Modern Spanish Grammar: A Practical Guide

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Expressions involving numbers 7.37.3.3Kings and queensJuan Carlos Primero (I) ‘Juan Carlos the First’Alfonso Décimo/Diez (X) ‘Alfonso the Tenth’Luis Catorce (XIV) ‘Louis the Fourteenth’33
8Personal pronouns 34 (p. 204)<strong>Spanish</strong> distinguishes three persons in both singular and plural: the first personsingular (‘I’, ‘me’), the first person plural (‘we’, ‘us’), the second person singular(‘you’ (only one person)), the second person plural (‘you’ (more than one person)),the third person singular (‘he’, ‘him’; ‘she’, ‘her’, ‘it’) and the third person plural(‘they’, ‘them’).Most complicated for English speakers is the second person. Not only does <strong>Spanish</strong>distinguish singular and plural here, but there is also a distinction between polite andfamiliar forms of the second person which varies considerably between Spain andLatin America. In Spain, tú is extremely common, and tends to be used even betweenrelative strangers unless there is some reason for marking respect. It is not at allunusual to be addressed as tú by a shop assistant or a bank clerk if you are the sameage or younger than they are, and tú is often used in TV interviews in much thesame way as first names are used in the English-speaking world. However, suchprodigality in the use of the familiar form is not found in some parts of LatinAmerica. You should therefore try and develop a sensitivity to how and when túor vos are used here.8.18.1.1Subject pronounsThe Peninsular systemSingularPlural1st person yo nosotros/-as2nd person familiar tú vosotros/-as2nd person polite usted ustedes3rd person él/ella ellos/ellas8.1.2Latin-American systemsThese are the same as the Peninsular system except in the second person. There are twodifferent systems:34(a) The voseo system (used in many different areas, but particularly in the Río de laPlata area, i.e. Argentina and Uruguay):
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ModernSPANISHGrammarSecond Edition
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ModernSPANISHGrammarA practical gui
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ContentsIntroductionGlossaryxviixix
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Contentsvii12.5 ¿Dónde?/¿Adónde
Page 10 and 11: Contentsix24.2 Estar + past partici
Page 12 and 13: Contentsxi36.2 Enquiring about a su
Page 14 and 15: Contentsxiii49 Expressing certainty
Page 16 and 17: Contentsxv67.2 Suggesting a course
Page 18 and 19: Note to the Second EditionThe bi-pa
Page 20 and 21: GlossarySmall capitals indicate tha
Page 22 and 23: GlossaryxxiIré mañana o pasado.I
Page 24 and 25: GlossaryxxiiiNo te había visto.I h
Page 26: GlossaryTenseTenses are different f
Page 30 and 31: 1Pronunciation and spellingPronunci
Page 32 and 33: The Spanish alphabet 1.1after other
Page 34 and 35: The written stress accent 1.5tra-er
Page 36 and 37: Punctuation 1.6como,cuando, etc.est
Page 38 and 39: 2Gender and genderagreements2.1Masc
Page 40 and 41: Agreement classes of adjectives 2.6
Page 42 and 43: Lo2.8El niño no había comido en c
Page 44 and 45: Number agreement 3.2Some Latin loan
Page 46 and 47: 4The articles4.1Definite articleThe
Page 48 and 49: Definite article + que and de4.3but
Page 50 and 51: Use of the plural unos, unas4.6 but
Page 52 and 53: Adjective position 5.2(c) Santo is
Page 54 and 55: Adjectives used as nouns 5.4Followi
Page 56 and 57: For the syntax of comparative const
Page 58 and 59: Ordinal numbers 7.2noventa 90cien,
Page 62 and 63: Subject pronouns 8.1SingularPlural2
Page 64 and 65: Object pronouns 8.2NOTETi does not
Page 66 and 67: Reduplicated pronoun structures 8.3
Page 68 and 69: Usage 9.39.39.3.19.3.2UsageEste cor
Page 70 and 71: Usage10.2Vuestro, etc., are often u
Page 72 and 73: 11Relative pronounsThere is a fair
Page 74 and 75: Cuyo (adj.)11.411.4Cuyo (adj.)Cuyo
Page 76 and 77: ¿Cuál? and ¿Qué?/¡Qué!12.212.
Page 78 and 79: ¿Verdad?, ¿no? 12.9No sé por qu
Page 80 and 81: Cualquiera13.5Alguien ha mentido.So
Page 82 and 83: 14Adverbs14.1Formation of adverbs i
Page 84 and 85: 15Negation 32 (p. 191)15.1NoNo is t
Page 86 and 87: 16Verb formsSection 16.1 gives an o
Page 88 and 89: The overall pattern 16.116.1.1.3The
Page 90 and 91: The overall pattern 16.1hemoshabéi
Page 92 and 93: The overall pattern 16.1cerramoscer
Page 94 and 95: The overall pattern 16.1Some verbs
Page 96 and 97: The overall pattern 16.1Poner ‘to
Page 98 and 99: The overall pattern 16.1(f) Past (i
Page 100 and 101: Perfect17.217.1.2 Reference to futu
Page 102 and 103: Preterite17.4(b) Saying politeness.
Page 104 and 105: Conditional 17.7(c) Saying promises
Page 106 and 107: Infinitive 17.11El que fuera niño
Page 108 and 109: Imperative17.13Subiendo por esta ca
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18Use of the subjunctiveSometimes t
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The subjunctive in complements of v
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The subjunctive after conjunctions
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The subjunctive after conjunctions
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The subjunctive in main clauses 18.
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19Sequence of tenseSpanish verb for
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Constructions involving the subjunc
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Llevar + gerund 20.3(c) Expressing
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21Modal auxiliary verbs andexpressi
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Querer 21.4(b) ObligationDebían (d
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22Ser and estar22.1SerSer is used:(
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Estar22.222.2EstarEstar is used:(a)
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Estar22.2Many adjectives can be use
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Reflexive verbs with prepositional
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The passive reflexive 23.923.8The i
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The passive reflexive 24.3Contrast:
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Bringing the object to the front of
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Basic use of prepositions 25.1Favou
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Basic use of prepositions 25.1al ai
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Basic use of prepositions 25.1(f) C
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Basic use of prepositions 25.1desde
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Basic use of prepositions 25.125.1.
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Basic use of prepositions 25.1Para
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Groups of prepositions 25.2sin deci
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26ComplementationBy complementation
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Infinitive complementation 26.2133d
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Infinitive complementation 26.2135e
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Infinitive complementation 26.2137b
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Infinitive complementation 26.2comp
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27ConjunctionsConjunctions are link
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Subordinating conjunctions 27.2Do n
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28Word order28.128.1.1StatementsThe
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Questions 28.2A topic may also be p
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ISocial contact andcommunication st
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MAKING SOCIAL CONTACTS 29.2¿Qué t
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MAKING SOCIAL CONTACTS 29.429.429.4
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MAKING SOCIAL CONTACTS 29.5Adiós.G
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MAKING SOCIAL CONTACTS 29.729.6.3Wi
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MAKING SOCIAL CONTACTS 29.8In Spain
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MAKING SOCIAL CONTACTS 29.829.8.7As
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MAKING SOCIAL CONTACTS 29.9 29.9.2.
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MAKING SOCIAL CONTACTS 29.9Tengo/te
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30Basic strategies forcommunication
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BASIC STRATEGIES FOR COMMUNICATION
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12.9 (p. 51)BASIC STRATEGIES FOR CO
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IIGiving and seeking factualinforma
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ASKING QUESTIONS AND RESPONDING 31.
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NEGATING 32.232.2Limiting the scope
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NEGATING 32.4Ni siquiera nos llamar
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33Reporting33.1Direct and indirect
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REPORTING 33.333.333.3.133.3.1.1 Re
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REPORTING 33.4Yo se lo había dicho
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REPORTING 33.6The use of a reportin
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34Asking and giving personalinforma
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ASKING AND GIVING PERSONAL INFORMAT
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ASKING AND GIVING PERSONAL INFORMAT
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35Identifying people, placesand thi
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36DescribingIn this chapter you wil
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DESCRIBING 36.2Él tenía mucho sen
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DESCRIBING 36.5El niño está grand
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DESCRIBING 36.9To describe the weat
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MAKING COMPARISONS 37.137.1.2 Más
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MAKING COMPARISONS 37.237.1.8Más/m
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MAKING COMPARISONS 37.3(f) Common e
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38Expressing existence andavailabil
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EXPRESSING EXISTENCE AND AVAILABILI
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39Expressing location anddistanceTh
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EXPRESSING LOCATION AND DISTANCE 39
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EXPRESSING POSSESSIVE RELATIONS 40.
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EXPRESSING POSSESSIVE RELATIONS 40.
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41Expressing changesIn English, tra
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EXPRESSING CHANGES 41.3El nuevo cam
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EXPRESSING CHANGES 41.641.6Other wa
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DESCRIBING PROCESSES AND RESULTS 42
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EXPRESSING CAUSE, EFFECT AND PURPOS
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44Expressing knowledgeTo express kn
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Learning or finding out about somet
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Saying whether one remembers someth
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Asking people whether they remember
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Enquiring whether someone has forgo
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Expressing obligation and duty with
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Other ways of expressing obligation
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Expressing needs with regard to one
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Expressing needs in an impersonal w
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Expressing strong need 47.447.3.5Se
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Saying whether something is conside
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Enquiring whether something is cons
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49Expressing certainty anduncertain
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Saying how certain one is of someth
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Enquiring about certainty or uncert
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Common expressions of supposition 5
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51Expressing conditionsThis chapter
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Unfulfilled conditions 51.251.1.5 S
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Other conditional expressions 51.35
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Other conditional expressions 51.3f
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Common expressions of contrast or o
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Common expressions of contrast or o
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53Expressing capability andincapabi
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Enquiring and making statements abo
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Seeking permission 54.154.1.3¿Se p
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Giving permission 54.254.1.8 Rogar
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55Asking and giving opinionsThis ch
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Expressing opinions 55.2Me gustarí
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Expressing opinions 55.2Creo/creemo
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Reporting on other people’s opini
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56Expressing agreement,disagreement
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Asking about agreement and disagree
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IVExpressing emotional attitudes
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EXPRESSING DESIRES AND PREFERENCES
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58Expressing likes and dislikesThis
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EXPRESSING LIKES AND DISLIKES 58.25
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EXPRESSING LIKES AND DISLIKES 58.3M
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59Expressing surpriseThis chapter c
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EXPRESSING SURPRISE 59.2Note that i
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EXPRESSING SATISFACTION AND DISSATI
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61Expressing approval anddisapprova
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EXPRESSING APPROVAL AND DISAPPROVAL
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EXPRESSING HOPE 62.2 62.2.2 62.3H
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63Expressing sympathyTo tell people
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EXPRESSING SYMPATHY 63.2Siento much
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64Apologizing and expressingforgive
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APOLOGIZING AND EXPRESSING FORGIVEN
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EXPRESSING FEAR OR WORRY 65.1No, en
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EXPRESSING FEAR OR WORRY 65.1Temía
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66Expressing gratitudeThis chapter
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EXPRESSING GRATITUDE 66.266.2Respon
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67Giving advice and makingsuggestio
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Giving advice and making suggestion
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Asking for advice and suggestions67
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68Making requestsIn this chapter yo
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Common expressions of request 68.1
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69Giving directions, instructionsan
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Giving instructions 69.269.2Giving
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Giving orders 69.369.3.3The future
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Making an offer or invitation70.1Va
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Making an offer or invitation70.170
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20.2 (p. 97); 17.5.2 (p. 76)Enquiri
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71Talking about the presentStatemen
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Talking about permanent and habitua
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Saying how long one has been doing
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Saying how long one has been doing
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Expressing possibility, probability
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Expressing plans and intentions 72.
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Referring to the immediate future 7
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73Talking about the pastThis chapte
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Referring to the immediate past 73.
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Talking about long-lasting past eve
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Talking about past habitual actions
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AppendixATENDER ‘to attend to’
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AppendixGUIAR ‘to guide’ guío
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AppendixSALIR ‘to go out’ salgo
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Index of words and topicsNOTEThe re
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Index of words and topicscientos 7.
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Index of words and topicsdistance 3
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Index of words and topicshelar 16.1
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Index of words and topicsmostrar Ap
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Index of words and topicsposiblemen
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Index of words and topicssentir 16.
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Modern Spanish Grammar: A Practical Guide

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