SL_Introduction.pdf - Walther Meißner Institut
SL_Introduction.pdf - Walther Meißner Institut
SL_Introduction.pdf - Walther Meißner Institut
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R. Gross © <strong>Walther</strong>-Meißner-<strong>Institut</strong> (2001 - 2012)Low Temperature TechnologyIntro - 141930 Linde AG uses the first cooling turbines for the generation of lowtemperaturesturbines have higher efficiency and therefore are used today inall larger liquefaction machinese.g. He liquefier at the <strong>Walther</strong>-Meißner-<strong>Institut</strong>1947 first commercial He liquefier (design by engineer Collins,therefore denoted as „Collins“ machine)Arthur D. Little Inc. (today CTI)1966 Hall et al. and Neganov et al. develop 3 He/ 4 He dilutionrefrigerators, generation of temperatures down to 2 mK
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