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BUDDHIST DIPLOMACY: HISTORY AND STATUS QUO 11Burma until the 5th century CE. Early Buddhism in Burma wasMahayana Buddhism rather than Theravada. Around 1075 CE, KingAnawrahta Minsaw, the founder of the Pagan dynasty, requested forthe Tripitaka from the king of Thaton, but he was turned down. Theenraged king attacked and conquered Thaton and brought <strong>Buddhist</strong>scriptures and Theravada <strong>Buddhist</strong> clergy back to Burma. HenceBurma became a center for the orthodox Theravada Buddhism,which became the dominant state religion and played significant rolein its social and political life. 30The earliest known kingdom in today’s Cambodia was calledFunan, which appeared roughly in the 1st century CE. The kingdomwas subject to both Indian Brahmanical and <strong>Buddhist</strong> influence in itsearly years. But Buddhism appeared to have become the dominantreligion as late as the 5th century, and the kingdom had become ahub for religious exchanges between China and India. Some eminent<strong>Buddhist</strong> monks were sent along with embassies by Funan’s kings toChina. The successive Zhenla dynasty (550–802 CE) appears to havepracticed both Hinduism and Mahayana Buddhism, and Buddhismstarted to spread from the court to the mass. The Mahayana influencewas likely a result of the Nalanda Monastery-University complexduring the Indian Pala Empire. 31 In the early Angkor period (802–1432CE), Mahayana Buddhism gradually became the dominant faithin the kingdom as a result of royal sponsorship. King JayavarmanVII (1181-1219 CE) was extremely devoted to Buddhism. From the13th century on, Theravada Buddhism had become the dominantreligion in Angkor, probably due to the influence from Thailand’sTheravada <strong>Buddhist</strong> reformation.3. Transmission of Buddhism to Central Asia and East Asia—Mahayana Buddhisma. Spread of Buddhism to Central Asia.Buddhism started to spread to Northwestern India during theBuddha’s lifetime (see SA.35.88). The government officials incharge of Dharma affairs during Emperor Asoka’s reign workedamong “the Gandharas”, “Yonas” and “Kambojas”, which lay in
12 BUDDHIST DIPLOMACY: HISTORY AND STATUS QUOtoday’s Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Pamir. 32 Their presence is stillfelt today with the heavy influence of Buddhism in the region. Theoverland trade networks that connected the Indian subcontinent andWestern and Central Asia further helped spread Buddhism to today’sAfghanistan, Western and Central Asia. 33 As in other parts of Asia,rulers of various kingdoms played significant roles as patrons ofBuddhism in West and Central Asia. For example, King Menander(circa 90–85 BCE) of one of the Greco-Bactrian kingdoms, thelegacies of Alexander the Great’s military campaign, activelysupported Buddhism. As the Sakas and the Kushans entered theIndian subcontinent from the North between the 1st century BCEand the 3rd century CE, their kings were also patron to the <strong>Buddhist</strong>Sangha. The most famous among these rulers was King Kanishka(127–151 CE), whose Kushan empire covered a large area of centraland western Asia and northwestern India. In the Mahayana <strong>Buddhist</strong>tradition, he was believed to have convened the Fourth <strong>Buddhist</strong>Council. 34 The Kushan Empire played central role in transmittingBuddhism and the Greco-Ghandara <strong>Buddhist</strong> art from India to China.b. Spread of Buddhism to China.Although there is no record in China’s official history texts,Chinese <strong>Buddhist</strong> writings Fo Zu Tong Ji 35 report that a <strong>Buddhist</strong>missionary group consisting of 18 monks and led by a monk namedShi Li Fang (likely a Chinese translation of a non-Chinese name)paid a visit to the then Qin Empire’s capital, Xian Yang. Suspiciousof their motives, the Qin emperor Shi Huang Di (259–210 BCE),who founded the first Chinese empire, had the monks detained butlater released. The <strong>Buddhist</strong> missionary might not be one of thosesent by Emperor Asoka because he died 12 years before Qin ShiHuang became the king. But if the record is historically factual,then this was the earliest intercourse between China and Buddhism.China’s official history documents that Emperor Ming of the HanEmpire (28–75 CE) dreamed of a golden man, and his ministerexplained that he probably dreamt of the Buddha. Emperor Mingsent a delegation of 18 people to the “Western Region” to seekBuddhism. The delegation brought back images of the Buddha,
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2011/9 A Resource Guide to Public <
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