nine special studiesoriginally proposed, three have submitted final reports and six have awards pending. All,when completed, will provide useful information for coastal resources management planning.Table II.5: Status of Eastern Province-wide special studiesStudyNo*Name of Planning Study09 An assessment of the past and current extent ofthe mangrove coverage in the Eastern Provinceof Sri Lanka, using remote sensing technology.10 An assessment of the change in shorelinelocation along the coast of the Eastern Provinceof Sri Lanka, using remote sensing technology.11 A narrative and visual inventory of Heritagesites, Religious Festivals and Cultural Groups inthe coastal area of the Eastern Province of SriLanka.14 An analysis of the current and future economicvalue of coastal resources in the EasternProvince.15 An analysis of the past, present and potentialimpact of rural and urban development oncoastal resources in the Eastern Province.16 An evaluation of the current exploitation anddemand for minerals in the Eastern Province andrecommendations to improve the currentmanagement and further exploitation of mineralresources in the Eastern Province.17 An assessment of the potential and currentconstraints for the promotion of ‘Bird Watching’nature tourism in the Eastern Province.18 A review of coral reefs on the east coast of SriLanka: distribution, ecology, status and threats.19 A review of the historical and current status ofthe fisheries sector along the eastern coast of SriLanka.*Study number reflects number at the end of the NECCDEP agreement reference code.StatusFinal draft reportsubmitted (Ref.1172).Final draft reportsubmitted (Ref.0991).Final draft reportsubmitted (Ref.1434).Awarded November2009.Awarded November2009.Awarded November2009.Awarded November2009.Awarded November2009.Awarded November2009.

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 17b. SAM special studies109. SAM special studies are listed in Table II.6 below. Of the 10 special studies originallyproposed, special study seven has not been awarded due to environmental concerns overlocation. Four special studies have submitted final reports, three have submitted quarterlyreports, and two have awards pending.Table II.6: Status of SAM related special studiesStudyNo*Name of Planning StudyStatus01 Sand dune topography and land use patterns inPottuvil & Lahugala DS Divisions.02 Seasonal variation in water quality in ArugamLagoon, including the identification of the mostlikely sources of key pollutants assayed andrecommendations to improve the future waterquality in the lagoon.03 A study of soil erosion in chena cultivation areasin Pottuvil & Lahugala DS Divisions andassessment of the potential for agro – forestrydemand for fuel wood in the area.04 A participatory assessment of the dynamics,seasonal variation and current status of thefishery in Batticaloa Lagoon05 Seasonal variation in water quality in BatticaloaLagoon, including the identification of the mostlikely sources of key pollutants assayed andrecommendations to improve the future waterquality in the lagoon.06 Improving surface water drainage in PottuvilTown.07 Preparation of initial environmental examinationreport and detail design for the proposedcomposting plant and to improve the existingdumping site at Kanniya in Trincomalee District.08 Preparation of initial environmental examinationreport and detail design for the proposedcomposting plant and to improve the existingdumping site at Thirupperumthurai in BatticaloaDistrict.Final draft reportsubmitted (Ref.1392).Third quarterly reportsubmitted October2009 (DID1684).Final draft reportsubmitted (Ref.1416).Revised secondquarterly reportsubmitted (Ref.1413).3rd quarterly reportsubmitted (Ref.1410).Final draft reportsubmitted(Ref.1116).Understood that thisspecial study has notbeen approvedbecause of theenvironmentalsensitivity of theproposed location.Draft final reportsubmitted (Ref.0923,Ref.1144-1147).12 A bathymetric survey of Batticaloa Lagoon. Awarded November2009.13 An assessment and critical evaluation of thepotential pollution impact of current land usepractices, on Batticaloa Lagoon.Awarded November2009.*Study number reflects number at the end of the NECCDEP agreement reference code.

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 18c. Employment Questionnaires110. A stocktaking of civil service jobs in EP was undertaken in support of Chapter IVbelow relating to public sector administration of coastal resources management. Anemployment characterization questionnaire was developed (Ref.1111).111. Forms were completed by the interviewer in face to face interviews. Questions wereanswered quantitatively but subjectively, in percentage terms. Questions involved checklistsrelated to personal details, work skill area, work sector, work support and work financing. Thedata were processed into a specially designed Microsoft Access database (Ref.1133).d. Consultation112. Feedback during the consultation process provided personal sources of informationuseful for stocktaking.F. Assessment1. Introduction113. In view of the limited availability of relevant information for integrated coastalresources management planning, the impact assessment following stocktaking is qualitativeand reflects the precautionary principle. It comprises four key elements:114. Significance: The first element is a qualitative assessment of the significance of thesustainable goods and services provided by a specified coastal resource.115. Impact: The second element is a qualitative assessment of the impact (the change instate) as reflected in the change in carrying capacity of that coastal resource to providesustainable goods and services.116. Response: The third element is a qualitative assessment of the administrativemanagement capacity to avoid, minimize or mitigate an impact to a specified coastalresource.117. Prognosis: The fourth element is an assessment of the prognosis for the specifiedcoastal resource. This comprises the score for impact plus the score for response.118. Three district coastal resource profiles, one for Trincomalee District (Ref.1454) , one forBatticaloa District (Ref.1482) , and one for Ampara District (Ref.1483) , detail the results of thisassessment for key coastal resources in terms of significance and prognosis.119. These assessments were used to help prioritize interventions in the EPICRMP. Theprioritization reflects the assumption that coastal resources with a high significance and apoor prognosis are more deserving of investment in management than coastal resourceswith a low significance and a good prognosis.2. Significance120. A subjective assessment was made, using available information from stocktaking, ona twenty point scale ranging from -10 (very high negative significance) to +10 (very highpositive significance) of the relative significance of the coastal resource indicators (assetsand/or issues) being profiled.

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 19121. Significance is presented for public communications purposes using a “gold standard”colour scale to allow for rapid visualization. High positive significance (score of +7 to +10)was given the colour gold. Moderate positive significance (score of +4 to +6) was given thecolour silver. Low positive significance (score of +1 to +3) was given the colour bronze. Nosignificance was given a zero score.122. Low negative significance (-1 to -5) was given an amber colour. High negativesignificance (-6 to -10) was given a red colour.123. The scoring boundaries between the colours are for public communications purposesand are arbitrary. An example for Ampara District sand dunes is provided in Table III.7 belowreflecting the response to the following questions:-124. Significance in the national context: Are the sand dunes in Ampara Districtsignificant in a national context? The qualitative and subjective answer is that they havesignificance in a national context. This is because there are well developed dunes in AmparaDistrict.125. Significance in the Eastern Province context: Are the sand dunes in AmparaDistrict significant in the Eastern Province context? The qualitative and subjective answer isthat they have high positive significance in EP. This is because there are few dunes inTrincomalee and Batticaloa District and substantial dunes in Ampara District.126. Significance in the District context: Are the sand dunes in Ampara Districtsignificant for Trincmalee District and for Batticaloa District? The qualitative and subjectiveanswer is that dunes in Ampara District have significance for both Trincomalee andBatticaloa Districts. This is because there are few dunes in these Districts.127. Significance in the profiled District: Are the sand dunes in Ampara Districtsignificant for Ampara District? The qualitative and subjective answer is that they have highpositive significance. This is because there are extensive coastal dunes in Ampara District.ResourceTable II.7: Significance of dunes in Ampara DistrictSignificance: dunes in Ampara DistrictSriLankaEasternProvinceAmparaDistrictTrincomaleeDistrictBatticaloaDistrictDunes +4 +7 +7 +4 +4* Information lacking (unknown); Bronze = score +1 to +3 (low positive significance); Silver = score +4 to+6 (moderate positive significance); Gold = score +7 to + 10 (high positive significance); Amber = score -1 to -5 (moderate negative significance; Red = score -6 to -10 (high negative significance).128. Coastal sand dunes have high significance for Ampara District. They provided aneffective physical defense against the tsunami and are visually attractive recreationalfeatures. They are also used for the purpose of sand mining. Coastal sand dunes are muchmore prevalent in Ampara District than in Trincomalee and Batticaloa Districts.129. It will become evident on reading this profile that, for many indicators, there is littleinformation on which to make a qualitative or subjective let alone an objective assessment ofsignificance. It is to be hoped that future coastal resource profiles will be able to provide amore quantitative and objective estimate of significance for key coastal resources sincesignificance is a key factor for prioritizing management interventions.

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 203. Assessmenta. Impact130. A qualitative assessment was made, using available stocktaking information, of theimpact (the change in state) on a given coastal resource to provide sustainable goods andservices as reflected in its carrying capacity.131. This assessment also includes the identification of the cause-effect linkages betweenindicators resulting in that impact and where possible the location of the impact so as toidentify “hot spots”.132. In these respects indicators can be labeled as causative stressors or effectedreceptors. Where the receptors are important these can be labeled as valued environmentalcomponents. The terminology is commonly used in the Environmental Impact Assessmentprocess.133. Stressor: A stressor is the physical causative agent of a pressure which may, or maynot be distinct from the pressure itself 38 .134. Receptor: A receptor is a sensitive component of the ecosystem that reacts to or isinfluenced by environmental stressors 39 .135. Valued Environmental Components (VEC): A VEC is an aspect(components/processes/functions) of ecosystems, human health, and environmental welfare,considered to be important and potentially at risk from human activity or natural hazards 40 .This is similar to the term "valued environmental components" used in environmental impactassessment.136. The district level profiles assess impact reflected as a change in state (condition) ofthe indicator (asset and/or issue) on a qualitative 20 point scale. If there is no impact a scoreof zero is applied. If the information on which to make an impact assessment is inadequatethen a question mark (?) is entered. Impacts that can be assessed are then scored as towhether they are negative or positive.137. If the impact is negative and low (the change in state is showing a slight deterioratingtrend) then a score of -1 to -3 is applied. If the impact is negative and moderate then a scoreof -4 to -6 is applied. If the impact is negative and high then a score of -7 to -10 is applied.138. If the impact is positive and low (the change in state is showing an improving trend)then a score of +1 to +3 is applied. If the impact is positive and moderate then a score of +4to +6 is applied. If the impact is positive and high then a score of +7 to +10 is applied.38 (i) an environmental condition or influence that stresses (i.e. causes stress for) an organism,http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/stressor; (ii) any event or situation that precipitates a change,http://www.epa.gov/reva/glossary.htm; (iii) Physical, chemical, or biological entities that can induce adverseeffects on ecosystems or human health, http://www.epa.gov/OCEPAterms/sterms.html.39 www.epa.gov/reva/glossary.htm40 http://www.epa.gov/OCEPAterms/vterms.html

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 21b. Response (management)139. The administrative capacity to manage (avoid, minimize or mitigate) the impact,assuming business as usual, is also assessed on a qualitative 20-point scale. If there is nocapacity to manage the impact, a response score of zero is applied. If the information onwhich to make an assessment of capacity to respond is inadequate, then a question mark (?)is entered. Capacity to respond is then scored as to whether it is negative or positive.140. If the capacity to manage is negative but only slightly deficient then a score of -1 to -3is applied. If the capacity to manage is moderately poor then a score of -4 to -6 is applied. Ifthe capacity to manage is very poor then a score of -7 to -10 is applied.141. If the capacity to manage is limited but positive then a score of +1 to +3 is applied. Ifthe capacity to manage is moderately good then a score of +4 to +6 is applied. If the capacityto manage is very good then a score of +7 to +10 is applied.c. Prognosis142. The prognosis or result is the qualitatively estimated impact (change in state) of areceptor indicator added to the response as reflected by the estimated existing managementcapacity to avoid, minimize or mitigate the determining impact.143. The maximum possible negative score is -20 (negative impact is maximum andcapacity to manage the impact is minimal). The maximum possible positive score is +20(there is a very positive impact and the capacity for management is very good).144. A “traffic light” colour system is proposed as a public communications tool to allow forrapid visualization of the prognosis for key issues. Red is assigned to a negative score below-3 and signals a bad prognosis. Amber is assigned to a score between -3 and +3 and signalsmoderate or precautionary prognosis. Green is assigned to a score of +4 to +10 and signalsa good prognosis. The scoring boundaries between the colours are for publiccommunications purposes and are arbitrary. An example for mangrove in TrincomaleeDistrict is presented in Table II.8 below.Table II.8: Prognosis for Mangrove in Trincomalee District (Ref.1454) .Stressor Receptor Climate changeImpact* Response* Prognosis*Cutting Mangrove -7 +2 -5Landfill Mangrove -3 +2 -1Causeway Mangrove -3 +2 -1SeruwilaSeruwila wetlandMarvilaru wetlandHot spotsDeforestation of habitatThampalagamam Palampatar Destruction of watershed due to humanactivityKantale forestSenamullikulamEachchankulam*See text in this chapter for explanation.

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 22145. The prognosis for mangrove cutting is just in the danger zone whilst that for landfilland causeway is in the precautionary zone.146. It will become evident on reading this profile that for many indicators there is littleinformation on which to make a qualitative or subjective prognosis, let alone a quantitativeone. It is to be hoped that future coastal resource profiles will be able to provide a morequantitative and objective estimate of the prognosis for key coastal resources sinceprognosis is a key factor for prioritizing management interventions.G. EPICRMP development147. Key proposed management interventions are highlighted with respect to particularissues n the relevant chapters. However, by definition an integrated management plan mustinvolve a number of integrated management actions.148. The EPICRMP is therefore summarized in Chapter XI below and is developed fromthe EP ICRMP consultation document presented in Appendix Two and the assessments andresulting management proposals described in Chapters III to X respectively below.149. Each coastal resource “asset” is assigned one or more targets. Objectives, policies,strategies and actions are then specified to deliver these targets. Delivery of the target andby extension the efficiency, effectiveness, relevance, impact and sustainability of delivery ismonitored.

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 23III.PUBLIC SECTOR (CIVIL SERVICE) ADMINISTRATIONA. Introduction150. Climate change is considered to be a significant challenge to sustainabledevelopment over the next few decades. Projections include: (i) a sea-level rise of magnitude0.18-0.59m over 1980-1999 baseline to 2090-2099 which by 2300 will be between 0.3m and0.8m relative to 1980-1999 baseline; (ii) an average increase in temperature and an increasein temperature extremes; (iii) an increase in severity of storms, rainfall events and droughts;(iv) changes in global water current patterns, the pH of seawater and the nature andproductivity of fisheries (Ref.0749) .151. Avoidance, minimisation and mitigation of the adverse impacts of projected climatechange will require a seed change in the way that the public sector manages. Since climatechange is a thematic subject for all the following chapters, key managementrecommendations with respect to climate change are presented below and should bereferred to accordingly.152. Reduction in greenhouse gas emissions: There should be a national commitmentto maximise reductions in greenhouse gas emissions so as to reduce the extent of globalwarming and the consequent level of risk.153. Increase in use of renewables/reduction in use of non-renewables: An increasein use of renewables will reduce greenhouse gas emissions and dependency on externallysourced fossil fuels and create internal markets for renewables-based goods and servicesand associated technologies. The creation of new internal markets should generateemployment and also provide potential for export. Reduction in use of non-renewables willreduce greenhouse gas emissions.154. Carbon credit trading and offset: The Government of Sri Lanka, with othercountries that are vulnerable to climate change, should encourage development of anappropriate global trading environment for carbon credit and offset. This trading environmentshould encourage development of renewable energy technologies. At the very least, theGovernment should commission a study to determine whether its carbon budget supportstrading in carbon credits. Particular attention should be taken, in this respect, to the carbonsequestration capacity of its forests and marine exclusive economic zone.B. Baseline155. Public sector administration was not a resource area profiled by the IP NGO DSDprofiles (see Table II.4). None of the special studies relates to the public sectoradministration. The training needs assessment commissioned by the NECCDEP (Ref.0991)provided useful information on training needs, but for general planners rather than coastalpractitioners. Such secondary data, available in public sector administration, showed limiteddetail in terms of coastal resources management capacity.156. Alleviation of these information constraints is, therefore, suggested as one activity forthe EP ICRMP. In view of these constraints, the stocktaking of public sector administrationfocused on three areas relating to integrated coastal resources management. The first areawas the legal framework, the second was employment, and the third was the environmentalpermitting process.157. Legal framework: The legal framework is central to the effective delivery andaccountability of public administration. A number of laws relevant to coastal resourcesmanagement were considered in the stock take.

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 24158. Employment: In order for the public sector to provide services it must be adequatelyresourced in terms of staff, skills and equipment. An employment questionnaire wasdeveloped and face-to-face interviews were undertaken, with the interviewer completing thequestionnaire on behalf of the interviewee. The data from the interviews were processed andanalysed using a specially designed Microsoft Access database (Ref.1133) .159. Environmental licensing: Strengthening of the environmental permitting frameworkis central to the Sri Lanka CZMP, 2004. However, time and resources limited the opportunityfor stocktaking of environmental licensing systems in EP in support of the EPICRMP.160. Information on two Initial Environmental Examinations and one full EnvironmentalImpact Assessment in EP was collected. These studies represent a significant proportion ofthe IEE/EIA activities in EP over the last five years.161. In addition, information on beach seine licensing was collected and assessedprimarily because of its importance for the beach management planning process specified inthe Sri Lanka CZMP, 2004. Vulnerability to climate change, competition with tourism and astrong element of social cooperation all make beach seining a powerful indicator of effectiveintegrated coastal resources management.C. Assessment1. Introduction162. The significance of the public administrative capacity to respond to environmentalimpacts and the prognosis for coastal environmental resources is best addressed on a caseby case basis. However, the following assessment sets the scene.2. Legal framework163. The legal framework has a number of matters that are constraints with respect to theeffective implementation of integrated coastal resources management. These aresummarized in Table III.1 below.Table III.1: Legal framework constraintsMatterConstraintSubsidiarity The principle of subsidiarity is accepted but the practice is not.13 th Amendment Lists are overlapping and poorly defined.Amendments Amendments are not stand alone updated versions of parent lawbut are change notifications that need to be cross referenced to theparent legislation.Regulations There appear to be no clear boundary coordinates for a number ofprotected areas. In many cases the regulations, other than enablingregulations, for protected areas do not exist or are difficult to obtain.Legal drafting Each line Agency can issue laws and matters making coordinationdifficult.Legal index There appears to be no integrated referencing system for laws.E-LawThe E-Law website http://www.lawnet.lk/ linked tohttp://www.gov.lk/ was not working at the time of preparation of thisPlan.Source: This document.

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 25a. 13 th Amendment and subsidiarity164. The principle of subsidiarity is reflected in the 13 th Amendment to the Constitution(Ref.0915) . It is also reflected in principle two of the ecosystem approach (Ref.1125) that“management should be decentralized to the lowest appropriate level”. The principle alsounderpins the operations of the European Community and many federal systems ofgovernment.165. The 13 th Amendment identifies province level subsidiarity in terms of: (I) a ProvincialCouncil List (List I Ninth Schedule) together with; (II) a Reserve List (List II Ninth Schedule)giving the responsibilities that are solely those of central government and; (III) a ConcurrentList (List III, Ninth Schedule) where the responsibilities are shared.166. It needs to be recognized that a key purpose of the 13 th amendment is to reduceregional disparities and this accords with the principle of equitable sharing.167. Table III.2 lists the key matters relevant to integrated coastal resources managementwith respect to the various lists.168. Basically even if a matter is given in the Provincial Council List and/or the ConcurrentList it is a reserved matter if it is covered either explicitly or implicitly in the Reserved List. Anumber of matters are also explicitly or implicitly on more than one list. This makes theinterpretation and use of these Lists and the development of subordinate regulationsextremely difficult.169. The above constraints may explain why there has been relatively limited developmentof regulations in support of Lists I and III and why central Government continues to beinvolved in the management of the matters on these lists.b. Amendments170. The Coast Conservation Act of 1981 (Ref.0913) has two amendments. The firstamendment was in 1988 (Ref.0913) . The second was in 1992 and took place under the Minesand Minerals Act (Ref.0944) . Both these amendments comprise only those sections andparagraphs that have been amended. An informal complete version (Ref.0913) , including theseamendments, has been created by a third party making reading and interpretation mucheasier. However, this is not the practice in the legislature.c. Regulations171. The boundaries of a number of areas gazetted under the DWLC are not demarcatedby geographic coordinates but by infrastructure such as roads and tanks and/or by naturalfeatures such as rivers and shorelines. This method of demarcation assumes little change inthe location of these features. This is perfectly reasonable, in a historic context, whenpressures were low and development was slow. However, this method does not supportmanagement that needs to respond to rapid change nor does it benefit from currenttechnology such as global positioning systems. In addition there are examples where theboundaries, as defined in the Gazette do not match the maps such as the overlappingboundary of Kumana National Park (Ref.1298) and Kudumbigala Panama Sanctuary (Ref.1295) andthe shoreline of Seruwila Allai sanctuary (Ref. 1466) .

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 26Table III.2: Key matters and relationship with 13 th Amendment Lists I, II, III.MATTERLISTApplies ()I 41 II 42 III 43Agriculture: Archaeology: Education: Except to the extent specified in Items 3 and 4 of List I (List II). Energy: Excepting hydro-electric power and power for the national grid (List II) Environmental Protection: List I subject to Parliamentary Laws. (List III). Fauna: Schedule Fees under the Fauna and Flora Protection Ordinance (List I).Social forestry and protection of wild animals and birds and plant pests. (List III). Fisheries: Fishing and fisheries within territorial waters (List III). Fishing andfisheries beyond territorial waters (List II). Flora: Fees under the Fauna and Flora Protection Ordinance (List I). Socialforestry and protection of wild animals and birds (List III).Foreshore:Forest:Health: Excepting inter-province disease (List II) Internal waters: Excluding fish and fisheries (List III).Irrigation:Land: Excepting State Land, Interprovincial land issues and items on List II. Minerals, Mining and Mines: Planning (See Policy): Planning for items on List II reserved to List II. Police and Public Order: List I for criminal, interprovincial and items on List I. Policy: Port/Harbour:Rivers and waterways: List III for fishing and fisheries.Rural development:Sites of Special Interest and Public Access: Depending on the legal basis. Soil conservation:Survey: For matters not included on the Reserve List II.Territorial waters: Excluding fishing and fisheries.Tourism:41154G. (1) Every Provincial Council may, subject to the provisions of the Constitution, make statutes applicable to theProvince for which it is established, with respect to any matter set out in List I of the Ninth Schedule (hereinafter referred to as"the Provincial Council List").42154G (7) A Provincial Council shall have no power to make statutes on any matter set out in List II of the Ninth Schedule(hereinafter referred to as "the Reserved List").43154G(5) (a) Parliament may make laws with respect to any matter set out in List III of the Ninth Schedule (hereafter referredto as "the Concurrent List") after such consultation with all Provincial Councils as Parliament may consider appropriate in thecircumstances of each case.

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 27d. Legal drafting172. The example of the amendments to the Coast Conservation Act described aboveillustrates the complexities of jurisdiction faced in the legal drafting process. The Mines andMinerals Act has been used to amend the Coast Conservation Act. Whilst each of theseamendments was initiated by the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources, each wasinitiated by a different section which could have contradictory missions. This is particularlywith respect to issuing of environmental permits where the same Ministry is responsible forrequesting and approving a permit.e. Legal index173. There appears to be no central or integrated national indexing system that can beused to identify and request laws and regulations or determine linkages between these lawsand regulations other than reference to the parent law or regulation in a child law orregulation. The e-law website http//www/lawnet.lk/ which is linked through http://www.gov.lk/was not working at the time of preparation of this plan.3. Employment174. Much of the administration of the EP is undertaken by civil servants seconded fromand employed by central government. Many of these civil servants are not from EP andmany are not settled there. In addition the EP administration depends substantially on centralgovernment funding and there is little opportunity to ring-fence such limited revenues, as aregenerated in the EP, for expenditure in EP.175. The opportunity for enhancing administrative capacity is, therefore, limited by budgetconstraints.176. There is a cadre of government employees who could work together to deliver moreeffective management. Many of these employees are enthusiastic and personally motivatedbut there needs to be a seed change in management style and level of accountability if apublic service ethic is to be the driving force for improved performance.177. Table III.3 provides a summary of the number of coastal resource practitioners in thepublic (government) sector available in EP who could act as a cadre for implementation ofEP ICRMP. The summary is based on lists of attendees at relevant NECCDEP coastalresources related training and discussions with representatives from governmentdepartments. The list is by no means comprehensive. It should also be noted that it many ofthe positions are not bound to the public administrative boundaries (Province, District, DSD)that are the working framework for delivery of the 13 th Amendment.178. The total number of personnel at 87 is by no means large, but with propercoordination and integration it provides a reasonable foundation. The largest number ofpersonnel relates to the fisheries sector. However, considering the significance of agricultureto the region the number of agricultural officers seems to be relatively low.

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 28DistrictFisheriesTrincomaleeTable III.3: Human resource available to implement EP ICRMPAgricultureCEA 1 CCD 2 Forestry MPPA 3 DWLC 4(Ref.1282)DDA (1) 5 FI (9) 6 DD (1) 7 DA (2) 8 DFO (1) 9 RO (1) 10 ADER (4) 11AO (1) 12 EO(7) 13 PA (4) 14 RFO (2) 15 RA (1) 16 WLR (4) 17Batticaloa DDA (1) 5 FI (11) 6 - DA (2) 8 DFO (1) 9 - -AO (1) 12 EO(2) 13 PA (1) 14 RFO (2) 15 - -Ampara DDA (1) 5 FI (11) 6 DD (1) 7 DA (2) 8 DFO (1) 9 - ADPR (1) 18AO (1) 12 EO(10) 13 PA (1) 14 RFO (2) 15 - WLR (4) 17(Ref.1659)Sub Total DDA (3) 5 FI (31) 6 DD (2) 7 DA (6) 8 DFO (3) 9 RO(1) 10 ADER (4) 11AO (3) 12EO(19) 13 PA (6) 14 RFO (6) 15 RA (1) 16 WLR (8) 17ADPR (1) 18Total 6 31 21 12 9 2 131 CEA: Central Environmental Authority; 2 CCD: Coast Conservation Department; 3 MPPA: Marine PollutionPrevention Authority; 4 DWLC: department of Wildlife Conservation; 5 DDA: Deputy Director Agriculture(Extension); 6 FI: Fisheries Inspector (Extension); 7 DD: Deputy Director; 8 DA: Development Assistant; 9 DFO:Divisional Forest Officer; 10 RO: Research Officer; 11 ADER: Assistant Director Eastern Region; 12 AO: AgricultureOfficer (Extension); 13 EO: Environmental Officer; 14 PA: Planning Assistant; 15 RFO: Range Forest Officer; 16 RA:Research Assistant; 17 WLR: Wild Life Ranger; 18 ADPR: Assistant Director Pollonnaruwa Region.179. A hundred and thirty six persons were interviewed regarding their employment.Employment structure is the following: 96 percent were public sector employees and 96percent were in permanent full-time employment;17 of these were female (12 percent) and119 were male (88 percent). They ranged in age from 23 to 59, with 9 percent being in the20’s, 60percent in the 30’s, 21 percent in the 40’s, and 9 percent in the 50’s. One percentreported working at the national level, two percent at the provincial level, 40 percent at thedistrict level, and 84 percent at the DSD level, leaving a balance of three percent.180. Interviewees were asked to indicate the percent of their work time they allocated to achecklist of 29 work sectors. Agriculture was most commonly cited at eight percent. Fisheriesprovided five percent of all the work sector citations, forestry four percent, tourism threepercent and wildlife management two percent.181. Time invested in these sectors was also widely and uniformerly distributed. Table III.4lists the time allocated to key coastal resource sectors.SectorTable III.4: Percent of time allocated to key coastal resource sectors% allcitations% of time allocated Total%0-25 26-50 51-75 >75Agriculture 8 66 16 7 11 100Fisheries 5 66 23 9 2 100Forestry 4 96 2 0 2 100Tourism 3 100 0 0 0 100Wildlife management 2 95 0 0 5 100

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 29Total 22**The balance of 78% is allocated to the other 24 sectors assessed.182. Interviewees were also asked to indicate an extent to which they required one ormore of 14 work support items provided in a checklist. Table III.5 lists the extent to which thechecklist support items were cited as required (in percent)Table III.5: Percent of requirement for work support itemsWork support item% allcitations% requirement Total%0-25 26-50 51-75 >75Computer/software 17 26 33 15 26 100Database 10 39 18 16 27 100Equipment 5 37 27 7 29 100Internet access 11 39 21 8 32 100Support staff 9 23 27 10 40 100Training 12 26 32 16 26 100Total 64**The balance of 36% is allocated to the other 8 checklist items assessed.183. Computer/software was the most frequently cited requirement at 17 percent of allcitations. Training came second at 12 percent with the Internet a close third at 11 percent.Interestingly, support staff was indicated for nine percent of all citations and as more than 75percent necessary for 40 percent of these citations. Internet access was considered to bemore than 75 percent necessary for 32 percent of these citations.184. Interviewees were also asked about the availability of these work support items.Table III.6 lists the percent extent to which the checklist support items were cited asavailable.Table III.6: Percent of availability of work support itemsWork support item% allcitations% available Total%0-25 26-50 51-75 >75Computer/software 17 57 30 5 8 100Database 10 62 20 3 15 100Equipment 5 53 22 15 10 100Internet access 11 38 22 8 32 100Support staff 9 45 24 11 20 100Training 12 55 30 5 10 100Total 64**The balance of 36% is allocated to the other 8 checklist items assessed.185. Table III.6 indicates a general lack of many of the support items. None of the citationsexceeds the 50% with respect to greater than 50% availability.

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 304. Environmental Impact Assessment (IEE and EIA)186. Valaichenai and Cod Bay harbours: Two NECCDEP supported developments havebeen subject to Initial Environmental Examination and have produced environmentalmanagement plans under the Environmental Impact Assessment process. These wereValaichchenai Fisheries Harbor Rehabilitation Subproject (Ref.1184) and Cod bay Fisheriesharbour upgrading subproject (Ref. 1552) .187. These sub-projects were categorized as requiring an IEE rather than a full EIA. Thefollowing should be noted from the 2003 ADB guidelines for environmental assessment(Ref.0990)and are suggestive of the need for a full EIA at least for Valaichchenai.ADB Environmental Assessment Guidelinesp. 49, paragraph 135 specifies:"The following locations for prospective projects suggest a Category Aclassification:(i) in or near sensitive and valuable ecosystems (e.g., protected areas,wetlands, wild lands, coral reefs, and habitats of endangered species);"p.50, paragraph 142, Table 10 specifies:Category A: Port and harbour development.188. Both these projects received a permit to proceed from the CEA.189. Only limited evidence could be obtained of implementation of any avoidance,minimization or mitigation activity recommended under the environmental management plansprepared for these projects.190. Oluvil Commercial Port: Oluvil commercial port development, which was not aNECCDEP activity, was subject to a full environmental impact assessment (Ref. 1117) . The EIAincluded an environmental management and management monitoring plan.191. Despite considerable effort to do so, it was not possible to obtain any officialdocument for this project showing a permit to proceed. In addition no evidence could beobtained of implementation of any avoidance, minimization or mitigation activityrecommended under the environmental management and monitoring plan prepared for theproject.192. A recent visit to Oluvil lighthouse area in October 2009 shows evidence of erosionthat is likely to be linked to Oluvil Port development.193. Solid waste site permits: Five CEA clearance permits for solid waste landfill areaare sourced for EP. All require approval to operate from the UDA. One approved site is atKanniya, in Trincomalee district (Ref. 1569) . However, the NECCDEP did not provide assistancefor development of the Kanniya facility because it is within a forest reserve. One site isapproved at Thirupparunthurai, in Batticaloa District (Ref.1568) . Three sites are approved inAmpara district and details are given in Table III.7 below.194. The NECCDEP IP-NGO DSD level coastal resource profiling surveys included aninventory of solid waste dump areas. Over 100 sites were identified (Ref.1323-1355) . It has notbeen possible to source the permits for these sites. However, it should be noted that thenecessity for a permit is conditional on a threshold for the quantity of material to beprocessed. The information is presented in Chapter VII below.

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EP ICRMP)31Table III.7: Actual/proposed solid waste areas in Ampara District

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 33and monitoring key public sector service performance at EP level in two key ways. The first isby determining public attitude and opinion towards service provisions particularly in theenvironment sector. The second is to determine public sector administrative effectiveness interms of the delivery of key services.205. Targets, means of verification and budget are listed in Table III.8 below. Indicatornumbers are those from the EPICRMP consultation document in Appendix II. It should benoted that the proposed budget does not include staff salaries, salary associated costs orinfrastructure. The means of verification of these indicators will need to be developed duringthe first year of EPICRMP implementation. The baseline will also need to be set. A survey todetermine EPICRMP delivery at the end of the third year of the four year EPICRMP cycle isrequired.Table III.8: Public sector indicators, targets and budgetsIndicator Target Means ofverification01. Attitude and opinion(satisfaction)02. Administrativeeffectiveness01.1. Satisfaction scoreimprovesEffectiveness scoreimproves…. comprising:02.1. IntegratedEnvironmental Planningand Audit Unit formed02.2. 2 sustainabilityofficers per DSD02.3. 1 sustainabilityofficer per GND02.4. Sustainability“watchers” system02.5. IEE/EIA EMPdelivered02.6. Offences trackingimprovedHousehold surveyquestionnaireHousehold surveyquestionnaireandEmploymentquestionnaireRp/year1,000,000500,0005,000,000500,000500,000500,000Reports/site visits 500,000Offences records 500,0009,000,000206. 01. Attitude and opinion: The EPICRMP sets the target that satisfaction, asdetermined by a household survey questionnaire, should improve over the four year planperiod. This is, perhaps, a somewhat optimistic target but it is a powerful way of raisingawareness about the principles and responsibilities of service delivery. A budget of Rp1,000,000 per year for the four year plan period is proposed. The attitude and opinionquestionnaire would need to be developed as part of the EP ICRMP delivery.207. 02. Administrative effectiveness: The EPICRMP sets seven direct targets foradministrative effectiveness though a number of the other EP ICRMP targets such as that forsolid waste management, increase in protected areas, beach management plans and so onare indicative of administrative effectiveness.208. Administrative effectiveness should be determined from the results of the householdsurvey attitude and opinion questionnaire specified above and an employment questionnairefor persons working in relevant coastal resource management related sectors. A pilot

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 34questionnaire has already been prepared and tested as part of the public administrationstocktaking exercise.209. IEE/EIA environmental management plan delivery performance should be determinedfrom reports and site visits.210. Offences should be determined by tracking offences records.211. 02.1 IEPA unit: The EP Council should have an Integrated Environmental Planningand Audit (IEPA) Unit under it. This Unit should have a mandate to audit sectoral agenciesfor delivery of environmental management in the EP and to make recommendations. TheIEPA should also co-ordinate implementation of the EPICRMP at the Provincial level.212. The Unit should contain a Director and Assistant Director and at least five qualifiedgraduate staff to coordinate data collection and analysis as well as a documents archivist,secretary, peon and driver.213. 02.2. DSD level sustainability officers: Two sustainability officers should beassigned to each DSD within the EP. They should be secondary school graduates with ascientific background. They should provide environmental outreach in support of delivery ofthe targets in the EP ICRMP and liaise between the IEPA Unit and key stakeholdersincluding volunteer sustainability watchers (see below) to provide key environmentalperformance data.214. 02.3. GND level sustainability officers: One sustainability officer should beassigned to each GND within the EP. The officers should be secondary school graduateswith a scientific background. The officers should provide environmental outreach in supportof delivery of the targets in the EPICRMP and liaise between the IEPA, DSD sustainabilityofficers and key stakeholders including volunteer sustainability watchers (see below) so as toprovide key environmental performance data.215. 02.4. Environmental sustainability watchers: A network of volunteer environmentalsustainability watchers should be formed in local communities to encourage voluntaryenvironmental improvement activities and liaison with IEPA Unit, DSD and GND officers.E. EPICRMP Objectives, policies, strategies and activities1. Introduction216. The following Table III.9 summarises the EPICRMP objectives, policies, strategiesand actions designed to deliver the targets listed in Table III.8 above. It should beemphasized that all the objectives, policies, strategies and actions identified for theEPICRMP are interrelated and should be implemented in an integrated manner to maximizeefficiency, effectiveness, impact and sustainability.217. Table III.9 also indicates context in terms of of the CZMP, 2004 public sectorobjectives, policies, strategies and actions. The full set of objectives, policies, strategies andactions supporting the EPICRMP is given in Appendix Four.

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 35Table III.9: EPICRMP public sector - objectives, policies, strategies and actionsLevel No Statement EPICRMPtargetCZMP2004Ref.0903HostObjective 01 Institutionalise the EPICRMP 01,02 08 MNB&EIDPolicy 01.01 Obtain institutional ownership, funding andapproval for implementation of the EPICRMPPolicy 01.02 Monitor and evaluate delivery of objective 1Policy 01.03 Implement strategies and actions for relatedobjectives.Objective 02 Mainstream climate change into coastalresources management in EasternProvince.All 02.2.3,08CEAPolicy 02.01 Reduce greenhouse gas emissions 11,14 MPEPolicy 02.02 Use carbon trading and offset mechanisms 11,14 02.2.3,25APolicy 02.03 Incorporate climate change risk assessmentsinto management planningMoFCEAPolicy 02.04 Monitor and evaluate delivery of objective 2.Policy 02.05 Implement strategies and actions for relatedobjectives.

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 36IV.SOCIETY AND ECONOMYA. Baseline218. This Chapter is not a part of the Sri Lanka CZMP, 2004. To some extent the 2004Plan addressed society and economy on an “issues” basis. However, it is felt that becausesociety and economy are central to the ecosystem approach and to integrated coastalresources management there should be a stand alone chapter.219. The social and economic use of ecosystem derived goods and services are central tothe ecosystem approach to sustainable development. It is the dependency of society andeconomy on the use of ecosystem derived goods and services that determines theirsignificance to sustainable development, and it is the management of this use that deliverssustainability.220. Society and economy were considered in terms of resource uses in the IP NGO DSDprofiles (see Table II.4). However, the information collected was very subjective. Some of theNECCDEP special studies provided useful information on social and economic aspects ofcoastal resource use. However, some key special studies, including special study 14 oneconomic values of coastal resources, special study 15 on the impact of rural and urbandevelopment on coastal resources, special study 16 on mineral exploitation, and specialstudy 19 on fisheries, are still pending award.221. Other secondary data sources on social and economic factors, including those usedto report on delivery of the MDGs, the HDI and 2010 biodiversity targets, are notdisaggregated to EP level. In addition the security situation in EP has only recently improvedand prior to that significantly minimized the opportunities for data collection.222. Projections of climate change have also been taken into consideration (ref.0749) .223. Due to information deficiencies a precautionary and adaptive approach designed toimprove the amount of information available and to use that information to support amanagement process is, therefore, suggested as one way forward for the EPICRMP. Suchdata as do exist are considered in the context of the issues described in Chapters V-X below.B. Assessment224. Table I.1 and Figure I.1 in Chapter I present population by coastal DSD. It can beseen that much of the population is concentrated in a limited number of urban areas and thatmuch of the EP coastal DSD have a relatively low population.1. Economy225. Table IV.1 below summarises information on the contribution of coastally derivedeconomic goods and services to the EP and National economies respectively. The table isbased on 2004 data from Nayananda, 2007 (Ref.0907) .226. The paper does not give the overall GDP for EP so it is not possible to determine thecontribution of EP GDP to national GDP. However, EP coastal GDP contributes only sometwo percent to national GDP for all assessed sectors with less than 0.5 percent contributionfrom any sector.

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 37Table IV.1: Contribution of Eastern Province coastal economy*SectorEP Coastal National GDPGDPRs x10 6 % Rs x10 6 % % EP(*)AgricultureCoconut 51 0.2 12213 1.1 0.005Paddy 2351 10.1 25152 2.3 0.215Other 2233 9.6 82915 7.6 0.205FishingCoastal 3682 15.8 20829 1.9 0.337Inland 48 0.2 1951 0.2 0.004Forestry and firewoodForestry and firewood 828 3.6 17110 1.6 0.076OtherMining and quarrying 474 2.0 16945 1.6 0.043Manufacture 2019 8.7 159721 14.6 0.185Construction 883 3.8 68332 6.3 0.081Electricity, gas, water 275 1.2 14287 1.3 0.025Transport, storage,communication1018 4.4 269316 24.7 0.093Trade 5449 23.4 212411 19.5 0.499Tourism 89 0.4 6630 0.6 0.008Banking 959 4.1 73952 6.8 0.088Ownership and dwelling 723 3.1 40709 3.7 0.066Public services 1668 7.2 42985 3.9 0.153Private services 558 2.4 26169 2.4 0.051Total 23308 100 1091627 100 2.14Note: Based on 2004 data from Nayananda, 2007 (Ref.0907) .* % of national GDP from EP coastal GDP by sector227. In terms of contribution to coastal GDP within EP, coastal agriculture contributesnearly 20 percent to EP coastal GDP whilst fishing contributes just under 16 percent andforestry around 3.6 percent, making a total contribution from all these sectors to EP coastalGDP of around 40 percent. Interestingly, tourism contributes less than 0.4 percent to EPcoastal GDP. Trade is the most significant contributor at 23.4 percent.228. It is evident from the above table that coastal resources are an important part of theEP economy but not an important part of the Sri Lankan economy. However, this situationmay change with the recent improvement in the security situation. In the meantime, thecurrent value of these resources is largely social rather than economic, providing localemployment and nutrition in relatively undeveloped coastal communities.229. The opportunity for generating substantial revenues from the EP economy is likely tobe limited for many years to come even after the emergency powers are revoked and the EPhas the opportunity to increase the management of its own affairs. The EP has no fossilfuels, few renewable energy options, and no revenue generating investments (provinciallevel equivalent of sovereign funds). It has limited mineral resources. Its agriculture and

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 38fisheries are socially very important but labour-intensive and the potential for increasingcommercial production is limited. The manufacturing sector is small. Basic infrastructure andutilities are deteriorated or absent although there is currently substantial investment beingmade for improving road infrastructure.230. An improvement in basic infrastructure and utilities is a necessary prerequisite toattracting the inward human (in terms of diaspora returnees) and financial investment todevelop a value added, services oriented, economy.2. Employment231. Employment data have been difficult to collect and interpret. The data are notdisaggregated for all sectors across all DSDs and in some sectors the data are not availablefor all districts in EP. Linkages between coastal ecosystem derived goods and services andemployment (such as coastal ecotourism) are not the focus for data collection. In addition, aswould be expected in an economy with high levels of subsistence, characterizingemployment is difficult because employment is opportunistic, diverse, part-time, difficult tocategorise, and can be migratory and seasonal.232. Table IV.2 provides a synthesis of such data as could be sourced. It should not beviewed as comprehensive or definitive.Table IV.2: Employment by district and Sector

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 39233. In assessing employment by district and sector, some of data was not readilyavailable as indicated by the question mark (?) in Table IV.2. Even the data that wereavailable are unlikely to be very accurate due to the sampling methods and the securitysituation at the time of sampling. Available data illustrate two trends. The first is that asignificant proportion, estimated at around 39 percent, of the EP population receivesSamurdhi social support. The second is that a significant number of people, determined as15 percent of the EP population, is involved in coastal fishing and coastal agriculture. Thereis no available information concerning the number of employees in the "value adding” servicesectors, such as tourism.234. This assessment points to the need to more objectively categorise economy andemployment in terms of links to, and dependency on, ecosystem derived goods and services.The subjective assessment also suggests significant social and economic vulnerability withrespect to the climate change because of the dependency on paddy cultivation and coastalfisheries.C. EPICRMP development235. With management “business as usual” it is difficult to see how EP can reduce itsburden on the central government funding. It is unlikely for EP to become a net contributor tothe national economy and to consequently have access to the human and financialresources to invest in sustaining its natural resource base. It is also unlikely for EP to havethe financial resources to prepare for the incremental social, economic and environmentalcost of climate change.236. The productivity of the natural resource base may well deteriorate with climatechange creating a positive feedback that further undermines the opportunity for social andeconomic development. “Business as usual” management is, therefore, not an option.237. Resolving data deficiencies with respect to understanding the significance ofecosystem derived goods and services to society and economy are proposed to be keymanagement interventions in the EPICRMP. However, since the data have to be put in anational context, resolution needs to be nationally directed and provincially delivered.Recommendations are, therefore, presented for consideration at the national level.238. Three core plan indicators are proposed to directly reflect social and economicdependency on coastal ecosystem derived goods and services. The means of objectiveverification of these indicators should be developed during the initial period of planimplementation. The indicators should be monitored at the start of the Plan period and at theend of the third year of the plan period. The indicators should be reported on and used toinform management.239. A number of additional indicators also reflect social and economic dependency oncoastal ecosystem derived goods and services and these are presented, accordingly, in therelevant Chapter. These include:240. Attitude and opinion (01): Attitude and opinion indicators presented in Chapter IIIabove should include questions concerning attitude and opinion towards social andeconomic dependency on coastal resources.241. Beach seine CPUE (03) and Paddy PPUE (12): Beach seine catch per unit effortand rice paddy production per unit effort presented in Chapter VIII should provide informationon the number of persons (effort) involved in these coastal resource uses.

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 40242. The three core plan indicators are presented in Table IV.2 below. The indicatornumbers relate to the numbers used in the EP ICRMP consultation document presented inAppendix II. The budget does not include staff salaries, salary associated costs orinfrastructure.Table IV.2: Proposed core indicators of coastal society and economyIndicator Target Means ofverification07. Employment fromcoastal resources (%)08. Human protein fromcoastal resources (%)11. Renewable energy (%use by type)07.1. Maintained Household surveyquestionnaire08.1. Maintained Household surveyquestionnaire11.1. 10 % improved by2015.Household/Business/Transport fieldsurvey.Rp/year500,000*0*2,000.000* Shared budget also budget from 1. Attitude and opinion. 2,500,000243. Coastal resources employment from (7) (%): The less that employment isdependent on the goods and services provided by coastal resources then the less thesignificance of these resources in terms of allocating administrative resources to theirmanagement.244. The EP ICRMP sets the target that employment from coastal resources, asdetermined by a household survey questionnaire, should be maintained over the initial fouryear EPICRMP period. The employment sectors and the questionnaire should be developedas part of EP ICRMP implementation.245. A budget of Rp 500,000 per year for the initial four year EPICRMP period is proposedfor this survey. Since the household survey will also include attitude and opinion underindicator 1 and diet under indicator 8 this budget is also shared.246. The questionnaire should include questions concerning the percent employment fromkey sectors such as tourism, agriculture and fisheries, and the percent dependency onparticular coastal resources such as fish, mangrove and coral reef together with spatialinformation on coastal proximity and elevation/depth.247. Coastal resources human protein from (8) (%): Dietary dependency on proteinsourced from coastal resources is a key indicator of the significance of these resources.248. The EPICRMP sets the target that the percent of human dietary protein from coastalresources should be maintained over the four year plan period.249. The budget for this survey is subsumed to the Attitude and opinion budget (Indicator1) and the Coastal Employment budget (Indicator seven).250. The protein source types and the questionnaire will be developed as part of theEPICRMP implementation. However, it is suggested that, in addition to qualitative andsubjective questions an objective sub-sample should be taken involving daily protein intakediet sheets. The data should be collected in a disaggregated way to show whether theprotein is coming from fresh, frozen, canned or dried sources and the extent to which it islocally sourced.

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 41251. 11. Renewable energy (% use by type): Dependency on non-renewable resourcesis a key indicator of commitment and capacity to adapt to climate change as well as anindicator of resilience to possible deterioration in the availability of non-renewable energy.252. The EPICRMP sets the target that the percent of energy sourced from renewablesshould increase by 10 percent over the EP ICRMP period. This is not a particularly ambitioustarget especially so since it is not set in terms of the percent increase in use of nonrenewablesover the Plan period.253. The budget for this survey is set at Rp. 2,000,000 per year.254. The survey questionnaire should be developed as part of the EPICRMPimplementation. However, it is suggested that it be spatially and socially disaggregated to theindividual user level and involve a specification of energy source, energy use and energyuser.255. Energy source: Renewable (hydroelectric, solar, wood, biogas etc.) and nonrenewable(petrol, paraffin, gas, diesel).256. Energy use: Transport, cooking, lighting, refrigeration, construction etc.257. Energy user: Location of use, economic sector, social sector.D. EPICRMP Objectives, policies, strategies and actions1. Introduction258. The following Table IV.3 summarises the EPICRMP objectives, policies, strategiesand actions designed to deliver the targets listed in Table IV.2. above. It should beemphasized that all the objectives, policies, strategies and actions identified for theEPICRMP are interrelated and should be implemented in an integrated manner to maximizeefficiency, effectiveness, impact and sustainability.259. Table IV.3 also indicates context in terms of the CZMP, 2004 society and economyobjectives, policies, strategies and actions. The full set of objectives, policies, strategies andactions supporting the EPICRMP is given in Appendix Four.Table IV.3: EPICRMP - Society and economy - objectives, policies, strategies andactionsLevel No Statement EPICRMPtargetCZMP2004Ref.0903HostObjective 02 Mainstream climate change into coastalresources management in EasternProvince.All 02.2.3,08CEAPolicy 02.01 Reduce greenhouse gas emissions. 11,14 MPEPolicy 02.02 Use carbon trading and offset mechanisms. 11,14 02.2.3,25APolicy 02.03 Incorporate climate change risk assessmentsinto management planning.MoFCEA

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 42Policy 02.04 Monitor and evaluate delivery of objective 2.Policy 02.05 Implement strategies and actions for relatedobjectives.Objective 04 Ensure sustainable use of renewablecoastal resources.Policy 04.05 Employment from coastal resources usemaintained.Policy 04.06 Protein diet from coastal resourcesmaintained.Policy 04.09 Renewable energy use increased by 10% by2015.All 01.4,01.5, p6A,p7A,0807 DCS08 MoH11 MPEPolicy 04.15 Implement strategies and actions for relatedobjectives.

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 43V. MANAGING COASTAL EROSIONA. Baseline260. This Chapter reflects that of Chapter II of the Sri Lanka CZMP, 2004.261. Coastal erosion was one of the key pressures for initial efforts to introduce coastalzone management into Sri Lanka. The Coast Conservation Department (CCD) wasestablished within the Ministry of Fisheries in 1978. Coastal zone management wasformalized by the Coast Conservation Act of 09 th September 1981 (Ref.0913) as amended on 17 thDecember 1988 (Ref.0914) and 28 th July 1992 (Ref.0944) . Three national coastal zone managementplans have been produced. All three Plans address coastal erosion.262. The most recent plan is the Sri Lanka CZMP, 2004. It was prepared before thetsunami of December 2004 but was revised to address the issues raised by the tsunamiincluding coastal erosion.263. Shorelines and beaches were one of the coastal resources considered in the IP NGODSD profiles (see Table II.4). Profiling included the identification of areas of erosion andaccretion. However, the information collected was subjective and qualitative.264. The EP wide special study “An assessment of the change in shoreline location alongthe coast of the Eastern Province of Sri Lanka, using remote sensing technology” (Ref.0991) usedaerial photographs and satellite imagery to assess changes in shoreline between 1956 and2007. The study also involved some ground truthing.265. Information on the projected adverse effects of climate change were considered.266. It was not possible to obtain annexes to the Sri Lanka CZMP, 2004 concerningcoastal erosion.B. Assessment1. Significance267. Coastal erosion has great significance for the EP for the following reasons. Theshoreline and associated features are also extremely vulnerable to sea-level rise and theincrease in frequency and severity of storms projected to result from climate change.268. Estuarine systems: The estuarine ecosystems depend on a delicate balancebetween erosion and deposition particularly at estuary bar mouths but also with respect tothe low-lying barrier beaches that extend from these bar mouths and separate each estuaryfrom the open sea. The closure of a bar mouth reduces the salinity of estuarine systems withconsequences for agriculture. The opening of a bar mouth allows pollutants in the estuary toflush to the open sea and fish stocks to migrate between the estuary and the open sea.Significant erosion could open up these estuarine ecosystems to the open sea with possibleadverse consequences for agriculture and fresh and brackish water fisheries.269. Beach seining: The widespread practice of beach seining requires a gentle sandybeach profile. Erosion steepens this profile and hard engineering to manage the erosionreplaces the natural beach with a structure that is unsuitable for beach seining.270. Tourism: Erosion reduces the aesthetics of a beach destination and restricts accessto the water if hard engineering options are used to manage erosion.

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 44271. Turtle nesting: Turtles require sandy beaches for nesting. Hard engineering tomanage any erosion replaces the natural beach with a structure that is unsuitable for nesting.272. Infrastructure: Erosion puts coastal infrastructure at risk if that infrastructure has notbeen designed to accommodate erosion.2. Impact273. Table V.1 and Figure V.1 summarise the results of the shoreline special study (Ref.0991)by coastal DSD. It should be noted that data are missing from this study for 5 of the 29(consolidated) coastal DSD.274. The table also includes a qualitative assessment of the significance of erosion assuggested by the IP NGO DSD coastal resource profiles.275. The report indicates a confidence of ±7.5 based on the 1956 and 2007 snapshots.However, it is suggested in this EP ICRMP that this confidence should be considered of theorder of ±50m since the assessment does not consider possible factors reducing confidencesuch as seasonal, lunar or tidal differences. The data should not, therefore, be interpreted inthe context of particular erosion events which may occur within this ±50m band.276. A visit to Oluvil lighthouse area in Ampara District in October showed erosion that islikely to be due to the construction of Oluvil harbour to the south. It has already beenindicated that this erosion is an indication of the failure of the EIA process. It should also benoted that this erosion will probably be well within the ±50m band described above and evenso is a significant cause for concern to the local people.277. The results of the special study indicate little or no significant erosion and this is reenforcedby the assessments in the IP NGO coastal DSD resource profiles which suggest noerosion significance in 16 of the 29 coastal DSD and very minor negative significance in theremainder (12 coastal DSD with a score of -1 and 1 coastal DSD with a score of -2).3. Response278. The administrative capacity to respond to erosion does exist in the CCD but thecapacity and the resources are limited. There are also pressures, where resources do exist,to use hard engineering options to “protect” the coastline. An adaptive approach involvingmechanisms such as setback, accommodative building standards and soft engineering couldbe more effective.4. Prognosis279. The low level of reported coastal erosion should not be viewed complacently. Theprognosis for coastal erosion is not likely to be good if it is business as usual because of thehigh projected negative impacts of climate change, the significance of these likely impactsand the limited capacity for effective management response.280. The EPICRMP therefore proposes a precautionary, adaptation oriented, managementresponse involving measures to avoid, minimise and mitigate projected adverse impactsparticularly from climate change.

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 45Table V.1: Coastal erosion by coastal DSD in EP

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 46Figure V.1: Coastal erosion by coastal DSD in EP

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 47C. EPICRMP development1. General management281. General erosion management recommendations are proposed as follows. Noteshould also be taken of the recommendations from Special Study 10 on shoreline erosion (Ref.0991) :282. No mining in the coastal zone: Except in the national interest no sand, gravel orrock to be mined inshore in the coastal zone or offshore within a “sediment cell” that includesunconsolidated “beach”.283. This recommendation reflects the fact that shoreline maintenance processes involvea dynamic equilibrium. If material is removed from the equilibrium then it will result in erosion.284. Approved quarries, borrow pits to be used: Each district should identify and obtain(i) environmental permit(s) to mine under the Mines and Minerals Act and (ii) anenvironmental permit from CEA under the Environment Act for mining of sand, gravel androck deposits outside the “Coastal Zone”. Mining approval to provide sufficient sand, graveland rock for all projected EP needs for 25 years including for trade should be obtained.285. In respect of quarries and borrow pits consideration should be given to usingexhausted sand and gravel pits for solid waste disposal.286. Subsidies: Consideration should be given to pricing legitimately sourced buildingmaterials in a way that provides some level of commercial competition with illegitimatelysourced materials.287. Permit to transport and use: The requirement that all individuals or parties inpossession of sand, gravel and rock should have evidence that the material is from alicensed source should be publicised and enforced.288. The opportunity for illegal use should be restricted by clearly distinguishing legitimatefrom illegitimate use.289. Future build on pillars: A moratorium should be declared on existing buildings in thecoastal zone and all new buildings in the coastal zone should be required to contain designredundancy to accommodate 0.6m sea-level rise and movement of sand (for example bybuilding on pillars).2. Plan indicators290. Resolving data deficiencies with respect to understanding the significance of coastalerosion is proposed to be a key management intervention in the EPICRMP.291. One core EPICRMP indicator directly relates to coastal erosion. The means ofobjective verification of this indicator should be developed during the initial period ofEPICRMP implementation. The indicator should have been monitored to provide a baselineat the end of the first year and should be re-monitored at the end of the third year of EPICRMP implementation. The indicator should be reported on and used to informmanagement. Table V.2 provides the target, means of verification and budget for theshoreline erosion indicator.

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 48Table V.2: Shoreline erosion indicatorIndicator Target Means ofRp/yearverification15. Shoreline Change (%area)15.1. Maintained Field survey 2,000,0002,000,000292. Erosion is a difficult phenomenon to measure since it is benchmarked against theshoreline which, for unconsolidated shorelines, is dynamic and moves with the tides andmonsoon seasons. It, therefore, first requires that the shoreline be defined in a way that canbe objectively and quantifiably verified.293. The definition of the beach (or shoreline) is given in Section 10, paragraph 1 of the SriLanka Coast Conservation (Amendment) Act, No. 64 of 1988 (Ref. 0914) as follows:-Coast Conservation Amendment Act 64 of 1988"beach" means a gently sloping area of unconsolidated material, typically sand, thatextends landward from the mean high water mark to the area where there is a markedchange in material or natural physiographic form. In cases where there is no markedchange in the material or natural physiographic form, the beach will be deemed toextend to a distance of 20 metres landward from mean high water level, or to a level 0f2.5 meters above mean high water level, whichever is less;294. Definition of shoreline: A more objective definition is suggested to be “That fixedpoint where, during a defined period, the period of emergence exceeds the period ofsubmergence”. Thus measuring the shoreline requires that the periods of emergence andsubmergence are measured across the shoreline so as to determine that point on the profilewhere emergence exceeds submergence during the defined period.295. Determining the causes of observed erosion effects requires the monitoring of a largenumber of associated indicators. Table V.3 provides a summary of these indicators. EPICRMP should include the collection, management and use of data on these indicators.296. A number of additional indicators proposed in the EPICRMP (indicator number inbrackets) also reflect measures to address erosion using principles of precaution andadaptation. These indicators are associated with particular issues addressed in otherChapters and so are presented accordingly. These include:297. Beach seine CPUE 44 (03): Because beach seining is dependent on natural sandyshoreline.298. Coastal coconut population

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 49Table V.3: Erosion cause/effect indicatorsIndicator Attributes Means ofVerificationSea levelLocation*/level (sea-level rise,eustatic and tectonic).Satellite, Groundsurvey, tide gauge.Salinity Location*/Salinity (water exchange). Dry weight/Refractometer/Conductivity meter.RainfallShorelineSedimentcompositionSedimentmovementTopography/bathymetryWater currentLocation*/Precipitation (waterexchange).Location*/Emergence/Submergence(erosion).Location*/Mineral content, Particle Size,Hardness (Mohs), Cementation(shoreline stability).Location*/Change in location ofsediment particle (shorelinedynamics).Location*/Height,depth (shorelineslope stability).Location*/Direction/Speed (sedimenttransport).Wave Location*/Direction/Wave energy –Velocity, length, height, bathymetry(shoreline stability).WindLocation*/Direction/Speed (waveenergy/shoreline stability).*Location includes latitude, longitude, altitude/depth, time.Rain gaugeSatellite, Groundsurvey.Ground surveyTracking labeledsediment. Modelling.Flow meter.ModelingWave rider buoyVentometer300. Rice Paddy PPUE 47

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 50D. Objectives, policies, strategies and actions1. Introduction304. The following Table V.4 summarises the EPICRMP objectives, policies, strategiesand actions designed to deliver the target listed in Table V.2. above. It should be emphasizedthat all the objectives, policies, strategies and actions identified for the EPICRMP areinterrelated and should be implemented in an integrated manner to maximize efficiency,effectiveness, impact and sustainability. For example the seawards extension of certainspecial sites is designed to minimize the risk of erosion.305. Table V.4 also indicates context in terms of the CZMP, 2004 shoreline erosionobjectives, policies, strategies and actions. The full set of objectives, policies, strategies andactions supporting the EPICRMP is given in Appendix Four.Table V.4: EPICRMP - Shoreline erosion - objectives, policies, strategies and actionsLevel No Statement EPICRMPtargetCZMP2004Ref.0903HostObjective 02 Mainstream climate change into coastalresources management in EasternProvince.All 02.2.3,08CEAPolicy 02.01 Reduce greenhouse gas emissions 11,14 MPEPolicy 02.02 Use carbon trading and offset mechanisms 11,14 02.2.3,25APolicy 02.03 Incorporate climate change risk assessmentsinto management planningMoFCEAPolicy 02.04 Monitor and evaluate delivery of objective 2.Policy 02.05 Implement strategies and actions for relatedobjectives.Objective 05 Eastern Province shoreline maintained 15 2.3 CCDPolicy 05.01 Eastern Province shoreline monitoredPolicy 05.02 Provide alternative sources for buildingmaterials to coastal and watershed sensitivesourcesPolicy 05.03 Restrict opportunities for businesses based onillegitimate sources of coastally sensitivesourced building materials.Policy 05.04 Implement coastal development that is futureproofed against climate change.15 GSMB15 MoD15 3 DB/UDA

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 51Policy 05.05 Monitor and evaluate delivery of objective 5.Policy 05.06 Implement strategies and actions for relatedobjectives.

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 52VI.CONSERVING COASTAL HABITATS AND SPECIESA. Introduction306. It is not possible to assess all habitats and species for consideration under theEPICRMP. It should also be noted that there are significant deficiencies in information formany of the habitats and species. Also many of these habitats are not pristine and showmodification by man over a period of centuries. These modifications are an integral part ofthe cultural landscape and deserve conservation in their own right.307. Coastal habitats and species have to face the adverse projected consequences ofclimate change. Managing the use of the ecosystem goods and services provided by thesehabitats and species requires that the adverse effects of climate change are avoided,minimized and mitigated. Since climate change is a global driver with global and local intersectoreffects national and international actions need to be taken across these sectors.Cross-sector interventions are proposed in the earlier public administration Chapter III.308. In view of the information constraints, a precautionary approach is taken toconserving coastal habitats and species. The EPICRMP proposes the collection of objectiveand quantitative information on coastal habitats and species so as to better inform themanagement response in future cycles. The EPICRMP also proposes some catalyticinterventions to improve the security of coastal habitats and by extension the species thatinhabit them.309. Key habitats assessed in the Plan are addressed by section below and include:310. Beaches and bars, Coral Reefs, Dunes, Estuaries (and bar mouths) and freshwaterwetlands, Islands, Mangroves and Seagrasses. Lagoons, according to the definition in theSri Lanka CZMP, 2004 are not found in the EP and so are not considered. Saltmarshes areconsidered as marginal habitats under mangroves.311. Key species assessed in the EPICRMP are Red list species (Ref.1153) and nationallysignificant species which are not Red list species.B. Beaches/shorelines, spits and bars1. Baseline312. Shoreline changes are addressed in Chapter V above which also gives the definitionof “beach”.313. The IP NGO facilitated DSD coastal resource profiling included an assessment ofshorelines and beaches. However, the assessment was subjective and qualitative.314. The EP wide special study “An assessment of the change in shoreline location alongthe coast of the Eastern Province of Sri Lanka, using remote sensing technology” (Ref.0991)used aerial photographs and satellite imagery to assess changes in shoreline between 1956and 2007. The study also involved some ground truthing.315. It was not possible to obtain annexes to the Sri Lanka CZMP, 2004 concerningbeaches, shorelines, spits and bars.

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 53316. Other secondary sources were limited by the security situation over the last threedecades. Subjective information on beaches, shorelines, spits and bars, was collected invarious post-tsunami assessments.2. Assessment317. Kokkilai lagoon (Ref.1628) , Pigeon island (Puramalai Island) (Ref.1624) , Great and LittleSober islands (Ref.1470) , Seruwila Allai (Ref.1466) , Kudumbigala-Panama (Ref.1295) sanctuaries andKumana National Park (Ref.1298) in EP all include the foreshore. There is no evidence that thereis any active management plan or actual management of these areas including thebeach/shoreline.318. Much of the exposed shoreline of the EP is composed of unconsolidated and highlydynamic sand of predominantly terrestrial (terrigenous) origin. The beach profile and sand isof good quality for tourism and for turtle nesting.319. Where the larger rivers discharge the force of discharge exceeds the restorativeeffects of longshore drift and the shoreline is broken.320. Where the discharge is seasonal, during the wetter north east monsoon when there isincreased freshwater run-off from the watershed, the shoreline is breached on a seasonal ormulti-annual basis.321. These seasonal or multi-annual openings are known as bar mouths. These barmouths may migrate over the years and can be closed by longshore drift. Over time, themovement of the bar mouth combined with longshore drift creates beach bars that hold backwatershed run-off causing it to pond and from estuarine areas. These estuaries are verysignificant for the EP and are described later in this chapter.322. As indicated in Chapter V there is little evidence of substantial erosion, other thanlocally, in EP. However, the processes that sustain dynamic beaches are very vulnerable tosea-level rise and the increase in severity and frequency of storms expected to result fromclimate change.323. The EPICRMP therefore proposes a precautionary, adaptation oriented, managementresponse involving measures to avoid, minimise and mitigate projected adverse impactsparticularly from climate change.3. EPICRMP development324. Management of beaches/shorelines and bars is the same as for erosion. Referenceshould, therefore, be made to Chapter V regarding the management of beaches/shorelinesand bars.C. Coral Reefs1. Baseline325. The IP NGO facilitated DSD coastal resource profiling included an assessment ofcoral reefs. However, there was no offshore field work and the information was subjectiveand qualitative.326. EP wide NECCDEP special study 18 is entitled “A review of coral reefs on the eastcoast of Sri Lanka: distribution, ecology, status and threats”. Unfortunately this study waspending approval at the time of preparation of this EPICRMP.

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 54327. It was also not possible to obtain the information on coral reef distribution andcondition referred to as Annexes in the Sri Lanka CZMP, 2004 (Ref.0903) .328. There are secondary sources of information on coral reefs in EP. The global clearinghouse for information on coral reefs does not provide substantial information on coral reefs inthe EP (Ref.0947) . There are some review papers published in 2005 reflecting post-tsunamiassessments.329. Puramalai Island National Park (Pigeon Island) north of Trincomalee Bay was placedin the Gazette in June 2003 (Ref. 1624) . It comprises the two islands and a seawards extensionto a circle 1km around the midway point between the two islands placed in the Gazette asPigeon Island sanctuary in 1974 (Ref.1468) (See Figure X.4). Any coral reefs in these waters areincluded in the National Park. Puramalai Island National park contains the only fully marinewaters in EP that have been placed in the Gazette under the Fauna and Flora protectionordinance.2. Assessment330. Coral reefs are areas of high significance in terms of biodiversity, productivity andrecreational value. They are very sensitive to human disturbance and are particularlyvulnerable to climate change. Climate change is likely to have a severe negative impact oncoral reefs in three key respects. Firstly, elevated water temperature cause bleaching, as itdid in 1998, in response to thermal stress. Secondly, acidification of marine water makescalcification more difficult. Thirdly, an increase in frequency and intensity of storms is likely tocause structural damage to what coral there is. The prognosis for coral reefs generally fromprojected climate change is not good.331. It follows that social and economic dependency on the goods and services that coralreefs provide such as coastal protection, fisheries and recreation is extremely vulnerable.332. A slightly out of date 2005 review, reflecting post-tsunami surveys, provides the mostobjective information on coral reefs in the EP. Three papers are included (Ref.1009) .333. The first is entitled “The Status of Coral Reefs in Sri Lanka in the Aftermath of the1998 Coral Bleaching Event and the 2004 Tsunami”. The second study is entitled the “Statusof Coral Reefs in Trincomalee”, and the third entitled “A preliminary baseline survey of theCoral Reefs of Passikudah (Passikudah), Batticaloa” seems to reflect the pre-tsunamisituation.334. The first study suggests limited damage to coral reef around Pigeon Island,Trincomalee District. This was superficially confirmed by a visit to Pigeon Island in March2009.335. Substantial damage to coral reef was reported for Dutch Bay, Trincomalee from thetsunami. The coral reef at Punnaikudah, Batticaloa was reportedly badly damaged by thetsunami but showed evidence of substantial prior deterioration probably associated with the1998 bleaching event. The most extreme damage from the tsunami was reported for KiranKulam about 10km south of Batticaloa. The paper makes no mention of coral reef in EP south fromKalmunai.336. The post-tsunami assessment “Rapid Environmental and Socio-EconomicAssessment of Tsunami-Damage in Terrestrial and Marine Coastal Ecosystems of Amparaand Batticaloa Districts of Eastern Sri Lanka” (Ref.1139) reports little evidence of tsunamidamage to the reef at Kalmunai, Ampara District or at Palchenai, Batticaloa District. Variabledamage is reported at Sallithievu, Batticaloa District.

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 55337. Coral reefs in EP are not widespread. It follows that substantial development basedon their sustained use is unrealistic. However, where they do occur they have localsignificance for tourism and recreation and these areas should be subject to precautionarymanagement.338. There are proposals to improve the management of Puramalai (Pigeon Island) in theStrategic Tourism Development Plan for the Eastern Province (Ref.0950) . However, a fullmanagement plan is pending.3. EPICRMP developmenta. General management339. Most of the general coral reef management recommendations relate to climatechange avoidance, minimization and mitigation targets as described in the introduction to thischapter and presented in Chapter III. They comprise a reduction in greenhouse gasemissions, an increase in the use of renewables and a decrease in the use of nonrenewables,and finally incentives to deliver the first two through carbon credit trading andoffset.b. Plan indicators340. Resolving data deficiencies with respect to understanding the significance,vulnerability and resilience of coral reefs is proposed to be a key management intervention inthe EPICRMP.341. One core EPICRMP, indicator nine, directly relates to coral. The means of objectiveverification of this indicator should be developed during the initial period of EPICRMPimplementation. It should comply with the monitoring requirements specified by theConference of the Parties to the International Convention on Biodiversity (Ref.0120) . Theserequirements are presently those of the Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network including theAustralian Institute of Marine Sciences (AIMS) (Ref.0114) and/or ReefCheck (Ref.1011) guidelines.342. The indicator should be monitored by the end of the first year of EPICRMPimplementation and at the end of the third year. The indicator should be reported on andused to inform management. Table VI.1 provides the target, means of verification and budgetfor the coral reef indicator.Table VI.1: Coral reef indicatorIndicator Target Means ofRp/yearverification09. Coral reef (% LHCC 48 ) 09.1. Maintained Field survey 1,000,0001,000,000343. A number of additional indicators proposed in the EPICRMP (indicator number inbrackets) also bear on the management of coral reefs but are associated with particularissues addressed in other Chapters and so are presented accordingly. These include:344. Administrative effectiveness (02): In particular with respect to climate change policy(reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, renewables use, carbon credit trading and offset).48 LHCC = Live hard coral cover

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 56345. Special sites (16): In particular the SAM Plans (16.1.1-16.1.3) and the extensions ofcoastal sanctuaries and other sensitive coastal areas to 2km offshore to include the coastalzone (16.3, 16.4, 16.8, 16.9, 16.10, 16.12 and 16.13) which may or may not include coralreef.346. Species: red list species (17): The red lists include reef building corals (Ref.1137) . Anumber of corals and reef fish are also protected under Sri Lankan law (Ref.1687) .D. Dunes1. Baseline347. The IP NGO facilitated DSD coastal resource profiling included an assessment ofdunes. The assessment was subjective and qualitative.348. NECCDEP special study one in support of SAM planning related to dunes and wastitled “Sand Dune Topography and Land Use Patterns in Pottuvil & Lahugala DS Divisions”(Ref.1392) . The study involved a mapping of the dunes to an accuracy of 0.25m.349. There is relatively little information from other sources on the sand dunes of EP. ThePPTA for the Eastern Coastal Community Development Project in 2003 (Ref.1473) indicates thatthere are no dunes in Trincomalee or Batticaloa District and 357ha of dunes in Amparadistrict representing 5% of all coastal dunes in the country.2. Assessment350. The PPTA (Ref.1473) suggests that the actual extent of dunes in Ampara District may befar greater than suggested by the figures given above and may actually be the mostextensive dunes in the country.351. The Sri Lanka CZMP, 2004 indicates that the dunes extending from Ambalantota(Godawaya) in the Hambantota district to Sangamankanda Point in the Ampara district maybe the longest stretch of dunes in the world close to the equator.352. Neither Lahugala Kitulana National Park nor Sagamam sanctuary cover the coastaldune area. It is not known whether there are coastal dunes in Kudumbigala-Panama (Ref.1295)sanctuary and Kumana National Park (Ref.1298) , however, it seems likely from the Sri Lanka,CZMP, 2004 statement.353. NECCDEP special study 1 provides only a limited assessment of the condition of thedunes in Ampara District other than to say that they are deteriorating. The report suggeststhat the dunes provided significant coastal defense against the tsunami.354. There is no doubt that the dunes have aesthetic and amenity value both to the Districtand to the Province. It seems likely that they have national significance and possiblyinternational significance but this remains to be confirmed.3. EPICRMP development355. The NECCDEP has initiated several management activities with respect to the dunesin Ampara District. These include sand dune conservation by adoption of biologicalconservation measures at Pottuvil and rehabilitation of degraded sand dune (ecosystem) byaforestation.356. Pottuvil – Arugam Bay – Panama SAM (PAP SAM) (Ref1485) (16.1.3): The PAP SAMPlan also includes support for the management of dunes. This includes sand dune

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 57restoration by replanting patches subject to wind erosion with existing local species (notalien/exotic species), control of sand mining and protection and law enforcement.357. Special sites (16.8): Dune management of part of the dune area is included underproposed special sites as core environmental indicator 8 for the EPICRMP. This is “Panamabar mouth, dunes, mangrove and coastal sediment cell 06.76440N, 081.82493E” with aproposed annual budget of Rp 2,000,000 per year over the Plan period to demarcate andgazette. The seawards extensions to Kudumbigala-Panama (Ref.1295) sanctuary and KumanaNational Park (Ref.1298) may help protect any coastal dunes found in these areas if they arebeing sustained by the associated coastal sediment cells.358. Beach erosion: General management recommendations for avoiding, minimizingand mitigating beach/shoreline erosion also apply to sand dunes. They include: No mining inthe coastal zone; the use of approved quarries and borrow pits to supply building sand, theuse of subsidies to favour legitimate sources of building sand, the introduction of permits totransport and use building and sand and building on pillars in the coastal zone to minimisethe need to invest in hard engineering coastal defences requiring sources of sand.359. Building permits: Finally it is recommended that permits are not given to build ondunes.E. Estuaries, bar mouths and wetlands1. Introduction360. Wetlands are considered under estuaries. International definitions of wetlands includeestuarine environments and freshwater environments. There are permanent and temporarybodies of water that are always fresh, including tanks but it is not considered that thesejustify a separate section.361. According to the definitions of lagoon in the Sri Lanka CZMP, 2004 there are, ineffect, no lagoons in the EP. Lagoons are defined as water bodies that have been separatedfrom the sea since 1956. All the water bodies near to the present shoreline, that are enclosedor semi-enclosed, comply with the definition of an estuary.362. The term lagoon and estuary are used synonymously in this EPICRMP since the termlagoon is commonly applied to many areas, such as Batticaloa lagoon, that are actuallyestuaries.Definition of an estuary from the Sri Lanka Coastal Zone Management Plan 2004“…..natural systems that are transitional between rivers/streams and the sea, andwithin which the salinity of the water is measurably different from the salinity in theopen ocean. All estuaries have free connection with the open sea - eithercontinuously (e.g. Puttalam, Negombo, Jaffna, Batticaloa, Kelani Ganga, Bentota,and Kalu Ganga estuaries) or intermittently (e.g. Maha Oya, Kirindi Oya, MaduGanga, Menik Ganga and Walawe Ganga Estuaries).2. Baseline363. The IP NGO facilitated DSD coastal resource profiling included an assessment ofestuaries and lagoons. The assessment was subjective and qualitative.364. It was not possible to obtain annexes to the Sri Lanka CZMP, 2004 concerningestuaries in EP.

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 58365. Several special studies were commissioned or are pending under the NECCDEP todo with estuaries and mostly in support of SAM planning. They are listed in Table VI.2 below.Most are related to watershed investigations likely to affect the water quality of particularestuaries and their human use.Table VI.2: NECCDEP Special studies relating to estuaries.StudyNo*Name of Planning StudyStatus02 Seasonal variation in water quality in ArugamLagoon, including the identification of the mostlikely sources of key pollutants assayed andrecommendations to improve the future waterquality in the lagoon.03 A study of soil erosion in chena cultivation areasin Pottuvil & Lahugala DS Divisions andassessment of the potential for agro – forestrydemand for fuel wood in the area.Third quarterly reportsubmitted October2009 (DID1684).Final draft reportsubmitted (Ref.1416).04 A participatory assessment of the dynamics,seasonal variation and current status of thefishery in Batticaloa Lagoon05 Seasonal variation in water quality in BatticaloaLagoon, including the identification of the mostlikely sources of key pollutants assayed andrecommendations to improve the future waterquality in the lagoon.06 Improving surface water drainage in PottuvilTown08 Preparation of initial environmental examinationreport and detail design for the proposedcomposting plant and to improve the existingdumping site at Thirupperumthurai in BatticaloaDistrict.Revised secondquarterly reportsubmitted (Ref.1413).3rd quarterly reportsubmitted (Ref.1410).Final draft reportsubmitted(Ref.1116).Draft final reportsubmitted (Ref.0923,Ref.1144-1147).12 A bathymetric survey of Batticaloa Lagoon Awarded November2009.13 An assessment and critical evaluation of thepotential pollution impact of current land usepractices, on Batticaloa LagoonAwarded November2009.*Study number reflects number at the end of the NECCDEP agreement reference code.3. Assessment366. The Eastern Coastal Community Development Project Preparatory TechnicalAssistance report of June 2003 (Ref.1473) provided a summary of the data available on estuariesat that time. These data are taken from the 1990 CCD coastal zone management plan.These indicate a total area of estuary and lagoon in Sri Lanka of 158,017ha compared with39,234ha for EP or 27 percent of the total.367. Table VI.3 provides a list of estuaries (lagoons) by District in EP as determined by theCCD and IP-NGO DSD coastal resource surveys. Estuarine sub divisions are somewhatarbitrary for some of the larger estuaries.

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 59Table VI.3: Major estuaries in EP

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 60

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 61368. The estuaries in EP have substantial importance for subsistence and artisanal fishingwith particular significance attached to Batticaloa lagoon for fisheries (Ref.0988,Ref.1413) and forshrimp farming (Ref.0989) . The southern part of Batticaloa lagoon is also used as a source offreshwater for paddy cultivation during the dry season (Ref.1488) .369. Kokkilai (Ref.1628) , Seruwila Allai (Ref.1466) and Kudumbigala-Panama (Ref.1295) sanctuariesand Kumana National Park (Ref.1298) in EP all contain estuarine areas.370. Both Arugam (Ref.1385) and Batticaloa (Ref.1095) lagoons are reported to be seriouslypolluted with some values exceeding national water quality standards and World HealthOrganisation standards. The high levels of pollution reflect inputs from densely populatedareas around the estuaries and low levels of flushing to and water exchange from the sea.Issues of coastal pollution are discussed further in Chapter VII below.371. The estuaries are, by definition, at sea level. The separation from the sea is often bya narrow sand bar maintained by longshore drift and inshore and offshore movement ofsand. The sea level rise and increase in frequency and severity of storms resulting fromprojected climate change could open these estuaries up to the open sea increasing thesalinity and effectively destroying the existing lagoon ecosystems.372. The EPICRMP therefore proposes a precautionary, adaptation oriented, managementresponse with respect to estuaries involving measures to avoid, minimise and mitigateprojected adverse impacts particularly from climate change.4. EPICRMP developmenta. EPICRMP recommendations at the national level373. National water quality monitoring standards: Whilst water quality standards doexist their means of assessment do not. A set of national water discharge and receivingwater quality monitoring standards should, therefore, be set to provide comparative data.374. The standards should include methods to measure indicators of fecal contamination,persistent organic pollutants 49 , heavy metals, salinity and water residence time.375. Polluter pays: The CEA and CCD should have explicit performance targets set tomonitor and hold local authorities to account for pollution events within their jurisdiction.49 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persistent_Organic_Pollutant

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 62376. Land use practices: Land use practices that minimize erosion and incorporateprinciples of organic farming that minimize use of pesticides and fertilizers, should beencouraged through awareness raising, training and incentives.377. Infrastructure: Government should encourage investment in solid and liquid wastemanagement initiatives designed to improve water quality in areas of high human use andamenity value.b. EPICRMP recommendations at EP level378. Resolving data deficiencies with respect to understanding the significance,vulnerability and resilience of estuaries is proposed to be a key management intervention inthe EPICRMP.379. Core EPICRMP indicator 18 directly relates to estuaries and is estuary water quality.The means of objective verification of this indicator should be developed during the initialperiod of Plan implementation taking note of the national level recommendations concerningthe monitoring of indicators of fecal contamination, persistent organic pollutants, heavymetals, salinity and water residence time.380. The indicator should be monitored at the end of the first year of EPICRMPimplementation and at the end of the third year. The indicator should be reported on andused to inform management. Table VI.4 provides the target, means of verification and budgetfor the estuary water quality indicator.Table VI.4: Estuary indicatorIndicator Target Means ofRp/yearverification18. Water quality: Estuary 18.1. Maintained Field survey 2,000,0002,000,000381. A number of additional indicators proposed in the EPICRMP (indicator number inbrackets) also bear on the management of estuaries but are associated with particular issuesaddressed in other Chapters and so are presented accordingly. These include:382. Administrative effectiveness (02): In particular with respect to climate change policy(reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, renewables use, carbon credit trading and offset).383. Shrimp pond PPUE 50 (Indicator 04): Shrimp ponds have major potential fordamaging estuarine ecosystems through habitat destruction to create ponds and throughpollution from wastewater. However, they also provide economic benefits if they aremanaged properly.384. Coastal resources employment from (%) (Indicator 07): The greater theemployment that is dependent on ecosystem goods and services provided by estuaries thegreater the justification for maintaining the health of these ecosystems.385. Coastal resources human protein from (%) (Indicator 08): The greater thedependency on protein that is provided by estuarine ecosystem goods and services thegreater the justification for maintaining the health of these ecosystems.50 PPUE = Production per unit effort.

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 63386. Mangrove (size, structure and area) (Indicator 10): The presence of mangrove isoften indicative of estuarine health.387. Rice paddy PPUE 51

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 642. Assessment399. Small islands have significant biodiversity value since they contain a variety ofhabitats in a relatively small area. They are often rocky and so provide hard substrates onwhich marine organisms, such as corals, can grow. Islands are also interesting places to visitand so have potential for recreation and tourism.400. Fifteen small islands are found offshore of Trincomalee District. There is one islandoffshore of Batticaloa. Challitivumunai near Panichchankerni used to be a tombola but thetombola spit was reportedly breached during the tsunami (Ref.1339) . The are no substantiveislands offshore of Ampara District although there are a few rocky outcrops.401. A number of the estuaries in the three districts contain low lying islands. There is noinventory of islands in other parts of Sri Lanka with which to determine the nationalsignificance of the islands in Trincomalee District.402. Pigeon (Puramalai) Island: Pigeon Island comprises two islands in Puramalai IslandNational Park (see Figure X.4) one of which is visited with increasing frequency by touristsnow that the security situation is easing. It is unclear whether the waters around the islandshave conservation status. The main island protects Sri Lanka's only colony of (Blue) RockPigeon (Columba livia). The status of the Blue Rock Pigeon on Pigeon Island is not known.However, the species is reported to be critically endangered (Ref.1153) . It was indicated in the1970 fauna and flora protection ordinance (Ref. 1556) that it could be shot without a licenseduring the open season. It is not listed as a species that is not protected in the 1993amendment (Ref.1156) . The implication from this is that it is protected.403. There is no documented and approved management plan in place for the Pigeonislands, there are no amenities and there is no regular patrolling by DWLC. Solid waste fromthe visitors is a problem. The reef appeared to be in reasonable condition as of March 2009.404. Pigeon Island is identified for infrastructure investment together with somesuggestions for management in the 2009 Strategic Tourism Development Plan for theEastern Province (Ref.0950) .405. Great and Little Sober Islands: Whilst the land areas of Greater and Little SoberIslands in Trincomalee Bay are designated as sanctuaries the surrounding waters are not.The islands are not accessible as they are in a security area.406. The other 13 islands in Trincomalee bay do not have conservation status. Theseislands are also in a security area and so are also not accessible. Due to the lack of access,it is not possible to assess their current environmental condition. With the improvement in thesecurity situation there may be opportunity for opening up the islands for eco tourism.3. EPICRMP development407. The importance of four of the fifteen offshore islands of EP is already recognized bytheir designation as sanctuaries. The marine waters around all the islands in TrincomaleeBay are proposed to be core conservation zone in the Trincomalee Bay SAM Plan (Ref.1487) .408. Pigeon (Puramalai) Island: The recommendations for Pigeon Island from theStrategic Tourism Development Plan for Eastern Province should be implemented and theframework management plan detailed and implemented. In the event that the waters aroundthe islands have not been ordered in the gazette this should be done to provide protection forthe coral reefs.52 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Sri_Lanka

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 65409. Great and Little Sober Islands (Indicator 16.7): One core EPICRMP indicator,under the Special Sites category, directly relates to islands, namely the extension of theboundary of Great and Little Sober Islands from the present shoreline to 10m depth.410. The indicator should be monitored at the end of the first year of the EPICRMPimplementation and at the end of the third year. The indicator should be reported on andused to inform management. Table VI.5 provides the target, means of verification and budgetfor boundary demarcation. The budget should also allow for some boundary markers.Table VI.5: Great and Little Sober Island marine boundary demarcationIndicator Target Means ofverification16.7. Little Sober/GreatSober extend to includesubmarine (10m) waterdepth.16.7. 10% increase inarea protected.Gazette and fieldsurveyRp/year2,000,0002,000,000411. A number of additional indicators proposed in the EPICRMP (indicator number inbrackets) also bear on the management of islands but are associated with particular issuesaddressed in other Chapters and so are presented accordingly. These include:412. Coastal resources employment from (%) (Indicator 07): The greater theemployment that is dependent on ecosystem goods and services provided by islands thegreater the justification for maintaining the health of these ecosystems.413. Coastal resources human protein from (%) (Indicator 08): The greater thedependency on protein that is provided by island derived ecosystem goods and services thegreater the justification for maintaining the health of these ecosystems.414. Mangrove (size, structure and area) (Indicator 10): The presence of mangrove isoften indicative of island health in estuaries.415. Solid waste (area zoned for landfill) (Indicator 13)/% recycled by type (Indicator14): The better the solid waste management regime the less the risk to island health fromsolid waste.416. Shoreline change (% area) (Indicator 15): Islands, due to their small size, areparticularly vulnerable to erosion.G. Mangroves1. Baseline417. The IP NGO facilitated DSD coastal resource profiling included an assessment ofmangroves. The assessment was subjective and qualitative. Access also proved difficult, notonly because of the security situation, but because it is difficult to survey mangroves becauseof the muddy conditions.418. Special study nine was commissioned by the NECCDEP to assess change inmangrove coverage in EP. The study is titled “An assessment of the past and current extentof the mangrove coverage in the Eastern Province of Sri Lanka, using remote sensingtechnology” (Ref.1172) .

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 66419. The study compared 1:50,000 survey maps from 1985 with recent satellitephotographs from 2007. There was also some ground truthing and data collected fromtransects.420. It was not possible to obtain annexes to the Sri Lanka CZMP, 2004 concerningmangrove in EP.2. Assessment421. Mangroves in Sri Lanka are not as well developed as those in some tropical areaswhere greater tidal range and higher rainfall make conditions more favorable. However, thereare significant areas of mangrove in Sri Lanka particularly in estuaries.422. Data on the distribution and abundance of mangrove in Sri Lanka generally is notavailable. The Eastern Coastal Community Development Project Preparatory TechnicalAssistance report of June 2003 (Ref.1473) provides a summary of the data available at that time.These data are taken from the 1990 CCD coastal zone management plan. They indicatethat the total area of mangroves in the EP varied from 3,204-3,446 hectares, representinganywhere between 28-37 percent of all mangroves in Sri Lanka.423. The PPTA cautions that these data are out of date, and it is believed that significantareas of mangrove have disappeared in the EP during the past decade, with lossesestimated to be at least 15-20 percent of the total area. The PPTA reports that the bestdevelopedmangroves in EP are found in Palvakki Lagoon and Tambalagam(Thampalagamam) Bay (Trincomalee District), Batticaloa Lagoon (Batticaloa District), andPanama and Okanda lagoons (Ampara District), with the largest expanses in BatticaloaLagoon and Tambalagam (Thampalagamam) Bay.424. It is unfortunate that the Annexes from the Sri Lanka CZMP, 2004 providing details onmangrove are not available. However, due to the security situation and the surveymethodologies available at the time they are unlikely to be very accurate.425. Ceriops decandra, Lumnitzera littorea, Sonneratia apetala and the mangal associatedpalm Nypa fruticans are listed as protected species (Ref.1687) . Only one of these species, C.decandra was reported from EP (Trincomalee District) by the special study (Ref.1172) . However,species from the same families, namely C. tagal, L. racemosa and S. caseolaris, werereported. No mangrove could be found in the gazette as protected trees.426. Nypa fruticans is indicated as endangered (B1ab(I,ii,iii). None of the other familiesrepresented above is listed in the Sri Lankan Red list (Ref.1153) .427. Table VI.6 and Figure VI.1 below summarise the results of the mangrove studydescribed above by coastal DSD. The table also includes a qualitative assessment of thesignificance of mangrove loss as suggested by the IP NGO DSD coastal resource profiles.428. The results of the study do not give any indication of the statistical confidence in theoriginal data, but they do give qualitative indication of the confidence in the interpretation.This is indicated to be 50-60 percent in the 1985 materials and 70-80 percent in the 2007material. In the meantime the data have not been independently verified, reflect thelimitations of the methodology and contain certain discrepancies. They are, nevertheless,presented to show the potential for their use in coastal resources profiling for coastalresource management planning.

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 67Table VI.6: Change in mangrove by EP coastal DSD from 1985-2007

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 68Figure VI.1: Change in mangrove by EP coastal DSD from 1985-2007

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 69429. The results of the special study show a loss in area of mangrove of 26.4km 2 offset bya gain in some areas of 2.5km 2 . The estimated net loss from 1985 to 2007 is 23.9km 2 or44.9%. This is a substantial loss and vastly exceeds the 15-20% suggested in the 1990 SriLanka coastal zone management plan. Interestingly the total figure for mangrove estimatedby the study for EP in 2007 was around 29km 2 compared with a figure of approximately53km 2 in 1985. The CCD figure of 1990 is between 32 and 35km 2 suggesting a substantialloss between 1985 and 1990.430. It is suggested that a significant loss of mangrove has been due to clearance forsecurity purposes. Damage caused by the tsunami in 2004 is also suggested as a cause ofsignificant mangrove loss although one source suggests less damage (Ref.1139, p.29) .431. The increase in mangrove area reported for Ampara District is indicated, in the study,to reflect differences in interpretation and resolution between the 1985 1:50,000 survey dataand the 2007satellite photographs (Ref.1172, p. 22) . The increase is disputed by some observers.432. Significant efforts have been made to restore mangrove post-tsunami includingmangrove replanting by NECCDEP. NECCDEP reports 117,500 mangrove plants planted forTrincomalee District, 13,700 for Batticaloa District and 32,200 for Ampara District (Ref.1094) .433. However, it is suggested that at least some of the planting is in areas that did nothave mangrove before the tsunami and so the mangrove may not take hold.434. NECCDEP has also introduced 1387 Paddy husk fired stoves and 7644 firewoodefficient stoves in three districts of Eastern Province to reduce illegal use of firewoodincluding mangrove.435. Special study nine (Ref.1172) identifies Panama (Hada Oya) and Thampalagamam(Thampalagamam) bay as having intact and pristine mangrove habitats. Mangroves inWinayagapuram, Thirukkovil, Kanyankerni, Vakarai, Wallaweli and Thamarawil are identifiedas under severe pressure. The study recommends that all these areas should, accordingly,receive special management attention.436. The EPICRMP proposes a number of initiatives to secure the mangroves that remainand the ecosystem goods and services that they provide.3. EP ICRMP development437. The mangrove restoration initiatives described above provide a good foundation forthe EPICRMP.438. EPICRMP core indicator 10 relates to mangrove. Table VI.7 summarises theindicator, the target, the means of verification and the annual budget for the activity.Table VI.7: Mangrove EPICRMP indicatorIndicator Target Means ofRp/yearverification10. Mangrove (Sizestructure and area)10.1. Maintained Field survey 1,000,0001,000,000

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 70439. It is recommended that key mangrove stands are monitored for size structure andarea using permanent fixed transects. Individual large trees should also be marked,photographed, and their location registered. They should be monitored at the end of the firstyear of EP ICRMP implementation and at the end of the third year. The indicator should bereported on and used to inform management.440. The special sites EP ICRMP indicator (Indicator 16) includes sub-indicators relating tomangroves. These sub-indicators include the SAM Plans for Trincomalee Bay SAM,Batticaloa Lagoon SAM and Pottuvil-Arugam Bay – Panama SAM. There are proposals forextensions to existing estuarine sanctuary areas containing mangroves to secure their barmouths and for the recognition of some areas for designation as special sites that containmangroves. Finally investment in solid and liquid waste management should improve theenvironmental conditions for mangrove in “hot spots”.a. SAM Plan areas(Ref1487)441. Trincomalee bay SAM (TB SAM) (Indicator 16.1.3): In addition todesignating several core conservation sub-zones, because of their importance as mangroveand mangrove habitat enrichment, the TB SAM Plan recommends the creation of amangrove park at Mahaweli Estuary.442. Batticaloa lagoon SAM (BL SAM) (Ref1488) (Indicator 16.1.2): The Environmentallearning Centre at Palameenmadu includes a number of mangrove related displays. Inaddition the BL SAM Plan proposes block planting of mangrove in the lagoon and mangroveenrichment together with efforts to provide fuel wood alternatives and energy efficient stovesto reduce the need for mangrove for fuel wood.443. Pottuvil – Arugam Bay – Panama SAM (PAP SAM) (Ref1485) (Indicator 16.1.1): ThePAP SAM Plan also includes support for the management of mangrove with therecommendation to establish a Mangrove Park and arboretum at Shastrawela and also formangrove replanting.b. Sanctuaries444. Kokkilai sanctuary (Indicator 16.3): It is proposed that the boundary of Kokkilaisanctuary be extended and demarcated to include its coastal sediment cell(s) so as to bettersecure the bar mouth and in turn the conditions suitable for mangrove.445. Seruwila Allai sanctuary (Indicator 16.4): It is proposed that the boundary ofSeriwila Allai sanctuary be extended and demarcated to include its coastal sediment cell(s)so as to better secure the bar mouth and in turn the conditions suitable for mangrove.446. Kumana, Yala East sanctuary (Indicator 16.12): It is proposed that the boundary ofKumana, Yala East sanctuary be extended and demarcated to include its coastal sedimentcell(s) so as to better secure the bar mouth and in turn the conditions suitable for mangrove.It is not known whether the area contains mangrove.447. Kudumbigala - Panama National Park (Indicator 16.13): It is proposed that theboundary of Kudumbigala – Panama National Park be extended and demarcated to includecoastal sediment cell so as to better secure the bar mouth and in turn the conditions suitablefor mangrove.Extend to include coastal sediment cell if not already done. It is not knownwhether the area contains mangrove.

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 71c. Additional special sites448. A number of the additional special sites proposed in the EPICRMP include mangrove.Some of them including Mahaweli Ganga (Indicator 16.5), Little Sober/Greater Sober(Indicator 16.7), Panama bar mouth (Indicator 16.8), Panama Hada Oya (Indicator 16.9),Pottuvil Point bar mouth and lagoon (Indicator 16.10) and Thampalagamam bay (Indicator16.11) are within proposed SAM.H. Seagrasss1. Baseline449. The IP NGO facilitated DSD coastal resource profiling included an assessment ofseagrass. However, the assessment was subjective and qualitative. Access also proveddifficult, not only because of the security situation but because of difficulties in surveying inthe sea.450. No special study was commissioned by the NECCDEP to assess seagrass in EP.451. It was not possible to obtain annexes to the Sri Lanka CZMP, 2004 which might havecontained information concerning the distribution of seagrasses in EP.452. No other secondary sources of information concerning seagrass in EP were availableat the time of writing of this EPICRMP.2. Assessment453. There is virtually no information with which to determine the status of seagrasses inEP. Seagrasses in tropical waters have significance as feeding grounds for the endangeredmarine mammal the dugong Dugong dugon and the Green turtle Chelonia mydas. WhilstDugong may have been found historically in the waters of Eastern Province there is nopublished evidence that they are found there now (Ref. 0163) . However, the TB SAM report (Ref.01487) indicates that “NARA studies have found that dugong are frequently visiting sea grassbeds in Trincomalee bay, particularly close to Sampoor section of the bay (Personalcommunication with Mr. Arjan Wickrakasooriya - NARA)”.454. Seagrass beds also act as a nursery and feeding ground for certain species of fishand, where they occur in the intertidal, act as feeding areas for wading birds.455. In view of their importance and the lack of information a precautionary approach isproposed for the management of seagrass that matches that proposed for estuaries.3. Plan development456. Management recommendations for seagrass are subsumed to those for estuaries inSection VI.E above.I. Species1. Baseline457. The IP NGO facilitated DSD coastal resource profiling included “wildlife”. However,there was no subjective or quantitative assessment of wildlife and no assessment of species.

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 72458. The NECCDEP EP wide special study nine on mangrove (Ref. 1172) producedinformation on mangrove and mangrove associated species. NECCDEP special study fouron fisheries in Batticaloa lagoon (Ref. 1413) included some information on lagoon fish. EP widespecial studies on birds (study 17), on coral reefs (study 18) and on fisheries (study 19) stillhave to be commissioned and should provide information concerning species from thesegroups.459. The Fauna and Flora Protection (Amendment Act) of 2009 (Ref.1687) and its parentordinances of 1993 (Ref.1555) and 1970 (Ref. 1556) provide lists of protected species. The Sri LankanRed List (Ref.1153) catalogues species in Sri Lanka that are endangered or vulnerable.460. The handbook, Whales and dolphins of Sri Lanka (Ref.1283) provides observations onwhales and dolphins around Sri Lanka.461. There is likely to be extensive birding information despite security restrictions but thishas not been obtained pending the above special study 17.462. The Sri Lanka CZMP, 2004 does not include species except in terms of charismaticmega fauna, such as marine turtle, and floral types such as mangrove and seagrass.463. It was not possible to identify any other significant secondary sources of informationconcerning species in EP.2. Assessment464. The 2009 amendment lists protected species included the Dugong Dugong dugon,the leatherback turtle Dermochelys coriacea, the Olive ridley turtle Lepidochelys olivacea, theHawksbill turtle Eretmochelys imbricata and the Green turtle Chelonia mydas.465. The 2009 amendment protects a number of coral species and species of coral reefassociated fish, amongst others. Protected mangroves include, Ceriops decandra,Lumnitzera littorea, Sonneratia apetala and the mangal associated palm Nypa fruticans. Onlyone of these species, C. decandra was reported from Eastern Province (Trincomalee District)by the special study (Ref.1172) . However, species from the same families namely B.gymnorrhiza, C. tagal, L. racemosa and S. caseolaris were reported. No mangrove could befound in the gazette as protected trees.466. The Sri Lankan Red list (Ref.1153) 25km 2 grid does not provide a resolution that isparticularly useful for integrated coastal resources management planning in EP. In additionwhilst the Red list provides the number of threatened flora and fauna by administrativeDistrict including the three Districts of EP, the actual constituent species are not given.467. A number of coastally dependent species are listed as rare or endangered at thenational level. These include several of the large whales which are identified as endangeredincluding the hump back whale Megaptera novaeangliae, the blue whale Balaenopteraphysalis, the common Rorqual Balaenoptera physalis and the sperm whale Physetermacrocephalus. The Dugong Dugong dugon is identified as vulnerable. There is no evidencethat it is still found in the waters of EP. However, it is a shy creature and inhabits water thatcan be murky and may be found by experts using aerial reconnaissance.468. The (Blue) Rock Pigeon (Columba livia) is only found at Pigeon Island in TrincomaleeDistrict and is listed as critically endangered. Its actual status is not known.469. Sharks, including the whale shark Rhincodon typus, are listed as vulnerable.A number of bony fishes are identified as vulnerable.

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 73470. All the species of marine turtle are identified as endangered or critically endangered.There is a 2005 IUCN Marine Turtle Conservation Strategy and Action Plan of for SriLanka (Ref. 1215) . Comment was made in the public consultation meeting for the PAP SAMconcerning the lack of management of marine turtle nesting (see Chapter XII).471. The Sri Lanka Red List does not include hard corals but a number of hermatypic(hard) corals are included in the global Red List and it is likely that future revisions of the SriLanka Red List will include corals.472. Of the mangrove species Nypa fruticans is indicated as endangered (B1ab(I,ii,iii) inthe Sri Lankan Red List. None of the other families of mangrove either listed in the gazette orfound in surveys is listed in the Sri Lankan Red list (Ref.1553) .473. There is even less information on the many other smaller and less conspicuousspecies of animal and plant.474. Many of the red list species are vulnerable to the projected effects of climate change.The sex of many amphibians and reptiles is critically dependent on temperature during theincubation period and elevated temperatures may alter sex ratios. Marine turtles requiresandy beaches that may be altered through sea level rise. Extended droughts or extremeflooding events may alter conditions during critical periods for feeding and/or reproduction.475. A precautionary approach is therefore proposed for management of speciesprincipally focused on: (a) climate change avoidance, minimisation and mitigation; (b)objective inventory and; (c) on protection of the key habitats described earlier in this chapter.3. EPICRMP developmenta. Climate change476. Recommendations for climate change avoidance, minimization and mitigation arepresented at the start of Chapter III. Basically they require a movement away from fossil fuelsto renewables so as to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.b. Inventory477. The second element of the precautionary approach to management of species withinthe Plan is an inventory focused particularly on the red list species.478. Two EP ICRMP environmental sub indicators relate to the objective inventory of RedList species within EP coastal DSD. Table VI.8 summarises the indicators, the target, themeans of verification and the annual budget for monitoring these indicators.Table VI.8: Red List EPICRMP indicator.Indicator Target Means ofRp/yearverification17. Species: red Listspecies17.1. General inventory Field survey 2,000,00017.2 Turtle (marine) Monitor nesting 1,000,0003,000,000

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 74479. Clearly it is not possible to inventory every red list species. A number of key speciesshould be selected and inventoried in an objective and quantitative way. The inventory ofmangrove is described above and the same approach should be used to inventory other keyspecies. The inventory could build on the special studies relating to birds and coral reefs ifthese studies are implemented.480. The methods to be used should be developed as part of the EPICRMPimplementation. Every record should indicate the species and key attributes including inparticular its location in time and space but also attributes relating to feeding, reproductionand other key life support activities. The key species should have been monitored by the endof the first year of EPICRMP implementation and at the end of the third year. The informationshould be reported on and used to inform management.481. Wherever possible volunteers and special interest groups should be encouraged tocollect objective and quantitative information using the methodological standards specifiedthrough the EPICRMP.c. Habitat protection482. The third element of the precautionary approach to management of species within theEPICRMP is habitat protection. Habitat protection is proposed to be delivered through thevarious management measures for beaches, coral reefs, dunes, estuaries, mangroves andseagrass described earlier in this chapter. These management measures are spatial in thatthey are delivered through special sites under Plan indicator 16.483. Special sites include the proposed SAM Plans for Trincomalee Bay SAM, BatticaloaLagoon SAM and Pottuvil - Arugam Bay – Panama SAM, proposals for extensions to existingsanctuary areas and the creation of additional special sites.484. Finally investment in solid (Indicators 13 and 14) and liquid waste (Indicator 20)management should improve the conditions of those habitats that are necessary to theconservation of red list species.J. EPICRMP Objectives, policies, strategies and actions1. Introduction485. The following Table VI.9 summarises the EPICRMP objectives, policies, strategiesand actions designed to deliver the main targets listed above (nine, 10, 16.7, 17, 18). Most ofthese targets are closely linked to the special sites targets. It should be emphasized that allthe objectives, policies, strategies and actions identified for the EPICRMP are interrelatedand should be implemented in an integrated manner to maximize efficiency, effectiveness,impact and sustainability.486. Table VI.9 also indicates context in terms of the CZMP, 2004 habitats relatedobjectives, policies, strategies and actions. The full set of objectives, policies, strategies andactions supporting the EPICRMP is given in Appendix Four.

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 75Table VI.9: EPICRMP - habitats - objectives, policies, strategies and actionsLevel No Statement EPICRMPtargetCZMP2004Ref.0903HostObjective 02 Mainstream climate change into coastalresources management in EasternProvince.All 02.2.3,08CEAPolicy 02.01 Reduce greenhouse gas emissions 11,14 MPEPolicy 02.02 Use carbon trading and offset mechanisms 11,14 02.2.3,25APolicy 02.03 Incorporate climate change risk assessmentsinto management planningMoFCEAPolicy 02.04 Monitor and evaluate delivery of objective 2.Policy 02.05 Implement strategies and actions for relatedobjectives.Objective 04 Ensure sustainable use of renewablecoastal resourcesAll 01.4,01.5, p6A,p7A,08Policy 04.07 Coral reef live hard coral cover maintained 09 2.2.2,3.1.25.4MFPolicy 04.08 Mangrove size, structure and area maintained 10 3.1.2 DoFPolicy 04.14 Monitor and evaluate delivery of objective 4.Policy 04.15 Implement strategies and actions for relatedobjectives.Objective 06 % of ecosystems protected as special sitesincreased by 10% by 201516 2, 6, 7,8Policy 06.07 Little Sober/Great Sober extensiondemarcated and gazetted (TB SAM Plan coresub-zone 12)16.7 6, 7 DWLCPolicy 06.14 Monitor and evaluate delivery of objective 6.Policy 06.15 Implement strategies and actions for relatedobjectives.

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 76Objective 07 Red list species assessed 17 3, 8 DWLCPolicy 07.01 Red list species inventoried 17.1 3, 8 DWLCPolicy 07.02 Turtle nesting monitored 17.02 3 DWLCPolicy 07.03 Monitor and evaluate delivery of objective 7.Policy 07.04 Implement strategies and actions for relatedobjectives.Objective 08 Coastal water resources sustained 18, 19,204, 8 CEAPolicy 08.01 Estuary water quality maintained 18 CEAPolicy 08.04 Monitor and evaluate delivery of objective 8.Policy 08.05 Implement strategies and actions for relatedobjectives.

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 77VII.CONTROLLING COASTAL POLLUTIONA. Introduction487. This chapter has been revised from the title “Coastal Water Pollution” in the Sri LankaCZMP, 2004 by the removal of the word water so as to include both liquid and solid pollution.Indeed solid waste is included in the Sri Lanka CZMP, 2004 despite the restricted title.488. This chapter is divided into two parts. The first reviews and proposes managementrecommendations for liquid waste, principally related to water quality. The second reviewsand proposes management for solid waste.B. Liquid waste1. Introduction489. Liquid waste comprises water soluble waste and waste that is insoluble with water butis carried by water. The liquid waste ranges from the benign to the deadly.490. Greywater or sullage: Relatively benign greywater or sullage is the residue fromdomestic washing. It can be recycled relatively easily and used for watering crops that canbe consumed by people. However, even this can be deadly if it is allowed to stand andsupport the mosquitoes that are the carriers of malaria and dengue.491. Foul water: Blackwater, brown water, foul water, or sewage contains fecal matter andurine. With treatment this foul water is also relatively benign. Once treated it can be used forwatering garden plants. However, it is not normally advised that it be used for irrigating plantsfor human consumption.492. Persistent organic pesticides: Fat soluble persistent organic pollutants (POPs) arethe product of certain manufacturing processes, inefficient solid waste treatment processes,and are found in certain pesticides. They bio-accumulate (concentrate through the foodchain) and end up in body fat where they adversely effect cell division and other vitalprocesses with results ranging from sterility through to cancer.493. The only real solution to the POPs problem is not to produce and use POPs in thefirst place. POPs are the subject of an International Convention (Stokholm Convention). SriLanka signed the Stokholm convention on 5th September 2001 and ratified it on 22ndDecember 2005. 53494. Heavy metals: Some but not all POPs are associated with organometalliccompounds such as tribytyl tin. Heavy metals can also form complex salts in water and thesecan also bio-accumulate and cause significant environmental health problems.495. Ballast water: Ballast water is used in international shipping and when dischargedcan result in pollution and introduction of alien species to the marine environment.53 http://www.pops.int/documents/signature/

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 782. Baseline496. The IP NGO coastal resource profiles did not explicitly include liquid waste. However,they included coastal hazards and environmental hotspots. Observations were subjectiveand qualitative.497. Two ongoing SAM special studies relate to liquid waste pollution. These compriseStudy 2 concerning seasonal water quality in Arugam lagoon” (Ref.1387) and study fiveconcerning seasonal water quality in Batticaloa Lagoon (Ref.1410) .498. Two studies provide information that incidentally bears on liquid waste pollution. Theyare study three concerning soil erosion in chena cultivation areas (Ref.1416) and study sixlooking at surface water drainage in Pottuvil town. (Ref.1116) .499. Study 13 titled “An Assessment and Critical Evaluation of the Potential PollutionImpact of Current Land Use Practices on Batticaloa Lagoon” is pending.3. Assessment500. Industrial pollution in EP is not as serious an issue as it is in other coastal areas of SriLanka. The problem is more a matter of urban and agricultural pollution.501. Both Arugam (Ref.1385) and Batticaloa (Ref.1095) lagoons are reported to be seriouslypolluted with some values exceeding national water quality standards and World HealthOrganisation standards. The pollution reflects poor agricultural practices, poor solid wastedisposal and sewage pollution from humans and animals. It is likely that other estuaries nearto urban areas in EP are also heavily polluted.502. Considering the reported level of sewage pollution it is surprising how productivethese estuaries are although they are a risk to human health. The suggestion is that some ofthese water bodies are close to their maximum organic loading and that occasional die-offsthrough oxygen depletion could become more frequent putting at risk the livelihoods of thoseusing these estuaries.4. EPICRMP developmenta. Introduction503. Water quality is an issue in the coastal DSD of EP because these areas are generallylow lying and the water table is at, or near the surface. The coastal population depends onthis water for drinking and washing water and for fisheries and agriculture.504. Investment in reducing liquid waste pollution would need to be significant. There isvirtually no existing water treatment infrastructure and most urban waste is either treated byseptic tank, which is not very effective in waterlogged soils, or the waste is dischargeddirectly to the water bodies.b. EPICRMP recommendations at the national level505. These national recommendations are the same as those for estuaries listed inChapter VI above and include national water quality monitoring standards, performanceoriented implementation of the polluter pays principle by relevant line agencies, active effortsto encourage improved land use practices and investment in pollution managementinfrastructure.

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 79c. EPICRMP recommendations at the EP level506. Resolving data deficiencies with respect to understanding the significance,vulnerability and resilience of coastal surface and groundwater bodies to liquid waste isproposed to be a key management intervention in the EPICRMP.507. Three core EPICRMP environmental indicators directly relate to liquid waste. The firstPlan indicator is indicator 18 and is estuary water quality. This indicator is detailed under theestuarine habitat section of Chapter VI.508. The second Plan indicator directly related to liquid waste is indicator 19 and is “Waterreserves (% by type)”. The target, means of verification and budget for verification of thisindicator are given in table VII.1 below.Table VII.1: Water reserves (% by type).Indicator Target Means ofverification19. Water reserves (% bytype).19.1. Increase by 10%by 2015.Rp/yearField survey 1,000,0001,000,000509. Quality and availability of freshwater is a key management performance indicatorwhere “natural” water supplies are polluted or are vulnerable. It is recommended that therebe an increase in secure water reserves of 10 percent by 2015. This is a precautionary andperhaps not sufficiently ambitious target to prepare for the projected adverse consequencesof climate change. These projected adverse consequences include an increase in frequencyand duration of droughts that are likely to put ground and surface waters in coastal DSDunder increasing pressure. Sea level rise could also result in saline intrusion into surfacewaters and groundwater. Saline intrusion could be further exacerbated by shoreline erosionincreasing the size of bar mouths and perhaps resulting in the loss of the beach bars thatprotect estuaries from the open sea.510. The third plan indicator directly related to liquid waste is indicator 20 and is “Watertreatment (% by type)”. The target, means of verification and budget for verification of thisindicator are given in table VII.2 below.Table VII.2: Water treatment (% by type).Indicator Target Means ofverification20. Water treatment (% bytype).20.1. Increase by 10%by 2015.Rp/yearField survey 1,000,0001,000,000511. The justification above for increasing water reserves under indicator 19 applies towater treatment. Water treatment will increase the capacity of coastal water resources toprovide goods and services to the coastal population. These goods and services include foodand water as well as water based amenities. It is recommended that there be an increase inwater treatment of 10 percent by 2015. As with the “Water reserves” indicator this is aprecautionary and perhaps not sufficiently ambitious target to prepare for the projectedadverse consequences of climate change.

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 80512. The means of objective verification of these two indicators should be developedduring the initial period of EPICRMP implementation taking note of the national levelrecommendations concerning the monitoring of indicators of fecal contamination, persistentorganic pollutants, heavy metals, salinity and water residence time.513. The indicators should be monitored at the end of the first year of EPICRMPimplementation and at the end of the third year.514. A number of additional indicators proposed in the EPICRMP (indicator number inbrackets) also bear on the management of water quality but are associated with particularissues addressed in other Chapters and so are presented accordingly. These include:515. Shrimp pond PPUE 54 (Indicator four); Coastal resources employment from (%)(Indicator 7); Coastal resources human protein from (%) (Indicator eight); Mangrove (size,structure and area) (Indicator 10); Rice paddy PPUE 55

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 81522. The Sri Lanka CZMP, 2004 coastal water pollution chapter includes consideration ofsolid waste.3. Assessment523. Over 100 sites were identified by the NECCDEP IP-NGO coastal DSD surveys(Ref.1323-1355) . It has not been possible to source the permits for these sites. However, it shouldbe noted that the necessity for a permit is conditional on a threshold for the quantity ofmaterial to be processed. This threshold will not have been exceeded for many of thesesites.524. Table VII.3 and Figure VII.1 provide a summary of the IP-NGO inventory of solidwaste sites.525. The NECCDEP special study eight titled “Preparation of Initial EnvironmentalExamination Report and Detail Design for the Proposed Composting Plant and to Improvethe Existing Dumping site at Thirupperumthurai in Batticaloa District” has finished, thedesigns have been produced (Ref.0923, Ref.1144-1147) , and construction is ongoing.526. Five CEA clearance permits for solid waste landfill area are sourced for EP. Allrequire approval to operate from the UDA. One approved site is at Kanniya, in TrincomaleeDistrict (Ref. 1569) . However, the NECCDEP did not provide assistance for development of theKanniya facility because it is within a forest reserve. NECCDEP special study 8 providedassistance for the design of the Batticaloa facility and NECCDEP also provided funds forconstruction. One site is approved at Thirupparunthurai, in Batticaloa District (Ref.1568) . Threesites are approved in Ampara District and details are given in Table III.6 above.527. Solid waste management activities undertaken by NECCDEP include the introductionof a solid waste management system in Batticaloa and solid waste management in 23schools in Trincomalee District, 36 schools in Batticaloa District and nine schools in AmparaDistrict.528. It would appear the constraints to effective solid waste management are the high costof collection, the lack of economic incentives to encourage collection and the lack of disposalsites.4. EPICRMP development529. The NECCDEP initiatives provide one substantial solid waste managementinfrastructure and demonstration of systems for solid waste management. However, giventhe limited budget, it is difficult to see how these initiatives will be sustained without thedevelopment and implementation of systems for meeting operational costs including thecosts of infrastructure depreciation.

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 82Table VII.3: Solid waste sites by coastal region DSD in EP

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 83Figure VII.1: IP-NGO identified solid waste sites by coastal region DSD in EP

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 84The following general recommendations relate to solid waste management.530. No waste disposal in the coastal zone: Excepting in the national interest no solidwaste should be disposed-of in the coastal zone.531. Business development plan: Each district should provide a business developmentplan for operating proposed landfill sites based on the polluter pays principle in whichproduces of waste are charged for processing.532. Permitted landfill sites: Each district should identify and obtain environmentalpermit(s) for sufficient landfill sites (possibly including exhausted quarries) for theirsubordinate coastal DSD administrative units and sub-units to separately and severallydispose of projected solid domestic waste for 25 years.533. Waste collection and recycling service: Each district should provide/contract wastecollection and/or require subordinate DSD to provide co-ordinated recycling facilities at eachsolid waste disposal site where these do not already exist.534. Renewable energy: Each district separately or severally, to best deliver economiesof scale, should commission a study to determine the feasibility of combined heat and powergeneration facilities using domestic and agricultural waste – coconut, rice (with possiblesubsidies from carbon trading offset sources).535. These recommendations are reflected in three plan indicators.536. The first solid waste plan indicator is indicator 11 and is “renewable energy (% use bytype)”. This indicator should show the extent to which organic waste is used for energygeneration. The target, means of verification and budget for verification of this indicator aregiven in table VII.4 below.Table VII.4: Renewable energy (% use by type)Indicator Target Means ofverification11. Renewable energy (%use by type).11.1. 10% improved by2015.Rp/yearField survey(s) 2,000,0002,000,000537. The NECCDEP environmental interventions with respect to paddy husk fired stovesand firewood efficient stoves show the potential for using organic waste for energyproduction.538. The second solid waste plan indicator is indicator 13 and is “solid waste (area zonedfor landfill)”. This indicator should show an increase in the area available for managed andlegal waste which is currently a constraint. The target, means of verification and budget forverification of this indicator are given in table VII.5 below.

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 85Table VII.5: Solid waste (area zoned for landfill)Indicator Target Means ofverification13. Solid waste (areazoned for landfill).13.1. 500+ha perDistrict.Rp/yearGazette/IEE/EIA 100,000100,000539. Provision of adequate legitimate and reasonably large scale landfill sites shouldprovide the economies of scale needed to support cost-effective solid waste collection,recycling and disposal services.540. The third solid waste plan indicator is indicator 14 and is “solid waste (% recycled bytype). This indicator should link with the renewable energy indicator and provide data withwhich to plan for future solid waste recycling and disposal initiatives. The target, means ofverification and budget for verification of this indicator are given in table VII.6 below.Table VII.6: Solid waste (% recycled by type)Indicator Target Means ofverification14. Solid waste (%recycled by type).14.1. 10% improved by2015.Rp/yearField survey 1,000,0001,000,000541. The more material that is recycled the less wasteful the supply chain in terms ofenergy and pollution and the less need for landfill. Information on recycling will also help inbusiness planning.542. The means of objective verification of these three indicators should be developedduring the initial period of EPICRMP implementation. The indicators should be monitored bythe end of the first year of EPICRMP implementation and at the end of the third year.D. EPICRMP Objectives, policies, strategies and actions1. Introduction543. The following Table VII.7 summarises the EP ICRMP objectives, policies, strategiesand actions designed to deliver the main targets listed above (11, 13, 19, 20). It should beemphasized that all the objectives, policies, strategies and actions identified for theEPICRMP are interrelated and should be implemented in an integrated manner to maximizeefficiency, effectiveness, impact and sustainability.544. Table VII.7 also indicates context in terms of the CZMP, 2004 coastal pollution relatedobjectives, policies, strategies and actions. The full set of objectives, policies, strategies andactions supporting the EPICRMP is given in Appendix Four.

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 86Table VII.7: EPICRMP – coastal pollution – objectives, policies, strategies and actionsLevel No Statement EPICRMPtargetCZMP2004Ref.0903HostObjective 02 Mainstream climate change into coastalresources management in EasternProvince.All 02.2.3,08CEAPolicy 02.01 Reduce greenhouse gas emissions 11,14 MPEPolicy 02.02 Use carbon trading and offset mechanisms 11,14 02.2.3,25APolicy 02.03 Incorporate climate change risk assessmentsinto management planningMoFCEAPolicy 02.04 Monitor and evaluate delivery of objective 2.Policy 02.05 Implement strategies and actions for relatedobjectives.Objective 04 Ensure sustainable use of renewablecoastal resourcesPolicy 04.09 Renewable energy use increased by 10% by2015Policy 04.12 500+ hectares of land per district zoned forlandfill by 2015.All 01.4,01.5, p6A,p7A,0811 MPE13 05.2.2 PSPolicy 04.14 Monitor and evaluate delivery of objective 4.Policy 04.15 Implement strategies and actions for relatedobjectives.Objective 08 Coastal water resources sustained 18, 19,204, 8 CEAPolicy 08.02 Water reserves increased by 10% by 2015 19 - DoI,DWDSPolicy 08.03 Water treatment increased by 10% by 2015 20 4 DWDSPolicy 08.04 Monitor and evaluate delivery of objective 8.Policy 08.05 Implement strategies and actions for relatedobjectives.

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 87VIII.INTEGRATING COASTAL AGRICULTURE, FISHERIES, AQUACULTURE ANDFORESTRYA. Introduction545. This chapter has been revised from the chapter title “Integrating coastal fisheries andaquaculture” in the Sri Lanka CZMP, 2004 to include agriculture and forestry. This isbecause of the close social, economic and environmental links between these four foodproducing sub-sectors.546. Fisheries and agriculture in the south of Batticaloa lagoon share the same waterbody. The agricultural community wants freshwater for crop irrigation during the dry seasonand so does not want the bar mouth opening since this will increase mixing with seawater.The fishing community wants the bar mouth opened so as to allow fish to enter the lagoonfrom the sea.547. Fishing and agriculture for lagoonal communities is partly seasonal and may involveshifting but interdependent employment patterns.548. Erosion, pesticide and fertilizer release from poor agricultural practices can releasepollutants that adversely effect fish stocks. Marine products can be used as agriculturalfertilizers.549. Forestry can provide sustainable supplies of wood that reduce the pressure onmangrove which in turn continues to provide habitat and food for certain coastal fisheries.550. Finally all these sub-sectors are vulnerable to many of the same projected adverseeffects of climate change.B. Agriculture1. Baseline551. The IP NGO coastal resource profiling did not include agriculture.552. EP wide NECCDEP special studies 14 (economic value of coastal resources) and 15(impact of rural and urban development) should provide information for the agriculturalbaseline but are still pending.553. Several of the NECCDEP special studies in support of SAM planning also relate toagriculture. These include: study one on sand dune topography and land use patterns inPottuvil and Lahugala DS Divisions (Ref. 1392) ; study two on water quality in Arugam lagoonincluding sources of pollution (Ref. 1387) ; study three on soil erosion in chena cultivation areas inPottuvil and Lahugala DS Divisions and assessment of the potential for agroforestry (Ref. 1416) ;and Study study five looking at pollution and pollution sources in Batticaloa lagoon andrecommendations for improvement in water quality (Ref.1410) . Study 13 on pollution impact ofland use practices on Batticaloa lagoon is still pending.554. A number of post-tsunami studies have included an assessment of the impact of thetsunami on coastal agriculture and made recommendations for restoration.555. There are a large number of government statistics available on agriculture and wherepossible the information is included in the assessment. However, the security situation overthe past three decades has limited the opportunity for the collection of statistics onagricultural sector employment or productivity in EP. The security situation has also limitedthe opportunity for agriculture. Finally, such statistical data as are collected reflect historic

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 88information needs that are not necessarily appropriate to the present and future challengesfacing the agricultural sector.2. Assessment556. As indicated in Table IV.1 above, agriculture contributes nearly 20 percent to EPcoastal GDP. The contribution from EP coastal agriculture to national GDP is less than 0.5percent compared to a contribution from agriculture nationally of 11 percent of national GDP.557. It has not been possible to identify the numbers employed in the agricultural sector forBatticaloa (Table IV.2). Also much of the work is intermitted or seasonal and this, combinedwith the poor security situation until May 2009, means that any figures are unlikely to be veryreliable.558. The impression gained is that agriculture has declined over the past three decadesand that this decline has been tied to the security situation. The security situation has limitedaccess to farming land and also resulted in emigration. The tsunami of December 2004 hasalso had a negative impact on agriculture by displacing farming communities. However, theimpact was reported to be small compared with other sectors such as fisheries and tourism(Ref.0907) . Nevertheless agriculture is a significant livelihood for EO coastal communities.559. The IUCN post-tsunami assessment indicates some agricultural damage through soilsalinisation. The assessment also indicates that: “Palmyrah trees have suffered extreme andwidespread damage, even when located in far inland areas, indicating their low resistance tohigh soil salinity conditions. Coconut has been relatively less affected”. Damage to paddyfields was also reported. For example 500 acres of paddy field were reported to be damagedby salinisation from the tsunami in the Pottuvil area. The benefits of lagoonal water bodiesand mangrove in dampening the effects of the tsunami were also noted (Ref.1139) .560. The special study on chena cultivation in Potuvil and Lahugala DS division (Ref1416)suggests that there are serious constraints to this method of cultivation. These constraintsinclude: poor soil quality; poor farming community coordination; poor provision of extensionservices by government and lack of uptake of such services as may be provided; ingrainedand inappropriate traditional farming practices that exacerbate soil erosion; and a lack ofrecruitment of young persons to the sector.561. Available information on area under coconut cultivation and paddy cultivation is givenbelow. Both are locally significant sources of food, and firewood even though they may notbe nationally important. Area under paddy cultivation was also selected because of itsvulnerability, in low lying areas, to saline intrusion resulting from projected sea-level rise.Area under coconut cultivation was also selected because of the impression gained thatthere is relatively limited introduction of young coconut so that older palms are not beingreplaced. In addition coastal coconut palms are a characteristic of the coastline and anaesthetic asset for the tourism industry.562. Table VIII.1 lists and Figure VIII.1 illustrates the area under coconut cultivation bycoastal DSD in EP.563. Table VIII.2 lists and Figure VIII.2 illustrates the area under rice paddy cultivation bycoastal DSD in EP.

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 89Table VIII.1: Area under coconut cultivation by EP coastal DSD

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 90Figure VIII.1: Area under coconut cultivation by EP coastal DSD

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 91564. It is evident from these data that there is considerably more area under coconutcultivation in the central part of the coastal DSD of EP than in the north or south..Table VIII.2: Area under rice paddy cultivation by EP coastal DSD

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 92Figure VIII.2: Area under rice paddy cultivation by EP coastal DSD

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 93565. It is evident from these data that there is considerably more rice paddy cultivation inthe central part of the coastal DSD of EP than in the north or south. However, the informationwould be more relevant and useful if it could be provided in terms of its elevation with respectto sea-level as is proposed by EPICRMP indicator six.566. NECCDEP interventions with respect to agriculture include the special studies above.In addition NECCDEP has provided paddy husk fired stoves and firewood efficient stovesthat strengthen renewable energy links with agriculture and forestry.567. The most significant NECCDEP intervention with respect to agriculture has been theprovision of saltwater exclusion bunds securing almost 20km 2 of paddy. This compares withthe approximately 3.5km 2 of paddy reported to have been damaged nationally by the tsunami(Ref. 0907) .568. Trincomalee District: 6060m of bund are being constructed at Thampalagamam andKinniya securing 225 ha of paddy.569. Batticaloa District: 15300m of bund are being constructed at several locationssecuring 1926ha of paddy.570. Ampara District: 3200m of bund are being constructed at Pottuvil securing 275ha ofpaddy.3. EPICRMP developmenta. EPICRMP recommendations at the national level571. The key recommendation for the national level are for the setting of nationalstandards for the monitoring of agricultural production so as to allow comparative analysisand with a particular emphasis on monitoring the effects of climate change.572. A secondary recommendation is to identify and introduce measures that can helpexisting land use practices adapt to changing climatic conditions.b. EPICRMP recommendations at the EP level573. Three EPICRMP indicators directly relate to agriculture. The first relates to coconut,the second to rice paddy cultivation and the third to water reserves.574. The first agriculturally related EPICRMP indicator is indicator five and is “coastalcoconut population

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 94575. The second agriculturally related EPICRMP indicator is indicator 12 and is “ricePaddy PPUE 57

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 95C. Aquaculture (mariculture)1. Baseline580. The IP NGO coastal resource profiling collected information on mariculture. However,the information was subjective and qualitative.581. EP wide NECCDEP special studies 14 (economic value of coastal resources) and 19(review of coastal fisheries sector) should provide information for the mariculture baseline butis still pending.582. One of the NECCDEP special studies in support of SAM planning relates to fisheriesin Batticaloa lagoon (Ref/1413) but does not include aquaculture/mariculture.583. A 2008 feasibility study relates to the development of Fisheries and aquaculture inBatticaloa lagoon (Ref.0988) . Fattening of mud crab is identified as having mariculture potential.584. An undated report published by NARA looks at opportunities for shrimp culture inBatticaloa lagoon (Ref.0989) and Trincomalee District (Ref.1025) . The Trincomalee study suggests2613ha suitable for shrimp production. Unfortunately some of the suitable areas are withinDWLC sanctuaries of Kokkilai and Seruwila.585. A 2005 report “Potential and Strategies for Development of Mariculture in Sri Lanka”(Ref.1033) has been produced under the Aquatic Resource Development & Quality ImprovementProject ADB Loan no. 1910/1911.586. It was not possible to determine whether there are current licenses for operationalshrimp farms.2. Assessment587. It is reported that significant areas of former shrimp farm have been abandoned inMutalakkuda, Batticaloa District and abandoned shrimp ponds are to be found inTrincomalee District. There are some 70ha of operational shrimp farms in Oddamavadi and ascattering of 23ha on the northern part of Batticaloa lagoon.588. The Trincomalee shrimp zonal study suggests that there are 2613ha that could besuitable for shrimp farm development in Trincomalee District.589. Despite the abandonment of shrimp ponds it seems likely that the improving securitysituation will result in new investment in shrimp farming. It is debatable whether there ispublic administrative capacity to approve and manage this investment so the prognosis is notlikely to be good for certain coastal resources such as mangrove.3. EPICRMP development590. EPICRMP indicator four relates to mariculture. It is “Shrimp pond PPUE (Production perunit effort)”. This indicator is designed to determine the viability, efficiency and potential topollute of shrimp farming. The target, means of verification and budget for verification of thisindicator are given in table VIII.6 below.

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 96Table VIII.6: “Shrimp pond PPUE 58 ”Indicator Target Means ofverificationRp/year4. “Shrimp pond PPUE”. 4.1. PPUE maintained. Shrimp operator data. 500,000500,000591. The means of objective verification of this indicator should be developed during theinitial period of EPICRMP implementation. The indicators should be monitored by the end ofthe first year of EPICRMP implementation and at the end of the third year.592. A number of additional indicators proposed in the EPICRMP (indicator number inbrackets) also bear on shrimp farming and other forms of mariculture but are associated withissues addressed in other Chapters and so are presented accordingly. These include:593. Coastal population within 2m of MSL (indicator 6); coastal resources employmentfrom (%) (Indicator 7); coastal resources human protein from (%) (Indicator 8); Mangrove(size, structure and area) (Indicator 10) because mangrove occurs in prime mariculture areasand is, accordingly, put at risk from mariculture development; special sites (% ecosystemprotected) (Indicator 16). EPICRMP special sites indicator 16 includes all three SAM plansthat cover ecosystem management activities focusing on delivering environmentally friendlyand sustainable development. The final mariculture associated indicator is water quality:estuary (Indicator 18) since good estuarine water quality is necessary for cost-effectivemariculture.D. Fisheries1. Baseline594. The IP NGO coastal resource profiling included fisheries resources and marineoffshore resources. The profiling does not use secondary data sources and the information issubjective and qualitative.595. EP wide NECCDEP special studies 14 (economic value of coastal resources) and 19(current and historic status of fisheries sector along the eastern coast of Sri Lanka) shouldprovide information for the fisheries baseline but are still pending.596. One NECCDEP special study in support of SAM planning relates to fisheries. This isstudy 4 on fisheries in Batticaloa lagoon (Ref.1413) . This study is ongoing.597. Initial environmental examination studies have been undertaken in the PPTA forNECCDEP for improving fish landing sites, and for the upgrading of Cod Bay FisheriesHarbour (Ref.1552) and Valaichchenai Fishing Harbour (Ref.1184) . In addition various studies havebeen undertaken in support of the environmental impact assessment for Oluvil Port (Ref.1117) .598. A 2008 feasibility study relates to the development of Fisheries and aquaculture inBatticaloa lagoon (Ref.0988) . There are numerous other consultancy studies related to fisheriesdevelopment in EP.599. A number of studies have included an assessment of the impact of the tsunami oncoastal fisheries and made recommendations for restoration and recovery (Ref.0960, Ref.1139) .58 PPUE = Production per unit effort.

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 97600. There are a large number of government statistics available on fisheries and wherepossible the information is included in the assessment.2. Assessmenta. Legal framework601. The 13 th Amendment to the constitution places responsibility for fisheries withinterritorial waters under the concurrent list whilst those outside territorial waters are under thereserve list. This means that fisheries regulations within the territorial waters can bedeveloped concurrently between the national and provincial level government. However, thisstill has to happen to any extent and there is little evidence of any formal delegation offisheries management powers to the provincial or lower levels.602. Two fisheries management areas have been reported for EP. Neither is inTrincomalee district. The first relates to Batticaloa lagoon and is under the FisheryManagement (Batticaloa Lagoon) Regulations of 2001 (Ref.1616) . In this regulation the Batticaloalagoon management area is divided into three sectors. A Fisheries Management Committeewas gazetted for Panama Lagoon in September 2008 (Ref.1631) . As far as is known specificmanagement activities still need to be developed.b. Economic and social significance603. As indicated in Table IV.1 above fisheries contributes nearly 16% to EP coastal GDP(slightly less than agriculture). The contribution from EP coastal fisheries to national GDP isless than 0.4 percent compared to a contribution from fisheries nationally of 1.9 percent ofnational GDP.604. The security situation over the past three decades has limited the opportunity for thecollection of statistics on fisheries sector employment. The system for licensing fishers isbased on port of origin and not fishing area. Since many of the inshore and offshorecommercial fishers migrate from other areas to EP on a seasonal basis they are not includedin the statistics for EP. Subsistence fishers are not licensed and since many are opportunisticfishers and/or mix fishing with other occupations it is extremely difficult to quantifyinvolvement in and dependency on fishing. What data there are suggests that significantnumbers of people are subsistence fishermen.605. Table VIII.7 and Figure VIII.3 provide a synthesis of information on the numbers offishers and dependents by coastal DSD in EP. For the reasons given above, it is unlikely thatthese figures are very robust. For example table VIII.7 Indicates that there are more peopledependent on fisheries in Verugal/Eachchilampattu DSD, Trincomalee district than theindicative population. In this respect it should be noted that the estimate of fisher dependentsis a multiplier and that the method for estimating population differs from that for estimatingfishers and fisher families.606. What is evident is that a significant proportion of the coastal DSD population dependson fisheries and that this percentage is relatively uniform across the three districts of EP.c. Status of fisheries607. The security situation has also limited the opportunity for collecting information onfisheries sector productivity in EP. Such statistical data as are collected also reflect historicinformation needs that are not necessarily appropriate to the present and future challengesfacing the fisheries sector, namely delivering the ecosystem approach and preparing forclimate change.

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 98Table VIII.7: Numbers of fishers and fisher dependents by EP coastal DSD

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 99Figure VIII.3: Percent of population that is fisher dependent by EP coastal DSD

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 100608. There appears to be no collection of catch information, at least for the inshore fishery,and certainly no regular collection of information on fish landings for the subsistence fishery.The nutritional links between protein supplied by the fishery and consumption are alsolacking.609. Considering the polluted nature of some of the lagoons, where subsistence fishing isheavy, it is unfortunate that there is no analysis of fish contamination.610. Due to the above constraints there are no real data with which to determine thecurrent state of or trends in key fish stocks in EP. The impacts of the tsunami are reported tohave been worse for fishing than for agriculture (Ref.1139) . However, it should be born in mindthat damage to infrastructure and a loss of markets due to concerns about fish contaminationfrom dead human bodies mean that these impacts are economic rather than environmental.There is little real evidence for it but it is extremely unlikely that the tsunami had an adverseimpact on fish stocks.611. It should also be noted that there was no suggestion from the IP NGO coastalresource profiles that there was, or is, a significant problem with the fishing sector in terms ofdeterioration of fish stocks.d. Beach seine licenses612. It will be seen in the EPICRMP development section below that one key indicator ofEPICRMP performance relates to beach seines. Data that exist on number of beach seinelicenses by DSD in EP are presented in table VIII.8 and figure VIII.4. The figures are forlegitimate beach seine gear licenses issued by the central government FisheriesDepartment. It is suggested that the numbers probably bear little relationship to the realsituation and probably reflect the efficiency with which the beach seine license information ismaintained. There is a general correlation with the estimates given by the IP NGO surveysand the data from DSD in Ampara District is suggestive of ineffective government datacollection.613. There are, no doubt, numbers using beach seines illegally either by using illegallicenses issued by third parties or without any pretense of legality. All beach seines shouldbe licensed and numbers issued determined according to carrying capacity constraints andconsensus with fishers who have traditional claims to beach seining.614. It is understood that the right to use the beach for seining is licensed at the local levelalthough it is difficult to see the legal basis for this in view of the right of access to the beachspecified in the Coast Conservation Act.3. EPICRMP developmenta. Plan recommendations at the national level615. The key recommendation for the national level is for the setting of national standardsand the monitoring of fisheries production, to allow comparative analysis with a particularemphasis on monitoring the effects of climate change.616. A secondary recommendation is to identify and introduce measures that can helpexisting fisheries practices adapt to changing climatic conditions.

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 101Table VIII.8: Numbers of beach seine licenses by EP coastal DSD

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 102Figure VIII.4: Numbers of beach seine licenses by EP coastal DSD

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 103b. EPICRMP recommendations at the EP level617. Two EPICRMP indicators directly relate to fisheries. The first is beach seine catch perunit effort and the second is protein derived from coastal resources.618. Plan indicator three is “beach seine CPUE 59 ”. There are several reasons for choosingbeach seine catch per unit effort as an EPICRMP indicator. Some of the reasons are listedbelow.619. Community activity: It is a very public community activity often with associatedtraditional rights.620. Location specific: It occurs in specified areas.621. Licensed: It is licensed.622. Easily monitored: The fishing effort and catch are easily observed.623. Natural beach structure and function: Beach seining requires natural sandy beachso there is a community constituency against any activities that are likely to adversely effectnatural beach processes.624. Beach management plans: The activity may have to be shared (and indeed can beshared) with other beach uses, such as tourism, and so the information is important forbeach management planning.625. Climate change vulnerable: Climate change could result in sea-level rise alteringnatural beach processes. Climate change could also alter water current circulation patternsand marine food chains.626. For all these reasons beach seine landings could be a good indicator for integratedcoastal resources management in general and for climate change in particular.627. The target, means of verification, and budget for verification of this indicator, aregiven in table VIII.9 below.Table VIII.9: “Beach seine CPUE”Indicator Target Means ofRp/yearverification3. “Beach seine CPUE” 3.1. CPUE maintained. Fish landing forms 1,000,0001,000,000628. The second fisheries related EPICRMP indicator is indicator eight and is “coastalresources human protein from (%)”. This indicator reflects the level of dependency of coastalcommunities on protein from coastal resources, specifically fisheries. If coastal communitiesdepend on fish as a major source of protein then the health of these fisheries has social andeconomic significance to these communities. The target, means of verification and budget forverification of this indicator are given in table VIII.10 below.59 CPUE = Catch per unit effort.

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 104Table VIII.10: “Coastal resources human protein from (%)”Indicator Target Means ofverification8. Coastal resourceshuman protein from (%)Rp/year8.1. Maintained. Household survey Seeindicator 6629. The cost of survey for this indicator is subsumed to indicator 6 relating to the coastalpopulation survey. The relevant data can also be collected under the attitude and opinionsurvey under indicator one “attitude and opinion (satisfaction)”.630. The means of objective verification for these indicators should be developed duringthe initial period of EPICRMP implementation. The indicators should be monitored at the endof the first year of EPICRMP implementation and at the end of the third year.631. A number of other indicators proposed in the EPICRMP (indicator number inbrackets) also bear on fisheries but are associated with particular issues addressed in otherChapters and so are presented accordingly. These include:632. Attitude and opinion (satisfaction) (Indicator 1); administration effectiveness (Indicator2); coastal resources employment from (%) (Indicator 7); coral reef (% LHCC) (Indicator 9);Mangrove (size structure and area) (Indicator 10); special sites (% ecosystem protected)(Indicator 16); species (red list species) (Indicator 17); and water quality estuary (Indicator18).E. Forestry1. Baseline633. The IP NGO coastal resource profiling did not include forestry as a coastal resourceother than mangrove.634. Only NECCDEP special study three directly relates to forestry and this is with respectto agro forestry and demand for fuel wood (Ref.1416) .635. A limited number of NECCDEP environmental interventions relate to forestry.636. Investigations in support of the three SAM plans summarised in Chapter IX belowinclude forestry provisions.637. Significant areas are assigned for forestry protection in Eastern Province and thereare a number of casuarina planted coastal forest stands.-

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 1052. Assessmenta. Introduction638. The security situation has limited the opportunity for collecting information on thestatus of forests in EP. However, the security situation has necessitated the clearance of aband of formerly forested areas near to some roads.b. Legal framework639. The 13 th Amendment to the constitution places responsibility for forestry under theconcurrent list. However, it is unclear the extent to which powers for managing forestreserves have been delegated from the national to the provincial level under the concurrentlist.c. Economic and social significance640. As indicated in Table IV.1 above, forestry and firewood contributes 3.6 percent to EPcoastal GDP. This is considerably less than that from agriculture or fisheries. Thecontribution from EP forestry and firewood to national GDP is less than 0.1 percentcompared to a contribution from forestry and firewood nationally of 1.6 percent of nationalGDP.641. The security situation over the past three decades has limited the opportunity fordevelopment of the forestry sector and the collection of statistics on forestry social andeconomic performance.642. Table VIII.11 lists, and Figure VIII.5 provides, a synthesis of information on the areaunder forestry management by coastal DSD in EP. It is evident that significant areas ofcoastal DSD are forest reserves.643. The figures indicate that 18.4 percent of EP coastal DSD and 24.8 percent of EP as awhole are forest reserves. This exceeds the 2010 “area” element of the target for forest that“At least 10 percent of each of the world's ecological regions effectively conserved” (ref. 358) . Itremains to be determined whether the “effectiveness” element of the target is being met.644. It is worth noting that the composting plant proposed in Kanniya under the NECCDEPwas located in a forest reserve and so was not approved by ADB though there is a permit toproceed from the CEA. It is also understood that solid waste management activities arecontinuing at the site.d. NECCDEP forestry interventions645. NECCDEP has undertaken a number of environmental interventions with respect toforestry. These include mangrove replanting in Trincomalee, demarcation of forest land inKinniya, rehabilitation of degraded sand dune (ecosystem) by aforestation, planting of Arjunatrees in Pottuvil, support for national tree planting day as well as general tree planting andgreening.646. The NECCDEP has also provided large numbers of paddy husk fired stoves andfirewood efficient stoves to reduce the dependency on unmanaged firewood sources.

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 106Table VIII.11: Percent of area of forest reserve by EP coastal DSD

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 107Figure VIII.5: Percent of area of forest reserve by coastal DSD

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 1083. EPICRMP developmenta. EPICRMP recommendations at the national level647. The key recommendations at the national level are for the setting of nationalstandards for the monitoring of forest health and productivity so as to determine carbonsequestration and to monitor and manage the effects of climate change.648. Of particular concern, with respect to climate change, must be the projected increasein frequency and duration of droughts. Serious consideration should be given to fireprevention measures and to using native tree species that are drought resistant.b. EPICRMP recommendations at the Eastern Province level649. No EPICRMP indicators directly relate to forestry.650. A number of indicators proposed in the Plan (indicator number in brackets) indirectlybear on forestry but are associated with particular issues addressed in other Chapters and soare presented accordingly. These include:651. Attitude and opinion (satisfaction) (Indicator 1); administration effectiveness (Indicator2); coastal resources employment from (%) (Indicator 7); Mangrove (size structure and area)(Indicator 10); renewable energy (% use by type) (Indicator 11); special sites (% ecosystemprotected) (Indicator 16); species (red list species)(Indicator 17). With respect to the EPICRMP special sites indicator 16, it should be noted that all three SAM plans containactivities designed to create sustainable sources of fuelwood.F. EPICRMP Objectives, policies, strategies and actions1. Introduction652. The following Table VIII.12 summarises the EPICRMP objectives, policies, strategiesand actions designed to deliver the main targets listed above (3, 4, 5, 8, 12, 19). It should beemphasized that all the objectives, policies, strategies and actions identified for the EPICRMP are interrelated and should be implemented in an integrated manner to maximizeefficiency, effectiveness, impact and sustainability. An example is estuarine water qualitywhich is a key factor for coastal agriculture, fisheries, aquaculture and forestry.653. Table VIII.12 also indicates context in terms of the CZMP, 2004 coastal agriculture,fisheries, aquaculture and forestry related objectives, policies, strategies and actions. The fullset of objectives, policies, strategies and actions supporting the EPICRMP is given inAppendix 4.Table VIII.12: EPICRMP - coastal agriculture, fisheries, aquaculture and forestry -objectives, policies, strategies and actionsLevel No Statement EPICRMPtargetCZMP2004Ref.0903HostObjective 02 Mainstream climate change into coastalresources management in EasternProvince.All 02.2.3,08CEAPolicy 02.01 Reduce greenhouse gas emissions 11,14 MPE

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 109Policy 02.02 Use carbon trading and offset mechanisms 11,14 02.2.3,25APolicy 02.03 Incorporate climate change risk assessmentsinto management planningMoFCEAPolicy 02.04 Monitor and evaluate delivery of objective 2.Policy 02.05 Implement strategies and actions for relatedobjectives.Objective 04 Ensure sustainable use of renewablecoastal resourcesAll 01.4,01.5, p6A, p7A,08Policy 04.01 Ensure that beach seine CPUE is sustained 03 05.2.3 DFPolicy 04.02 Ensure that Shrimp pond PPUE is sustained 04 5.2.3,p.50ADFPolicy 04.03 Ensure that Coastal (

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 110IX.SPECIAL AREA MANAGEMENTA. Introduction654. Special Area Management (SAM) is cited in the Sri Lanka CZMP 2004 as “a locallybased, geographically specific planning process that in theory is a highly participatorypractice and allows for the comprehensive management of natural resources with the activeinvolvement of the local community as the main stakeholder group……” (Ref. 0903) .655. Three SAM plans have been developed and are nested within this EPICRMP. Theyalso fall under the special sites indicator 16, which is the subject of Chapter X of thisEPICRMP.656. To all intents and purposes, SAM plans address the same issues as the mainEPICRMP, but at a more local geographic and management scale. This meets principle twoof the ecosystem approach that “management should be decentralized to the lowestappropriate level”.657. All three SAM Plans evolved out of three substantive studies, one for TrincomaleeBay (Ref.0996) , one for Batticaloa Lagoon (Ref.1000) , and one for Southern Ampara BiodiversityZone (Ref.0992) . These studies were published in 2003 before the Tsunami of December 2004and during a period of relaxation in the security situation which then deteriorated andremained volatile until May of 2009.658. The evolution reflected the change in circumstances since the earlier studies and alsofollowed the guidelines provided by the Coast Conservation Department in the Sri LankaCZMP, 2004 (Ref.0903) .659. The three SAM Plans are Trincomalee Bay SAM (BL SAM) (Ref1487) , Batticaloa LagoonSAM (BL SAM) (Ref1488) , and Pottuvil – Arugam Bay – Panama SAM (PAP SAM) Ref1485) .B. SAM plans660. The principle underpinning the development and delivery of the SAM plan isconsensus through consultative management. The key tool is the logical frameworkapproach. The key mechanism is management by zones.661. In respect of zoning each SAM area comprises a core conservation zone proposedfor formal legal recognition together with an informal buffer zone for interventions designed tobuffer the core zone against negative transboundary impacts. The core and buffer zones are,in turn sub-divided into sub-zones for particular combinations of interventions.1. Consultative management662. As was the case with this EPICRMP approval was based on a plan summary. In thecase of the SAM plans this comprised the respective Chapter VI of each full SAM Plan.663. Chapter VI of these documents was translated and presented for consideration by thethree District Level Community Coordinating Committees formed to assist in SAM planning.664. The consultation process is further elaborated in the main SAM plans as referencedabove.665. Plan implementation is proposed to be managed by District SAM CommunityCoordination Committees with support from relevant line agencies, particularly the CoastConservation Department. In the case of BL SAM, which covers Batticaloa and Ampara

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 111District, arbitration over issues crossing district boundaries will be through an EP level SAMCCC.2. Logical framework approach666. All three SAM Plans are built and are to be implemented using logical frameworkprinciples. They are costed and scheduled over a four year period as is the case with the SriLanka CZMP and this EPICRMP. The three SAM mission and overall objective statementsare very similar and many of the proposed results are comparable.Table IX.1: Mission and overall objective statements of the 3 SAM plansTB SAM BL SAM PAP SAMMission- Sustainablemanagement of the TB SAMarea so as to bringenvironmental, social andeconomic benefits to localcommunities whilst ensuringthe conservation of naturalresources.Mission: Sustainablemanagement of BatticaloaLagoon so as to bringsustained environmental,social and economicbenefits to localcommunities whilst ensuringthe conservation of naturalresources.Mission- Sustainablemanagement of SAM area soas to bring environmental,social and economic benefitsto local communities whilstensuring the conservation ofnatural resources.Overall objective – TBSAM is co-managed withthe active involvement ofthe main stakeholdercommunities so as to deliversustainable livelihoodswithin the carrying capacityof SAM natural resources.Overall objective: BL SAMis effectively co-managedwith the active involvementof local communities so asto deliver livelihoods basedon the sustainable use ofrenewable naturalresources.Overall objective - SAM isco-managed with the activeinvolvement of the mainstakeholder communities soas to deliver sustainablelivelihoods within the carryingcapacity of SAM naturalresources.667. All three plans contain the following generic results.a. Consultative management668. Consultative conservation targeted process involving DSAM CCC and relevant lineagencies.b. Sustainable fisheries management669. Management of fisheries resources by zoning and licensing so that key habitats anddependent ecosystem processes that underpin the fisheries are sustained and catch per uniteffort is sustained.c. Ecologically/socially friendly livelihoods670. Provision of livelihoods advice to ensure that the livelihoods are sustainable and that,where they depend on the health of natural ecosystem goods and services (for exampleecotourism) a win-win situation is fostered in which sustainable livelihoods and ecosystemhealth are mutually re-enforcing.

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 112d. Ecologically friendly agricultural practices671. These are a subset of ecologically/socially friendly livelihoods but relate in particularto efforts to reduce the use of unnecessary fertilizers and pesticides that may have adverseknock-on effects on coastal water quality and to promote organic farming that is less costlyand can provide value added in terms of sales.e. Improved micro-environment through solid waste management672. Improved solid waste management is good for human health and good for theenvironment generally. It is good for human health because it reduces places where vermincan live, areas of stagnant water for mosquitoes that can spread malaria and dengue andpollution of watercourses from leaching.673. It is good for the environment because it reduces smothering of sensitive habitats andalso creates a clean appearance that encourages other good environmental practices.3. Zoning674. Each of the SAM is divided into a core conservation zone and a buffer zone. Thepurpose of the buffer zone is to avoid, minimize and mitigate any negative transboundaryimpacts arising within, or outside the buffer zone. The purpose of the core zone is to ensuresustainable use.675. The core and buffer zone for TB SAM are illustrated in Figure IX.1, for BL SAM inFigure IX.2 and for PAP SAM in Figure IX.3.676. The core and buffer zone are then divided into sub-zones for the purpose ofimplementing a number of activities designed to deliver sustainable use of the SAM.C. EPICRMP Objectives, policies, strategies and actions1. Introduction677. The key objectives, policies, strategies and actions supporting delivery of the increasein area of special sites by 2015 are specified within the individual SAM Plans.678. Trincomalee Bay SAM Plan (TB SAM) (ref.1487)679. Batticaloa Lagoon SAM Plan (BL SAM) (ref.1488)680. Pottuvil – Arugam Bay – Panama Plan (PAP SAM) (ref.1485)

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 113Figure IX.1: Proposed core and buffer zone of TB SAM

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 114Figure IX.2: Proposed core and buffer zone of BL SAM

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 115Figure IX.3: Proposed core and buffer zone of PAP SAM

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 116X. MANAGEMENT OF SITES OF SPECIAL SIGNIFICANCE AND PUBLIC ACCESSA. Introduction681. The title of this Chapter matches that of Chapter VII in the Sri Lanka National CoastalZone Management Plan of 2004 (Ref.0903) .682. Sites of special significance are listed in the 2004 Plan by District and within thecoastal zone and are divided into two groups. Group one includes: archaeological, historical,religious and cultural sites within the coastal zone; Group two includes: scenic sites,recreational sites and protected areas designated under the Fauna and Flora ProtectionOrdinance.683. Public access is identified as the right of access to the coastal margin in a physicaland visual sense. It should be noted that the right of access is enshrined in legislation in theCoast Conservation Act (Ref.0914) specifically in sub-paragraph 31D.(3) which states that“Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph (2) of this Section, the public shall have theright to use or enjoy any portion of the beach."684. The provisions in paragraph two basically relate to restrictions on activities that mayadversely effect natural beach processes and sustainable use.B. Baseline685. The IP NGO facilitated DSD coastal resource profiling did not include information onsites of special significance. Problems of public access were incidentally mentioned in termsof minor hotspots related to conflicts over beach use,686. A number of special studies commissioned by the NECCDEP relate directly orindirectly to sites of special significance. Four of these studies have been completed and twoare pending.687. Completed studies include: special study one on sand dunes (Ref.1392) in Ampara Districtand 3 EP wide special studies namely: special study nine on mangrove (Ref.1172) , special study10 on shoreline erosion (Ref.0991) and special study 11 on culture and heritage (Ref.1434) ;688. Pending studies include: special study 17 on bird watching nature tourism in EP andspecial study 18 on the status of coral reefs in EP.689. A tourism sector study resulting in the report titled “Strategic Tourism DevelopmentPlan for the Eastern Province of Sri Lanka” (Ref.0950) was produced in March 2009 and makes anumber of recommendations for upgrading of sites of tourism significance.690. A number of NECCDEP environmental interventions relate to beautification althoughnot necessarily within a special sites context.691. The proposed plans for Trincomalee Bay SAM, Batticaloa Lagoon SAM and Pottuvil –Arugam Bay – Panama SAM include recommendations for potential special sites.C. Assessment1. Introduction692. It should be noted that the EPICRMP is focused on the sustainable use of renewablecoastal resources and not archaeological, historical, religious and cultural sites. Table X.1

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 117below lists special sites from Trincomalee, Batticaloa and Ampara District listed in the SriLanka CZMP, 2004 and whether they have been included in this EPICRMP or mentioned inactivities related to the Plan such as the Strategic Tourism Development Plan for the EasternProvince (ref.0950) and special study 11 on heritage sites, religious festivals and cultural groupsin the coastal area of Eastern Province (Ref.1103) .693. It should be noted that the above mentioned studies include a number of sites notlisted in the 2004 plan. There are also insufficient descriptions to clearly identify sites anddifferences in spelling. All these deficiencies need to be resolved.Table X.1: Special Sites and EP ICRMP links in the EP coastal zone (Ref.0903)Trincomalee Batticaloa AmparaPlace Ref Place Ref Place RefArchaeological, historical, religious and cultural sitesIiangaithurai port 0 Dutch Fort 09031103Monastic Site ? Ampara VillippillaiyarKovilThampalagamam 0950 Kannaki Amman Kovil 09031103Galmetiyana Tank 1103 Jemi-Ul LafeernMosqueThirukoneswaramKovil09501103Megalithic site 09030 Samudda Viharaya 0903Megalithic site,Panama0 Okandamalai 0903Batticaloa Fort 0903 Velayudha SwamiKovilFort Fedrick 0950 Shipwrecks 0903 Muhudu MahaViharayaGokanna Viharaya 0950 Church of the HolyNames of the JesusMemorial column,Swamy Rock00903?11030 Arugam Bay Port 00950 Sittandi 0 Komari Lighthouse 0Trincomalee harbour 0950 Periyakaduveikarai 0 Sangamankanda 1103Shipwrecks, Trinco 0950 Panichchankerni 0 Komari 1103harbourFort Ostenberg 0 Thirichchipulavi SriMurugan Kovil0Floating Dock wreck 0950 Chitra Velayudha 0KuchchaveliMonastic Site1103 Kirulegama MonasticSitePalvakki 0950 Kannaki AmmanAlayamPalukamam Kovil 0Draupathi Amman 0KovilKudikadakarai0Mosque() This document., 0 = no record, ???? = bibliographic reference number009031103

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 118Trincomalee Batticaloa AmparaPlace Ref Place Ref Place RefScenic, recreational and Fauna and Flora protected areasCalpenberg Hill 0 Kallady Beach Okandamalai Beach 0Trincomalee Marbal 0 Punnaikudahh Beach Panama Beach 0BeachTrincomalee BeachRoad1103 Kaluvankerni Beach Arugam Bay Beach Nilaveli Beach Palaiyandithona Beach 0 Kalmunai Beach 0Pigeon IslandSanctuary Kiran Beach 0 Sangaman KandaLight house areasRed Rock Beach 0 Kalkuda Bay ?Pirates Cove 0 Pasikuda Bay 1103Kokkilai Lagoon Valaichchenai Estuary 0Sanctuary() This document., 0 = no record, ???? = bibliographic reference number2. Archaeological, historical, religious and cultural sites694. A subjective assessment of the available literature and site visits suggests that theadverse security situation over the last three decades has limited investment in maintainingthe infrastructure needed to best sustain and appreciate cultural assets.a. NECCDEP special study 11695. NECCDEP special study 11 (Ref.1103) : There is a subjective and qualitativeassessment of the condition of archaeological, historical, religious and cultural sites inEastern Province in NECCDEP Special Study 11.b. Strategic tourism plan696. Strategic Tourism Development Plan for Eastern Province (Ref.0950) : The StrategicTourism Development Plan for Eastern Province identifies development concepts designedto upgrade and integrate archaeological, historical, religious and cultural sites into thetourism sector. These include Kanniya Hot Wells, Trincomalee City and District cultural trail,Batticaloa beautification and Arugambay access roads in Ampara District. These conceptsare being taken forward by the NECCDEP and include a number of public communicationsmaterials designed to assist in the appreciation of archaeological, historical, religious andcultural sites.c. SAM plans697. SAM plans: The three proposed SAM plans do not include recommendations forarchaeological, historical, religious and cultural sites since the Plans are primarily designedto deliver sustainable use of renewable natural resources.0

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 119d. Other NECCDEP interventions698. Other NECCDEP interventions: NECCDEP has undertaken a number ofinterventions with respect to archaeological, historical, religious and cultural sites includingrenovation of Fort Frederick walls, beautification of Trincomalee beach and construction ofKallady beach promenade. In addition it is constructing an environmental information centreand eco-park at Palameenmadu in Batticaloa district.3. Scenic, recreational and fauna and flora protections sites699. Five DWLC areas designated under the Fauna and Flora Protection Ordinance asNational Parks/Sanctuaries extend to the shoreline in Eastern Province. They are: (1)Kokkilai sanctuary straddling the northern boundary of Eastern Province; (2) Puralamai(Pigeon) Island National Park opposite Nilaveli just north of Trincomalee Town; (3) LittleSober/Greater Sober Islands sanctuary in Trincomalee Bay; (4) Seruwila Allai sanctuarysouth of Trincomalee Bay; (4) Kudumbigala – Panama sanctuary in Ampara District south ofPanama and; (5) Kumana Yala East/Kumana National park extending from Kudumbimalai/Thopigala Panama sanctuary to the border with Southern Province.700. Table X.2 lists sources of information on DWLC fauna and flora conservation areas.Table X.3 lists, and Figure X.1 illustrates the percent of EP Coastal DSD designated for theprotection of fauna and flora with respect to these DWLC fauna and flora protection areas.701. Table X.3 indicates that 16.2 percent of EP Coastal DSD and 15.7 percent of EP as awhole is designated for fauna and flora protection. This exceeds the 2010 “area” element ofthe target for terrestrial areas that “At least 10 percent of each of the world's ecologicalregions effectively conserved” (ref. 358) . However, it should be noted that there is only one smallarea of marine waters that is under DWLC fauna and flora protection status, namely thewaters around Puralamai (Pigeon) Island National Park. The area is just over 3km 2 . Itremains to be determined whether the “effectiveness” element of the target is being met.702. A subjective assessment of the available literature and site visits suggests that theadverse security situation over the last three decades has limited investment in maintainingthe infrastructure needed to best sustain and appreciate these natural assets. At an objectivelevel there is no evidence of patrolling of any coastal fauna and flora protected area in EPand limited evidence of protected areas signage.a. NECCDEP special study 11703. NECCDEP special study 11 (Ref.1103) : There is a subjective and qualitative assessmentof the condition of scenic, and fauna and flora protection sites in Eastern Province inNECCDEP special study 11.b. Strategic tourism plan704. Strategic Tourism Development Plan for Eastern Province (Ref.0950) : The StrategicTourism Development Plan for Eastern Province identifies development concepts designedto support the appreciation of areas with scenic, recreational or fauna and flora protectionvalue. These include:

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 120Table X.2: Sources of information on EP DWLC fauna and flora protection areas

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 121Table X.3: EP DWLC fauna and flora protection areas

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 122Figure X.1: Percent of EP coastal DSD designated for fauna and flora protection

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 123705. Trincomalee District: Puramalai (Pigeon) Island National Park – visitormanagement facilities in Trincomalee District,706. Batticaloa District: Proposal for creation of the Sathurukondan "Wetland Park" andnature reserve. Palameenmadu Nature Reserve, Vakarai Eco-Resort Center including CopraIsland Eco-Resort and Challitivu Eco-lodge.707. Ampara District: Lahugala Visitor Facilities, Pottuvil Lagoon Visitor Center.c. SAM plans708. SAM plans: The three SAM plans make recommendations for special sites:709. Trincomalee bay SAM: Mangrove Park at Mahaweli Estuary;710. Batticaloa lagoon SAM: Kallady beach Park (Kallady beach is also in the TourismPlan);711. Pottuvil – Arugam Bay – Panama SAM: Kudakaly beach Park. Mangrove Park andmangrove arboretum at Shastrawela.d. Other NECCDEP interventions712. NECCDEP has undertaken a number of interventions with respect to scenic andrecreational special sites. Interventions include urban greening and tree planting,demarcation of forest land at Kinniya in Trincomalee District, restoration of Keeiyadi wetlandin Batticaloa District sand dune conservation and restoration in Ampara District.713. There are no other NECCDEP interventions in areas under gazette for fauna andflora protection. However, a number of public communications materials and thePalameenmadu learning centre and eco-park are designed to enhance the appreciation ofnatural fauna and flora.D. EPICRMP development1. EPICRMP development at the national level714. There should be a requirement to develop management plans for significant specialsites and a commitment to meet the resources recommended to manage these sites.715. There should be a system of clear and objective indicators for national reporting onthe performance of special sites.716. Sites that are not specified in the gazette but are proposed below should be reviewedfor eligibility and included in the gazette as appropriate.2. EPICRMP development at the EP level717. Core EP ICRMP environmental indicator 16 relates to special sites. The target,means of verification and budget for verification of this indicator are given in table X.3 below.Budget in second and subsequent years may be less than that proposed for year one.

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 124Table X.3: “Special sites”.Indicator Target Means ofverification16. “Special sites” 16.1. Increase in 10% ofarea (ecosystemprotected).Gazette and fieldsurveyRp/year44,000,00044,000,000718. The target for special sites is that there should be an increase in area covered byspecial sites during the first EPICRMP as verified by specification in the gazette and fieldsurvey. The issue as to what comprises effectiveness of these areas needs to bedetermined.719. The budget covers: the demarcation and gazetting of the three SAM plans;production of six beach management plans with a focus on ensuring public access and;demarcation and extension of the network of areas specified for protection of fauna and flora.720. Special sites are addressed under sub headings as detailed below. A sum ofRs1,000,000 per annum is allocated for providing a synthesis of the status of special sites.a. SAM Sites (Indicator 16.1-16.3).721. The three SAM Sites can be viewed as special sites. They comprise Trincomalee BaySAM, Batlticaloa lagoon SAM and Pottuvil – Arugam Bay – Panama SAM. These SAM sitesare further described in Chapter IX above. Rs 5,000,000 is proposed for the demarcation andgazetting of each SAM site. An additional budget for SAM Plan implementation is presentedin the full Sam Plans.b. Beach management plans722. Six beaches are proposed for the development of beach management. The objectiveof these plans is to ensure that each of these beaches is managed for public access and thecompatible and inclusive benefit of all key users. Rs1,000,000 is allocated for each beach tocover planning, demarcation and gazetting. Figure X.2 illustrates the location of the proposedspecial sites for beach management in EP. The beaches are as follows:-723. Nilaveli beach, Trincomalee District (Indicator 16.2.3): A popular tourism beachalso with beach seining and a starting point for visiting Puramalai (Pigeon) Island NationalPark and part of the proposed visitor management facilities for Pigeon island proposed in theStrategic Tourism Development Plan for Eastern Province.724. Navalady beach, Batticaloa District (Indicator 16.2.4): This was recommended byCCD Batticaloa in written comments on the EP IRMP consultation document during thepublic consultation process (Ref. 1091) .725. Kaluvankerni beach, Batticaloa District (Indicator 16.2.5): This was recommendedby CCD Batticaloa in written comments on the EP IRMP consultation document during thepublic consultation process (Ref. 1091) .726. Ullai beach, Ampara District (Indicator 16.2.6): This was recommended during theAmpara District level public consultation meeting on 05 th October 2009 (Ref. 1571) .

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 125727. Oluvil lighthouse, Ampara District (Indicator 16.2.2): This is an aestheticallyattractive location with the lighthouse surrounded by coconut palms and with a beachfestooned with colourful fishing boats. The beach is also used for beach seining. A recentvisit on 13 th October 2009 showed the beach to be eroding in places probably due to theconstruction of Oluvil Port (DID1117) .728. Arugam Bay, Ampara District (Indicator 16.2.1): This beach is a popular tourismbeach and is also used for beaching fishing boats and beach seining. It is included within thePAP SAM.c. National parks and sanctuaries729. Four DWLC National Parks/Sanctuaries extend to the coastline in Eastern Province. Itis proposed that their seawards boundaries are extended from the shoreline. This is tosecure sensitive inshore habitats and the coastal processes that sustain them. Rs 2,000,000is allocated to demarcate and gazette each of these four extensions.730. Kokkilai Sanctuary (Indicator 16.3): Kokkilai lagoon is designated as asanctuary (Ref.1628) . It extends to the foreshore but not seawards.731. It is, therefore, proposed that the boundary of Kokkilai sanctuary be extended toinclude the seawards coastal zone as defined in the CCA (a distance of 2km). The proposedextension is justified on precautionary grounds and the purpose of the extension should be tosecure any sensitive intertidal and marine habitats and coastal sediment cell processescontained in the extension. Figure X.3 illustrates the proposed boundary of KokkilaiSanctuary.732. Pigeon (Puramalai) Island: The boundary of Puramalai National Park (Ref.1624)includes the surrounding marine waters extending in a radius of 1000m from the centre of aline drawn between the two islands that were originally designated as Pigeon IslandSanctuary in 1974 (Ref.1468) . Figure X.4 illustrates the boundary of Puramalai Island NationalPark.733. Little Sober/Great Sober (Indicator 16.7): Little Sober/Great Sober was designatedas a sanctuary on June 08 th 1963 (Ref.1470) . The boundary is indicated to be the shore of eachisland. There is no indication that the boundary has been extended subsequently.734. It is, therefore, proposed that the boundary of Little Sober and Great Sober beextended to include the seabed and waters to a depth of 10m or such other greater depth asmay be appropriate. The proposed extension is justified on precautionary grounds and thepurpose of the extension should be to secure any sensitive intertidal and marine habitats.735. The extended area is also recommended as core sub-zone 2 in the Trincomalee BaySAM Plan (Ref.1487) . Figure X.5 illustrates the proposed boundary change to Little Sober/GreatSober sanctuary.

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 126Figure X.2: Location of proposed beach management special sites in Eastern Province

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 127736. Seruwila Allai Sanctuary (Indicator 16.4): Seruwila Allai lagoon and environs wasdesignated in the Gazette L.D.B 83/37 as a sanctuary on 19 th September 1970 under theFauna and Flora Protection Ordinance (Ref.1307) . The area includes the lagoon and foreshorebut not the offshore waters.737. It is, therefore, proposed that the boundary of Seruwila Allai lagoon be extended toinclude the seawards coastal zone as defined in the CCA (a distance of 2km). The proposedextension is justified on precautionary grounds and the purpose of the extension should be tosecure any sensitive intertidal and marine habitats and coastal sediment cell processescontained in the extension. Figure X.6 illustrates the proposed boundary change to SeruwilaAllai sanctuary.738. Kudumbigala – Panama Sanctuary (Indicator 16.13): Kudumbigala – PanamaSanctuary was gazetted on 25th January 2004 (Ref.1295) .739. The National Park abuts Kumana Yala East/Kumana National Park to the south.DWLC has been asked to clarify the inland boundary description of Kudumbigala – PanamaSanctuary and this is pending. The boundary description does indicate that the easternboundary is “From the point where the Panakala Lagoon opens to the sea along the seacoast in a south-westerly direction proceeding up to Thillanawala”.740. Since there is no marine component to the sanctuary it is proposed that the boundaryof Kumana National Park be extended to include the seawards coastal zone as defined in theCCA (a distance of 2km). The proposed extension is justified on precautionary grounds andthe purpose of the extension should be to secure any sensitive intertidal and marine habitatsand coastal sediment cell processes contained in the extension. Figure X.7 illustrates theproposed boundary change to Kudumbigala – Panama Sanctuary.741. Kumana Yala East/Kumana National Park (Indicator 16.12): Kumana Yala East(specified as Kumana National Park in the Gazette) was gazetted on 17 th August 2004(Ref.1298) .742. The National Park abuts Kudumbigala – Panama sanctuary to the north. DWLC hasbeen asked to clarify the inland boundary description of Kumana National Park in the gazetteand this is pending. The boundary description does indicate that the eastern boundary is“From Thillanwela situated along the seafront at Okanda in a south westerly direction alongthe seashore to the point where the Kumbukkan Oya meets the sea at the Kumana estuary”.743. Since there is no marine component to the national park it is proposed that theboundary of Kumana National Park be extended to include the seawards coastal zone asdefined in the CCA (a distance of 2km). The proposed extension is justified on precautionarygrounds and the purpose of the extension should be to secure any sensitive intertidal andmarine habitats and coastal sediment cell processes contained in the extension. Figure X.7also illustrates the proposed boundary change to Kumana Yala East/Kumana National Park.

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 128Figure X.3: Proposed boundary revision to Kokkilai Sanctuary

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 129Figure X.4: Boundary of Puramalai (Pigeon) Island National Park

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 130Figure X.5: Proposed boundary revision of Little/Great Sober Island Sanctuary

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 131Figure X.6: Proposed boundary revision of Seruwila Allai Sanctuary

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 132Figure X.7: Proposed boundary revision of Kudumbigala – Panama SanctuaryProposed boundary revision of Kumana Yala East/Kumana National Park

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 133d. Additional protected areas744. Six areas are suggested to be considered for protected areas management statuswith the management category to be determined according to the 2008 IUCN guidelines(Ref.0884) . Designation to be determined reflecting the IUCN categories. A first year budget ofRp 2,000,000 is proposed for demarcating and gazetting each of these areas. All fall withincore or buffer sub-zones of the three EP ICRMP SAM plans.745. Thampalagamam Bay mangrove (Indicator 16.11): The Thampalagamam BayMangrove in Trincomalee District associated with transect 15 in special study nine (Ref.1172) isidentified as a significant mangrove area within Eastern Province and is recommended forprotected area status accordingly. It is also recommended as core sub-zone one in theTrincomalee Bay SAM Plan (Ref.1487) .746. Mahaweli Ganga mangrove (Indicator 16.5): The Mahaweli Ganga mangrove inTrincomalee District has been identified as a significant mangrove area in the TrincomaleeBay SAM Plan (Ref.1487) and is recommended for protected area status accordingly. It is alsorecommended as core sub-zone six in the Trincomalee Bay SAM Plan (Ref.1487) .747. Palameenmadu thona (indicator 16.6): Palameenmadu thona (07.76630N,081.66634E) is proposed for protected area status as an attractive example of a freshwaterlagoonal area close to the sea. It is also recommended as core sub-zone one in theBatticaloa lagoon SAM Plan (Ref.1488) .748. Pottuvil point bar mouth, lagoon mangrove and coastal sediment cell (Indicator16.10): Pottuvil Point bar mouth and lagoon mangrove (06.89812N, 081.84546E) arerecommended due the scenically attractive nature of the area and the presence of goodquality stands of mangroves. It is also recommended as core sub-zones one and two in thePottuvil – Arugam Bay – Panama SAM Plan (Ref.1485) .749. Panama Hada Oya mangrove (Indicator 16.9): The Panama Hada Oya Mangrovein Ampara District associated with transects two in special study nine (Ref.1172) is identified as asignificant area of mangrove in Eastern Province and is accordingly recommended forprotected area status. It is also recommended as core sub-zone five in the Pottuvil – ArugamBay – Panama SAM Plan (Ref.1485) .750. Panama bar mouth, dunes, mangrove and coastal sediment cell (Indicator 16.8):The Panama bar mouth, dunes, mangrove and coastal sediment cell (06.89812N,081.84546E) provides a scenically attractive coastal area containing significant dunes andsome mangrove. It is, accordingly, recommended for protected area status. It is alsorecommended as core sub-zone seven in the Pottuvil – Arugam Bay – Panama SAM Plan(Ref.1485) .E. EPICRMP Objectives, policies, strategies and actions1. Introduction751. The following Table X.4 summarises the EPICRMP objectives, policies, strategiesand actions designed to deliver the main target 16 listed in Table X.3 It should beemphasized that all the objectives, policies, strategies and actions identified for theEPICRMP are interrelated and should be implemented in an integrated manner to maximizeefficiency, effectiveness, impact and sustainability.752. Table X.4 also indicates context in terms of the CZMP, 2004 coastal agriculture,fisheries, aquaculture and forestry related objectives, policies, strategies and actions. The full

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 134set of objectives, policies, strategies and actions supporting the EPICRMP is given inAppendix Four.Table X.4: EPICRMP – special Sites – objectives, policies, strategies and actionsLevel No Statement EPICRMPtargetCZMP2004Ref.0903HostObjective 02 Mainstream climate change into coastalresources management in EasternProvince.All 02.2.3,08CEAPolicy 02.01 Reduce greenhouse gas emissions 11,14 MPEPolicy 02.02 Use carbon trading and offset mechanisms 11,14 02.2.3,25APolicy 02.03 Incorporate climate change risk assessmentsinto management planningMoFCEAPolicy 02.04 Monitor and evaluate delivery of objective 2.Policy 02.05 Implement strategies and actions for relatedobjectives.Objective 06 % of ecosystems protected as special sitesincreased by 10% by 201516 2, 6, 7,8Policy 06.01 3 Eastern Province SAM Plans delivered 16.1 CCDPolicy 06.02 6 Eastern Province beach/shorelinemanagement plans delivered16.2 2 CCDPolicy 06.03 Kokkilae Sanctuary extended and demarcated 16.3 DWLC,CCDPolicy 06.04 Seruwila Allai Sanctuary extended anddemarcatedPolicy 06.05 Mahaweli Ganga Mangrove demarcated andgazetted (TB SAM Plan core sub-zone 6)Policy 06.06 Palemeenmadu Thona demarcated andgazetted (BL SAM core sub-zone 1)Policy 06.07 Little Sober/Great Sober extensiondemarcated and gazetted (TB SAM Plan coresub-zone 12)16.4 7 DWLC,CCD16.5 3, 6, 7 DWLC,CCD,DoF16.6 6, 7 DoF,CCD16.7 6, 7 DWLC

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 135Policy 06.08 Panama bar mouth, dunes and mangrove andcoastal sediment cell demarcated andgazetted (PAP SAM core sub-zone 17)Policy 06.09 Panama Hada Oya mangrove anddemarcated and gazetted (PAP SAM coresub-zone 5)Policy 06.10 Pottuvil Point bar mouth and lagoonmangrove demarcated and gazetted (PAPSAM core sub-zones 1,2)Policy 06.11 Thampalagamam bay mangrove demarcatedand gazetted (TB SAM Plan core sub-zone 1)Policy 06.12 Kumana Yala East extended to includecoastal zone and sediment cellPolicy 06.13 Kudumbigala, Panama extended to includecoastal zone and sediment cell16.8 2, 3, 6,7, 816.9 3, 6, 7 CCD,DWLC,DoF16.10 2, 6, 7 DWLC,DoF,CCD16.11 3, 6, 7 DoF,CCD.16.12 2, 3, 7 CCD,DWLC16.13 2, 3, 7 CCD,DWLCPolicy 06.14 Monitor and evaluate delivery of objective 6.Policy 06.15 Implement strategies and actions for relatedobjectives.

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 136XI.PLAN SYNTHESISA. Introduction753. This EPICRMP has been developed using the logical framework approach (Ref.0011) andis based, with some changes, on the structure of the Sri Lanka CZMP, 2004 (Ref.0903) . The EPICRMP represents a guide to a process that can be revised to guide responses to changingcircumstances and produce relevant results in an effective and efficient way, with high impactand sustainability.754. The process should be participatory and reflect the principles of the ecosystemapproach and in particular principle two relating to the delegation of authority andresponsibility for management to the most relevant level.755. The process should be problems driven, response oriented and results targetedreflecting the DPSIR model of environmental management. Performance targets are set tomonitor delivery of results of this EPICRMP. Targets are set that are objective and indicatorbased. These targets may well be adjusted through the EPICRMP process.756. The full EP ICRMP presented in the twelve Chapters in this document builds on theconsultation document presented as Appendix Two and has been developed to comply, tothe extent possible, with the principles and using the tools presented in Chapter II Methods.B. EP ICRMP location757. The EPICRMP area is defined as the coastal region, defined here as the DivisionalSecretaries’ Divisions (DSD) with a coastal boundary. This definition of the coastal region istaken from the Sri Lanka CZMP, 2004 (Ref.0903) . In this respect the coastal region may extendinshore beyond the coastal zone as defined in the Coast Conservation Act of 1981 (Ref.0913)and may extend still further to address problems that arise outside the EPICRMP location butimpact upon it. Such problems include climate change which is global in scale and has to beaddressed both globally and locally.758. The EPICRMP is an timescale is an initial four years to reflect that of the nationalcoastal zone management cycle. However, it is projected that it should cycle indefinitely oruntil there are no more problems to be solved using the EPICRMP process.C. EPICRMP goal, purpose and results1. EPICRMP goalEP ICRMP goalEquitable and sustainable development759. This EPICRMP, together with other sectoral and multisectoral Plans andProgrammes, should contribute to delivery of this goal. Fair and equitable sharing of benefitsfrom, and the sustainable use of biological diversity are, core objectives of the InternationalConvention on Biological Diversity (Ref. 0121) . Equity is reflected in principle two of theecosystem approach where management is decentralized to the lowest appropriate level. Itis also a justification for the 13 th Amendment which aims to reduce regional disparities(Ref.0915) . Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the presentwithout compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 1372. EPICRMP purpose (objective)EP ICRMP purposeTo develop the Eastern Province within the carrying capacity of itsrenewable natural resources.760. The purpose statement is a wide one but recognizes that, whilst the coastal region isthe focus of the EPICRMP, the EPICRMP cannot be effective if wider sustainability issuesare not also addressed at the provincial level. Indeed, certain issues, such as climatechange, need to be addressed at the global as well as at the local level.761. Carrying capacity is the extent to which something can be used without compromisingits capacity for future use. For example, a rice farmer who sells all his seed at harvest willhave nothing to sow. The principle of least acceptable change is not considered to besufficiently well proven to be used as a key principle of the EPICRMP.3. EP ICRMP results762. There are five plan results and each comprises one key element of a processoriented approach that reflects that of the DPSIR model, EIA and SEA.763. Result 1 - consultation: Consultation and consultative action are decentralized tothe lowest appropriate level (Ref. 1125) .This reflects the goal statement requirement that there bethe equitable sharing of benefits. More practically it is reflected in the constituencyregistration and meetings compliance checklist and constituency stock take proceduresdescribed below.764. Result 2 – resources assessed: Resource indicators are monitored to provideearly signs of problems. Twenty core environmental performance indicators (and their subindicators)underpin the EPICRMP. Result two requires that there be a baseline againstwhich to monitor change.765. Result 3 – response delivered: Consultation specifies informed and relevant actionsto resolve problems. This requires evidence that the proposed actions address relevantproblems and that the actions are identified in a consultative way. The guidelines for theconsultative process are specified in the constituency registration and meetings checklistprocedures described below.766. Result 4 – results obtained: The response delivers objective indicator basedperformance targets. Initially the results are benchmarked against the baseline state of the20 core environmental performance EPICRMP indicators from result two above and theperformance targets set for these indicators and described below. The results will have beenobtained if the performance targets are achieved.767. Result 5 – purpose achieved: This result reflects the extent to which the purpose isachieved. It is assumed, within the vertical logic of the logical framework that delivery of the20 core environmental performance targets will substantially deliver the EPICRMP purpose.D. Plan indicators768. Table XI.1 Lists the 20 core environmental performance plan indicators and howthese indicators relate to the various chapters of the plan.

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 138Table XI.1: Core environmental performance plan indicator chapter linkagesNoPlan Indicators (main)III60IV61V62VI63Plan ChaptersVII64VIII65IX66X67XI68XII6901 Attitude and opinion 02 Administration effectiveness 03 Beach seine CPUE 70 04 Shrimp pond PPUE 71 05 Coastal coconut population

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 139E. Monitoring of EP ICRMP indicators770. Since there is little information with which to objectively benchmark these indicators asubjective and qualitative scoring is proposed until such time as a more objective andquantitative system of assessment can be introduced. This scoring is designed to raiseawareness about coastal resources and the need to monitor their condition.771. Significance is not included in the consultation assessment form illustrated below butis used for other assessment purposes.1. Significance772. A subjective and qualitative assessment of significance was used in the Districtcoastal resource profiles and should continue to be used and made more objective andquantitative during EPICRMP implementation.773. The assessment uses a -10 to +10 scale of the relative significance of the coastalresource indicators (assets and/or issues) being profiled.774. Significance is presented for public communications purposes using a “gold standard”colour scale to allow for rapid visualization. High positive significance (score of +7 to +10)iss given the colour gold. Moderate positive significance (score of +4 to +6) is given thecolour silver. Low positive significance (score of +1 to +3) is given the colour bronze. Nosignificance is given a zero score.775. Low negative significance (-1 to -5) is given an amber colour. High negativesignificance (-6 to -10) is given a red colour.776. The scoring boundaries between the colours are for public communications purposesand are arbitrary. An example for Trincomalee District sand dunes is provided below basedon the response to the following questions:-777. Significance in a national context: Are the sand dunes in Trincomalee Districtsignificant in a national context?778. Significance in an Eastern Province context: Are the sand dunes in TrincomaleeDistrict significant in an Eastern Province context?779. Significance in a district context: Are the sand dunes in Trincomalee Districtsignificant for Batticaloa District and Ampara District?780. Significance in the profiled district: Are the sand dunes in Trincomalee Districtsignificant for Trincomalee District?781. The assessment for sand dunes in the context of Trincomalee District is illustrated inTable XI.2 below:-

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 140ResourceTable XI.2: Significance of Trincomalee Sand Dunes (Ref.1454)Significance: Sand dunes in Trincomalee DistrictSriLankaEasternProvinceTrincomaleeDistrictBatticaloaDistrictAmparaDistrictDunes +2 +4 +6 +2 +2* Information lacking (don’t know); Bronze = score +1 to +3 (low positive significance); Silver = score +4to +6 (moderate positive significance); Gold = score +7 to + 10 (high positive significance); Amber =score -1 to -5 (moderate negative significance; Red = score -6 to -10 (high negative significance).782. Coastal sand dunes are effectively absent in Trincomalee District so they haverelatively little but positive significance for Trincomalee District despite their rarity. Thiscontrasts with Ampara District where they are considered to have provided an effectivephysical defense against the tsunami, are a visually attractive recreational feature and arealso mined for their sand.783. Trincomalee sand dunes are indicated to have no significance at the national leveland only a slight positive significance at the EP level.2. Impact assessment784. A subjective and qualitative assessment of impact was used in the District coastalresource profiles and should continue to be used and made more objective and quantitativeduring EP ICRMP implementation. The assessment should be of the impact (the change instate) of a given coastal resource to provide sustainable goods and services as reflected inits carrying capacity.785. This impact assessment should also includes the identification of the cause-effectlinkages between indicators resulting in that impact and where possible the location of theimpact so as to identify “hot spots”.786. In these respects indicators can be labeled as causative stressors or effectedreceptors. Where the receptors are important these can be labeled as valued environmentalcomponents. The terminology is commonly used in the Environmental Impact Assessmentprocess.787. Stressor: A stressor is the physical causative agent of a pressure which may, or maynot be distinct from the pressure itself 72 .788. Receptor: A receptor is a sensitive component of the ecosystem that reacts to or isinfluenced by environmental stressors 73 .789. Valued Environmental Components (VEC): A VEC is an aspect(components/processes/functions) of ecosystems, human health, and environmental welfareconsidered to be important and potentially at risk from human activity or natural hazards 74 .Similar to the term "valued environmental components" used in environmental impactassessment.72 (i) an environmental condition or influence that stresses (i.e. causes stress for) an organism,http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/stressor; (ii) any event or situation that precipitates a change,http://www.epa.gov/reva/glossary.htm; (iii) Physical, chemical, or biological entities that can induce adverseeffects on ecosystems or human health, http://www.epa.gov/OCEPAterms/sterms.html.73 www.epa.gov/reva/glossary.htm74 http://www.epa.gov/OCEPAterms/vterms.html

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 141790. The qualitative assessment should be based on a qualitative 20 point scale. If there isno impact a score of 0 should be applied. If the information on which to make an impactassessment is inadequate then a question mark (?) should be used. Impacts that can beassessed should then be scored as to whether they are negative or positive.791. If the impact is negative and low (the change in state is showing a slight deterioratingtrend) then a score of -1 to -3 is applied. If the impact is negative and moderate then a scoreof -4 to -6 is applied. If the impact is negative and high then a score of -7 to -10 is applied.792. If the impact is positive and low (the change in state is showing an improving trend)then a score of +1 to +3 is applied. If the impact is positive and moderate then a score of +4to +6 is applied. If the impact is positive and high then a score of +7 to +10 is applied.3. Management response793. The administrative capacity to manage (avoid, minimize or mitigate) the impact,assuming business as usual, was also assessed on a qualitative twenty point scale for theDistrict coastal resource profiling exercise. If there is no capacity to manage the impact aresponse score of 0 is applied. If the information on which to make an assessment ofcapacity to respond is inadequate then a question mark (?) was entered. Capacity to respondis then scored as to whether it is negative or positive.794. If the capacity to manage is negative but only slightly deficient then a score of -1 to -3is applied. If the capacity to manage is moderately poor then a score of -4 to -6 is applied. Ifthe capacity to manage is very poor then a score of -7 to -10 is applied.795. If the capacity to manage is limited but positive then a score of +1 to +3 is applied. Ifthe capacity to manage is moderately good then a score of +4 to +6 is applied. If the capacityto manage is very good then a score of +7 to +10 is applied.4. Prognosis796. The prognosis or result was also assessed in the District level coastal resourceprofiling exercise. The prognosis comprised the impact score as described in one, aboveadded to the management response score as described in three above.797. The maximum possible negative score is -20 (negative impact is maximum andcapacity to management the impact is minimal). The maximum possible positive score is +20(there is a very positive impact and the capacity for management is very good).798. A “traffic light” colour system was used as a public communications tool to allow forrapid visualization of the prognosis for key issues. Red was assigned to a negative scorebelow -3 and signals a bad prognosis. Amber was assigned to a score between -3 and +3and signals moderate or precautionary prognosis. Green was assigned to a score of +4 to+10 signals a good prognosis.799. The scoring boundaries between the colours are for public communications purposesand are arbitrary. An example for mangrove in Trincomalee District is presented in TableXI.3 below.

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 142Table XI.3: Prognosis for mangrove in Trincomalee District (Ref.1454)Stressor Receptor Climate changeImpact 75 Response 76 Prognosis 77Cutting Mangrove -7 +2 -5Landfill Mangrove -3 +2 -1Causeway Mangrove -3 +2 -1SeruwilaSeruwila wetlandMarvilaru wetlandHot spotsDeforestation of habitatThampalagamam Palampatar Destruction of watershed due to humanactivityKantale forestSenamullikulamEachchankulam800. In the case of mangrove in Trincomalee District the qualitative subjective score forimpact is -4 (the negative impact on mangroves in Trincomalee is suggested to be moderate)whilst the capacity to respond with business as usual is - 2 (slightly deficient). The prognosisis the response score plus the impact score and is -2 suggesting a moderate orprecautionary prognosis.801. The stocktaking form presented in the EPICRMP Consultation document andcompleted by the District level CCC during the presentation and voting on the consultationdocument is presented in Section G of this Chapter. It should be used when appropriateduring any consultation process and should become more objective as the EP ICRMP isimplemented.C. EPICRMP outputs and activities802. EP ICRMP outputs reflect the objective evidence of delivery of the 20 coreenvironmental performance targets. EP ICRMP activities are designed both to help deliverthe performance targets and also to provide the objective evidence of delivery. Table XI.4lists the 20 core environmental performance indicators and their associated targets andTable XI.5 Lists the general means of verification for these targets.803. It should be noted that the methodologies for objective verification will need to bedeveloped as an initial phase of EPICRMP implementation.75 Impact (the change in state of a receptor): 0 = none; -1 to -3 = low negative impact; -4 to -6 = moderatenegative impact; -7 to -10 = high negative impact. +1 to +3 = low positive impact; +4 to +6 = moderate positiveimpact; +7 to +10 = high positive impact. ? = don’t know.76 Response (capacity to avoid, minimize or mitigate the impact. 0 = none; -1 to -3 = slightly negative capacity; -4to -6 = moderately negative capacity; -7 to -10 = very negative capacity. +1 to +3 = slight positive capacity; +4to +6 = moderately positive capacity; +7 to +10 = very positive capacity. ? = don’t know.77 Prognosis (Result) = Impact score + Response score: -5 to -20 = Red (danger); -4 to +4 = Amber(moderate/precautionary); +5 to +20 = Green (OK); ? = Don’t know.

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 143Table XI.4: EPICRMP indicators and targetsEPICRMP CORE INDICATORS AND TARGETSINDICATORTarget (relative to baseline)01 Attitude and opinion (satisfaction) Satisfaction score improves.02 Administration effectiveness02.102.202.302.402.502.602.7Effectiveness score improves.EP IEPA 78 Unit formed2 Sustainability officers per DSD1 Sustainability officer per GNDSustainability “watchers” systemIEE/EIA EMP deliveredOffences tracking improved03 Beach seine CPUE 79 CPUE maintained04 Shrimp pond PPUE 80 PPUE maintained.05 Coastal coconut population

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 144Table XI.5: EPICRMP indicators means of verificationMEANS OF VERIFICATIONEPICRMP CORE INDICATOR TARGETSINDICATORMEANS OF VERIFICATION01 Attitude and opinion (satisfaction) Household survey questionnaire02 Administration effectiveness Questionnaire (employment)IEE/EIA EMP reports/site visitsOffences records03 Beach seine CPUE 85 Fish landings forms04 Shrimp pond PPUE 86 Shrimp operator data05 Coastal coconut population

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 145805. Table XI.6 also indicates context in terms of the CZMP, 2004 coastal agriculture,fisheries, aquaculture and forestry related objectives, policies, strategies and actions. The fullset of objectives, policies, strategies and actions supporting the EPICRMP is given inAppendix 4.Level No Statement EPICRMPtargetCZMP2004Ref.0903HostObjective 01 Institutionalise the EPICRMP 01,02 08 MNB&EIDPolicy 01.01 Obtain institutional ownership, funding andapproval for implementation of the EPICRMPPolicy 01.02 Monitor and evaluate delivery of objective 1Policy 01.03 Implement strategies and actions for relatedobjectives.Objective 02 Mainstream climate change into coastalresources management in EasternProvince.All 02.2.3,08CEAPolicy 02.01 Reduce greenhouse gas emissions 11,14 MPEPolicy 02.02 Use carbon trading and offset mechanisms 11,14 02.2.3,25APolicy 02.03 Incorporate climate change risk assessmentsinto management planningMoFCEAPolicy 02.04 Monitor and evaluate delivery of objective 2.Policy 02.05 Implement strategies and actions for relatedobjectives.Objective 03 Build a services delivery approach toEPICRMP01, 02, 01.4p.6A,08AG(GA)Policy 03.01 Improve attitude and opinion towards coastalresourcesPolicy 03.02 Strengthen administrative effectiveness tomanage coastal resources.02Policy 03.03 Monitor and evaluate delivery of objective 3.

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 146Objective 04 Ensure sustainable use of renewablecoastal resourcesAll 01.4,01.5, p6A,p7A,08Policy 04.01 Ensure that beach seine CPUE is sustained. 03 05.2.3 DFPolicy 04.02 Ensure that Shrimp pond PPUE is sustained. 04 5.2.3,p.50ADFPolicy 04.03 Ensure that Coastal (

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 147Policy 05.02 Provide alternative sources for buildingmaterials to coastal and watershed sensitivesources.Policy 05.03 Restrict opportunities for businesses based onillegitimate sources of coastally sensitivesourced building materials.Policy 05.04 Implement coastal development that is futureproofed against climate change.15 GSMB15 MoD15 3 DB/UDAPolicy 05.05 Monitor and evaluate delivery of objective 5.Policy 05.06 Implement strategies and actions for relatedobjectives.Objective 06 % of ecosystems protected as special sitesincreased by 10% by 2015.16 2, 6, 7,8Policy 06.01 3 Eastern Province SAM Plans delivered. 16.1 CCDPolicy 06.02 6 Eastern Province beach/shorelinemanagement plans delivered.Policy 06.03 Kokkilae Sanctuary extended anddemarcated.Policy 06.04 Seruwila Allai Sanctuary extended anddemarcated.Policy 06.05 Mahaweli Ganga Mangrove demarcated andgazetted. (TB SAM Plan core sub-zone 6)Policy 06.06 Palemeenmadu Thona demarcated andgazetted. (BL SAM core sub-zone 1)Policy 06.07 Little Sober/Great Sober extensiondemarcated and gazetted. (TB SAM Plan coresub-zone 12)Policy 06.08 Panama bar mouth, dunes and mangrove andcoastal sediment cell demarcated andgazetted. (PAP SAM core sub-zone 17)Policy 06.09 Panama Hada Oya mangrove anddemarcated and gazetted. (PAP SAM coresub-zone 5)16.2 2 CCD16.3 DWLC,CCD16.4 7 DWLC,CCD16.5 3, 6, 7 DWLC,CCD,DoF16.6 6, 7 DoF,CCD16.7 6, 7 DWLC16.8 2, 3, 6,7, 816.9 3, 6, 7 CCD,DWLC,DoF

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 148Policy 06.10 Pottuvil Point bar mouth and lagoonmangrove demarcated and gazetted (PAPSAM core sub-zones 1,2).Policy 06.11 Thampalagamam bay mangrove demarcatedand gazetted (TB SAM Plan core sub-zone 1).Policy 06.12 Kumana Yala East extended to includecoastal zone and sediment cell.Policy 06.13 Kudumbigala, Panama extended to includecoastal zone and sediment cell.16.10 2, 6, 7 DWLC,DoF,CCD16.11 3, 6, 7 DoF,CCD.16.12 2, 3, 7 CCD,DWLC16.13 2, 3, 7 CCD,DWLCPolicy 06.14 Monitor and evaluate delivery of objective 6.Policy 06.15 Implement strategies and actions for relatedobjectives.Objective 07 Red list species assessed. 17 3, 8 DWLCPolicy 07.01 Red list species inventoried. 17.1 3, 8 DWLCPolicy 07.02 Turtle nesting monitored. 17.2 3 DWLCPolicy 07.03 Monitor and evaluate delivery of objective 7.Policy 07.04 Implement strategies and actions for relatedobjectives.Objective 08 Coastal water resources sustained. 18, 19,204, 8 CEAPolicy 08.01 Estuary water quality maintained. 18 CEAPolicy 08.02 Water reserves increased by 10% by 2015. 19 - DoI,DWDSPolicy 08.03 Water treatment increased by 10% by 2015. 20 4 DWDSPolicy 08.04 Monitor and evaluate delivery of objective 8.Policy 08.05 Implement strategies and actions for relatedobjectives.

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 149G. EPICRMP administration1. Organisation806. It is proposed that the EPICRMP be administered by the EP Provincial Secretariatunder the national guidance of the CCD and other line agencies where relevant.807. The EPICRMP should be delivered to reflect the 13 th Amendment to the Constitutionand the placement of environment under the Concurrent and Provincial Council Lists underthat Amendment.808. An Eastern Province Integrated Environmental Planning and Audit Unit (EP IEPA) isproposed. The IEPA Unit should have a mandate to audit sectoral agencies for delivery ofenvironmental management in the EP and to make recommendations. This audit role isreflected in EPICRMP indicators 2.6 (IEE/EIA EMP tracking) and 2.7 (Offences tracking).809. The IEPA Unit should be operationally affiliated to the EP Provincial Secretariat. Itshould act as an environmental secretariat to the Eastern Provincial Council and to the threeDistrict level SAM Community Coordinating Committees. The IEPA should also co-ordinateimplementation of the EPICRMP from the Provincial level and facilitate delivery using anetwork of DSD and GND sustainability officers and volunteer sustainability watchers.2. Reporting810. The IEPA Unit should produce a report at the end of year one of the EPICRMP. Thereport should comprise two parts. The first part should provide a statement as to the baselinestate (benchmark) of the 20 core EPICRMP environmental performance indicators and theirconstituent sub-indicators in the context of the targets to be delivered. The second part,which could comprise an appendix, should detail the methods used to collect objective andquantitative data on the baseline state of the core EP ICRMP environmental performanceindicators and their constituent sub-indicators.811. These baseline benchmarking methods should be the standard methods used tomonitor subsequent progress in the delivery of the EPICRMP performance targets for thesecore environmental performance indicators.H. Consultation812. The Consultation process in support of development of this EPICRMP is presented inChapter XII. The key technical elements that should have been followed are presentedbelow. They comprise a constituency registration form illustrated in Table XI.7, a meetingscompliance checklist with explanatory clarifications illustrated in Table XI.8 and Table XI.9and a stock take form illustrated in Table XI.10. Unfortunately there was only limited uptakeand use of these technical elements.

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EP ICRMP)P a g e / 150Table XI.7: Constituency registration formAdministrative level: Location: Date:No Name 91 User group* Organisation GO/NGO 92M/F93GND 94 Contact (ID, Address, mobile, email etc) SAM(Y/N) 95Please add rows as necessaryivi 91 No organisation or individual should be represented more than once in any/all DSD level CCC for any particular SAM.92Government organization (GO) 50% and Non-Government Organisation (NGO) 50% representation.93Male (M) 50% and Female (F) 50% representation94Balanced representation from GND95Lives/works within SAM/SAM buffer zone

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 151*Voting members (V) representing users of coastal renewable resources.(V1)(V2)(V3)(V4)(V6)(V7)(V8)(V9)Representatives from all artisanal/subsistence user groups: (V1.1) Farmers; (V1.2) Fisherfolk; (V1.3 Tourism); (V1.4) Other - please specify.Representatives from small businesses: (V2.1) Agriculture; (V2.2) Fisheries/Aquaculture; (V2.3) Manufacture – please specify; (V2.4) Tourism; (V2.5) Other - please specify.Representatives from large businesses: (V3.1) Agriculture; (V3.2) Fisheries/Aquaculture; (V3.3) Manufacture – please specify; (V3.4) Tourism; (V3.5) Other - please specify.Representatives from environmental CBO/NGO directly link with SAM related activities – please specify.Women’s Association – please specifyCooperative Association – please specifySpecial Community/Alternative livelihoods groups using SAM resources: (V8.1) Brick manufacturers; (V8.2) Handicraft makers; (V8.3) other – please specify.Government Executive: Representatives from relevant Government sector with jurisdiction over the SAM area: (V9.1) Agriculture; (V9.2) Attorney General’s Office – Central;(V9.3) Attorney General’s Office – District; (V9.4) Attorney General’s Office – DSD; (V9.5) Attorney General’s Office – GND; (V9.6) Attorney General’s Office – Province; (V9.7)education – Primary; (V9.8) Education – Secondary; (V9.9) Education – Tertiary; (V9.10) Disaster Management and Human Rights; (V9.11) Enforcement – Coastguard/Navy;(V9.12) Enforcement – Police; (V9.13) Environment and Natural resources – CEA; (V9.14) Environment and Natural Resources – DoF; (V9.15) Environment and NaturalResources – DWC; (V9.16) Environment and Natural Resources – MPPA; (V9.17) Fisheries - CCD; (V9.18) Fisheries – DFRAR; (V9.19) Fisheries – NAQDA; (V9.20) Fisheries –NARA; (V9.21) Health care and nutrition; (V9.22) Disaster management and human rights; (V9.23) Fisheries (excluding CCD); (V9.24) Irrigation and water management; (V9.25)Land and Land development; (V9.26) Nation Building and Estate Infrastructure; (V9.27) Plan Implementation; (V9.28) Plantation Industries; (V9.29) Ports and Aviation; (V9.30)Public Administration – Central; (V9.31) Public Administration (general) – District; (V9.32) Public Administration (general) – DSD; (V9.33) Public Administration (general) - GND;(V9.34) Public Administration (general) - Provincial; (V9.35) Tourism ; (V9.36); Other - please specify.*Non-Voting Observers (O). Political party representatives will have their vote in other fora(O1)(O2)(O3)Legislature - Government: (O1.1) Chairman of Local Government body: (O1.2) Municipal Council; (O1.3) Urban Council; (O1.4) Praedesh SabhaLegislature - Opposition: (O2.1) Municipal Council; (O2.2) Urban Council; (O2.3) Praedesh Sabha.Media: Representatives of the independent press

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EP ICRMP)P a g e / 152Table XI.8: Constituency co-management meetings compliance checklistEPICRMP Constituency Consultative Management Meetings- COMPLIANCE CHECKLIST -Constituency /code/:Administrative area:Meeting Number/Date:No Item Note Date 01 Agenda matters received Constituents may submit an agendamatter for a meeting in writing at least10 working days before the scheduledmeeting. The matter should besubmitted as a voting statement withappropriate background documentationto inform a vote. Inclusion of the matterwill be determined by the Secretary.02 Agenda prepared Prepared by previous meetingSecretary and include list of votingmembers, observers and invitees.03 Agenda distributed Should be distributed at least 5 workingdays before the scheduled meeting.04 Chair proposed from CCMvoting attendees by vote.(see Clarification: Voting).05 Chair confirms votingQuorum06 Secretary proposed fromCCM voting attendees byvote.(see Clarification: Voting).Chair facilitates meeting and hascasting vote in event of a tied vote.If no voting quorum is present a newtime/date for a meeting should be set.Secretary takes minutes, distributesagenda and keeps time.07 Attendees List of constituency registeredattendees and their signatures.08 Apologies List of constituency registered nonattendeesshould be taken.09 Emergency matters arising.(see Clarification: Voting).10 Emergency matters vote(see Clarification: Voting).11 Approval of previousminutes by vote (seeclarification: Voting).12 Agenda matter vote (seeclarification: Voting).13 Any other business (seeclarification: Voting).14 Location, date and time ofnext meeting.15 Closing of meeting by ChairMatter raised and voted for discussion.Proceed Agenda matter by agendamatterADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development ProjectNECCDEP Draft Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan V2

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 153Table XI.9: Constituency co-management meeting guidance notesNo.VotingNECCDEPEPICRMP Constituency Co-management Meetings (CCM)- Clarifications -V.01 CCM register of members: Each CCM shall maintain an up to date register (as ofthe date of notification of the agenda for the next meeting) comprising: (i) date; (ii)name; (iii) user group including whether a voting member or a non-votingobserver); (iv) organization; (v) Government/ Non-Governmental status; (vi) Sex;(vii) Associated GND (if any); (viii) Contact details Identity card number, postaladdress, mobile phone, email); (ix) whether resident in a proposed SAM area; (x)Signature.It shall be a condition of participation either as a voting member or a non-votingobserver that any person on the register notify the CCM, in writing, of any changesin registration information as soon as possible. Any vote caste based on anincorrect registration may be considered null and void.V.02 Voting quorum: A motion to vote can only be raised if a quorum (50%) of thepersons registered to vote in the respective CCM meeting are present at the timeof voting or are represented by a proxy with the written authorization to vote of theregistered party. In this respect no proxy may vote for more than one registeredparty.V.03 Chair: The Chair shall only vote with a casting vote in the event of a tie of aquorum of the votes.V.04 Voting statement: Any matter to be raised to a vote should be presented as astatement that can unambiguously be voted “for”, “against” or “abstain”. Thestatement “Discussion concerning the boundary of the SAM” is not a votingstatement. The statement “The boundary of the SAM as presented in Annex A ofthe Agenda is agreed” is a voting statement.V.05 Proposed: Agenda matter raised as a voting statement. It should be proposed bya voting member of the relevant CCM. S/he should give his/her name and confirmthat s/he is a registered voting member of the relevant CCM and have it confirmedthat s/he is a voting member of the relevant CCM by the Secretary for thatmeeting.V.06 Seconded: Agenda matter is seconded by a registered voting member of the CCMwho should give his/her name and confirm that s/he is a registered voting memberof the relevant CCM and have it confirmed that s/he is a voting member of therelevant CCM by the Secretary for that meeting.V.07 Argument for: One person shall present such arguments and supportingdocuments as may be necessary to put the case. The presentation should last nomore than five minutes.continued…….

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 154V.08 Argument against: One person shall present such arguments and supportingdocuments as may be necessary to put the case. The presentation should last nomore than five minutes.V.09 Summing up: The Chair will summarise the arguments for and against and ifnecessary obtain informal consensus concerning any possible revised votingstatement. The summary should last no more than five minutes.V.10 Vote: Voting statement proposed for a vote and seconded by voting members ofthe CCM. Vote shall be by a show of hands by voting members. The vote shouldbe called “For”, “Against” and “Abstain”. A vote will be passed by a majority of thequorum and the voting statement and the vote shall be recorded by the Secretary.V.11 Tie: In the event of a tied vote the Chair may request a second vote before givinghis/her casting vote in the event that the second vote is also a tie.

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 155Table XI.10: Constituency stocktake form for core EPICRMP indicatorsEASTERN PROVINCE INDICATOR STOCKTAKING 96 1. FORM: 01/2. CCM 3. GENERAL LOCATION 4. DATE5. SPECIFIC LOCATION 976 INDICATOR STOCKTAKE SCORE 98All to be indexed by Location 99 Impact Response Prognosis10010110201 Attitude and opinion (satisfaction)02 Administration effectiveness03 Beach seine CPUE 10304 Shrimp pond PPUE 10405 Coastal coconut population

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 156I. Plan resources1. Budget813. In respect of the 13 th Amendment to the Constitution the Provincial Council shouldseek central government funding to fulfill its obligation to environment under the Concurrentand Provincial Council lists.814. A recurrent budget, excluding staff salaries and salary related costs andinfrastructure costs, of Rp 71,600,000 per annum is proposed. This budget should cover theoperational costs of the IEPA Unit and the various monitoring and other activities required todeliver the Plan targets. The budget is listed in Table XI.10 below.2. Staffing815. IEPA unit (Indicator 02.1): The Unit should contain a Director and assistant Directorand at least five qualified graduate staff to coordinate data collection and analysis as well asa documents archivist, secretary, peon and driver.816. DSD level sustainability officers (Indicator 02.2): Two sustainability officers shouldbe assigned to each DSD within the EP. The DSD officers should be secondary schoolgraduates with a scientific background. They should provide environmental outreach insupport of delivery of the targets in the EPICRMP and liaise between the IEPA and keystakeholders including volunteer sustainability watchers (see below) to provide keyenvironmental performance data.817. GND level sustainability officers (Indicator 02.3): One sustainability officer shouldbe assigned to each GND within the EP. The GND officers should be secondary schoolgraduates with a scientific background. They should provide environmental outreach insupport of delivery of the targets in the EPICRMP and liaise between the IEPA, DSDsustainability officers and key stakeholders including volunteer sustainability watchers (seebelow)the to provide key environmental performance data.818. Environmental sustainability watchers (Indicator 02.4): A network of volunteerenvironmental sustainability watcher should be formed in local communities to encouragevoluntary environmental improvement activities and liaison with IEPA, DSD and GNDofficers.819. The budget is indicative per year and does not include staff costs. The budget mayreduce in subsequent years. Major capital infrastructure projects are not included. It issuggested that, if Government funds are not available, that the GEF and/ormultilateral/bilateral donors are approached to fund relevant elements of the EP ICRMP.NECCDEP may wish to initiate some of these activities within its existing budget.

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 157Table X1.10: Plan budget per annum (four year cycle)EPICRMP BUDGETINDICATOR ACTIVITY Rp/YEAR01 Attitude and opinion (satisfaction) Questionnaire 1,000,00002 Administration effectiveness02.102.202.302.402.502.602.7QuestionnaireEP IEPA UnitDSD OfficersGND Officers“Watchers”IEE/EIA EMPtrackingOffences tracking500,0005,000,000500,000500,000500,000500,000500,00003 Beach seine CPUE 109 CPUE survey 1,000,00004 Shrimp pond PPUE 110 PPUE survey 500,00005 Coastal coconut population

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)P a g e / 158EPICRMP BUDGET CONTINUEDINDICATOR ACTIVITY Rp/year16 Special sites (% ecosystem protected) Gazette, field survey 1,000,0001.0 SAM Plans1.1 Pottuvil-Arugam Bay – Panama “PAP” SAM Demarcate, gazette 5,000,0001.2 Batticaloa lagoon “BL” SAM Demarcate, gazette 5,000,0001.3 Trincomalee Bay “TB” SAM Demarcate, gazette 5,000,0002.0 Beach management plans (6 plans) - -2.1 Arugam Bay Demarcate, gazette 1,000,0002.2 Oluvil lighthouse Demarcate, gazette 1,000,0002.3 Nilaveli Demarcate, gazette 1,000,0002.4 Navalady beach (Ref. 1091, CCD comment) Demarcate, gazette 1,000,0002.5 Kaluvankerni beach (Ref. 1091, CCD comment) Demarcate, gazette 1,000,0002.6 Ullai beach (Ref.1571, Ampara District 05/10/09) Demarcate, gazette 1,000,0003.0 Kokkilai Sanctuary demarcate and extend to Demarcate, gazette 2,000,000include coastal sediment cell.4.0 Seruwila Allai demarcate and extend to include Demarcate, gazette 2,000,000coastal sediment cell5.0 Mahaweli Ganga mangrove Demarcate, gazette 2,000,0006.0 Palameenmadu Thona 07.76630N, 081.66634E Demarcate, gazette 2,000,0007.0 Little Sober/Great Sober extend to includeDemarcate, gazette 2,000,000submarine (10m) water depth.8.0 Panama bar mouth, dunes, mangrove andDemarcate, gazette 2,000,000coastal sediment cell 06.76440N, 081.82493E9.0 Panama Hada Oya mangrove (see GreenTech Demarcate, gazette 2,000,000Transect 2)10.0 Pottuvil Point bar mouth and lagoon mangrove Demarcate, gazette 2,000,00006.89812N, 081.84546E.11.0 Thampalagamam Bay (see Greentech Transect Demarcate, gazette 2,000,00015)12.0 Kumana, Yala East extend to include coastal Demarcate, gazette 2,000,000sediment cell if not already done.13.0 Kudumbigala, Panama extend to include coastal Demarcate, gazette 2,000,000sediment cell if not already done17 Species: Red list species17.1 General inventory Field survey 2,000,00017.2 Turtle Monitor nesting 1,000,00018 Water quality: Estuary Field survey 2,000,00019 Water reserves (% by type) Field survey 1,000,00020 Water treatment (% by type) Field survey 1,000,000Total: 71,600,000

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EP ICRMP)P a g e / 159XII.CONSULTATION PROCESSA. Introduction1. The draft EPICRMP consultation document was submitted to the NECCDEP at theend of June 2009 and approved in the middle of July. A slightly modified second version wasproduced in late September and again in October and was considered at the meetingsdescribed below. It is presented in Appendix Two below.2. The document provides a goal and purpose statement for the EPICRMP. Twenty keyindicators, associated targets, means of verification and activities to deliver these targets areproposed. An indicative annual budget of approximately 70 million Sri Lankan rupees isproposed by indicator and target. This budget excludes staff and infrastructure costs.3. An institutional home for the EPICRMP is proposed as an EP level IntegratedEnvironmental Planning and Audit Unit (IEPA). Two environmental sustainability officer postsper DSD and one per GND should be created and report to the IEPA Unit. All should be paidunder recurrent budget. In addition a sustainability “watchers” system is proposed.B. Public consultation1. Introduction4. The dates and locations of three public consultation meetings for consideration of thedraft EP ICRMP consultation document were publicly advertised at the start of September inSinhala, Tamil and English (Ref. 0982) . The advertisements also advised the locations where thedraft EP ICRMP consultation document could be accessed including the NECCDEP websitewww.neccdep.com . Written comment was solicited with a deadline of 25th September. Twowritten comments were received (filed under Ref. 1091 ). The first from the CCD District levelSecretariat at Batticaloa dated 15 th September included minor suggestions including thesuggestions that Navalady beach and Kaluvankerni (spelt Kaluvankerni in the letter) beachbe subject to beach management plans. The second from Lego International (PVT) Ltd.,was received 28/09/09. The communication from Lego International (PVT) Ltd., accepted thedocument in principle.5. The first public meeting was held on 05th October for Ampara District, the second on06th October for Batticaloa District and the third on 07th October for Trincomalee District.Participants in the public meetings and minutes are listed by meeting in Appendix 3. TableXII.1 summarises the composition of each meeting.Table XII.1: Composition of public meetings (1)EPICRMP consultation document: Public consultation.Gender Civil Soc. Vote♀ ♂ Gov NGO Yes No AbsTrincomalee 07/10/09 Ref.1572 18 12 04 26 30 (2) 0 0Batticaloa 06/10/09 Ref.1573 13 59 42 27 72 (3) 0 0Ampara 05/10/09 Ref.1571* 06 18 05 21 28 (4) 0 0Note: (1) Materials referenced under DID0982 for EPICRMP approvals process and presented inAppendix 3. (2) NGO = Private (Individual) + Public (Community). (3) NGO = NGO + Private. 3 unknownaffiliations. (4) Sex of two participants unknown. NGO = NGO +Private + Public.6. The gender ratio at the meetings was in favour of women at the Trincomalee meetingbut was in heavily in favour of men at the Batticaloa and Ampara meetings.ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development ProjectNECCDEP Draft Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan V2

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EP ICRMP)P a g e / 1602. Trincomalee District public consultation7. 30 people attended the Trincomalee District public consultation meeting on 07 thOctober. The minutes and attendance are provided in Appendix 3.A.1 (Ref.1572) . 60 percent ofthe participants were female and 87 percent were non-governmental.8. No substantial comments or reservations were made. Concern was raised abouterosion and also the need to rehabilitate salterns in the Kuchchaveli and Kinniya areas. Theissues of erosion, pollution, participatory management and management by zoning aregenerally addressed in the EPICRMP. Particular management issues need to be addressedat the local planning level using the framework of the EPICRMP.9. The EPICRMP was unanimously voted for in favour of the submission to the higherauthority and without reservations by the Trincomalee district level public meeting.3. Batticaloa District public consultation10. 72 people attended the Batticaloa District public consultation meeting on 07 th October.The minutes and attendance are provided in Appendix 3.A.2 (Ref.1573) . 18 percent of theparticipants were female and 39 percent were non-governmental.11. 10 comments and no reservations were made.12. Comment i: Comment i relates to the written comments from the CCD. The twoareas recommended for beach management are included in the EPICRMP.13. Comment ii: Comment ii relates to the boundaries of the SAM areas. A budget hasbeen allocated for boundary demarcation in the Batticaloa Lagoon SAM Plan which fallsunder the EPICRMP and demarcation is proposed to involve a participatory process iffunding is forthcoming.14. Comment iii: Comment iii is unclear. All areas that comply with the definition ofcoastal zone under the Coast Conservation Act remain as coastal zone.15. Comment iv: Comment iv relates to breeding grounds and wetlands. The EPICRMPChapter VI on habitats and species includes mangroves and mangroves are a coreEPICRMP environmental indicator. Recommendations for management of key habitats arealso made under the Batticaloa Lagoon SAM Plan. If there are particular areas requiringdesignation as special sites under the Fauna and Fauna Protection ordinance or otherrelevant legislation then they should be notified through the district level SAM CCC forconsideration and action.16. Comment v: Comment v relates to bridges. The EPICRMP identifies concerns withrespect to the effectiveness of the IEE and EIA process. It should be noted that most of thenew bridges are open structures on pillars. Partial blockages are temporary and part of theconstruction process. Once complete these structures should not adversely effect watercirculation. If they do then the issue should be raised to the district level SAM CCC forconsideration and action.

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EP ICRMP)P a g e / 16117. Comment vi: Comment vi relates to agriculture. The BL SAM contains a number ofrecommendations for agriculture. The EPICRMP is focused on key Province-wide indicators.Paddy and Coconut palm were selected as core environmental indicators because it is betterto monitor a few things well than a lot of things badly. Paddy and coconut are alsowidespread, vulnerable to projected sea-level rise from climate change and in the case ofcoconut palms are important for tourism aesthetics.18. Comment vii: Comment vii relates to water depth and navigation (bathymetry).NECCDEP special study 12 is pending commission and proposes to do a bathymetric surveyof Batticaloa lagoon. This survey should produce information that may help in navigation.19. Comment viii: Comment viii relates to harbour development. It should be noted thatEPICRMP provides a strategic framework and process, reflecting that of StrategicEnvironmental Assessment, to deliver sustainable development of the EP coastal region. Itprovides a mechanism to respond to changing circumstances and proposed plans andprogrammes. It does not suggest development Projects. However, it does suggest criteria forselecting and managing projects.20. The locating of proposed harbours along the coastal area of EP should be viewed in aprecautionary manner since solid engineered infrastructure can adversely effect shorelinemaintenance processes and could result in the displacement of traditional users of coastalresources. Harbours, if approved, should be designed to accommodate climate change.It should be noted that harbours may not provide a return on investment.21. The improvement in roads in EP, the easing of security in Trincomalee Bay, thedevelopment of Oluvil Port, and the upgrade of Valaichchenai fishing harbour should improvemarine transport opportunities with limited need for new harbours.22. There should be a strategic environmental assessment of any proposed nationalmaritime infrastructure plans and programmes. Any proposed harbour development shouldcomply with the recommendations from that assessment and should also be subject to anIEE and EIA depending on the thresholds set for requiring a full EIA.23. Comment ix: Comment ix relates to water transport and the response is as forcomment viii above.24. Comment x: Comment x relates to the disappearance of thona. EPICRMP coreenvironmental indicator 16.6 refers to the need to demarcate and gazette PalameenmaduThona at 07.76630N, 081.66634E as a special site. If there are particular areas requiringdesignation as special sites under the Fauna and Fauna Protection Ordinance or otherrelevant legislation then they should be notified through the district level SAM CCC forconsideration and action.25. The EPICRMP was unanimously voted for in favour of the submission to the higherauthority and without reservations by the Batticaloa district level public meeting.

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EP ICRMP)P a g e / 1624. Ampara District public consultation26. Twenty four people attended the Ampara District public consultation meeting on 05 thOctober. The minutes and attendance are provided in Appendix 3.A.3 (Ref.1571) . Twenty fivepercent of the participants were female and 81 percent were non-governmental. There wereseven comments and no reservations were made.27. Comment i: Comment i relates to public access to the beach. Public access to thebeach is a right according to the Sri Lanka Coast Conservation (Amendment) Act, No. 64 of1988 (Ref.0914) . It is suggested that comment i is addressed accordingly by the District SAMCommunity Coordinating Committee if it is within the Pottuvil –Arugam Bay – Panama (PAP)SAM area. If the access problems relate to Arugam Bay then it is already proposed for abeach management plan in the EP ICRMP (Indicator 16.2.1). In all cases relevant localauthorities and the involved communities should work, in consultation with the CCD, todevelop acceptable beach management plans that allow reasonable access whilst ensuringtraditional livelihoods and sustainable use.28. Comment ii: Comment ii relates to fisheries management areas. This is a matter tobe addressed by the District PAP SAM CCC if it falls under the proposed area of the PAPSAM. If necessary, the District PAP SAM CCC should request the relevant authorities todemarcate the area in order to meet the management requirements specified in anymanagement plan associated with the notification in the gazette.29. Comment iii: Comment iii relates to water quality in Arugam Bay. Water quality inArugam lagoon is the subject of a NECCDEP special study (Ref. 1387) . The study is ongoing.The problem of coastal water quality is addressed in Chapter VII of this EP ICRMP. Theissues are complex and difficult to resolve without significant investment. Estuarine waterquality is indicator 18 in the EP ICRMP.30. Comment iv: Comment iv relates to Kumana sanctuary. DWLC gazettedsanctuaries/national parks were not included in any of the EP SAM Plans because it was feltthat they should be managed for the gazetted purpose by the DWLC. However, the EPICRMP recognizes the importance of special sites including coastal national parks andsanctuaries and recommends the demarcation and gazetting of seawards extension ofKumana (Yala East) National Park (plan indicator 16.12) and Kudumbigala, PanamaSanctuary (plan indicator 16.13) to include the offshore coastal zone (2km). This extension isproposed so as to secure the beach and the coastal processes that sustain the beach.31. The evident concerns about the lack of maintenance of Kumana sanctuary need to beconsidered in the context of the security situation over the last three decades. It is to behoped that the improved security situation will allow the DWLC to do its job. In the event thatthere are continuing concerns about the performance of the DWLC these should be identifiedto District level PAP SAM CCC for consideration and onward transmission to the relevantauthorities including the DWLC and CCD.32. Comment v: Comment v relates to turtles. Marine turtles are included in the SriLanka Red list (Ref. 1153) . There is a 2005 IUCN Marine Turtle Conservation Strategy and ActionPlan of for Sri Lanka (Ref. 1215) . One of the EP ICRMP key environmental indicators is indicator17.2 relating to the monitoring of turtle nesting. Before the reported problems relating toturtles can be resolved more information is needed and this can only be provided by aquantitative and objective monitoring programme as proposed in the plan.33. Comment vi: Comment vi relates to Ullai beach (Vulle beach in the minutes). This isnow included in the Special Sites beach management plans proposed under EP Planindicator 16.2.6.

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EP ICRMP)P a g e / 16334. Comment vii: Comment vii relates to invitation to CCD. As explained in the minutesthis was a public consultation meeting so no government officials were invited. The DistrictSAM CCC subsequently met on 13 th October to discuss the EP ICRMP but the meeting didnot have a quorum and so was postponed (see below).C. District level Community Consultative Committee (CCC)1. Introduction35. Three Community Consultative Committee meetings were re-arranged at the districtlevel to present and agree the EP ICRMP. These Committees reflected those used for theSAM planning process in the three districts. These meetings also considered the SAMplan(s) for the respective district(s). Materials associated with the meetings are presented inAppendix 3.B.36. Invitations and an agenda (DID0982) were distributed to registered members of theTrincomalee DSAM CCC for a meeting scheduled for 22 nd October. This meeting was notsuccessful due to operational problems. Invitations and an agenda were, therefore, issuedfor a second meeting on 24 th November.37. Invitations and an agenda were distributed to registered members of the BatticaloaDSAM CCC for a meeting scheduled for 14 th October. This meeting did not go to a votebecause there was no quorum. Invitations and an agenda were, therefore, issued for asecond meeting on 30 th November.38. Invitations and an agenda were distributed to registered members of the AmparaDSAM CCC for a meeting scheduled for 13 th October. This meeting did not go to a votebecause there was no quorum. Invitations and an agenda were, therefore, issued for asecond meeting on 12 th November.39. Table XII.2 summarizes the attendance and voting at each DSAM CCC meeting.Table XII.2: Draft EP ICRMP consultation document – DSAM CCC composition andvoteEP ICRMP and SAMconsultation DSAM CCC(Ref. 1091, 0982)Gender Civil Soc. Vote♀ ♂ Gov NGO Yes No AbsTrincomaleeEP ICRMP, 22/10/09 6 24 17 14 Did not voteEP ICRMP, 24/11/09 - - - - Did not voteBatticaloaEP ICRMP, 14/10/09 - - - - No quorumEP ICRMP, 30/11/09* 12 47 54 5 59 0 0Ampara - - - - No quorumEP ICRMP, 13/10/09 No quorumEP ICRMP, 12/11/09 7 22 19 10 25 0 0EP IAPG 24/11/09** 8 6 14 0 - - -National IAPG/NSC 04/12/09*** 7 21 16 12 - - -* Meeting held. Unanimous approval. Some participants are DSAM CCC registered substitutes withoutwritten notification. 11 male observers (8 GO, 3 NGO)** Not including 6 NECCDEP associated observers. Meeting did not vote.*** Not including 7 NECCDEP associated observers. Meeting did not vote.

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EP ICRMP)P a g e / 16440. Initial efforts to hold CCC meetings were not successful. Neither the meeting held inAmpara on the 13th October nor the meeting held in Batticaloa on the 14th October had aquorum. The constituency meetings protocol was consequently adjusted to allow forindividual proxies to represent individual members provided that the proxy is specified inwriting by the member. A CCC meeting for Trincomalee was held on 22nd October but didnot vote on acceptance of the EP ICRMP due to procedural problems.41. The Batticaloa DSAM CCC meeting on 30 th November voted unanimously in favour ofsubmitting the EP ICRMP to the higher authority. Twenty percent of the attendees werefemale and 91 percent were governmental. These figures did not meet the thresholds of 50percent proposed for the EP ICRMP consultation process. In addition a significant number ofthe attendees were not registered members of the Batticaloa DSAM CCC and there was nowritten evidence of the attendees being proxies.42. No minutes were taken for this meeting. There were no reservations. The list ofattendees is given in Appendix 3.B.2.43. The Ampara DSAM CCC meeting on 12 th November also voted unanimously infavour of submitting the EP ICRMP to the higher authority. Twenty eight percent of theattendees were female and 60% were governmental. The female ration approximated the 30percent specified in the NECCDEP gender plan and neither the female nor the civil societyratio met the thresholds of 50 percent proposed for the EP ICRMP consultation process.44. Minutes and attendance for this meeting are presented in Appendix 3.B.3.2. Inter Agency Planning Group – Eastern Province (IAPG EP)45. A single Eastern Provincial Inter Agency Planning Group level meeting was held atWelcombe Hotel, Trincomalee on 24 th November 2009. The international coastal resourcesconsultant presented the draft EP ICRMP and the SAM consultants presented the three draftSAM consultation documents.46. The minutes and attendance of the meeting are presented in Appendix 3.C. Themeeting did not vote on any of the Plans. 58 percent of the attendees were female and allattendees were from government (see Table XII.2).3. Inter Agency Planning Group – National (IAPG N)47. A single consultative meeting was held at the National Inter Agency Planning Grouplevel on 04 th December in Colombo. The international coastal resources consultantpresented the draft EP ICRMP and the SAM consultants presented the three draft SAMconsultation documents.48. The minutes and attendance of the meeting are presented in Appendix 3.D. Themeeting did not vote on any of the Plans. Thirty three percent of the attendees were femaleand 57 percent were governmental (see Table XII.2).

Appendix 1 P a g e / 165ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EP ICRMP)REFERENCESRef Full title Ecopy11 Particip GmbH (2000). Introduction to the Logical Framework Approach (LFA) for GEFfinancedprojects. Reader. Pp.58 Particip GmbH,German Foundation for InternationalDevelopment http://www.undp.org/gef/05/monitoring/policies.html114 AIMS (1997). Survey Manual for Tropical Marine Resources. 2nd edition. P.390. Ed: S.English, C. Wilkinson and V. Baker.YesYes120 CBD (2006). DECISIONS ADOPTED BY THE CONFERENCE OF THE PARTIES TOTHE CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY AT ITS EIGHTH MEETING Curitiba,20-31 March 2006. Pp. 298. CBD. http://www.cbd.int/doc/decisions/COP-08-dec-en.pdfYes121 CBD (1992) Convention on Biological Biodiversity with Annexes. Concluded at Rio DeJaneiro on 5th June 1992 http://www.cbd.int/doc/legal/cbd-un-en.pdfYes123 PMU (2007). Project Technical Report. Project Management Information System.Logical Framework Analysis – Outcome Indicators (draft). Pp.67. Conserving MarineBiodiversity through Enhanced Marine Park Management and Inclusive SustainableIsland Development. Project ID 00034097. PM-PTR-PMIS-LFA-OUTCOMEINDICATORS-DR-070703-V01.0. PMU/ICTA (DID0123).163 Dugong Status Report and Action Plans for Countries and TerritoriesUNEP/DEWA/RS.02-1 ISBN 92-807-2130-5; Helene Marsh Action Plan CoordinatorIUCN/SSC Sirenia Specialist Group, Helen Penrose, Carole Eros, and Joanna Hugues.http://www.unep.org/dewa/reports/dugongreport.asp358 CBD (2007). 2010 Targets. CBD. http://www.cbd.int/2010-target/goals-targets.shtml No749 IPCC (2007). Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report. Pp 104. IntergovernmentalPanel on Climate Change (IPCC)http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessmentreport/ar4/syr/ar4_syr.pdf884 Dudley, N. (Editor) (2008). Guidelines for Applying Protected Area ManagementCategories. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. x + 86pp. http://data.iucn.org/dbtwwpd/edocs/PAPS-016.pdf903 GoSL (2006). Sri Lanka Coastal Zone Management Plan - 2004. Pp. 88. (English), Pp.58 (Electronic English), Pp. 102 (Sinhala). The Gazette of the Democratic SocialistRepublic of Sri Lanka Extraordinary. No. 1,429/11. Tuesday, January 24, 2006. TheAuthority. Government of Sri Lanka. http://www.coastal.gov.lk/czmp%20english.pdfYesYesYes907 O.K.Nayanananda, O.K. (2007). The Study of Economic Significance of Coastal Regionof Sri Lanka in the Context of Environmental Changes of Pre and Post Tsunami. Pp. 68.Coast Conservation Department and The Ministry of Environment and NaturalResources July 2007. http://www.coastal.gov.lk/911 Kanagasingam, V., (2009). Report on Training Needs Assessment. Pp. 69. Appendices Yes6. March 2009. Package 2, Component 2 (Resource Management in SpecialManagement Areas) and Component 3 (Coastal Resource Planning). Sri Lanka NorthEast Coastal Community Development Project (NECCDEP). ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF).Anzdec, Resource Development Consultants (RDC), Coastal Resources Planning Unit(CRPU), NECCDEP.913 GoSL.1981. Coast Conservation Act No. 57 of 1981. Certified on 09th September, 1981.Pp. 21. Parliament of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka.http://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/srl5289.pdfYesYes

Appendix 1 P a g e / 166ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EP ICRMP)914 GoSL (1988). Coast Conservation Act, No. 64 of 1988. Certified on 17th December1988. Pp. 7. Parliament of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka.http://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/srl11456.pdf915 GoSL (1987). Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution. 14th November 1987.http://www.priu.gov.lk/Cons/1978Constitution/Introduction.htm919 NECCDEP (2008). A participatory assessment of the dynamics, seasonal variation andcurrent status of the fishery in Batticaloa Lagoon. Terms of Reference for Special AreaManagement Technical Study. Pp. 02. NEC/PO/TECS(II)/08/04. ADB LOAN 2027 SRI(SF): North East Coastal Community Development Project (NECCDEP).923 NECCDEP (2008). Preparation of initial environmental examination report and detaildesign for the proposed composting plant and to improve the existing dumping site atThirupperumthurai in Batticaloa District. Terms of Reference for Special AreaManagement Technical Study. Pp. 6. NEC/PO/TECS(II)/08/08. ADB LOAN 2027 SRI(SF): North East Coastal Community Development Project (NECCDEP).927 NECCDEP (2008). A bathymetric survey of Batticaloa Lagoon. Terms of Reference forSpecial Area Management Technical Study. Pp. ?? NEC/PO/TECS(II)/08/12. ADBLOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Coastal Community Development Project(NECCDEP).928 NECCDEP (2008). An assessment and critical evaluation of the potential pollutionimpact of current land use practices, on Batticaloa Lagoon. Terms of Reference forSpecial Area Management Technical Study. NEC/PO/TECS(II)/08/13. ADB LOAN 2027SRI (SF): North East Coastal Community Development Project (NECCDEP).944 GoSL (1992). Mines and Minerals Act. No. 33 of 1992. Certified on 28th July, 1992. Pp.21. Parliament of the Democratic Socialist Republic.http://www.customs.gov.lk/docs/25372.pdf945 Karunaratne, Parakrama. A Review of Coastal Zone Laws and ImplementationExperience in Sri Lanka/Parakrama Karunaratne, Pannipitiya: Stamford Lake (Pvt) Ltd.,2008. P. 184. ISBN 978-955-658-117-1.947 Reefbase (2009). Reefbase coral reef dataset download 2009.http://www.reefbase.org/gis_maps/download.aspx950 NECCDEP, (2009). Strategic Tourism Development Plan for the Eastern Province of SriLanka. Draft. Pp. 142. March 2009. Eastern Provincial Council, NECCDEP, Anzdec,RDC. ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Coastal Community Development Project.960 USAID (2007). Coastal Development Plan for Arugam Bay. Sri Lanka TsunamiReconstruction Program (SLTRP). Pp. 46. October 2007. USAID Contract # 386-C-00-05-00166-00. SLTRPR-00071. CH2MHILL In association with Chemonics, DEVTECH,FNI, Engineering Consultants Ltd., EML Consultants, Lanka Hydraulic Institute, MICDand Uni-Consultancy Service. Prepared for USAID/Sri Lanka. Cognizant TechnicalOfficer Dr Mike Gould.976 Anzdec (2009). Interim Report. Sri Lanka North east Coastal Community DevelopmentProject (NECCDEP) - Package 2 (Coastal Resource Planning and ResourceManagement in Special Management Areas of NECCDEP). Pp. 32. Appendices 20.January 2009. Anzdec Limited, New Zealand For North East Coastal CommunityDevelopment Project and the Asian Development Bank. ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF):North East Coastal Community Development Project (NECCDEP).978 ADB (2003). Report and Recommendation of the President to the Board of Directors ina proposed loan to the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri lanka for the North EastCoastal Community Development Project. Pp. 60.15 supplementary appendicesavailable on request. November 2003. Asian Development Bank.YesYesYesYesNoNoYesNoNoYesYesYesYes

Appendix 1 P a g e / 167ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EP ICRMP)982 Anzdec (2009). Component 3: Coastal Resource Planning. Output 5: Coastal ResourcePlanning capacity in the Eastern Province is strengthened. Activity 5.5: " Prepare astrategic coastal resource plan for the Eastern Province by June 2009". Tracking log.Anzdec Ltd., RDC. ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Coastal CommunityDevelopment Project (NECCDEP).988 RDC (2008). Development of Fisheries and Aquaculture in Batticaloa Lagoon. DraftFinal Report. Pp. 21. 15th November 2008. Resources Development Consultants (Pvt)Ltd (RDC).989 Gunaratne, A.B.A.K., (undated). Draft Report on the Preparation of Zonal Plan forShrimp Culture Development in Batticaloa District. Pp. 33. National Aquatic ResourcesResearch and Development Agency. Sri Lanka.DID1133YesYes990 ADB (2003). Environmental Assessment Guidelines. Pp. 167. Asian Development Bank.http://www.adb.org/documents/guidelines/environmental_assessment/Environmental_Assessment_Guidelines.pdfYes991 GreenTech Consultants, (2009). An assessment of the change in shoreline locationalong the coast of the Eastern Province of Sri Lanka, using remote sensing technology.Revised Final Report. Pp. 49. Annex 1.1 Trincomalee District. Annex 1.2 BatticaloaDistrict. Annex 1.3. Ampara District. September 2009. NEC/PO/TECS(III)/08/10.GreenTech Consultants PVT. Ltd. ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East CoastalCommunity Development Project (NECCDEP).Yes992 Arcadis Euroconsult, IRG, IUCN, LHI (2002). Feasibility Study for the Southern AmparaBiodiversity Zone Special Management Area. Pp.52. Final Report. June 2003. AppendixP. Eastern Coastal Community Development Project (PPTA No. 3479-SRI). ArcadisEuroconsult, International Resources Group (IRG), International Union for theConservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN), Lanka Hydraulic Institude (LHI).Department of Fisheries and Ocean Resources. Democratic Socialist Republic of SriLanka.Yes996 Arcadis Euroconsult, IRG, IUCN, LHI (2003). Feasibility Study for the Trincomalee BaySpecial Management Area. Pp.56. Annexes 4. Final Report. June 2003. Appendix N.Eastern Coastal Community Development Project (PPTA No. 3479-SRI). ArcadisEuroconsult, International Resources Group (IRG), International Union for theConservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN), Lanka Hydraulic Institude (LHI).Department of Fisheries and Ocean Resources. Democratic Socialist Republic of SriLanka.1000 Arcadis Euroconsult, IRG, IUCN, LHI (2003). Feasibility Study for the Batticaloa LagoonSpecial Management Area. Pp.49. Annexes 3. Final Report. April 2002. Appendix O.Eastern Coastal Community Development Project (PPTA No. 3479-SRI). ArcadisEuroconsult, International Resources Group (IRG), International Union for theConservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN), Lanka Hydraulic Institude (LHI).Department of Fisheries and Ocean Resources. Democratic Socialist Republic of SriLanka.YesYes1009 Souter, D., Linden, O., Ed., (2005). Coral Reef degradation in the Indian Ocean. Status YesReport 2005http://www.iucn.org/about/work/programmes/marine/marine_our_work/climate_change/publications.cfm?1242/Coral-Reef-Degradation-in-the-Indian-Ocean-CORDIO-Status-Report-20051011 Hodgson, G., Hill, J., Kiene, W., Maun, L., Mihaly, J., Liebeler, J., Shuman, C. andTorres, R. Reef Check Instruction Manual: A Guide to Reef Check Coral ReefMonitoring. 2006 edition. Reef Check Foundation, Pacific Palisades, California, USA.2006. ISBN 0-9723051-1-4. http://reefcheck.net/wpcontent/uploads/2006instructionmanual.pdfYes

Appendix 1 P a g e / 168ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EP ICRMP)1025 Gunaratna A.B.A.K. (undated). Draft Zonal Plan for Shrimp culture Development –Trincomalee District. Pp. 31. National Aquatic Resources Research and DevelopmentAgency (NARA), Sri Lanka.1033 Niels Svennevig Mariculture Specialist. Feb 2005. Potential and Strategies forDevelopment of Mari culture in Sri Lanka. Pp 77. Gopa Consultants, Germany inAssociation with Resource Development Consultants LTD, Sri Lanka. Ministry ofFisheries and Aquatic Resources. Aquatic Resource Development & QualityImprovement Project ADB Loans no. 1910/1911 – SRI.YesNo1074 UNDP (2007). Human Development Report. Fighting Climate Change: Human Solidarityin a divided world. Pp. 384. UNDP, New York. ISBN 978-0-230-54704-9.http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_20072008_EN_Complete.pdfYes1088 GoSL (2008). MDG Indicators of Sri Lanka. A mid Term Review – 2008. Pp. 116.Department of Census & Statistics. ISBN 978 - 955 – 577 – 676 - 9http://www.statistics.gov.lk/MDG/Mid-term.pdfYes1091 NECCDEP (2009). Summary Consultation Document. Eastern Province Integrated YesCoastal Resources Management Plan (EP ICRMP) 2010-2013. The Green Blue SunrisePlan. Draft V5. Pp. 18. October 20th 2009. Anzdec Ltd., Resource DevelopmentConsultants. ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Coastal Community DevelopmentProject (NECCDEP).1094 NECCDEP (2009). NECCDEP Quarterly Progress Report No. 19. 2nd Quarter 2009(April-June). Pp. 283. ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Coastal CommunityDevelopment Project (NECCDEP).1095 GreenTech Consultants (2009). Seasonal variation of water quality in Batticaloa Lagoonto identify the most likely sources of key pollutants assayed with recommendations toimprove the future water quality in the lagoon. 1st Quarterly Report. Draft. Pp. 56.Appendices VI. April 2009. NEC/PO/TECS(II)/08/05. NECCDEP/GreenTechConsultants. ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Coastal Community DevelopmentProject.PartcopyYes1103 NEF (2009). A narrative and visual inventory of heritage sites, religious festivals and Yescultural groups in the coastal area of the Eastern Province of Sri Lanka. Draft FinalReport. Pp. 195. 26th April 2009. NEC/PO/TECS(III)/08/11. National EnvironmentalForum. ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Coastal Community Development Project(NECCDEP).1111 Anzdec (2009). Employment Characterisation Form 090601 V6. Pp. 7. Anzdec Ltd.,RDC. ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Coastal Community Development Project(NECCDEP).1116 LHI, (2009). Improving surface water drainage in Pottuvil Town. Final Report. Pp. 43.Annexes 5. June 2009. NEC/PO/TECS(II)/08/06.Lanka Hydraulic Institute (LHI). ADBLOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Coastal Community Development Project(NECCDEP).1117 CECB (2000). EIA Studies. Proposed Commercial Port at Oluvil. Draft Final Report.Chapters 9. Annexes 4. December 2000. Central Engineering Consultancy Bureau,Ministry of Ports Development and Development South. Sri Lanka Ports Authority.Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka.1125 CBD (2009). Ecosystem Approach Principles. CBD.https://www.cbd.int/ecosystem/principles.shtmlYesYesNoNo1127 CBD (2009). High Level Working Group on the 2010 target and post 2010 target(s) 9-10March 2009, Bonn, Germany. Pp. 3. CBD. http://www.cbd.int/doc/notifications/2009/ntf-2009-051-2010-en.pdfYes

Appendix 1 P a g e / 169ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EP ICRMP)Coastal Community Development Project (NECCDEP).1137 IUCN (2009). IUCN Red List. http://www.iucnredlist.org/ Web1139 Bambaradeniya, C., S. Sengupta, S. Perera, J. Tamelander, M. Meynell, M. R.ust, S.Vidanage and S. Perera, 2005. Rapid Environmental And Socio-Economic AssessmentOf Tsunami-Damage In Terrestrial And Marine Coastal Ecosystems Of Ampara AndBatticaloa Districts Of Eastern Sri Lanka. IUCN – The World Conservation Union,Geneva. 50 p. http://www.securinglivelihoods.org/files/IUCN%20rapid-ass-easte-srilanka.pdf1144 EML (2008). Draft Initial Environmental Examination Report. Draft V1. Pp. 88. AnnexesVI.30th May 2009. Preparation of initial environmental examination report and detaildesign for the proposed composting plant and to improve the existing dumping site atThirupperumthurai in Batticaloa District. NEC/PO/TECS(II)/08/08. ADB LOAN 2027 SRI(SF): North East Coastal Community Development Project (NECCDEP).1145 EML (2009). BoQs and Tender Documents. Draft V1. Undated. Preparation of initialenvironmental examination report and detail design for the proposed composting plantand to improve the existing dumping site at Thirupperumthurai in Batticaloa District.NEC/PO/TECS(II)/08/08. ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Coastal CommunityDevelopment Project (NECCDEP).1146 EML (2009). Operational Manual. Pp. 18. Undated. Preparation of initial environmentalexamination report and detail design for the proposed composting plant and to improvethe existing dumping site at Thirupperumthurai in Batticaloa District.NEC/PO/TECS(II)/08/08. ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Coastal CommunityDevelopment Project (NECCDEP).1147 EML (2008). Draft detail design. 15 drawings. Solid waste management facility atThirupperumthurai Batticaloa. Preparation of initial environmental examination reportand detail design for the proposed composting plant and to improve the existingdumping site at Thirupperumthurai in Batticaloa District. NEC/PO/TECS(II)/08/08. ADBLOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Coastal Community Development Project(NECCDEP).1153 IUCN Sri Lanka and the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources (2007). The2007 Red List of Threatened Fauna and Flora of Sri Lanka, Colombo, Sri Lanka.xiii+148pp. IUCN/MENR.1155 CEA (undated). A simple guide to Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA). CentralEnvironmental Authority, Sri Lanka. http://www.cea.lk/pdf/SEAGuideline.pdf1156 UNEP/IES (2002). Ecotourism: Principles, Practices and Policies for Sustainability. Pp.61. Megan Epler Wood. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), TheInternational Ecotourism Society (IES). ISBN: 92-807-2064-3.http://www.unep.fr/shared/publications/other/WEBx0137xPA/part-one.pdf;http://www.unep.fr/shared/publications/other/WEBx0137xPA/part-two.pdf1172 GreenTech Consultants, (2009). An assessment of the past and current extent ofmangrove coverage in the Eastern Province of Sri Lanka, using remote sensingtechnology. Pp. 80. Annexure 8. October 2009. NEC/PO/TECS(III)/08/09.NECCDEP/GreenTech Consultants PVT. Ltd. ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North EastCoastal Community Development Project (NECCDEP).1175 TNC (2009). Marine Conservation Agreements. A paractitioner's Toolkit.http://www.mcatoolkit.org/YesNoNoNoNoYesYesYesYesWeb

Appendix 1 P a g e / 170ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EP ICRMP)1184 ARCADIS EUROCONSULT (2003). Initial Environmental Examination (IEE). Pp. 32 and YesEnvironmental Management Plan (EMP), Pp. 11. for the Valaichchenai Fisheries HarborRehabilitation Subproject. Final Report, June 2003. Eastern Coastal CommunityDevelopment Project, Sri Lanka. ADB TA No. 3479-SRI. ARCADIS EUROCONSULT,IRG, IUCN, LHI. Ministry of Fisheries and Ocean Resources, Administration of theNorth-East Province. Asian Development Bank. ARCADIS EUROCONSULT (2003).Environmental Management Plan for the Valaichchenai Fisheries Harbor RehabilitationSubproject. Final Report, June 2003. Pp. 11. Eastern Coastal Community DevelopmentProject, Sri Lanka. ADB TA No. 3479-SRI. ARCADIS EUROCONSULT, IRG, IUCN, LHI.Ministry of Fisheries and Ocean Resources, Administration of the North-East Province.Asian Development Bank.1204 UDA (2006). Development Plan for Trincomalee Metro Urban Centre. PP 109.September 2006. Urban Development Authority. Ministry of Water Supply & UrbanDevelopment.1209 CEA. Third Edition 2006. Guidance for Implementing the Environmental impactassessment (EIA) process. PP 37. Appendices VII. No 2: General Guide for conductingEnvironmental scoping. Central Environmental Authority. Ministry of Environment.1215 IUCN. Marine Turtle Conservation Strategy and Action Plan of for Sri Lanka. 2005. PP79. Annexes 3. The Department of wild life conservation by The World ConservationUnion, Sri Lanka.1223 Dr. Leonard pinto, Samaranayake, R.A.D.B. (undated) Ecological Functioning of SriLanka’s Coastal Habitats for conditions and trends in use of coastal resources. PP 46.Department of Zoology. Open University of Sri Lanka.1282 DWLC. 2007. Conservation of wildlife resources in the Eastern Province 2007 – 2011.PP 38. Appendices IV. Department of Wildlife Conservation Eastern Region.1283 Anouk Ilangakoon. Whales & Dolphins Sri Lanka. 2002. PP 99. WHT Publications(Private) Limited. 95 Cotta Road. Colombo 8, Sri Lanka. ISBN 955-9114-28-X.1295 (GOSL) 2006. The fauna and flora protection ordinance (Chapter 469) order underpargraph (c ) Sub- section (4) of section 2. Kudumbigala - Panama Sanctuary. Pp. 2(English), Pp. 2 (Sinhala), Pp. 2 (Tamil). The Gazette of the Democratic SocialistRepublic of Sri Lanka Extraordinary. No 1433/3. Monday, February 20, 2006. TheAuthority. Government of Sri Lanka.YesNoNoNoNoNoYes1298 (GOSL) 2006. The fauna and flora protection ordinance (Chapter 469) order under sub– section (1) of section 2. Kumana National Park. Pp. 1 (English) Pp. 1 (Sinhala) Pp. 1(Tamil) The Gazette of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka Extraordinary. No1461/7. Tuesday, September 05, 2006. The Authority. Government of Sri Lanka.Yes1305 GOSL, (1986). Trikonamadu nature reserve. Pp.2 (English). The Fauna and FloraProtection Ordinance.The Gazette of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri LankaExtraordinary. No 424/24. Friday, October 24, 1986. The Authority. Government of SriLanka.1307 (GOSL) 1970. The fauna and flora protection ordinance. PP 2. (English). (GOSL) 1983.The fauna and flora protection ordinance. PP 3 (English). The Gazette of theDemocratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka Extraordinary. No 270/9 Wednesday,November 09, 1983. The Authority Government of Sri Lanka (GOSL) The fauna andflora protection ordinance.1321 Dr. Mohottala, A.W. August 2001. Background information for preparation of NationalPhysical Planning Policy 2001. Pp 67. Centre for National Physical Planning (CNPP).Urban Development Authority (UDA). National Physical Planning Department (NPPD).Report No. 12. Impact of climate and climatic changes.YesYesYes

Appendix 1 P a g e / 171ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EP ICRMP)1322 CEA Third Edition 1998. A guide for implementating the EIA process. A standard agreedEIA Procedure based on the Gazette (Extra – ordinary) No: 772/22 dated 24th June1993 and No:859/14 dated 23rd February 1995 of the Democratic Socialist Republic ofSriLanka. Pp A guide for implementing the EIA Process, No.1,1998. CentralEnvironmental Authority Sri Lanka. ISBN 955-9012-14-2No1323 NECCDEP., (2009). Coastal Resources Profile Akkaraipattu Divisional Secretaries’Division, Ampara District. Pp. 61. (Tamil). GAFSO, Anzdec, RDC, ADB LOAN 2027 SRI(SF): North East Coastal Community Development Project (NECCDEP).1324 NECCDEP., (2009). Coastal Resources Profile Karathivu Divisional Secretaries’Division, Ampara District. Pp. 55 (Tamil). GAFSO, Anzdec, RDC, ADB LOAN 2027 SRI(SF): North East Coastal Community Development Project (NECCDEP).YesYes1325 NECCDEP., (2009). Coastal Resources Profile - Addalaichchenai Divisional Secretaries’Division, Ampara District. Pp. 65. (Tamil). GAFSO, Anzdec, RDC, ADB LOAN 2027 SRI(SF): North East Coastal Community Development Project (NECCDEP).Yes1326 NECCDEP., (2009). Coastal Resources Profile Ninthavur Divisional Secretaries’Division, Ampara District. Pp. 52 (Tamil) GAFSO, Anzdec, RDC, ADB LOAN 2027 SRI(SF): North East Coastal Community Development Project (NECCDEP).1327 NECCDEP., (2009). Coastal Resources Profile Kalmunai Tamil Divisional Secretaries’Division, Ampara District. Pp. 62. (Tamil). SWEIDO VISION, Anzdec, RDC, ADB LOAN2027 SRI (SF): North East Coastal Community Development Project (NECCDEP).1328 NECCDEP., (2009). Coastal Resources Profile Kalmunai muslim Divisional Secretaries’Division, Ampara District. Pp. 70. (Tamil). SWEIDO VISION, Anzdec, RDC, ADB LOAN2027 SRI (SF): North East Coastal Community Development Project (NECCDEP).1329 NECCDEP., (2009). Coastal Resources Profile Navidenveli Divisional Secretaries’Division, Ampara District. Pp. 58 (Tamil). SWEIDO VISION, Anzdec, RDC, ADB LOAN2027 SRI (SF): North East Coastal Community Development Project (NECCDEP).1330 NECCDEP., (2009). Coastal Resources Profile Alayaidivembu Divisional Secretaries’Division, Ampara District. Pp. 73. (Tamil). SWOAD Anzdec, RDC, ADB LOAN 2027 SRI(SF): North East Coastal Community Development Project (NECCDEP).1331 NECCDEP., (2009). Coastal Resources Profile Sainthamarathu Divisional Secretaries’Division, Ampara District. Pp. 54. (Tamil). SWEIDO Vision Anzdec, RDC, ADB LOAN2027 SRI (SF): North East Coastal Community Development Project (NECCDEP).1332 NECCDEP., (2009). Coastal Resources Profile Thirukkovil Divisional Secretaries’Division, Ampara District. Pp. 79. (Tamil). SWOAD Anzdec, RDC, ADB LOAN 2027 SRI(SF): North East Coastal Community Development Project (NECCDEP).1333 NECCDEP., (2009). Coastal Resources Profile Manmunai North Divisional Secretaries’Division, Batticaloa District. Pp. 65 (Tamil). ESCO, Anzdec, RDC, ADB LOAN 2027 SRI(SF): North East Coastal Community Development Project (NECCDEP).YesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes1334 NECCDEP., (2009). Coastal Resources Profile Town and Gravets DivisionalSecretaries’ Division, Trincomalee District. Pp. 81. (Tamil). SEDOT, Anzdec, RDC, ADBLOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Coastal Community Development Project(NECCDEP).Yes1335 NECCDEP., (2009). Coastal Resources Profile Koralai Pattu Divisional Secretaries’Division, Batticaloa District. Pp. 61. (Tamil). SLF, Anzdec, RDC, ADB LOAN 2027 SRI(SF): North East Coastal Community Development Project (NECCDEP).Yes

Appendix 1 P a g e / 172ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EP ICRMP)1336 NECCDEP., (2009). Coastal Resources Profile Manmunai South and Eruvil PattuDivisional Secretaries’ Division, Batticaloa District. Pp. 66. (Tamil). NERTRA, Anzdec,RDC, ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Coastal Community Development Project(NECCDEP).1337 NECCDEP., (2009). Coastal Resources Profile Pottuvil Divisional Secretaries’ Division,Ampara District. Pp. 78. (Tamil). SWOAD, Anzdec, RDC, ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF):North East Coastal Community Development Project (NECCDEP).1338 NECCDEP., (2009). Coastal Resources Profile Lahugala Divisional Secretaries’Division, Ampara District. Pp. 52. (Tamil) SWOAD, Anzdec, RDC, ADB LOAN 2027 SRI(SF): North East Coastal Community Development Project (NECCDEP).YesYesYes1339 NECCDEP., (2009). Coastal Resources Profile Koralai Pattu North DivisionalYesSecretaries’ Division, Batticaloa District. Pp. 57. (Tamil). SLF, Anzdec, RDC, ADB LOAN2027 SRI (SF): North East Coastal Community Development Project (NECCDEP).1340 NECCDEP., (2009). Coastal Resources Profile Koralai Pattu South DivisionalSecretaries’ Division, Batticaloa District. Pp. 41. (Tamil). ESCO, Anzdec, RDC, ADBLOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Coastal Community Development Project(NECCDEP).1341 NECCDEP., (2009). Coastal Resources Profile Koralai Pattu West DivisionalSecretaries’ Division, Batticaloa District. Pp. 46. (Tamil). SIM, Sri Lanka Anzdec, RDC,ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Coastal Community Development Project(NECCDEP).YesYes1342 NECCDEP., (2009). Coastal Resources Profile Koralai Pattu Central DivisionalSecretaries’ Division, Batticaloa District. Pp. 51. (Tamil). SLF Anzdec, RDC, ADB LOAN2027 SRI (SF): North East Coastal Community Development Project (NECCDEP).Yes1343 NECCDEP., (2009). Coastal Resources Profile Eravur Pattu Divisional Secretaries’Division, Batticaloa District. Pp. 59. (Tamil). SLF, Anzdec, RDC, ADB LOAN 2027 SRI(SF): North East Coastal Community Development Project (NECCDEP).1344 NECCDEP., (2009). Coastal Resources Profile Eravur Town Divisional Secretaries’Division, Batticaloa District. Pp. 39. (Tamil). NECDO, Anzdec, RDC, ADB LOAN 2027SRI (SF): North East Coastal Community Development Project (NECCDEP).1345 NECCDEP., (2009). Coastal Resources Profile Kattankudy Divisional Secretaries’Division, Batticaloa District. Pp. 39. (Tamil). NERTRA, Anzdec, RDC, ADB LOAN 2027SRI (SF): North East Coastal Community Development Project (NECCDEP).1346 NECCDEP., (2009). Coastal Resources Profile Manmunai Pattu Divisional Secretaries’Division, Batticaloa District. Pp. 58. (Tamil). Sareeram, Anzdec, RDC, ADB LOAN 2027SRI (SF): North East Coastal Community Development Project (NECCDEP).1347 NECCDEP., (2009). Coastal Resources Profile Porathivu Pattu Divisional Secretaries’Division, Batticaloa District. Pp. 49. (Tamil). PPDRO, Anzdec, RDC, ADB LOAN 2027SRI (SF): North East Coastal Community Development Project (NECCDEP).1348 NECCDEP., (2009). Coastal Resources Profile Manmunai South West DivisionalSecretaries’ Division, Batticaloa District. Pp. 42. (Tamil). Sareeram, Anzdec, RDC, ADBLOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Coastal Community Development Project(NECCDEP).1349 NECCDEP., (2009). Coastal Resources Profile Manmunai West Divisional Secretaries’Division, Batticaloa District. Pp. 81. (Tamil). NECDO, Anzdec, RDC, ADB LOAN 2027SRI (SF): North East Coastal Community Development Project (NECCDEP).YesYesYesYesYesYesYes

Appendix 1 P a g e / 173ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EP ICRMP)1350 NECCDEP., (2009). Coastal Resources Profile Kuchchaveli Divisional Secretaries’Division, Trincomalee District. Pp. 33. English. SEDOT Anzdec, RDC, ADB LOAN 2027SRI (SF): North East Coastal Community Development Project (NECCDEP).Yes1351 NECCDEP., (2009). Coastal Resources Profile Thampalagamam Divisional Secretaries’ YesDivision, Trincomalee District. Pp. 42. (Tamil). Kinniya Vision, Anzdec, RDC, ADB LOAN2027 SRI (SF): North East Coastal Community Development Project (NECCDEP).1352 NECCDEP., (2009). Coastal Resources Profile Kinniya Divisional Secretaries’ Division,Trincomalee District. Pp. 60. (Tamil) Kinniya Vision Anzdec, RDC, ADB LOAN 2027 SRI(SF): North East Coastal Community Development Project (NECCDEP).Yes1353 NECCDEP., (2009). Coastal Resources Profile Muthur Divisional Secretaries’ Division,Trincomalee District. Pp. 63. (Tamil). Kinniya Vision Anzdec, RDC, ADB LOAN 2027SRI (SF): North East Coastal Community Development Project (NECCDEP).1354 NECCDEP., (2009). Coastal Resources Profile Eachchilampattu Divisional Secretaries’Division, Trincomalee District. Pp. 53. (Tamil). SEDOT, Anzdec, RDC, ADB LOAN 2027SRI (SF): North East Coastal Community Development Project (NECCDEP).1355 NECCDEP., (2009). Coastal Resources Profile Seruvila Divisional Secretaries’ Division,Trincomalee District. Pp. 27. (Tamil). SEDOT, Anzdec, RDC, ADB LOAN 2027 SRI(SF): North East Coastal Community Development Project (NECCDEP).1356 DPS, (2006). Statistical handbook – 2005/2006. Batticaloa District. Pp 356. DistrictPlanning Secretariat, Batticaloa.1358 CCB (2005). Details of Coconut cultivation 2005. Pp 13. Coconut Cultivation BoardTrincomalee.1359 DPS, Ampara (2005). District statistical information hand book 2005. Ampara district. Pp123. District Planning Secretariat Ampara District.1360 DPS (2006). Statistical information of Trincomalee district 2006. Pp 154. DistrictPlanning Secretariat Kachcheri, Trincomalee.1367 CCB. (2008). Extent of coconut in Batticaloa district.2008. Pp 1. Coconut cultivationboard Batticaloa.1368 GoSL, (2009). Geographical features 2009. Pp 26. Government of Sri Lanka.http://www.ep.gov.lk/Statistical_Information2009.aspYesYesYesNoNoNoNoYesYes1385 GreenTech Consultants (2009). Seasonal variation of water quality in Arugam Lagoon toidentify the most likely sources of key pollutants assayed with recommendations toimprove the future water quality of the lagoon. 2nd Quarterly Report. Revised. Pp. 66.Appendices VI. July 2009. NEC/PO/TECS(II)/08/02. NECCDEP/GreenTechConsultants. ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Coastal Community DevelopmentProject.Yes1387 UNDP/GEF/GoM (2008). Olhugiri Island Integrated Management Plan. 1st draft forconsultation (June 2008). Pp. 17. Atoll Ecosystem Conservation Project.UNDP/GEF/Government of Maldives. http://www.biodiversity.mv/aec1392 GreenTech Consultants, (2009). Sand dune topography and land use patterns inPottuvil & Lahugala DS Divisions. Revised Final Report. Pp. 68. Appendix 4 maps.September 2009. NEC/PO/TECS(II)/08/01.GreenTech Consultants PVT. Ltd. ADBLOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Coastal Community Development Project(NECCDEP).YesYes

Appendix 1 P a g e / 174ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EP ICRMP)1410 GreenTech Consultants (2009). Seasonal variation of water quality in Batticaloa Lagoon Yesto identify the most likely sources of key pollutants assayed with recommendations toimprove the future water quality in the lagoon. 3rd Quarterly Report. Pp. 80. Annexure 6,October 2009. NEC/PO/TECS(II)/08/05. NECCDEP/GreenTech Consultants. ADBLOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Coastal Community Development Project.1413 JUGAS Ltd., (2009), A Participatory Assessment of the Dynamics, Seasonal Variationand Current Status of Fishery in Batticaloa Lagoon. 2nd Quarterly report. Pp 50. July2009. NEC/PO/TECH (II)/08/04. NECCDEP/JUGAS Professional Services (Pvt) Ltd.ADB Loan Sri (SF): North east Coastal Community Development Project.1416 EML Consultants (2009). A study of soil erosion in chena cultivation areas in Pottuvil &Lahugala DS Divisions and assessment of the potential for agro – forestry demand forfuel wood in the area. Draft Final Report. Pp. 62. September 2009.NEC/PO/TECS(II)/08/03. ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Coastal CommunityDevelopment Project (NECCDEP).1434 NEF (2009). A narrative and visual inventory of heritage sites, religious festivals andcultural groups in the coastal area of the Eastern Province of Sri Lanka. Final Report.Pp. 217. Appendices 4. ?? October 2009. NEC/PO/TECS(III)/08/11. NationalEnvironmental Forum. ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Coastal CommunityDevelopment Project (NECCDEP).1453 NECCDEP (2009). Summary Consultation Document. Pottuvil-Arugam Bay-PanamaSpecial Area Management Plan "PAP SAM". Chapter VI. Pp. 23. September 11th 2009."Comprehensive PAP SAM Plan". Eastern Province Integrated Coastal ResourcesManagement Plan (EP ICRMP) 2010-2013. The Green Blue Sunrise Plan. Anzdec Ltd.,Resource Development Consultants. ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East CoastalCommunity Development Project (NECCDEP).1454 NECCDEP (2010). Trincomalee District Coastal Resources Profile. Final. January 2010.Pp. 168. ANZDEC Ltd., Resource Development Consultants. ADB LOAN 2027 SRI(SF): North East Coastal Community Development Project (NECCDEP).1466 GoSL (1970). Seruwila Allai Sanctuary. Part I: Sec. (I) (General) ceylon GovernmentGazette. 19th September 1970, Colombo. GoSL.1467 NECCDEP (2009). Summary Consultation Document. Batticaloa Lagoon EcosystemSpecial Area Management Plan "BL SAM". Final Draft. Chapter VI. Pp. 26, September17th 2009, "Comprehensive BL SAM Plan". Eastern Province Integrated CoastalResources Management Plan (EP ICRMP) 2010-2013. The Green Blue Sunrise Plan.Anzdec Ltd., Resource Development Consultants. ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): NorthEast Coastal Community Development Project (NECCDEP).1468 GoSL (1974). Pigeon Island Sanctuary. 11-622 - Gazette No. 136 of 74.11.01. Part I:Sec. (I) (General) - Gazette of the Republic of Sri Lanka (Ceylon). 19th September1970, Colombo. GoSL.YesYespartcopyYesYesYesYesNo1469 NECCDEP (2009). Summary Consultation Document. Trincomalee Bay Special Area YesManagement Plan "TB SAM". Chapter VI. Pp.21. October 06th 2009. "ComprehensiveTB SAM Plan". Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP) 2010-2013. The Green Blue Sunrise Plan. Anzdec Ltd., Resource DevelopmentConsultants. ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Coastal Community DevelopmentProject (NECCDEP).1470 GoSL (1963). Great Sober and Little Sober Island Sanctuary. 11-622 - Gazette No. 136of 74.11.01. Part I: Sec. (I) (General) - Ceylon Government Gazette - June 21st 1963.Colombo, June 08 1963. GoSL.Yes

Appendix 1 P a g e / 175ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EP ICRMP)1473 Arcadis Euroconsult, IRG, IUCN, LHI (2003). Final Report. Main Report Volume 1. YesEastern Coastal Community Development Project (PPTA No. 3479-SRI). June 2003.Pp. 138. Arcadis Euroconsult, International Resources Group (IRG), International Unionfor the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN), Lanka Hydraulic Institude(LHI). Department of Fisheries and Ocean Resources. Democratic Socialist Republic ofSri Lanka1482 NECCDEP (2010). Batticaloa District Coastal Resources Profile. Final. January 2010.Pp. 162. ANZDEC Ltd., Resource Development Consultants. ADB LOAN 2027 SRI(SF): North East Coastal Community Development Project (NECCDEP).1483 NECCDEP (2009). Ampara District Coastal Resources Profile. Final. Jamuary 2010. Pp.161. ANZDEC Ltd., Resource Development Consultants. ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF):North East Coastal Community Development Project (NECCDEP).1484 Lovelock, C., (1993). Field guide to the mangroves of Queensland. Pp.48. Reprinted1999. Australian Institute of Marine Science, Queensland, Australia.http://www.aims.gov.au/source/publications/marine-science-info/pdf/field-guide-tothemangroves-of-qld.pdf1485 NECCDEP (2009). Pottuvil-Arugam Bay-Panama Special Area Management Plan "PAPSAM". Final. January 2010. Eastern Province Integrated Coastal ResourcesManagement Plan (EP ICRMP) 2010-2013. The Green Blue Sunrise Plan. Anzdec Ltd.,Resource Development Consultants. ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East CoastalCommunity Development Project (NECCDEP).YesYesYesYes1487 NECCDEP (2009). Trincomalee Bay Special Area Management Plan "TB SAM". Final. YesJanuary 2010. Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP) 2010-2013. The Green Blue Sunrise Plan. Anzdec Ltd., Resource DevelopmentConsultants. ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Coastal Community DevelopmentProject (NECCDEP).1488 NECCDEP (2009). Batticaloa Lagoon Special Area Management Plan "BL SAM". Final. YesJanuary 2010. Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP) 2010-2013. The Green Blue Sunrise Plan. Anzdec Ltd., Resource DevelopmentConsultants. ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Coastal Community DevelopmentProject (NECCDEP).1543 Anzdec (2009). EPICRMP Ind DSD DF and DWLC. Pp 1. Anzdec Ltd., RDC. ADBLOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Coastal Community Development Project(NECCDEP).1550 DOA. (2007) Position of Crop production in Sri Lanka (for past ten years). Pp ??. SocioEconomic and Planning Center. Department of agriculture Sri LankaYesYes1552 ARCADIS EUROCONSULT (2003). Initial Environmental Examination (IEE). Pp. 26 and YesEnvironmental Management Plan (EMP), Pp. 13. for the upgrading of Cod Bay FisheriesHarbor Rehabilitation Subproject. Final Report, June 2003. Eastern Coastal CommunityDevelopment Project, Sri Lanka. ADB TA No. 3479-SRI. ARCADIS EUROCONSULT,IRG, IUCN, LHI. Ministry of Fisheries and Ocean Resources, Administration of theNorth-East Province. Asian Development Bank.1553 DOF (2009) Details about issuing license for beach seine in Ampara districts. Pp 1.Department of fisheries and Aquatic resource, Kalmunai, Trincomalee1555 GoSL (1993). Fauna and Flora Protection (Amendment) Act, No. 49 of 1993.Supplement to Part II of Gazette. 22nd October 1993.The Gazette of the DemocraticSocialist Republic of Sri Lanka. Government of Sri Lanka.1556 GoSL (1970). Fauna and Flora Protection Ordinance. Chapter 567. The Gazette of theDemocratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka. Government of Sri Lanka.NoYesYes

Appendix 1 P a g e / 176ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EP ICRMP)1559 Alexandra Lii 2005. Human Environmental System. Basis of Ecosystem Analysis. No1560 CCD. (2009) Details of coconut cultivation in Ampara District. Pp 1 Coconut CultivationDepartment.1568 CEA (2007). Environmental (Site) clearance for the establishment of integrated solidwaste management and sanitory landfill at Thirupparunthurai, Batticaloa.EPO/BT/07/03/01/2007 of 30.05.07. Pp4. Central Environmental Authority. Governmentof Sri Lanka.1569 CEA (2007). Environmental (Site) clearance for the establishment of integrated solidwaste management system (Semi engineered landfill, composting plant andconstruction of sorting centre) at Kanniya, Trincomalee. EPO/TR/07/01/02/2007 of04.03.2008. Pp5. Central Environmental Authority. Government of Sri Lanka.1571 EPICRMP (2009). Minutes of the public consultation meeting on the draft summeryconsultation documents for the preparation of Eastern Province Integrated CoastalResource Management Plan.Pp 3. Divisional Secretariat, Pottuvil1572 EPICRMP (2009). Minutes of the public consultation meeting on the draft summeryconsultation documents for the preparation of Eastern Province Integrated CoastalResource Management. Pp 3. Health ministry's Auditorium, Trincomalee.1573 EPICRMP (2009). Minutes of the public consultation meeting on the draft summeryconsultation documents for the preparation of Eastern Province Integrated CoastalResource Management. Pp 4. District Secretariat Office, Batticaloa.1576 NECCDEP (2009). NECCDEP Coastal Resources Map Tool V1. Trincomalee District.Anzdec Ltd., Resource Development Consultants. ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): NorthEast Coastal Community Development Project (NECCDEP).1577 NECCDEP (2009). NECCDEP Coastal Resources Map Tool V1. Batticaloa District.Anzdec Ltd., Resource Development Consultants. ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): NorthEast Coastal Community Development Project (NECCDEP).1578 NECCDEP (2009). NECCDEP Coastal Resources Map Tool V1. Ampara District.Anzdec Ltd., Resource Development Consultants. ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): NorthEast Coastal Community Development Project (NECCDEP).1611 GoSL (2009). Statistical data sheet, Sri Lanka, 2009. Pp. 8. ISSN 1800 - 3249.http://www.statistics.gov.lk/DataSheet/Data%20sheet%20ENGLISH%202009.pdfNoYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes1616 (GOSL) 2001. Fishery Management (Batticaloa Lagoon) Regulations of 2001. Pp. 4.11th January 2001. The Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Act, No. 2 of 1996. part I:Section (I) - General. Government Notifications. L.D.-B.4/96 II. 2001.01.15. The GazetteExtraordinary of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka."1620 NECCDEP (2009). NECCDEP Quarterly Progress Report No. 20. 3rd Quarter 2009(July - September). Pp. 280. Appendices XX. ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North EastCoastal Community Development Project (NECCDEP).Yes1624 GoSL (2004). Puramalai Island National Park. Fauna and Flora Protection Ordinance(Chapter 469). 21st March 2003. Gazette No. 1291/19 - Wednesday, June 04, 2003.Part I: Section (1) (General) - Gazette of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri LankaExtra Ordinary September 1970, Colombo. GoSL.1628 GoSL (1951). Kokkilai Sanctuary. Fauna and Flora Protection Ordinance (Cap. 325,modified 05 February 1948). May 11 1951. Gazette. Government of Ceylon.NoNo1630 DF (2009). Forest reserves and proposed forest reserves in Trincomalee, Batticaloa andAmpara districts. Digital data. Department of Forestry.Yes

Appendix 1 P a g e / 177ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EP ICRMP)1631 GOSL (2008) Panama Lagoon Fishery Management Area Pp. 1 (Sinhala). Fishery andAquatic Resource Ordinance. The Gazette of the Democratic Socialist Republic of SriLanka Extraordinary. September 15 2008. The Authority. Government of Sri Lanka.1632 GOSL (1963). Naval Head Works Sanctuary Pp. 1 (English). Fauna and FloraProtection Ordinance. The Gazette of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri LankaExtraordinary. June 21, 1963. The Authority. Government of Sri Lanka.YesYes1633 GOSL, (1963). Sangamam Sanctuary Pp. 1 (English). Fauna and Flora Protection NoOrdinance. The Gazette of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka Extraordinary.June 21, 1963. The Authority. Government of Sri Lanka.1634 GOSL, (1983).Maduru Oya National Park Pp. 1 (English). The Gazette of theDemocratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka Extraordinary. No270/9. Wednesday,November 09, 1983. The Authority. Government of Sri Lanka.No1635 GOSL, (1974).Buddangala Secturary Pp. 1 (English). The Fauna and Flora Protection NoOrdinance. The Gazette of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka Extraordinary.November 01, 1974. The Authority. Government of Sri Lanka.1636 GOSL, (1970). Ampari Kondavattavan Sanctuary Pp. 1 (English). The Fauna and FloraProtection Ordinance. The Gazette of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri LankaExtraordinary. October 09, 1970. The Authority. Government of Sri Lanka.1637 GOSL, (1954). Gal Oya Valley National Park Pp. 1 (English). The Fauna and FloraProtection Ordinance. The Gazette of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri LankaExtraordinary. February 12, 1954. The Authority. Government of Sri Lanka.1638 (GOSL) 1980. Lahugal Kitulana National Park. Pp. 1 (English). The Fauna and FloraProtection Ordinance. The Gazette of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri LankaExtraordinary. No 113. Friday, October 31, 1980. The Authority. Government of SriLanka.1639 GOSL, (1995). Senanayaka Samudra Sanctuary Pp. 1 (English). The Fauna and FloraProtection Ordinance. The Gazette of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri LankaExtraordinary. February12, 1954. The Authority. Government of Sri Lanka.NoNoNoNo1640 GOSL, (1995). Gal Oya Valley South Western Sanctuary Pp. 1 (English). The Faunaand Flora Protection Ordinance. The Gazette of the Democratic Socialist Republic of SriLanka Extraordinary. February 12, 1954. The Authority. Government of Sri Lanka.No1641 GOSL, (1995). Gal Oya Valley North Eastern Sanctuary Pp. 1 (English). The Fauna andFlora Protection Ordinance. The Gazette of the Democratic Socialist Republic of SriLanka Extraordinary. February 12, 1954. The Authority. Government of Sri Lanka.1642 GoSL. (1971). Paddy Marketing Board Act (Cap 202, No. 14 of 1971). Pp. 21 (English),The Gazette of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka Extraordinary. March16th 1971 http://www.commonlii.org/lk/legis/consol_act/pmb202233.pdf.1643 PI (undated) industrial and entrepreneurial challenge. Potential and prospects forpalmyrah Pp 17-20, 25,89-90. Palmyrah industry.NoYesNo1644 GOSL, (1963). Sangamam Sanctuary Pp. 1 (English). The Fauna and Flora Protection YesOrdinance. The Gazette of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka Extraordinary.June 21, 1963. The Authority. Government of Sri Lanka.1648 GoSL (1990) Sri Lanka. Coastal zone management plan. PP 35 -51 Coast ConservationDepartment.No1659 DWLC (2009). Illankasingam, I.M.S. Staff deployed in Department of Wild Lifeconservation in Trincomalee.Pp 1. Department of Wild Life Conservation.Yes

Appendix 1 P a g e / 178ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EP ICRMP)1663 DWLC (2009). Protected areas in Trincomalee, Batticaloa and Ampara districts. Digitaldata. Department of Wildlife Conservation.1667 GOSL (2006) National Aquaculture Development Authority of Sri Lanka (Amendment)ACT, No. 23 of 2006. Pp 14. Parliament of the Democratic Socialist Republic of SriLanka1669 Department of forest conservation of Sri Lanka. 2009.07.19. Pp 2.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Forest_Conservation_(Sri_Lanka)YesYesYes1684 GreenTech Consultants (2009). Seasonal variation of water quality in Arugam Lagoon toidentify the most likely sources of key pollutants assayed with recommendations toimprove the future water quality of the lagoon. 3rd Quarterly Report. Revised. Pp. 71.Appendices VI October 2009. NEC/PO/TECS(II)/08/02. NECCDEP/GreenTechConsultants. ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Coastal Community DevelopmentProject.Yes1685 CEA (2008). Strategic Environmental Assessment for the proposed TrincomaleeDevelopment Plan. Volume 1: Executive Summary. Pp. 30. Volume 2: Main Report. Pp.212. April 2008. Department of Civil Engineering, University of Moratuwa.CentralEnvironmental Authority.1687 GoSL (2009). Fauna and Flora Protection (Amendment) Act, No. 22 of 2009. TheGazette of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka. Government of Sri Lanka.YesNo

Appendix 2 P a g e / 179ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EP ICRMP)EP ICRMP CONSULTATION DOCUMENT(Ref.1091)

Appendix 2 P a g e / 180ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EP ICRMP)

Appendix 2 P a g e / 181ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EP ICRMP)

Appendix 2 P a g e / 182ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EP ICRMP)

Appendix 2 P a g e / 183ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EP ICRMP)

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Appendix 2 P a g e / 190ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EP ICRMP)

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Appendix 3 P a g e / 194ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EP ICRMP)

Appendix 3 P a g e / 195ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EP ICRMP)

Appendix 3 P a g e / 196ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EP ICRMP)

Appendix 3 P a g e / 197ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EP ICRMP)

Appendix 3 P a g e / 198ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EP ICRMP)A. Public consultationCONSULTATION MEETINGS1. Trincomalee District (Ref. 1572)

Appendix 3 P a g e / 199ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EP ICRMP)

Appendix 3 P a g e / 200ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EP ICRMP)

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Appendix 3 P a g e / 202ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EP ICRMP)2. Batticaloa District (Ref. 1573)

Appendix 3 P a g e / 203ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EP ICRMP)

Appendix 3 P a g e / 204ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EP ICRMP)

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Appendix 3 P a g e / 208ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EP ICRMP)3. Ampara District (Ref. 1571)

Appendix 3 P a g e / 209ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EP ICRMP)

Appendix 3 P a g e / 210ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EP ICRMP)

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Appendix 3 P a g e / 212ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EP ICRMP)B. DSAM CCC meetings1. The participant totals are given on Table XII.2 above. The full list of participants isgiven .1. Attendance2. The participant totals are given on Table XII.2 above. The full list of participants forthe Batticaloa and Ampara DSAM CCC meetings are given below. The list of attendees atthe Trincomalee DSAM CCC is not given since the meetings did not vote.2. Trincomalee District3. Two Trincomalee DSAM CCC meetings were held to discuss the EP ICRMPconsultation document. However, neither moved to a vote because of procedural problems. Itwas not possible to arrange a further meeting in the time remaining.3. Batticaloa District4. Two Batticaloa DSAM CCC meetings were held to discuss the EP ICRMPconsultation document. The first did not proceed because it lacked a quorum.5. The Batticaloa DSAM CCC meeting on 30 th November voted unanimously in favour ofsubmitting the EP ICRMP to the higher authority. 20% of the attendees were female and 91%were governmental. These figures did not meet the thresholds of 50% proposed for the EPICRMP consultation process. In addition a significant number of the attendees were notregistered members of the Batticaloa DSAM CCC and there was no written evidence of theattendees being proxies.6. No minutes were taken for this meeting. There were no reservations. The list ofattendees is given below.4. Ampara District7. Two Ampara DSAM CCC meetings were held to discuss the EP ICRMP consultationdocument. The first did not proceed because it lacked a quorum.8. The Ampara DSAM CCC meeting on 12 th November also voted unanimously in favourof submitting the EP ICRMP to the higher authority. 28% of the attendees were female and60% were governmental. The female ration approximated the 30% specified in theNECCDEP gender plan and neither the female nor the civil society ratio met the thresholds of50% proposed for the EP ICRMP consultation process.9. Minutes and attendance for this meeting are presented below.

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EP ICRMP)Appendix 3 P a g e / 213List of Batticaloa DSAM CCC attendees on 30 th November 2009

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ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EP ICRMP)Appendix 3 P a g e / 215List of Batticaloa DSAM CCC observers on 30 th November 2009

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EP ICRMP)Appendix 3 P a g e / 216List of Ampara DSAM CCC attendees on 12 th November 2009*No Name Organisation GO/NGO M/F SAMY/N1 MHA. Raheem Arugambay Tourism Association NGO M Y2 A. Mohaideen Bawa Arugambay Fisheries Association NGO M Y3 L. Lasitha Pottuvil Sinhala Women’s Society NGO F Y4 D. Chathurika Nilukshi Pre-school Pottuvil NGO F Y5 R. Anitha Women’s Development Society, Pottuvil NGO F Y6 KLP. Mahesh Presath Panama Paththu, Environmental Explorer’s Society NGO M Y7 D. Somasiri PLMC, Panama Sasthirawella NGO M Y8 PMH. Ekeyanayke ESDF, Environment and Social Development Society NGO M Y9 S. Aboosila Rural development, District Office, Akkaraipattu GO M N10 P. Tharmenthran Survey department, Divisional S.Office Akkaraipattu GO M N11 WPAS. Weerawardane DWLC GO M N12 GGSI. Nadeeshani LUPPD GO F N13 KL. Kulanayake WRDSPS. Woman’s Rural Development Society, Panama South NGO F Y14 K. Kanchana WRDSPS. Woman’s Rural Development Society, Panama Sasthrawela NGO F Y15 Roshantha District Forest Officer, Ampara GO M N16 MAC. Najeeb District Office, CEA, Ampara GO M N17 MAH. Jeyakody Department of Fisheries, District Office, Ampara GO M N18 AK. Abdul Jabbar Irrigation Department, Pottuvil GO M Y19 LA. Somarathna D.S. Lahugala GO M Y20 V. Karthikesu P.S. Navithanveli GO M Y

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EP ICRMP)Appendix 3 P a g e / 21721 N. Kalayarasan P.S. Navithanveli GO M Y22 Sunil Kannagara Kachcheri Ampara GO M -23 P. Somashiri Fisheries Society Panama GO M -24 M. Kopalarathnam DS, Naavithanveli GO M -25 MSM. Marsook PS, Pottuvil GO M26 ACM. Rasath GO M27 MMH. Fareed GO M28 I.L. Thowfeek NECCDEP GO M29 K.K. Manoranjani NECCDEP GO F*Best interpretation due to illegibility/duplication of entries on the registration form.19 GO/10 NGOM= 22F= 07

Appendix 3 P a g e / 218ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EP ICRMP)10. Sinhala and Tamil translations of EP ICRMP and PAP SAMP consultation documentswere circulated among all DSAM CCC members about 2 weeks before the meeting for easyreference and expected comments and suggestions from DSAM CCC members andconcurrence / approval for the EP ICRMP and PAP SAMP.11. District Secretary chaired the meeting and welcomed the NECCDEP team andmembers of the DSAM CCC. After explaining the objectives of the meeting, he invited theNECCDEP team to do the presentation.a. EPICRMP12. DPD Mr. Rajaratnam and Senior Consultant Dr. Sunil Liyanage did the presentationof EP ICRMP in Tamil and Sinhala language respectively. After the presentations, requestedfrom participants for comments and suggestions. Few administrative matters raised byrepresentatives of Forest Department, Department of Wildlife Conservation, UrbanDevelopment Authority, Irrigation Department and Central Environmental Authority. DPD andConsultant provided necessary information and District Secretary explained the respectiveissues and provided the necessary replies.13. Representative of CEA asked about the provisions of EP ICRMP on coastal erosionand shoreline changes in future. DPD explained the approach of EP ICRMP and DistrictSecretary further explained.14. Irrigation Engineer (Pottuvil) also raised an issue regarding opening of lagoon mouthin flood situation and administrative procedure. District Secretary explained the matter indetail and replied that administrative issues could be solved in DSAM CCC meetings and itwas not necessary to address in the plan in specific manner.15. Community members from Panama also asked few questions about Panama LagoonFishery Management Authority and possible conflicts with the plan. District Secretaryproperly explained the objective of EP ICRMP and provided necessary clarifications. Hefurther explained that EP ICRMP is a broader management guideline and managementcommittees such as DSAM CCC need to take necessary actions under the EP ICRMPguidelines. District Secretary expressed his satisfaction about the plan and asked fromparticipants views. In the end of consultation process.16. DSAM CCC approved the EP IRCMP unanimously.b. PAP SAM17. SAM consultants, Dr. Sunil Liyanage and Mr. Mathiventhan presented the PAP SAMPlan in Sinhala and Tamil languages respectively. After the presentations, District Secretaryrequested for comments and suggestions.18. Administrative questions raised by representatives of Forest Department, IrrigationDepartment and Department of Wildlife Conservation. Consultants explained the relevantmatters in details and provided the clarification. District Secretary explained the issues andinformed the participants that all the administrative issues could be solved out in the DSAMCCC meetings and those are not significant at present. He also further explained thatinstitutional structure provided in the PAP SAM Plan has clearly indicated the roles of DSAMCCC and other institutions. Hence it is easy to clarify all administrative issues in the DSAMCCC meetings. District Secretary further explained that all activities proposed under SAMPwill implement by respective line agencies and DSAM CCC will take the necessary decisionon those.

Appendix 3 P a g e / 219ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EP ICRMP)19. Community members also raised few questions about habitat enrichment and fisherymanagement under SAMP. Consultant explained the relevant matters. District Secretaryexpressed his satisfaction about the PAP SAMP and appreciated the contribution ofNECCDEP. He also advised the DSS whose administrative divisions have sections ofBatticaloa lagoon to attend the Batticaloa DSAM CCC and informed NECCDEP that it wasnot necessary to have separate meeting for BL SAM at Ampara. At the end of theconsultation process DSAM CCC members approved the PAP SAM unanimously.20. Consultants appreciated the positive contributions of District Secretary and alsoappreciated the contribution of DSAM CCC members. District Secretary concluded themeeting after vote of thanks.C. EP IAPG1. Introduction1. The draft EP ICRMP consultation document was submitted to the NECCDEP at theend of June 2009 and approved in the middle of July. A slightly modified second version wasproduced in late September and again in October and was considered at the meetingsdescribed below. It is presented in Appendix 2 above.2. A single Eastern Provincial Inter Agency Planning Group level meeting was held atWelcombe Hotel, Trincomalee on 24 th November 2009. The international coastal resourcesconsultant presented the draft EP ICRMP and the SAM consultants presented the three draftSAM consultation documents.3. The meeting did not vote on any of the Plans. 58% of the attendees were femaleand all attendees were from government (see Table XII.2).2. Minutes4. Each matter is described below as an issue. The parties raining the issue are listed inbrackets. The response is by the CRPU of the NECCDEP.5. Issue (Director CEA): Use of the term BEE SAM rather than BL SAM.Response: Corrected in the references list of EP ICRMP and will be checked in the BLSAM.6. Issue (Director, CEA and Vice Chancellor, EUSL): Beach seine may not be the bestkey performance indicator for coastal fisheries because it is a limited and seasonal activity, itinvolves a range of tools and methods and some of the tools and methods are illegal.Response: The EP ICRMP cannot propose a comprehensive stock assessmentprocess for all fishing tools and methods since there is no capacity for this. Beachseining was selected because it reflects mainstreaming issues identified as identifiedin the EP ICRMP.It is accepted that there needs to be approval of this indicator by the relevant higherauthority. It is also accepted that there needs to be fine tuning of which types of beachseining should be assessed and how they should be assessed. However, pending theidentification of an alternate indicator with equivalent, or better, mainstreamingcharacteristics, EP ICRMP key performance indicator 3 will continue to be proposed.

Appendix 3 P a g e / 220ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EP ICRMP)7. Issue (OIC/AC/NAQDA): The CCD mandate to endorse the EP ICRMP and SAMPlans, which extend beyond the definition of the coastal zone, was questioned.Response: The CCD has the mandate either directly, where transboundary effectsimpact on the coastal zone as defined, or through the inter-ministerial Councilspecified under the Coast Conservation Act to endorse the EP ICRMP and SAMPlans.8. Issue (Vice Chancellor, EUSL): It was indicated that there are two bar mouths toBatticaloa lagoon and not four as indicated in the BL SAM.Response: It is the understanding of the NECCDEP that there are two permanent barmouths in Batticaloa and two seasonal bar mouths.9. Issue (OIC/AC/NAQDA): It was indicated that the EP ICRMP should have identifiedfisheries developmental opportunities such as sea-cucumber conservation.Response: The EP ICRMP uses strategic environmental assessment (SEA) as one ofits tools. SEA requires that a policy or programme be assessed for environmentalimpact. The EP ICRMP also uses environmental impact assessment (EIA) as one ofits tools. EIA requires that a project be assessed for its environmental impact. Apartfrom the EP ICRMP itself the EP ICRMP does not propose new development policiesor programmes. The EP ICRMP reflects an assessment of existing policies andprogramme. No formal proposal for a sea cucumber "project" to be subject to IEE orEIA has been identified by the NECCDEP.It follows that no significant or objective policy, programme or project for seacucumberconservation in Eastern Province has been identified. Pending submissionof these and other possible policies, programmes or projects then these matterscannot be explicitly addressed in the EP ICRMP or SAM Plans.10. Issue (Director, CEA and AD): Whether UDA masterplanning and SEA forTrincomalee Development Plan had been considered in the EP ICRMP and SAMPlans.Response: To the extent possible these matters have been considered. However,these masterplanning activities do not have an explicit environmental mainstreamingprocess.11. Issue (OIC/AC/NAQDA): The EP ICRMP Goal and/or Purpose should be timebound/have a milestone.Response: It is not usual to timebound/milestone a goal and/or purpose statement inthe vertical logic of a logical framework. Milestones/timebound targets are usuallyspecified in the indicators column. The performance indicators are specified as fouryear EP ICRMP cycle timebound milestones in the main text.12. Issue (Director CEA): Solid waste sites approval in Ampara District have not beenincluded.13. Response: This has been done (see table III.7 above).14. Issue: Inappropriate use of terms "conservation" and "sustainable development".

Appendix 3 P a g e / 221ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EP ICRMP)Response: Conservation, sustainable use and sustainable development can beconsidered to be synonymous although they are often used together "Conservationand/for sustainable development", "Conservation and sustainable use".15. Issue: (Director – CIRM) Trincomalee sand dunes (former Paragraphs 127 to 129 ofdraft EP ICRMP) are not significant.16. Response: The example has been changed to Ampara sand dunes. Dr Kandiah'sresponse is that the dunes in Trincomalee District have moderate positive significance(Ref.1454)for the District because of tourism. The Trincomalee District Profileassessment reflects this.17. Issue (Deputy Director, CEA): Kinniya (former paragraphs 635, 680 of draft EPICRMP) should be spelt Kanniya.Response: Spelling corrected.18. Issue (Deputy Director, CEA and Vice Chancellor, EUSL): Kokkilai sanctuary(Paragraph 683) is in two Provinces. How can EP demarcate?19. Response: This will need to be done through the DWLC with agreement from relevantcentral government agencies and the two Provinces.20. Issue: (OIC/AC/NAQDA): Coconut as well as Palmyra were adversely impacted bythe tsunami (former paragraph 550 of draft EP ICRMP).Response: The direct quote from the IUCN report (Ref.1139) has been substituted.“Palmyrah trees have suffered extreme and widespread damage, even when locatedin far inland areas, indicating their low resistance to high soil salinity conditions.Coconut has been relatively less affected". If the commenter can provide anothercited reference concerning more serious negative impact on coconut palm then thiswill be considered (Note: No response forthcoming at the time of finalisation of this EPICRMP).3. AttendanceAttendance list of the EP IAPG meeting held on 24 th November 2009ATTENDANCE LIST OF THE IAPG MEETING HELD ON THE 24 TH NOVEMBER 2009Name Position / Institution GO /NGOM / F1 Mrs. Devadhasan Act. Vice Chancellor/EUSL GO F2 Mr. S. Ravikumar OIC/AC/NAQDA GO M3 H. B.S. Bandara M.P.P.A Cod Bay GO M4 M.P.Suranga M.P.P.A Cod Bay GO M5 N.Mathivannan ACLG/ Dept of LG GO M6 M.H.V.R.Kumara Asst /D; UDA, Trincomalee GO M7 Eng. K. Paskarathass DCS (Eng. services chief secretariat)EPC GO M8 M.Sivakumar Director CEA GO M9 Rohini Singarajah Director CIRM GO F

Appendix 3 P a g e / 222ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EP ICRMP)10 Mrs. Kirubaharan Urmila Development Assistant, CCD GO F11 S.Pathmarajah Manager CIRM GO M12 Mrs. S. Ajjidtha Program Officer CIRM GO F13 Mrs. J.S.Pushpalatha Program Specialist CIRM GO F14 Mrs. Ranjani Secretary to the Chief Minister EP GO FSub total 14 6F/8MObservers15 Mr. S.M. Croos PD, NECCDEP GO M16 Mr. A. Rajaratnam DPD, NECCDEP GO M17 Sunil Liyanage Consultant NGO M18 AR Dawson Shepherd Team Leader/ CRPU/ NECCDEP NGO M19 T. Mathiventhan Environment/Coastal Resources Specialist GO M20 K. Gopalshankar IEC / NECCDEP GO MSub total 4/2 6MD. National IAPG1. Introduction1. A single consultative meeting was held at the National Inter Agency Planning Grouplevel on 04 th December in Colombo. The international coastal resources consultant presentedthe draft EP ICRMP and the SAM consultants presented the three draft SAM consultationdocuments.2. The meeting did not vote on any of the Plans. 33% of the attendees were female and57% were governmental (see Table XII.2).2. MinutesMinutes of the Interagency Planning Group Workshop on Preparation of EasternIntegrated Coastal Resources Management held at the Hotel Samuthra at Sri LankaHotel management and tourism training Institute Colombo on 04 th December 2009.3. The workshop has been held to discuss the draft reports prepared by the NECCDEPconsultants.4. At the inception of the workshop, Mr S M Croos welcomed the participants andintroduced the NECCDEP activities to the participants and briefed the objective and purposeof the workshop.5. The Chief Guest Mr Kurasiri Secretary of MNB&EID and the Guest of HonorMr. Nishanga Perera addressed the participants and briefed them on the importance of thepreparation of the EP ICRMP and 3 SAM Plans for the Eastern Province.

Appendix 3 P a g e / 223ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EP ICRMP)3. Presentation of SAM plans by the Resource consultants Dr SunilLiyanage and Mr Mathiventhan.a. Issue: Mr Anil Premaratna Director, CCDFirst, the consultation process is not clear for the PAP SAM. During the identification processwith the CCD the community have identified flooding and inundation of major areas inPottuvil and Ullai as the priority issues. In the PAP SAM these issues were not evenidentified as an environmental issue to be considered for interventions.Secondly, the SAM report prepared by the CCD has no buffer zones and is mainly dealingwith only in the area declared as SAM site to make a simple implementation mechanism.Response by the Consultants:The preparation of SAM plans followed the guidelines provided in the CCD 2004Management plan. Accordingly, the Arugambay SAM committee established by the CCD wasused to prepare the PAP SAM with the additional representative from the Panama DSDivision. There were several stakeholder consultation meetings held and the following stepswere followed.a. Initially the issues identified in the interim SMA plan were listed;b. A consultation meeting was conducted with the Arugambay SAM committeeand issues were listed out separately;c. Individual consultations were held with the government sector officers andissues also listed separately;d. All three issue lists were presented at the district level CCC at Ampara withthe Chair of the Government agent;e. Based on the District CCC, the issues are prioritized.None of the representatives, except the Irrigation Engineer, from the above consultationprocess indicated flooding and inundation as major problems. Therefore, this issue was not apriority issue during the consultations.b. Issue: Mr Anil Premaratna Director, CCDThe existing CCD SAM Plans do not have a core and buffer zone. The NECCDEP SAMPlans do. Why is this and how does this make the NECCDEP SAM Plans compatible withthe CCD SAM Plans?Response by the Consultants:The SAM core zone is the area that is proposed for the gazette. The buffer zone is proposedto be a non-statutory zone designed to buffer the core zone against adverse transboundaryimpacts originating in the buffer zone. The consultants do not see any incompatibilitybetween this framework and the CCD framework since only the core zone need be gazetted.However, it is strongly recommended that future SAM planning use the core and buffer zoneconcept to ensure the sustainability of the SAM core zone.

Appendix 3 P a g e / 224ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EP ICRMP)c. Issue: Mr Gamini Hewage CCDThe document has not been prepared according to the CCD general format including theseparation of issues according to the nature of the problem. The CCD format analyses issuesunder 3 main categories; Environment, economic and social.Response by the Consultants:The summary of the consultation documents have been circulated and the draft PAP SAMwas submitted to the Director CCD for comments. Further, no comments have been receivedto date. If the CCD submitted the comments very early, the consultants would have changethe format of the SAM plans.Verbal communications with the Director CCD, indicated that there was no standard formatfor the SAM plans. In such situation the consultants followed general format for drafting threeSMAs. In addition, the SAM reports already published by the CCD have no consistency toconsider as a model for the preparation of the documents.d. Issue: Mr Gamini Hewage CCDIt is not clear whether relevant stakeholders including the CCD officers participated duringthe consultation processes.Response by the Consultants:Maximum effort was made to invite the relevant stakeholders including the CCD.e. Issue: Mr Ranjith Silva, Consultant Greentech.The report analysis the past and the present conditions and the future developmental optionsand the issues were not discussed in the documents. Designated area also allocated for thespecific industries as there is high potential for establishing high potentially high pollutingindustries in the area.Response from the consultantsMaximum effort was given to the prediction of future consequences of the development withthe available information in the report, but not in a separate chapter as prediction is muchdifficult without any proper development plans. All future development activities should betabled at the PAP SAM committee prior to the implementation. In addition any majordevelopment activity should be subject to an IEE/EIA.The designation of sites for industrial activities is not a primary SAMP concept. The SAMP isbasically for the micro level development activity to improve the living condition of the poorcoastal communities rather than the macro level development concepts. There are separateframeworks for addressing macro level development.

Appendix 3 P a g e / 225ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EP ICRMP)4. Presentation of EP ICRMP by Dr Alec Dawson Shepherd ConsultantANZDEC/Team Leader CRPU/NECCDEPa. MNB&EID:What is the role of the local authorities’ in the implementation?Response by the Consultants:Excepting where explicitly indicated in the SAM Plans, the detailed institutionalresponsibilities for delivery still need to be determined. The EP ICRMP identifies the need toform an EP level IEPA unit supported by DSD and GND level officers. The objectives,policies, strategies and actions identified in this final EP ICRMP in response to the requestfrom CCD gives a general indication of the key agencies to be involved.b. DWLCThere has been a 2009 amendment to the Fauna and Flora Protection Act. Has this beenconsidered?Response by the Consultants:The Consultant was not aware of this amendment. A copy of the amendment has beenrequested and received from DWLC and has been incorporated into this Final EP ICRMP.c. CCDCCD indicated that the draft EP ICRMP looks like a status report rather than managementreport, because management report needs to be contain management objective, policies andprocedures. Also no mention has been made about management issues. Objectives,policies, strategies and actions should be provided:Response by the Consultants:These elements already existed within the draft EP ICRMP. Objectives, policies, strategies,and actions supporting delivery of the 20 key performance targets are presented in this FinalEP ICRMP.d. CCDCCD suggested that management reports need to comprise the following steps. (1) Identifythe issues; (2) Actions and activities; (3) Outputs of management.Response by the Consultants:The draft EP ICRMP identifies the issues. These are general and not specific since this is aProvince wide Plan. Particular interventions should be developed using the consultationmechanism proposed in the Plan and oriented towards delivery of the 20 key performancetargets. Objectives, policies, strategies, and actions supporting delivery of the 20 keyperformance targets are presented in this Final EP ICRMP.

Appendix 3 P a g e / 226ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EP ICRMP)e. CCDCCD asked what organizations were consulted in the process to prepare the plan.Response by the Consultants:Chapter XII of the EP ICRMP and this Appendix 3 identify the consultation process. TheNECCDEP indicated that every effort was made to maximize participation.Response by the NECCDEP:NECCDEP was disappointed at the lack of response to these efforts.f. CCDCCD asked to clarify whether the heading is “Beach management plan” or “Beach parkmanagement plan?Response by the Consultants:The phrase “Beach management plan” reflects the shoreline management planning termused in the CZMP 2004 but uses the term “Beach” since beach is defined in Sri Lanka CoastConservation (Amendment) Act, No. 64 of 1988 and beach/shore are defined assynonymous in CZMP 2004. The term “Beach park management plan” is not used. The term“Beach management plan” is used.g. CCDCCD asked what are the list of problems identified in the EP.Response by the Consultants:Each key coastal resource contains an assessment of status, impacts and proposedresponses. The 20 performance indicators are positive outcome statements of the EPICRMP reversing negative issues statements as is normal in logical framework development.h. CCDCCD indicated that there is no need to have performance indicators in a management plan.Response by the Consultants:Performance indicators are a key element of any management plan (as for example is thecase for management effectiveness indicators for coastal and marine protected areas).i. CEACEA asked to what extent other studies and plans were considered in the Plan preparationssuch as Strategic Environmental Recommendation and National Physical Plan.Response by the Consultants:All studies and plans made available to the Consultants were considered including thestrategic environmental assessment (SEA) for the Trincomalee urban plan and national and

Appendix 3 P a g e / 227ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EP ICRMP)district physical plans. However, some of the materials are not focused on integrated coastalresources management and so have no direct relevance to the EP ICRMP.j. IUCNIUCN asked about Attitude and opinion questionnaire details.Response by the Consultants:The attitude and opinion questionnaire should be developed during the initial phase of EPICRMP.k. IUCNIUCN asked about ownership to deliver EP ICRMP (this was followed up by an email fromIUCN dated 08th December as follows:"As indicated at the workshop, all the technical studies conducted under theNECCDEP project will be valuable for the future interventions in the area.The main drawback in the EP ICRMP is the ownership, currently it appearsto be product of a project without an institutional affiliation to it. This can beseen on the circulated hardcopy (on the cover and in the contents as well)and the way it was presented at the 4th meeting. Other than the project staffand the consultants there was no agency at that meeting to take theownership of the document.Please try and address the institutional arrangements for implementing theEP ICRMP in the document and publish it under one of those agencies toensure implementing the EP ICRMP."Response by the Consultants:To be determined but should be a combination of EP IAPG Province and CCD.l. IUCNIUCN asked for more time to send comments regarding the EP ICRMP.See D.4.k above.Response by the Consultants:m. GreenTechGreenTech indicated the need for an institutional owner for implementation of the EP ICRMP.See D.4.k above.n. CCDResponse by the Consultants:CCD expressed concern that extension of DWLC sanctuaries/national parks to include thecoastal zone would restrict existing uses and asked for justification.

Appendix 3 P a g e / 228ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EP ICRMP)Response by the DWLC:There should be no restriction of sustainable use compatible with the conservation objectivesof sanctuaries/national parks. (It should be noted that these areas already extend to theshoreline so the matter of beach use/access is already determined by the gazette).Response by the Consultants:Justification was to secure coastal sediment cell processes on precautionary grounds.o. GreenTechGreenTech consultants identified the need to take into consideration activities of the “CoastGuard Department” under defense ministry. It was indicated that the Navy is already inprocess to manage the coastal resources and areas. When prepare the new plans need toconsider the current laws and practice also.Response by the Consultants:Institutional arrangements for implementation of the EP ICRMP still need to be determinedbut interagency cooperation is one key component of effective delivery. Relevant laws andpractices were considered, to the extent possible, in Chapter III. Irrespective of particularlaws there are significant constraints in the legal framework and its interface with theexecutive.p. GreenTechPlans need to be based on sector wise analysis.Response by the Consultants:Integrated coastal resources management, by definition involves inter and intra-sectoralanalysis with respect to linkages to natural resources use. The EP ICRMP should, in theory,be subject to SEA since it comprises a policy/programme.

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development ProjectFinal Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management PlanAppendix 1 2295. Attendance listAnnex- Attendance of the Interagency Planning Group Workshop on Preparation of Eastern Integrated Coastal ResourcesManagement held at the Hotel Samuthra at Sri Lanka Hotel management and tourism training Institute Colombo on 04 th December2009.No Name Sex Organization Address Contact No1 Mr.M.S.Jayasigha Male Ministry of Nation Building 177, Galle Rd. Col 2 07730882552 Mr.R. Tharmakulasinkam Male Ministry of Nation Building 177, Galle Rd. Col 2 01123854863 Mrs. Kumarashiya Female Ministry of Nation Building 177, Galle Rd. Col 24 Mr. Manjula Amaranath Male Dept. of Wild Life Conservation 382, New Kandy Road, Malabe. 01125603785 Mr. P.K.S. Mahanama Male Greentech consultants (Pvt.) Ltd. Kirullapone, Colombo 07775712846 Mr. H.M.T.L. Weerasinga Male Greentech consultants (Pvt.) Ltd. Kirullapone, Colombo 07726147897 Dr.M.W. Ranjith Male Greentech consultants (Pvt.) Ltd. Kirullapone, Colombo 07732866318 Dr. N. De Silva Male Greentech consultants (Pvt.) Ltd. Kirullapone, Colombo9 Mr. M.A.Najeeb Male Dist. Planner (Land Use) Kachcheri Ampara 077320701510 Mrs. Shalini Fernando Female Dist. Planner (Land Use) 31, Pathiba Rd, Colombo 5 011258723611 Dr. S.M. Wijayasooriya Female Ministry of Agriculture Dept. &Agriculture ServiceRajamalwatta Rd. Battaramulla 011288890912 Mrs. R. Abeysuria Female Director, RDC 55-2/1, Galle Rd, Col 3. 011232587313 Mr.S. Jegasothy Male RDC 55-2/1, Galle Rd, Col 3. 077177272114 Ms. C.N. Amarasekara Female ADB Col 315 Mr. Ananda Wijayasooriya Male Dept. of Wild Life Conservation 382, New Kandy Road, Malabe. 011256037116 Mr. Amila Salgado Male ADB Col 3 0773815693

ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development ProjectFinal Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management PlanAppendix 1 23017 Mr. Upul Indika Male Gemidiriya Foundation Ministry ofNation Building071887084418 Mr. Shanen Vidanage Male IUCN 53, Harton Rd. Col 07 077775374319 Miss J.D.G. Senanayaka Female Dept. of External Resources 011248471420 Mr. Ananda Malwarachchi Male UNDP Col.07 07734414621 Mrs Ramani Ellepola Female CEA Battaramulla22 Mr. H.N.R. Perera Male Director General CCD Maligawatta, Colombo 1023 Anil Pramaratnam Male CCD Maligawatta, Colombo 1024 Mr Gamini Hewage Male Deputy Directtor CCD Maligawatta, Colombo 1025 Mr.E. Sivasudhan Male EML Consultants 68, Davidsan Rd, Col 4 077759480126 Mr.H.G. Gunawardana Male Forest Dept. Battaramulla 011286663427 Mr.P.C. Fernando Male EML Consultants 68, Davidsan Rd, Col 4 011553588028 Mr. R.M.J.E. Rethnayaka Male Ministry of Physical Planning Dept. 5th Floor, Sethiripaya, Battaramulla 011501291429 Mr.T. Mathivanthan Male SAM Planner NECCDEP/CRPU NECCDEP/Trincomalee30 Dr. Dawson Shepherd Male TL ANZDEC/NECCDEP NECCDEP/Trincomalee31 Dr.S. Kandiah Male DTL/NECCDEP NECCDEP/Trincomalee32 Dr. S. Liyanage Male SAM Planner NECCDEP/CRPU33 Mr.B. Umashanthan Male CRPU/NECCDEP NECCDEP/Trincomalee34 Mr.A Rajaratnam Male NECCDEP NECCDEP/Trincomalee35 Mr.S.M. Croos Male NECCDEP NECCDEP/Trincomalee

Appendix 4 P a g e / 231ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)EPICRMP OBJECTIVES, POLICIES, STRATEGIES AND ACTIONSDelivery of these targets is proposed to be achieved through a number of objectives,subordinate policies and strategies and associated actions. The eight objectives and 56associated policies are listed in Table III below. The full list of objectives, policies, strategiesand actions is given in Appendix 4. The EPICRMP targets in this table are as per the codingin Table II above and the CZMP 2004 numbers relate to chapters in the Sri Lanka NationalCoastal Zone Management Plan of 2004, gazetted in 2006 (Ref.0903) .A. Objective 1: Institutionalise the EPICRMPLevel No Statement EPICRMPtargetCZMP2004Ref.0903HostObjective 01 Institutionalise the EPICRMP 01,02 08 MNB&EIDPolicy 01.01 Obtain institutional ownership, funding andapproval for implementation of the EPICRMPStrategy 01.01.01 Obtain approval for the EPICRMPframework01.01.01.01 Identify the relevant authority forsubmission for approval01.01.01.02 Submit to the relevant approving authorityStrategy 01.01.02 Identify lead institutional owner/coordinatorof the EPICRMPActions 01.01.02.01 Identify the EPICRMP to institutionalplayers to obtain commitment to coordinateimplementation subject to funding01.01.02.02 Obtain lead institutional commitment, interms of a objective memoranda ofunderstanding, to co-ordinate delivery ofthe EP ICRMPStrategy 01.01.03 Based on approval and a lead institutionalowner/co-ordinator obtain relevantinstitutional ownership for EPICRMPcomponent implementationActions 01.01.03.01 Identify the EPICRMP to institutionalplayers to obtain commitment toimplementation subject to funding01.01.03.02 Obtain institutional commitments, in termsof objective memoranda of understandingto delivery by institution by objective,policy, strategy and actionCCD/EPPPS

Appendix 4 P a g e / 232ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)Strategy 01.01.04 Obtain fundingActions 01.01.04.01 Develop a funding proposal contingent onapproval of the EPICRMP to fund thoseobjectives, policies, strategies and actionshaving institutional commitment01.01.04.02 Finalise and sign memoranda ofunderstandingPolicy 01.02 Monitor and evaluate delivery of objective1Strategy 01.02.01 Monitor and evaluate delivery of objective1.Action 01.02.01.01 Monitor and evaluate delivery of objective1.Policy 01.03 Implement strategies and actions forrelated objectives.Strategy 01.03.01 Implement strategies and actions forrelated objectives.Action 01.03.01.01 Implement strategies and actions forrelated objectives.

Appendix 4 P a g e / 233ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)B. MAINSTREAM CLIMATE CHANGELevel No Statement EPICRMPtargetCZMP2004Ref.0903HostObjective 02 Mainstream climate change into coastalresources management in EasternProvince.All 02.2.3,08CEAPolicy 02.01 Reduce greenhouse gas emissions 11,14 MPEStrategy 02.01.01 Identify existing greenhouse gas emissionsActions 02.01.01.01 Identify protocol for inventorying existinggreenhouse gas emissions02.01.01.02 Inventory existing greenhouse gasemission reduction systemsStrategy 02.01.02 Identify potential greenhouse gas emissionreduction systemsActions 02.01.02.01 Identify protocol for identifying greenhousegas emission reduction systems02.01.02.02 Implement protocol and identify optionsStrategy 02.01.03 Develop greenhouse gas emissionreduction constituency groupsActions 02.01.03.01 Identify criteria for selection of keystakeholders/constituents associated withgreenhouse gas emission reductionsystems02.01.03.02 Identify key stakeholders/constituents02.01.03.03 Form a constituency according to theconstituency criteria specified in this EPICRMPStrategy 02.01.04 Develop greenhouse gas emissionreduction plansActions 02.01.04.01 Contract facilitator/expert to help theplanning process02.01.04.02 Undertake such additional studies as maybe necessary to develop the greenhousegas emission reduction systems02.01.04.03 Develop the greenhouse gas emissionreduction plans according to the results ofthe studies and with the consensus of keystakeholders/ constituents specifying keylocations, actions including publiccommunications, actors includingcoordinator, budgets, a schedule forimplementation and a plan deliveryperformance monitoring and evaluationplan

Appendix 4 P a g e / 234ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)02.01.04.04 Undertake SEA for Plans and obtainapproval02.01.04.05 Develop any Gazette statement02.01.04.06 Submit the statement for Gazetting02.01.04.07 Obtain the GazetteStrategy 02.01.05 Implement the greenhouse gas emissionreduction plansActions 02.01.05.01 Obtain memoranda of understanding forimplementing activities by coordinatingactor and support actors02.01.05.02 Seek funding based on approvedmemoranda and Gazetting02.01.05.03 Implement using funds and implementingactorsStrategy 02.01.06 Obtain business development financingActions 02.01.06.01 Develop business plans for greenhousegas emission reduction systems02.01.06.02 Seek necessary support for business plan02.01.06.03 Implement business plansPolicy 02.02 Use carbon trading and offset mechanisms 11,14 02.2.3,25AMoFStrategy 02.02.01 Identify existing carbon trading and offsetmechanismsActions 02.02.01.01 Identify protocol for inventorying carbontrading and offset mechanisms02.02.01.02 Inventory existing carbon trading and offsetmechanismsStrategy 02.02.02 Identify potential carbon trading and offsetmechanismsActions 02.02.02.01 Identify protocol for identifying carbontrading and offset mechanisms02.02.02.02 Implement protocol and identify optionsStrategy 02.02.03 Develop carbon trading and offsetmechanisms reduction constituency groupsActions 02.02.03.01 Identify criteria for selection of keystakeholders/constituents associated withcarbon trading and offset mechanisms02.02.03.02 Identify key stakeholders/constituents02.02.03.03 Form a constituency according to theconstituency criteria specified in this EPICRMPStrategy 02.02.04 Develop carbon trading and offset plansActions 02.02.04.01 Contract facilitator/expert to help theplanning process

Appendix 4 P a g e / 235ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)02.02.04.02 Undertake such additional studies as maybe necessary to develop the carbon tradingand offset plans02.02.04.03 Develop the carbon trading and offsetplans according to the results of the studiesand with the consensus of keystakeholders/ constituents specifying keylocations, actions including publiccommunications, actors includingcoordinator, budgets, a schedule forimplementation and a plan deliveryperformance monitoring and evaluationplan02.02.04.04 Undertake SEA for Plans and obtainapproval02.02.04.05 Develop any Gazette statement02.02.04.06 Submit the statement for Gazetting02.02.04.07 Obtain the GazetteStrategy 02.02.05 Implement the carbon trading and offsetplansActions 02.02.05.01 Obtain memoranda of understanding forimplementing activities by coordinatingactor and support actors02.02.05.02 Seek funding based on approvedmemoranda and Gazetting02.02.05.03 Implement using funds and implementingactorsStrategy 02.02.06 Obtain business development financingActions 02.02.06.01 Develop business plans for carbon tradingand offset plans02.02.06.02 Seek necessary support for business plans02.02.06.03 Implement business plansPolicy 02.03 Incorporate climate change riskassessments into management planningCEAStrategy 02.03.01 Identify existing climate change riskassessmentsActions 02.03.01.01 Identify protocol for inventorying climatechange risk assessments02.03.01.02 Inventory existing climate change riskassessmentsStrategy 02.03.02 Identify potential climate change riskassessment systemsActions 02.03.02.01 Identify protocol for identifying potentialclimate change risk assessments02.03.02.02 Implement protocol and identify risksStrategy 02.03.03 Develop climate change risk assessmentconstituency groups

Appendix 4 P a g e / 236ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)Actions 02.03.03.01 Identify criteria for selection of keystakeholders/constituents associated withclimate change risk assessments02.03.03.02 Identify key stakeholders/constituents02.03.03.03 Form a constituency according to theconstituency criteria specified in this EPICRMPStrategy 02.03.04 Undertake climate change riskassessmentsActions 02.03.04.01 Contract risk assessments02.03.04.02 Review and extract recommendations fromrisk assessments02.03.04.03 Undertake SEA for recommendations andobtain approval02.03.04.04 Develop any Gazette statement02.03.04.05 Submit the statement for Gazetting02.03.04.06 Obtain the GazetteStrategy 02.03.05 Implement the recommendationsActions 02.03.05.01 Obtain memoranda of understanding forimplementing activities by coordinatingactor and support actors02.03.05.02 Seek funding based on approvedmemoranda and Gazetting02.03.05.03 Implement using funds and implementingactorsStrategy 02.03.06 Obtain business development financingActions 02.03.06.01 Develop business plans for implementingclimate change risk assessmentrecommendations02.03.06.02 Seek necessary support for business plan02.03.06.03 Implement business plansPolicy 02.04 Monitor and evaluate delivery of objective2.Strategy 02.04.01 Monitor and evaluate delivery of objective2.Action 02.04.01.01 Monitor and evaluate delivery of objective 2Policy 02.05 Implement strategies and actions forrelated objectives.Strategy 02.05.01 Implement strategies and actions forrelated objectives.Action 02.05.01.01 Implement strategies and actions forrelated objectives.

Appendix 4 P a g e / 237ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)C. BUILD A SERVICES DELIVERY APPROACHLevel No Statement EPICRMPtargetCZMP2004Ref.0903HostObjective 03 Build a services delivery approach toEPICRMPPolicy 03.01 Improve attitude and opinion towardscoastal resources01, 02, 01.4p.6A,08AG(GA)Strategy 03.01.01 Identify attitudes and opinionsAction 03.01.01.01 Develop attitude and opinion questionnairefor target related issues03.01.01.02 Undertake questionnaire surveysStrategy 03.01.02 Build awarenessAction 03.01.02.01 Develop and implement awareness raisingfor key issues of concernStrategy 03.01.03 Address concernsAction 03.01.03.01 Notify key issues to the concernedauthorities for action.Policy 03.02 Strengthen administrative effectiveness tomanage coastal resources.02Strategy 03.02.01 Increase accountability/ responsibility foractionsActions 03.02.01.01 Develop and implement administrativeeffectiveness questionnaireStrategy 03.02.02 Implement capacity buildingActions 03.02.02.01 Form EP IEPA Unit03.02.02.02 Employ and train DSD sustainabilityofficers03.02.02.03 Employ and train GND sustainabilityofficers03.02.02.04 Recruit and train volunteer sustainability“watchers”Strategy 03.02.03 Monitor effectivenessActions 03.02.03.01 Track IEE/EIA and EMP effectiveness andreport03.02.03.02 Track offences and report

Appendix 4 P a g e / 238ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)Policy 03.03 Monitor and evaluate delivery of objective3.Strategy 03.03.01 Monitor and evaluate delivery of objective3.Action 03.03.01.01 Monitor and evaluate delivery of objective 3Policy 03.04 Implement strategies and actions forrelated objectives.Strategy 03.04.01 Implement strategies and actions forrelated objectives.Action 03.04.01.01 Implement strategies and actions forrelated objectives.

Appendix 4 P a g e / 239ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)D. ENSURE SUSTAINABLE USE OF COASTAL RESOURCESLevel No Statement EPICRMPtargetCZMP2004Ref.0903HostObjective 04 Ensure sustainable use of renewablecoastal resourcesPolicy 04.01 Ensure that beach seine CPUE issustainedAll 01.4,01.5, p6A,p7A,0803 05.2.3 DFStrategy 04.01.01 Monitor beach seine CPUEActions 04.01.01.01 Develop monitoring programme04.01.01.02 Implement monitoringStrategy 04.01.02 Optimise CPUEActions 04.01.02.01 Regulate gear type and number, locationand duration04.01.02.02 Track offences and reportPolicy 04.02 Ensure that Shrimp pond PPUE issustainedStrategy 04.02.01 Monitor PPUEActions 04.02.01.01 Develop monitoring programmeStrategy 04.02.02 Optimise PPUEImplement monitoring and reportingActions 04.02.02.01 Determine and regulate licences andoperating conditions04.02.02.02 Track IEE/EIA and EMP effectivenessagainst licenses and operating conditionsand report04.02.02.03 Track offences and report04 5.2.3,p.50ADFPolicy 04.03 Ensure that Coastal (

Appendix 4 P a g e / 240ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)Strategy 04.03.02 Strengthen coastal coconut managementActions 04.03.02.01 Identify constraints to maintaining coastalcoconut populations.04.03.02.02 Implement recommendations to alleviateconstraints.Policy 04.04 Ensure that coastal population (

Appendix 4 P a g e / 241ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)Policy 04.06 Protein diet from coastal resourcesmaintained.08 MoHStrategy 04.06.01 Identify level of dietary use of coastalresources sourced proteinActions 04.06.01.01 Develop survey protocols04.06.01.02 Implement surveyStrategy 04.06.02 Determine and manage risks todependencyActions 04.06.02.01 Develop a risk assessment protocol04.06.02.02 Undertake risk analysis04.06.02.03 Implement recommendations from the riskanalysis.Policy 04.07 Coral reef live hard coral cover maintained 09 2.2.2,3.1.25.4MFStrategy 04.07.01 Monitor coral reef ecosystem healthaccording to international requirementsAction 04.07.01.01 Identify coral reef ecosystem healthmonitoring requirements04.07.01.02 Develop/agree coral reef ecosystem healthmonitoring protocols04.07.01.03 Implement protocolsPolicy 04.08 Mangrove size, structure and areamaintained10 3.1.2 DoFStrategy 04.08.01 Monitor mangrove ecosystem healthaccording to international requirementsAction 04.08.01.01 Identify mangrove ecosystem healthmonitoring requirements04.08.01.02 Develop/agree mangrove ecosystemhealth monitoring protocols04.08.01.03 Implement protocolsPolicy 04.09 Renewable energy use increased by 10%by 201511 MPEStrategy 04.09.01 Identify renewables useAction 04.09.01.01 Develop renewables use survey protocol.04.09.01.02 Implement and report on surveyStrategy 04.09.02 Identify options for increasing renewablesuse04.09.02.01 Identify options04.09.02.02 Implement recommendations

Appendix 4 P a g e / 242ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)Policy 04.10 Ensure that coastal (

Appendix 4 P a g e / 243ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)04.12.03.02 Identify key stakeholders/constituents04.12.03.03 Form a constituency according to theconstituency criteria specified in this EPICRMPStrategy 04.12.04 Develop landfill sites plansActions 04.12.04.01 Contract facilitator/expert to help theplanning process04.12.04.02 Undertake such additional studies as maybe necessary to develop the landfill sitesplans04.12.04.03 Develop the landfill plans according to theresults of the studies and with theconsensus of key stakeholders/constituents specifying key locations,actions including public communications,actors including coordinator, budgets, aschedule for implementation and a plandelivery performance monitoring andevaluation plan04.12.04.04 Undertake SEA for Plans and EIA /IEE forsites and obtain approval04.12.04.05 Develop any Gazette statement04.12.04.06 Submit the statement for Gazetting04.12.04.07 Obtain the GazetteStrategy 04.12.05 Implement the landfill sites action plansActions 04.12.05.01 Obtain memoranda of understanding forimplementing activities by coordinatingactor and support actors04.12.05.02 Seek funding based on approvedmemoranda and Gazetting04.12.05.03 Implement using funds and implementingactorsStrategy 04.12.06 Obtain business development financingActions 04.12.06.01 Develop business plans for landfill sites.04.12.06.02 Seek necessary support for business plan04.12.06.03 Implement business plansPolicy 04.13 10% improvement in solid waste recyclingby type by 2015Strategy 04.13.01 Inventory existing solid waste recyclingsystemsActions 04.13.01.01 Identify protocol for inventorying solidwaste recycling systems04.13.01.02 Inventory existing solid waste recyclingsystems using protocol14 4.2.7,5.2.2UDAPS

Appendix 4 P a g e / 244ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)Strategy 04.13.02 Identify potential solid waste recyclingoptionsActions 04.13.02.01 Identify protocol for identifying potentialsolid waste recycling systems04.13.02.02 Implement protocol and identify optionsStrategy 04.13.03 Develop solid waste recycling constituencygroupsActions 04.13.03.01 Identify criteria for selection of keystakeholders/constituents associated withthe solid waste recycling plans04.13.03.02 Identify key stakeholders/constituents04.13.03.03 Form a constituency according to theconstituency criteria specified in this EPICRMPStrategy 04.13.04 Develop solid waste recycling plansActions 04.13.04.01 Contract facilitator/expert to help theplanning process04.13.04.02 Undertake such additional studies as maybe necessary to develop the solid wasterecycling plans04.13.04.03 Develop the solid waste recycling plansaccording to the results of the studies andwith the consensus of key stakeholders/constituents specifying key locations,actions including public communications,actors including coordinator, budgets, aschedule for implementation and a plandelivery performance monitoring andevaluation plan04.13.04.04 Undertake SEA for Plans and EIA /IEE forsites and obtain approval04.13.04.05 Develop any Gazette statement04.13.04.06 Submit the statement for Gazetting04.13.04.07 Obtain the GazetteStrategy 04.13.05 Implement the solid waste recycling actionplansActions 04.13.05.01 Obtain memoranda of understanding forimplementing activities by coordinatingactor and support actors04.13.05.02 Seek funding based on approvedmemoranda and Gazetting04.13.05.03 Implement using funds and implementingactorsStrategy 04.13.06 Obtain business development financingActions 04.13.06.01 Develop business plans for recyclingoperations.04.13.06.02 Seek necessary support for business plan

Appendix 4 P a g e / 245ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)04.13.06.03 Implement business plansPolicy 04.14 Monitor and evaluate delivery of objective4.Strategy 04.14.01 Monitor and evaluate delivery of objective4.Action 04.14.01.01 Monitor and evaluate delivery of objective 4Policy 04.15 Implement strategies and actions forrelated objectives.Strategy 04.15.01 Implement strategies and actions forrelated objectives.Action 04.15.01.01 Implement strategies and actions forrelated objectives.

Appendix 4 P a g e / 246ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)E. EASTERN PROVINCE SHORELINE MAINTAINEDLevel No Statement EPICRMPtargetCZMP2004Ref.0903HostObjective 05 Eastern Province shoreline maintained 15 2.3 CCDPolicy 05.01 Eastern Province shoreline monitoredStrategy 05.01.01 Monitor shoreline and shoreline processesand usesAction 05.01.01.01 Develop shoreline monitoring protocol05.01.01.02 Implement shoreline monitoring protocolStrategy 05.01.02 No mining in the coastal zone excepting inthe national interest05.01.02.01 All mining in the coastal zone to belicensed subject to a full EIA05.01.02.02 IEE/EIA/EMP tracking05.01.02.03 Offences trackingPolicy 05.02 Provide alternative sources for buildingmaterials to coastal and watershedsensitive sourcesGSMB15 GSMBStrategy 05.02.01 Provide alternative sources for coastalzone miningActions 05.02.01.01 Develop site selection criteria includingsuitability for building materials supply05.02.01.02 Undertake survey (see Policy 2.14)05.02.01.03 Propose areas05.02.01.04 Gain provisional acceptance05.02.01.05 Obtain approval05.02.01.06 Develop site specific management plans05.02.01.07 Undertake EIA for sites and obtainapproval.05.02.01.08 Gazette sitesStrategy 05.02.02 Provide incentives for legitimate sources ofmined materialsAction 05.02.02.01 Develop a subsidies framework includingfinancing mechanisms05.02.02.02 Obtain approval05.02.02.03 Implement

Appendix 4 P a g e / 247ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)Strategy 05.02.03 Obtain business development financing foralternatives05.02.03.01 Develop business plans for sitesoperations.05.02.03.02 Seek necessary support for business plan05.02.03.03 Implement business planPolicy 05.03 Restrict opportunities for businesses basedon illegitimate sources of coastallysensitive sourced building materials.15 MoDStrategy 05.03.01 Permit to transport and useAction 05.03.01.01 Review and revise permit framework05.03.01.02 Offences trackingPolicy 05.04 Implement coastal development that isfuture proofed against climate change.15 3 DB/UDAStrategy 05.04.01 Identify building designs that are moreclimate proof than the alternativesActions 05.04.01.01 Identify climate change future proofingcriteria05.04.01.02 Review alternatives and identify goodengineering standards including building onpillars and other innovative coastaldesigns.05.04.01.03 Obtain agreement to a set of standards05.04.01.04 Gazette standardsStrategy 05.04.02 Provide incentives for climate changeresilient developmentsActions 05.04.02.01 Review opportunities for incentives05.04.02.02 Identify incentives and a business plan forproviding incentives05.04.02.03 Seek funding for implementing thebusiness plan05.04.02.04 Implement the funded business planPolicy 05.05 Monitor and evaluate delivery of objective5.Strategy 05.05.01 Monitor and evaluate delivery of objective5.Action 05.05.01.01 Monitor and evaluate delivery of objective 5

Appendix 4 P a g e / 248ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)Policy 05.06 Implement strategies and actions forrelated objectives.Strategy 05.06.01 Implement strategies and actions forrelated objectives.Action 05.06.01.01 Implement strategies and actions forrelated objectives.

Appendix 4 P a g e / 249ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)F. PERCENT OF ECOSYSTEMS PROTECTED AS SPECIAL SITESLevel No Statement EPICRMPtargetCZMP2004Ref.0903HostObjective 06 % of ecosystems protected as special sitesincreased by 10% by 201516 2, 6, 7,8Policy 06.01 3 Eastern Province SAM Plans delivered 16.1 CCDStrategy 06.01.01 Gazette the PlansActions 06.01.01.01 Submit the SAM Plans for gazettingStrategy 06.01.02 Obtain funding for implementationAction 06.01.02.01 Develop a budget appropriation proposaland submitStrategy 06.01.03 Demarcate and gazette the boundariesActions 06.01.03.01 Demarcate and gazette the boundaries06.01.03.02 Implement according to the workplansPolicy 06.02 6 Eastern Province beach/shorelinemanagement plans delivered16.2 2 CCDStrategy 06.02.01 Build ownership of the beach/shorelinemanagement process amongst keystakeholders/constituentsActions 06.02.01.01 Identify criteria for selection of keystakeholders/constituents06.02.01.02 Identify key stakeholders/constituents06.02.01.03 Form a constituency according to theconstituency criteria specified in this EPICRMPActions 06.02.01.04 Facilitate constituency meetings to identifykey issues and suggest managementsolutionsStrategy 06.02.02 Develop beach/shoreline managementplansActions 06.02.02.01 Contract facilitator/expert to help theconstituents develop a beach managementplan including key performance indicatorsand means of monitoring and verification.

Appendix 4 P a g e / 250ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)Strategy 06.02.03 Obtain approval for implementationActions 06.02.03.01 Obtain approval for the plan from theconstituents06.02.03.02 Submit such objectives, policies, strategiesand actions as may require higher levelapproval to the relevant authorities forapproval.06.02.03.03 Obtain approvalStrategy 06.02.04 Implement the approved PlanActions 06.02.04.01 Seek additional financing forimplementation based on any necessaryapproval.06.02.04.02 Implement the approved Plans and monitorimplementationPolicy 06.03 Kokkilae Sanctuary extended anddemarcated16.3 DWLC,CCDStrategy 06.03.01 Build ownership of thedemarcation/extension processActions 06.03.01.01 Identify criteria for selection of keystakeholders/constituents06.03.01.02 Identify key stakeholders/constituents06.03.01.03 Form a constituency according to theconstituency criteria specified in this EPICRMPStrategy 06.03.02 Kokkilae sanctuary extended to includecoastal sediment cellActions 06.03.02.01 Contract facilitator/expert to help thedemarcation process.06.03.02.02 Undertake such studies as may benecessary to demarcate the boundary06.03.02.03 Demarcate the boundary according to theresults of the studies and with theconsensus of key stakeholders/constituents06.03.02.04 Develop the Gazette statement06.03.02.05 Submit the statement for Gazetting06.03.02.06 Obtain the GazetteStrategy 06.03.03 Physically demarcate the boundaryActions 06.03.03.01 Design and place boundary markers asrequired06.03.03.02 Raise awareness concerning the purposeand location of demarcation to relevantconstituents.

Appendix 4 P a g e / 251ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)Policy 06.04 Seruwila Allai Sanctuary extended anddemarcated16.4 7 DWLC,CCDStrategy 06.04.01 Build ownership of thedemarcation/extension processActions 06.04.01.01 Identify criteria for selection of keystakeholders/constituents06.04.01.02 Identify key stakeholders/constituents06.04.01.03 Form a constituency according to theconstituency criteria specified in this EPICRMPStrategy 06.04.02 Seruwila Allai sanctuary extended toinclude coastal sediment cellActions 06.04.02.01 Contract facilitator/expert to help thedemarcation process.06.04.02.02 Undertake such studies as may benecessary to demarcate the boundary06.04.02.03 Demarcate the boundary according to theresults of the studies and with theconsensus of key stakeholders/constituents06.04.02.04 Develop the Gazette statement06.04.02.05 Submit the statement for Gazetting06.04.02.06 Obtain the GazetteStrategy 06.04.03 Physically demarcate the boundaryActions 06.04.03.01 Design and place boundary markers asrequired06.04.03.02 Raise awareness concerning the purposeand location of demarcation to relevantconstituents.Policy 06.05 Mahaweli Ganga Mangrove demarcatedand gazetted (TB SAM Plan core sub-zone6)16.5 3, 6, 7 DWLC,CCD,DoFStrategy 06.05.01 Build ownership of thedemarcation/extension processActions 06.05.01.01 Identify criteria for selection of keystakeholders/constituents06.05.01.02 Identify key stakeholders/constituents06.05.01.03 Form a constituency according to theconstituency criteria specified in this EPICRMP

Appendix 4 P a g e / 252ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)Strategy 06.05.02 Mahaweli Ganga gazetted as a mangroveprotection areaActions 06.05.02.01 Contract facilitator/expert to help thedemarcation process.06.05.02.02 Undertake such studies as may benecessary to demarcate the boundary06.05.02.03 Demarcate the boundary according to theresults of the studies and with theconsensus of key stakeholders/constituents06.05.02.04 Develop the Gazette statement06.05.02.05 Submit the statement for Gazetting06.05.02.06 Obtain the GazetteStrategy 06.05.03 Physically demarcate the boundaryActions 06.05.03.01 Design and place boundary markers asrequired06.05.03.02 Raise awareness concerning the purposeand location of demarcation to relevantconstituents.Strategy 06.05.04 Implement actions for TB SAM Plan coresub-zone 6Actions 06.05.04.01 Implement actions for TB SAM Plan coresub-zone 6Strategy 06.05.05 Implement strategies and actions forrelated policies.Policy 06.06 Palemeenmadu Thona demarcated andgazetted (BL SAM core sub-zone 1)16.6 6, 7 DoF,CCDStrategy 06.06.01 Build ownership of thedemarcation/extension processActions 06.06.01.01 Identify criteria for selection of keystakeholders/constituents06.06.01.02 Identify key stakeholders/constituents06.06.01.03 Form a constituency according to theconstituency criteria specified in this EPICRMPStrategy 06.06.02 Palameenmadu Thona gazetted as aprotection areaActions 06.06.02.01 Contract facilitator/expert to help thedemarcation process.06.06.02.02 Undertake such studies as may benecessary to demarcate the boundary06.06.02.03 Demarcate the boundary according to theresults of the studies and with theconsensus of key stakeholders/constituents

Appendix 4 P a g e / 253ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)06.06.02.04 Develop the Gazette statement06.06.02.05 Submit the statement for Gazetting06.06.02.06 Obtain the GazetteStrategy 06.06.03 Physically demarcate the boundaryActions 06.06.03.01 Design and place boundary markers asrequired06.06.03.02 Raise awareness concerning the purposeand location of demarcation to relevantconstituents.Strategy 06.06.04 Implement actions for BL SAM core subzone1Actions 06.06.04.01 Implement actions for BL SAM core subzone1Policy 06.07 Little Sober/Great Sober extensiondemarcated and gazetted (TB SAM Plancore sub-zone 12)16.7 6, 7 DWLCStrategy 06.07.01 Build ownership of thedemarcation/extension processActions 06.07.01.01 Identify criteria for selection of keystakeholders/constituents06.07.01.02 Identify key stakeholders/constituents06.07.01.03 Form a constituency according to theconstituency criteria specified in this EPICRMPStrategy 06.07.02 Little Sober/Great Sober extensiongazetted as a marine protection areaActions 06.07.02.01 Contract facilitator/expert to help thedemarcation process.06.07.02.02 Undertake such studies as may benecessary to demarcate the boundary06.07.02.03 Demarcate the boundary according to theresults of the studies and with theconsensus of key stakeholders/constituents06.07.02.04 Develop the Gazette statement06.07.02.05 Submit the statement for Gazetting06.07.02.06 Obtain the GazetteStrategy 06.07.03 Physically demarcate the boundaryActions 06.07.03.01 Design and place boundary markers asrequired06.07.03.02 Raise awareness concerning the purposeand location of demarcation to relevantconstituents.

Appendix 4 P a g e / 254ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)Strategy 06.07.04 Implement actions for TB SAM Plan coresub-zone 12Actions 06.07.04.01 Implement actions for TB SAM Plan coresub-zone 12Policy 06.08 Panama bar mouth, dunes and mangroveand coastal sediment cell demarcated andgazetted (PAP SAM core sub-zone 17)16.8 2, 3, 6,7, 8Strategy 06.08.01 Build ownership of thedemarcation/extension processActions 06.08.01.01 Identify criteria for selection of keystakeholders/constituents06.08.01.02 Identify key stakeholders/constituents06.08.01.03 Form a constituency according to theconstituency criteria specified in this EPICRMPStrategy 06.08.02 Panama bar mouth, dunes and mangroveand coastal sediment cell demarcated andgazetted as a conservation areaActions 06.08.02.01 Contract facilitator/expert to help thedemarcation process.06.08.02.02 Undertake such studies as may benecessary to demarcate the boundary06.08.02.03 Demarcate the boundary according to theresults of the studies and with theconsensus of key stakeholders/constituents06.08.02.04 Develop the Gazette statement06.08.02.05 Submit the statement for Gazetting06.08.02.06 Obtain the GazetteStrategy 06.08.03 Physically demarcate the boundaryActions 06.08.03.01 Design and place boundary markers asrequired06.08.03.02 Raise awareness concerning the purposeand location of demarcation to relevantconstituents.Strategy 06.08.04 Implement actions for PAP SAM core subzone17Actions 06.08.04.01 Implement actions for PAP SAM core subzone17

Appendix 4 P a g e / 255ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)Policy 06.09 Panama Hada Oya mangrove anddemarcated and gazetted (PAP SAM coresub-zone 5)16.9 3, 6, 7 CCD,DWLC,DoFStrategy 06.09.01 Build ownership of thedemarcation/extension processActions 06.09.01.01 Identify criteria for selection of keystakeholders/constituents06.09.01.02 Identify key stakeholders/constituents06.09.01.03 Form a constituency according to theconstituency criteria specified in this EPICRMPStrategy 06.09.02 Panama Hada Oya mangrove demarcatedand gazetted as a conservation areaActions 06.09.02.01 Contract facilitator/expert to help thedemarcation process.06.09.02.02 Undertake such studies as may benecessary to demarcate the boundary06.09.02.03 Demarcate the boundary according to theresults of the studies and with theconsensus of key stakeholders/constituents06.09.02.03 Develop the Gazette statement06.09.02.04 Submit the statement for Gazetting06.09.02.05 Obtain the GazetteStrategy 06.09.03 Physically demarcate the boundaryActions 06.09.03.01 Design and place boundary markers asrequired06.09.03.02 Raise awareness concerning the purposeand location of demarcation to relevantconstituents.Strategy 06.09.04 Implement actions for PAP SAM core subzone5Actions 06.09.04.01 Implement actions for PAP SAM core subzone5Strategy 06.09.05 Implement strategies and actions forrelated policies.Policy 06.10 Pottuvil Point bar mouth and lagoonmangrove demarcated and gazetted (PAPSAM core sub-zones 1,2)16.10 2, 6, 7 DWLC,DoF,CCDStrategy 06.10.01 Build ownership of thedemarcation/extension processActions 06.10.01.01 Identify criteria for selection of keystakeholders/constituents

Appendix 4 P a g e / 256ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)06.10.01.02 Identify key stakeholders/constituents06.10.01.03 Form a constituency according to theconstituency criteria specified in this EPICRMPStrategy 06.10.02 Pottuvil Point bar mouth and lagoonmangrove demarcated and gazetted as aconservation areaActions 06.10.02.01 Contract facilitator/expert to help thedemarcation process.06.10.02.02 Undertake such studies as may benecessary to demarcate the boundary06.10.02.03 Demarcate the boundary according to theresults of the studies and with theconsensus of key stakeholders/constituents06.10.02.04 Develop the Gazette statement06.10.02.05 Submit the statement for Gazetting06.10.02.06 Obtain the GazetteStrategy 06.10.03 Physically demarcate the boundaryActions 06.10.03.01 Design and place boundary markers asrequired06.10.03.02 Raise awareness concerning the purposeand location of demarcation to relevantconstituents.Strategy 06.10.04 Implement actions for PAP SAM core subzones1,2Actions 06.10.04.01 Implement actions for PAP SAM core subzones1,2Policy 06.11 Thampalagamam bay mangrovedemarcated and gazetted (TB SAM Plancore sub-zone 1)16.11 3, 6, 7 DoF,CCD.Strategy 06.11.01 Build ownership of thedemarcation/extension processActions 06.11.01.01 Identify criteria for selection of keystakeholders/constituents06.11.01.02 Identify key stakeholders/constituents06.11.01.03 Form a constituency according to theconstituency criteria specified in this EPICRMPStrategy 06.11.02 Thampalagamam bay mangrovedemarcated and gazetted as aconservation areaActions 06.11.02.01 Contract facilitator/expert to help thedemarcation process.06.11.02.02 Undertake such studies as may benecessary to demarcate the boundary

Appendix 4 P a g e / 257ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)06.11.02.03 Demarcate the boundary according to theresults of the studies and with theconsensus of key stakeholders/constituents06.11.02.04 Develop the Gazette statement06.11.02.05 Submit the statement for Gazetting06.11.02.06 Obtain the GazetteStrategy 06.11.03 Physically demarcate the boundaryActions 06.11.03.01 Design and place boundary markers asrequired06.11.03.02 Raise awareness concerning the purposeand location of demarcation to relevantconstituents.Strategy 06.11.04 Implement actions for TB SAM Plan coresub-zone 1Actions 06.11.04.01 Implement actions for TB SAM Plan coresub-zone 1Strategy 06.11.05 Implement strategies and actions forrelated policies.Policy 06.12 Kumana Yala East extended to includecoastal zone and sediment cell16.12 2, 3, 7 CCD,DWLCStrategy 06.12.01 Build ownership of thedemarcation/extension processActions 06.12.01.01 Identify criteria for selection of keystakeholders/constituents06.12.01.02 Identify key stakeholders/constituents06.12.01.03 Form a constituency according to theconstituency criteria specified in this EPICRMPStrategy 06.12.02 Kumana Yala East extended to includecoastal zoneActions 06.12.02.01 Contract facilitator/expert to help thedemarcation process.06.12.02.02 Undertake such studies as may benecessary to demarcate the boundary06.12.02.03 Demarcate the boundary according to theresults of the studies and with theconsensus of key stakeholders/constituents06.12.02.04 Develop the Gazette statement06.12.02.05 Submit the statement for Gazetting06.12.02.06 Obtain the GazetteStrategy 06.12.03 Physically demarcate the boundaryActions 06.12.03.01 Design and place boundary markers asrequired

Appendix 4 P a g e / 258ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)06.12.03.02 Raise awareness concerning the purposeand location of demarcation to relevantconstituents.Policy 06.13 Kudumbigala, Panama extended to includecoastal zone and sediment cell16.13 2, 3, 7 CCD,DWLCStrategy 06.13.01 Build ownership of thedemarcation/extension processActions 06.13.01.01 Identify criteria for selection of keystakeholders/constituents06.13.01.02 Identify key stakeholders/constituents06.13.01.03 Form a constituency according to theconstituency criteria specified in this EPICRMPStrategy 06.13.02 Kudumbigala, Panama extended to includecoastal zoneActions 06.13.02.01 Contract facilitator/expert to help thedemarcation process.06.13.02.02 Undertake such studies as may benecessary to demarcate the boundary06.13.02.03 Demarcate the boundary according to theresults of the studies and with theconsensus of key stakeholders/constituents06.13.02.04 Develop the Gazette statement06.13.02.05 Submit the statement for Gazetting06.13.02.06 Obtain the GazetteStrategy 06.13.03 Physically demarcate the boundaryActions 06.13.03.01 Design and place boundary markers asrequired06.13.03.02 Raise awareness concerning the purposeand location of demarcation to relevantconstituents.Policy 06.14 Monitor and evaluate delivery of objective6.Strategy 06.14.01 Monitor and evaluate delivery of objective6.Action 06.14.01.01 Monitor and evaluate delivery of objective 6Policy 06.15 Implement strategies and actions forrelated objectives.Strategy 06.15.01 Implement strategies and actions forrelated objectives.Action 06.15.01.01 Implement strategies and actions forrelated objectives.

Appendix 4 P a g e / 259ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)G. RED LIST SPECIES ASSESSEDLevel No Statement EPICRMPtargetCZMP2004Ref.0903HostObjective 07 Red list species assessed 17 3, 8 DWLCPolicy 07.01 Red list species inventoried 17.1 3, 8 DWLCStrategy 07.01.01 Identify status of key speciesActions 07.01.01.01 Develop criteria for prioritising species forinventory07.01.01.02 Select species for inventory using criteria07.01.01.03 Develop species inventory survey protocolsto determine abundance,distribution/location, key areas for feeding,and reproduction, key ecosystem healthlinkages and key drivers, pressures andimpacts07.01.01.04 Undertake surveys for priority speciesusing survey protocols and reportStrategy 07.01.02 Develop species constituency groupActions 07.01.02.01 Identify criteria for selection of keystakeholders/constituents associated withthe species action plan07.01.02.02 Identify key stakeholders/constituents07.01.02.03 Form a constituency according to theconstituency criteria specified in this EPICRMPStrategy 07.01.03 Develop species action plansActions 07.01.03.01 Contract facilitator/expert to help theplanning process.07.01.03.02 Undertake such additional studies as maybe necessary to develop the species actionplans07.01.03.03 Develop the plans according to the resultsof the studies and with the consensus ofkey stakeholders/ constituents specifyingkey locations, actions including publiccommunications, actors includingcoordinator, budgets, a schedule forimplementation and a plan deliveryperformance monitoring and evaluationplan07.01.03.04 Develop any Gazette statement07.01.03.05 Submit the statement for Gazetting07.01.03.06 Obtain the Gazette

Appendix 4 P a g e / 260ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)Strategy 07.01.04 Implement the species action planActions 07.01.04.01 Obtain memoranda of understanding forimplementing activities by coordinatingactor and support actors07.01.04.02 Seek funding based on approvedmemoranda and Gazetting07.01.04.03 Implement using funds and implementingactorsPolicy 07.02 Turtle nesting monitored 17.2 3 DWLCStrategy 07.02.01 Monitor turtle nesting in Eastern ProvinceAction 07.02.01.01 Monitor turtle nesting according to relevantprotocols from Policy 07.01.Policy 07.03 Monitor and evaluate delivery of objective7.Strategy 07.03.01 Monitor and evaluate delivery of objective7.Action 07.03.01.01 Monitor and evaluate delivery of objective 7Policy 07.04 Implement strategies and actions forrelated objectives.Strategy 07.04.01 Implement strategies and actions forrelated objectives.Action 07.04.01.01 Implement strategies and actions forrelated objectives.

Appendix 4 P a g e / 261ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)Level No Statement EPICRMPtargetCZMP2004Ref.0903HostObjective 08 Coastal water resources sustained 18,19,204, 8 CEAPolicy 08.01 Estuary water quality maintained 18 CEAStrategy 08.01.01 Develop and implement water qualitystandardsActions 08.01.01.01 Identify discharge versus receiving waterstandards08.01.01.02 Develop a Gazette statement08.01.01.03 Submit the statement for approval08.01.01.04 Obtain approvalStrategy 08.01.02 Inventory sources and sinks of keypollutantsActions 08.01.02.01 Develop a protocol for identifying sourcesand sinks of key pollutions08.01.02.02 Implement the protocolStrategy 08.01.03 Track offencesPolicy 08.02 Water reserves increased by 10% by 2015 19 - DoI,DWDSStrategy 08.02.01 Inventory existing water reservesActions 08.02.01.01 Identify protocol for inventorying waterreserves08.02.01.02 Inventory existing water reserves usingprotocolStrategy 08.02.02 Identify potential water reserveenhancement optionsActions 08.02.02.01 Identify protocol for identifying potentialwater reserve enhancement options08.02.02.02 Implement protocol and identify optionsStrategy 08.02.03 Develop water reserve improvementsconstituency groupsActions 08.02.03.01 Identify criteria for selection of keystakeholders/constituents associated withthe water reserves improvement actionplans08.02.03.02 Identify key stakeholders/constituents

Appendix 4 P a g e / 262ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)08.02.03.03 Form a constituency according to theconstituency criteria specified in this EPICRMPStrategy 08.02.04 Develop water reserves improvementsplansActions 08.02.04.01 Contract facilitator/expert to help theplanning process.08.02.04.02 Undertake such additional studies as maybe necessary to develop the waterreserves action plan08.02.04.03 Develop the plan according to the results ofthe studies and with the consensus of keystakeholders/ constituents specifying keylocations, actions including publiccommunications, actors includingcoordinator, budgets, a schedule forimplementation and a plan deliveryperformance monitoring and evaluationplan08.02.04.04 Develop any Gazette statement08.02.04.05 Submit the statement for Gazetting08.02.04.06 Obtain the GazetteStrategy 08.02.05 Implement the water reserves action planActions 08.02.05.01 Obtain memoranda of understanding forimplementing activities by coordinatingactor and support actors08.02.05.02 Seek funding based on approvedmemoranda and Gazetting08.02.05.03 Implement using funds and implementingactorsStrategy 08.02.06 Obtain business development financingActions 08.02.06.01 Develop business plans for greenhousegas emission reduction systems08.02.06.02 Seek necessary support for business plan08.02.06.03 Implement business plansPolicy 08.03 Water treatment increased by 10% by 2015 20 4 DWDSStrategy 08.03.01 Inventory existing treatment systemsActions 08.03.01.01 Identify protocol for inventorying treatmentsystems08.03.01.02 Inventory existing treatments usingprotocol

Appendix 4 P a g e / 263ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)Strategy 08.03.02 Identify potential water treatment optionsActions 08.03.02.01 Identify protocol for identifying potentialwater treatment options08.03.02.02 Implement protocol and identify optionsStrategy 08.03.03 Develop water treatment improvementsconstituency groupsActions 08.03.03.01 Identify criteria for selection of keystakeholders/constituents associated withthe water treatment action plans08.03.03.02 Identify key stakeholders/constituents08.03.03.03 Form a constituency according to theconstituency criteria specified in this EPICRMPStrategy 08.03.04 Develop water treatment improvementsplansActions 08.03.04.01 Contract facilitator/expert to help theplanning process.08.03.04.02 Undertake such additional studies as maybe necessary to develop the watertreatment action plans08.03.04.03 Develop the plan according to the results ofthe studies and with the consensus of keystakeholders/ constituents specifying keylocations, actions including publiccommunications, actors includingcoordinator, budgets, a schedule forimplementation and a plan deliveryperformance monitoring and evaluationplan08.03.04.04 Develop any Gazette statement08.03.04.05 Submit the statement for Gazetting08.03.04.06 Obtain the GazetteStrategy 08.03.05 Implement the water treatments actionplansActions 08.03.05.01 Obtain memoranda of understanding forimplementing activities by coordinatingactor and support actors08.03.05.02 Seek funding based on approvedmemoranda and Gazetting08.03.05.03 Implement using funds and implementingactorsStrategy 08.03.06 Obtain business development financingActions 08.03.06.01 Develop business plans for greenhousegas emission reduction systems08.03.06.02 Seek necessary support for business plan08.03.06.03 Implement business plans

Appendix 4 P a g e / 264ADB LOAN 2027 SRI (SF): North East Community Development Project (NECCDEP)Final Eastern Province Integrated Coastal Resources Management Plan (EPICRMP)Policy 08.04 Monitor and evaluate delivery of objective8.Strategy 08.04.01 Monitor and evaluate delivery of objective8.Action 08.04.01.01 Monitor and evaluate delivery of objective 8Policy 08.05 Implement strategies and actions forrelated objectives.Strategy 08.05.01 Implement strategies and actions forrelated objectives.Action 08.05.01.01 Implement strategies and actions forrelated objectives.