Grammar of Shina Language And Vocabulary

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28Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary3.1. Phonology of Shina:3. Grammar of ShinaThere are 10 segmental vowel phonemes and 3suprasegmental phonemes in Shina and 38 consonantphonemes. The phonemes and the distribution of theirallophones is explained here. Most of the vowel phonemesrealize as only one sound phonetically. But a few phonemesrealize as more than one sound. The realizations arepredictable in terms of environment. They are known asallophones. It is a convention to enclose phonemes in / /.3.1.1. Inventory of vowel phonemes: Segmental sounds:Front Mid BackHigh /i/ /u/Lower high /e/ /o/Higher low /ɛ/ /ə/ /ʌ/,/ɔ/Low/a/Length: /:/Supra-segmental sounds: ].The Shina language has nine vowels, as listed above. Allof them occur with length to contrast the meaning. That is,on the basis of length of the vowel the meaning changes.Hence length is identified an independent phoneme /:/. Thelength, as a phoneme, is also called `chroneme’ by somelinguists.
Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary 29To illustrate the contrast of length, minimally contrastingpairs are not available in the data. However the occurrence ofshort and long varieties of vowels is available in differentenvironments. The following examples may be examined.[k h aʧí:lo] `Lean’ [k h a:r] `Sympathy’[ʧ h íme k h á:mo] Kingfisher [ʧ h í:mo] `Fish’[ʧiʧél] `Clay’[ʧé:v t h ók] `Tea plant’[p h ɛrɛ] Àgain’ [p:dʌl] `By foot’[ʧúɳo] `Small, young [ʧú:ʈo] `Dwarf’[kore] `Big cup’ [ko:rʈ] À kind of animal’[pʌtó:] Àfterwards’ [p:ʈe] `Leaves[dəmn] `True’ [yʈʂə:lo] Ìnsanity’Short and long varieties of vowels i,e,ɛ,a,u,o,u,ə areavailable in the above examples. But for [ɔ], its shortvariety is available in the words like [ʧɔl] `Dawn’ and itslong variety is not available.Sometimes the informants used to pronounce thewords with length on different vowels. For example, forÌnsanity’ some gave [yʈʂə:lo] and for `Madness’ someothers gave [yʈʂəlo]. Such variations in pronunciation arenot unnatural.I], high central unrounded vowel [ɨ] andslightly lower than high unrounded vowel [ ] were recordedin the words:] `Wall’ ] (~[gut]) `Pendal (tent)’[gɨɳyó:no] Ìnitiate’ [bír ] `Lake’Since these were the alternative pronunciations, of someinformants, those vowels are not included in the inventory.
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