World Wide Web: Resolving 'cs.bath.ac.uk'

Feasibility Studies for Digital BritainUsing Identifiers to Link Objects tothe Internet of Things

Web Browsers and DNS Resolvers• Similarities between web browsers and mail systems• Note layered approach and local cachesTechnology Strategy BoardDriving Innovation

World Wide Web:Resolving ‘cs.bath.ac.uk’• Resolved in reverse sequence of the URL• uk• acNominet's nameserver {ns.nic.uk} with IP address208.69.36.132Janet's nameserver {ns.ja.net} has the IP address208.69.36.132• for resilience {ns.swern.net.uk} and 208.69.36.132• bath Bath nameserver {ns.bath.ac.uk} : IP 208.69.36.132• Bath Uni website IP address 138.38.0.49• cs {cs.bath.ac.uk} with the IP address 138.38.108.2Technology Strategy BoardDriving Innovation

World Wide Web: A Hierarchical StructureIt is clear that the naming scheme requires a hierarchicalstructure and, in the case of accessing the website fromwhere the report could be downloaded, this hierarchy is:– uk– ac– bath– csSimilar hierarchical structures are required for identifyingphysical objects.Technology Strategy BoardDriving Innovation

EPCglobal: SGTIN & ONS• GS1 has over 1 million member businesses, predominantlyretail distribution of consumer goods• Has a proper urn structure:urn:epc:id:sgtin:900100.0003456.1234567• This example: Manufacture. Product. Serial number• The encoding on the tag requires an algorithm to convert tothe urn• Resolving to product level using the EPCglobal ONS resolver.Serial number is accessed like a specific web page• The GS1 system has not been accepted by many sectorsof industryTechnology Strategy BoardDriving Innovation

ISO Object Identifier System• The Object identifier system has existed for years.• It is fully recognised by the Internet authorities and has itsown urn rules defined in RFC 3061:urn:oid:1.0.15961.12.1• Adopted for RFID for item management since 2004• Combining OID + unique item identifier creates a newdetailed OID, and anything can be made unique• Can cover items not covered by EPCglobal• Major constraint: there in no specification for aresolver, until this projectTechnology Strategy BoardDriving Innovation

ISO RFID Resolving Process: RequirementsTechnology Strategy BoardDriving Innovation

ISO RFID Resolving Process: Tag Data OID is hierarchical New RFID encoding (URN Code 40) creates a UII that canbe appended to OID, and can be applied to legacy data OID + UII can now be hierarchicalurn:oid:1.0.15961.22.3.16576. HS3701C-AFR.V0801990 Can partition domains (namespaces) using OID Can truncate the search, say at serialised level Some UII schemes more of a challenge New machine readable tables for RFID interrogators• Need to address the resolver process and optionsTechnology Strategy BoardDriving Innovation

Resolver Candidates• DNS• EPCglobal ONS• ITU Short-OID• Something new• Handle system:strongestcontenderTechnology Strategy BoardDriving Innovation

Handle System UsageJan 2010Source: Corporation for National Research Initiatives• Assigned Prefixes: 212,000• HandlesDOI - 40 millionOther - Additional millions (total per prefix knownonly to prefix manager; Los Alamos NationalLaboratory Research Library adding 600M)• Handle Services– Global: four server sites– Locals: 1000 registered Local Handle Services• TrafficGlobal: 68 million per monthCNRI-run proxy servers: 50 million per monthTechnology Strategy BoardDriving Innovation

And Not Forgetting Bar Code• ISO recognises need to support RFID and bar code• OID structure is one way to support legacy systemswith only few changes when integrating with RFID• But not all items will carry RFID tags• Exploring options of transferring some RFID “tools”back into bar code, e.g. using ECIs• Extended Channel Interpretations are supported bymost 2D symbologies• The Internet of Things from bar codes - whatever next!DATA MATRIXSYMBOLTechnology Strategy BoardDriving Innovation

Thank YouQuestions and Discussionpaul.chartier@praxisconsultants.co.uk