Epizootic Ulcerative Syndrome (EUS) Technical Handbook

ContentsIntroduction ........................................................................................ 1History ................................................................................................ 3Mycotic granulomatosis (MG) ....................................................... 3Red spot disease (RSD) ................................................................. 3Epizootic ulcerative syndrome (EUS) ............................................ 4Other similar diseases ................................................................ 7Ulcerative mycosis (UM) .............................................................. 7Cod ulcer disease ........................................................................ 8Species affected .................................................................................. 9Socio-economics.................................................................................. 13Public health ....................................................................................... 15Aetiology ............................................................................................. 17Fungi .......................................................................................... 17The pathogenic Aphanomyces fungus .................................. 17Involvement of other saprophytic fungi ............................... 21Viruses ....................................................................................... 21History of isolation of EUS-associated viruses ..................... 21Pathogenicity of EUS-associated viruses ............................. 22Parasites ..................................................................................... 23Bacteria ...................................................................................... 23Environmental Factors ........................................................................ 23Temperature ............................................................................... 25Rainfall and related water quality variables ................................. 26Flooding ....................................................................................... 26Site characteristics ..................................................................... 27Source of infection ............................................................. 27Soil or sediment characteristics ......................................... 27Conclusion .................................................................................. 27Diagnosis ............................................................................................ 29Clinical signs .............................................................................. 29Gross pathology ........................................................................... 29Histopathology ............................................................................. 31Epidemiology ....................................................................................... 33Control of EUS ..................................................................................... 37Prevention .................................................................................. 37Eradication ......................................................................... 37Exclusion ............................................................................ 38Management ...................................................................... 38Surveillance ....................................................................... 39Treatment .......................................................................... 39IV