A Global Alliance Against Forced Labour - International Labour ...

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ContentsIntroduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Part I. Understanding and measuring forced labour today . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51. Forced labour: Definitions and concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5Defining characteristics of forced labour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5Forced labour and trafficking in legislation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6Forced labour and slavery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7National terminology referring to forced labour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8A universal concept with national variations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8Traditional and newer patterns of forced labour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92. A minimum estimate of forced labour in the world . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10Typology of forced labour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10Measuring forced labour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11A global estimate of forced labour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12Main forms of forced labour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12Regional distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12Trafficking in persons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14Forced labourers by sex and age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15Part II. A dynamic global picture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171. Key global trends and developments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172. Combating impunity: The law and its enforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19Global and regional developments: Rising awareness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19National experience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203. Forced labour and the State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25Forced labour imposed by the State: General considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25The special case of Myanmar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25Forced labour in prisons and detention centres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274. Poverty, discrimination and forced labour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30Bonded labour in South Asia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31Latin America: Focus on debt bondage and indigenous peoples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39Africa: Forced labour in a context of poverty and tradition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42v
A GLOBAL ALLIANCE AGAINST FORCED LABOUR5. Forced labour, migration and human trafficking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46Forced labour outcomes of migration and trafficking in destination countries . . . . . . . . . . 46Trafficking for forced labour exploitation: Reviewing the empirical evidence . . . . . . . . . . . 48Migrants and forced domestic work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50Trafficking and forced sexual exploitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51Economic sectors, recruitment systems and profits involved . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52Root causes of human trafficking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55Forced labour as a result of internal migration and trafficking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59Linkages between law enforcement and victim protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59The need for prevention and better migration management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 616. Forced labour and the global economy: Policy issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63Part III. Global action to combat forced labour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 671. ILO action against forced labour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67ILO action under the Declaration follow-up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67Overview of ILO action against forced labour since 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68Research, studies and surveys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69Awareness raising and advocacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72Advising on law and policy frameworks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75Training and capacity building . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76Community-based prevention and rehabilitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77What have we learned through ILO technical cooperation? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 802. Proposed action plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82Elements of a global Action Plan: General issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82Specific action for the ILO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85vi
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