Grammar of Shina Language And Vocabulary

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34Grammar of Shina Language and VocabularyBila- Labio- Alve- Retro- Pala- Ve- Uv- Globialdental olar flex tal lar ular ttalTrillrFrica- vl s ʂ ʃ x htives vd z ʐ ʒ ɣ ɦAppro- ʋ yximants4.1. Marginally occurring sounds and their distribution:The occurrence 11 consonants is marginal. Hence theyare not having the status of phoneme. The occurrence ofthese consonants may be due to influence of other languagesalso. They are as follows:q ʔ ɱ ɲ ɾ ɽ ɸ β f w ð χ.They do not show any contrast with other words. Further insome examples, they occur in free variation with the othersounds, or they occur in definable environments. Hence theydo not get the status of phonemes. Their occurrence is notedbelow:Sounds occurring in free variation:[q] occurs in free variation with [k]. For example:[toqlé:] ~ [toklé:] `pan’ [ka:lí:n] ~ [qa:lí:n] `carpet’[ʔ] occurs in free variation with its absence. For example:[ʔóŋo] ~ [óŋo] `sickle’ [ʔé:li] ~ [é:li] `near’[ʔʌʃ] ~ [ʌʃ] `today’ [ʔəmn] ~ [əmn] `peace’] `he/it goes’. for example,
Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary 35Sounds occurring in predictable environments:[ɲ] occurs before palatal affricates, [ʧ] or [ʤ] only.[ʃɲʧi] àn animal’ [ʧɲʧul] `snail’[kʌɲʤú:s] `miser’ [giɲʤá:] `church’[ɾ] occurs in between the vowels, in an isolated example:[ɖóɾo] `hail’ and its plural form [ɖóɾe]whereas [r] occurs in all the three positions:[ráðo ʃá:] `boiled vegetable’;[tóri] ~ [torí:] ìsthmus’;[so:r] ~[so:ər] ìce’[ɽ] occurs medially between vowels and in final position:[kəɽá:r] `knife’ [gʌɽá:] àxe’[bɽo] `big’[pa:p:ɽ] `Papad’[k h ʌɽk] `moss’ [p h aɽáro] `bald’[ɸ] occurs medially between vowels in an isolated word:[bʌɸúr] `fur’.[β] occurs medially between vowels in isolated words:[ʧuβo] `silently’ [taβʌrúk] `something’[ʧa:βi dyó:no] `wind (clock)’[f] occurs medially followed by [s] in a few borrowed words:[mirá:fs] `descendents’ [ʌfsú:s] Àlas!’[əfsər] òfficer’[w] occurs initially and medially as an alternativepronunciation of [υ] in the native and borrowedwords:[wʌyʋ] `blister’ [wa:skʈ] `waist coat’[bowár] `watermelon’ [gá:wo] `cow’It also occurs in cluster with other consonants:[ʧ h ɪlik h we] `clothing’ [kʌɳ(ə)wá:ʤi] èar ring’[sukwá:ʃ] `squash’ [muʐwá:lo] `gambling’It occurs to make the consonant [k],[ʈʂ] labialized:[ʦuk w é:] `toy’[k w é:] `green peas’[ʈʂ w e] `testicles’
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