, Diagnosis an-&& of Shrimp Diseases - Central Institute of ...

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can spread to pathogenic strains. Instances of drug resistance determinants from fishpathogens to human pathogens have been also documented and hence can pose a seriousproblem in the treatment of infectious diseases in humans.Antibiotic residues in tissues: The antibiotics used in aquaculture either for prophylactic ortherapeutic purposes often accumulate in the tissues of aquatic animals. Presence ofantimicrobial drug residues in the edible tissues of aquaculture products can cause allergies,toxic effects, changes in the intestinal microbial flora and acquisition of drug resistance by thebacteria of humans. The acceptable levels of drug residues in the fishery products are basedon the maximum residue limit (MRL). Hence, from the context of food safety, usage ofantimicrobials for prophylactic or therapeutic purposes in fish and shrimp prior to harvestingmust be restricted or harvesting must wait till antibiotic residues are withdrawn from thetissues by natural metabolic processes. e.g., MRL for oxytetracycline in the shrimp tissuesmust be
European countries have in place the regulatory policy for use of antibiotics and other drugsin aquaculture. The drug approval process and regulations differ in each of these countries.e.g., oxytetracycline is approved for use in aquaculture in the USA, Canada, Europeancountries and Japan, whereas, its usage in Australia is not approved. Similarly, oxolinic acidis approved in Japan and European countries, while in USA, Canada and Australia its use inaquaculture is not approved. Chloramphenicol, despite its ban by the regulatory bodies inseveral countries including the FAO, has been widely used in our country until its recent banin shrimp aquaculture by the MPEDA along with other antibiotics, such as furazolidone,neomycin, nalidixic acid and sulphamethoxazole.In view of the marketing problems associated with antibiotic residues in the shrimptissues, it is prudent for the aquaculture managers to refrain from using antibiotics until thescientific basis of their usage and withdrawal periods are available The need of the hour is toput in place a regulatory policy and provide guidelines on the use of antibiotics in aquacultureand bring about enforcement on the aquafarming community to comply with the regulationsin order to protect environmental problems associated with their use and sustainability ofaquaculture industry.ProbioticsMicrobes play both direct and indirect roles in aquaculture. They not only causediseases but also are beneficial. As a soil flora, they too influence the aquatic environment.Their beneficial role had been recognized more than fifty years ago and the beneficial bacteriahad been defined as probioti& in animal husbandry. They have been used to raise healthy anddisease resistant farm animals. They have been accepted as better, cheaper and more effectivein promoting animal health than antibiotics, in farm animals. Of late researchers tried to lookfor beneficial bacteria for use in aquaculture. Large number of isolates have been isolated thatare useful in imparting resistance to disease and improving soil and water quality. However,the results are not always encouraging. This may probably be due to the selection ofinappropriate microorganisms. Before recommending an organisin as a probiotc it isnecessary that the bacteria have to be evaluated whether it is able to impart resistance andcompete with the potential pathogenic bacteria. It should be able to colonize and prevent theestablishment of the pathogenic bacteria. This involves the viability of the strain and itsability to live within the larvae and in the environment. The pathogenesis of the organism tothe target animal has also to be tested in actual farm condition apart from the laboratoryexperiments. If these characteristics are positive it may be an efficient probiotics. The next
Page 5 and 6:
OVERVIEW OF STRATEGIES FOR PREVENTI
Page 7 and 8:
in harmonizing aquatic animal healt
Page 9 and 10:
SI-IRXMP DISEASES: GENEIL4L ASPECTS
Page 11 and 12:
quantitative level of pathogen is i
Page 13 and 14:
presence of prominent eosinophiiic
Page 15 and 16:
Disease affected the shrimps of all
Page 19 and 20:
BACTERIAL AND FUNGAL DISEASES OF SH
Page 21 and 22:
Cause: The epibiotic bacteria stich
Page 23 and 24:
PARASiTIC AND NON-INFECTIOUS IIISEA
Page 25 and 26:
XOS-INFECTIOUS DISEASESNon-infectio
Page 27 and 28:
INVESTIGATING SHRIMP DISEASES: OBSE
Page 29 and 30:
lnay be a predisposing factor for b
Page 31 and 32: BACTERIOLOGICAL METHODSS.V. Alavand
Page 34 and 35: In place of ZMA, nutrient agar prep
Page 36 and 37: Interpretation: Positive reaction i
Page 38 and 39: Incubate at 37°C for 1-2 h.Examine
Page 40 and 41: Alkaligens: etc. are resistant. The
Page 42 and 43: Culture Media, Reagents and StainsC
Page 45 and 46: Differential characteristics of Vib
Page 47 and 48: Davidson's Alcohol Formatin Acetic
Page 49 and 50: Paraffin cold impregnationXylene an
Page 51 and 52: ProcedureDe-paraffinise the slid'c
Page 53 and 54: Biochemistry of Nucleic Acids with
Page 55 and 56: DNA e.rl1i6it.v base equivuleizcc!E
Page 57 and 58: hydrolyzed by dilute alkali. The su
Page 59 and 60: Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is
Page 61 and 62: a number of viral, bacterial and pa
Page 63 and 64: from 15-30 bases. Negative controls
Page 65 and 66: PCR Primers for Indian WSVTwo sets
Page 67 and 68: ANTIOXIDANTS IN MANAGEMENT OF OXIDA
Page 69 and 70: Many potent chemical carcinogens ar
Page 71 and 72: cells. It has been shown that possi
Page 73 and 74: AFB, induced ~nutagenesis in Salmon
Page 75 and 76: FIGURE 2. An overview of oxygen rad
Page 77 and 78: were responsible for production los
Page 79 and 80: for Asiatic region. The participati
Page 81: charge of the DNA fragment. The neg
Page 85: irth to a new concept to treatment
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