, Diagnosis an-&& of Shrimp Diseases - Central Institute of ...

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strategies of aquatic animals for quick and effective response to new disease outbreaks.Trained Inanpower and capacity building are the important steps towards an effectiveextension system. A working extension system for awareness building and effectivecommunication among farmers / aquaculturists, Govt. agencies and planners is pivotal for thesuccessful implementation of any aquatic health management programme.One of the most important factors dealing with a di'sease outbreak is information.Correct information is the key element in deciding upon the best means of dealing with adisease. To meet this objective a scientific and functional disease reporting system applicableat local (farm level), national and regional level and aquatic animal health information syslelnat national and regional level is necessary. Policies and legislature governing resources (soiland water) allocation and quality assurance in aquaculture, related to the physicochemicalcomponents and biological components should be in place in all the coi~ntries practicingaquaculture. Functioning of a national level (each country) body with necessary responsibilityand mandate to implement a 'national health management strategy' or 'health managementregulation' on the basis of existing international standards, guidelines or recom~nendation fromFAO, 01E and NACA and WTO must be there in issues related to aquaculture and aquaticanimal health management for the region.
SI-IRXMP DISEASES: GENEIL4L ASPECTSS. V. Alavandi and T.C. SantiagoIntroductionCoastal aquaculture, especially shrimp aquaculture has undergone a fast growth inrecent times in India. While traditional type of shrimp farms were being improved, newextensive and semi-intensive farms were being established at rapid pace. Majority of theinvestors ventured into aquaculture by initially familiarising themselves with technical aspectsof site selection, pond design, feeding techniques, intensive stocking etc. More often, thesignificant impact of disease was overlooked. However, concomitant with the rapid expansionand intensification of shrimp farining activities serious disease outbreaks were of frequentoccurrence.Attention to disease problems was paid only when widespread outbreak of diseasealarmingly reduced the profit from shrimp farming projects. It has become essential for shrimpfarmers to understand the biological and environmental factors that lead to diseasedevelopment, the maladies fiat can cause considerable loss to cultured shrimp, the earlydetection of incidence of diseases and drawing up farming strategy that would minimise orprevent the onset of diseases.What is disease and how diseases develop?As any other living organisms, shrimp also have specific physiological functions forgrowth and development, which is greatly influenced by various factors of the environment inwhich they are living. Any impairment in the physiological functioning may lead to abnormalcondition of an organism, and this phenomenon is known as disease. However, many expertsconsider that there are 3 factors, which interact with each other and result in the occurrence ofdisease. These factors are the host (shrimp), the environment and disease-causing organism(pathogen). Therefore, disease can be described as an expression of complex interaction ofhost, pathogen and environment (Fig. ).A decline in llost's immunity is the main cause of disease. A lot of factors will impairshrimp health and the most important pre-disposing factors leading to diseases in shrimpculture are:I. Adverse environment11. High stoclting density with limited water exchange facilities111. Nutritional deficiencyipoor nourishment
Page 5 and 6: OVERVIEW OF STRATEGIES FOR PREVENTI
Page 7: in harmonizing aquatic animal healt
Page 11 and 12: quantitative level of pathogen is i
Page 13 and 14: presence of prominent eosinophiiic
Page 15 and 16: Disease affected the shrimps of all
Page 19 and 20: BACTERIAL AND FUNGAL DISEASES OF SH
Page 21 and 22: Cause: The epibiotic bacteria stich
Page 23 and 24: PARASiTIC AND NON-INFECTIOUS IIISEA
Page 25 and 26: XOS-INFECTIOUS DISEASESNon-infectio
Page 27 and 28: INVESTIGATING SHRIMP DISEASES: OBSE
Page 29 and 30: lnay be a predisposing factor for b
Page 31 and 32: BACTERIOLOGICAL METHODSS.V. Alavand
Page 34 and 35: In place of ZMA, nutrient agar prep
Page 36 and 37: Interpretation: Positive reaction i
Page 38 and 39: Incubate at 37°C for 1-2 h.Examine
Page 40 and 41: Alkaligens: etc. are resistant. The
Page 42 and 43: Culture Media, Reagents and StainsC
Page 45 and 46: Differential characteristics of Vib
Page 47 and 48: Davidson's Alcohol Formatin Acetic
Page 49 and 50: Paraffin cold impregnationXylene an
Page 51 and 52: ProcedureDe-paraffinise the slid'c
Page 53 and 54: Biochemistry of Nucleic Acids with
Page 55 and 56: DNA e.rl1i6it.v base equivuleizcc!E
Page 57 and 58: hydrolyzed by dilute alkali. The su
Page 59 and 60:
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is
Page 61 and 62:
a number of viral, bacterial and pa
Page 63 and 64:
from 15-30 bases. Negative controls
Page 65 and 66:
PCR Primers for Indian WSVTwo sets
Page 67 and 68:
ANTIOXIDANTS IN MANAGEMENT OF OXIDA
Page 69 and 70:
Many potent chemical carcinogens ar
Page 71 and 72:
cells. It has been shown that possi
Page 73 and 74:
AFB, induced ~nutagenesis in Salmon
Page 75 and 76:
FIGURE 2. An overview of oxygen rad
Page 77 and 78:
were responsible for production los
Page 79 and 80:
for Asiatic region. The participati
Page 81 and 82:
charge of the DNA fragment. The neg
Page 83 and 84:
European countries have in place th
Page 85:
irth to a new concept to treatment
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