Qualitative Data Analysis Description to Explanation

¨ Presenting one or more concepts or themeseither developed in situ from the data orimported from existing theories or literatureoutside the study¨ Moving towards interpretively integratingportions of data¨ Extending the theoretical or other intellectualtradition from which they were imported and/or illuminating an experience(Sandelowski & Barroso, 2003, pp. 913-914)

¨ Transforming data to produce groundedtheories, ethnographies, or otherwise fullyintegrated explanations of some phenomenon,event, or case¨ Clarifying or elucidating conceptual orthematic linkages that re-present the targetphenomenon in a new way¨ Attending to relevant variations in both sampleand data (Sandelowski & Barroso, 2003, p. 914)

¨Generic Design is whenresearchers use genericor “eclectic” qualitativemethods (e.g., opencoding, axial coding,constant comparison) toproduce conceptualcategories and themes.¨Designer Design iswhen researchers followdesigner or “namebrand” methodologiesto produce the mosttransformed results andfindings (e.g., thickdescriptions, groundedtheories, essences oflived experience).

¨ Philosophical origins¨ “The act of thinking about things, persons, oroccurrences”¨ The essence of lived experiences: the How andthe What¨ Distinguishing Features¡ Sensitivity and Literary¡ Long interviews¡ Horizons¡ Facticity and Meaning

¨ European and American¨ Classical (Husserl): Essence of consciousness¨ Existential (Heidegger): Dasein or Being-in-theworld¨ Hermeneutic (Gadamer): Interpretivestructures of experience of texts¨ Empirical Phenomenology (Giorgi):Descriptions of the co-researcher¨ Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis (IPA:Smith): Double Hermeneutic

¨ Studying people’s experiences¨ Studying how people make meaning in theirlives¨ Study relationship between what happenedand how people have come to understandthese events¨ Interested in people clarifying their essences

¨ Select autobiographical topic¨ Select co-researchers¨ Inform co-researchers of topic and procedures¨ Develop question/topic guide¨ Conduct bracketed interview(s)¨ Prepare data for analysisMoustakas, 1994, 103-119

FactsLivedExperienceMeaning

¨ Epoché¨ Phenomenological Reduction¡ Bracketing¡ Horizontalization¡ Delimited Horizons¡ Invariant Qualities and Themes¡ Individual Textual Descriptions¡ Composite Textual Descriptions (Moustakas, 1994, p. 180)

¨ Imaginative Variation¡ Vary Possible Meanings¡ Develop Structural Themes¡ Individual Structural Descriptions¡ Composite Structural Descriptions¨ Synthesis of Composite Textual and CompositeStructural Descriptions¨ Member Checking and Peer Debriefing (Moustakas,1994, pp. 180-181)

OpenQuestionsBracketingFollow UpQuestionsLongInterview

HorizonHorizonHorizonInvariant Horizons or Constituents(Unique Qualities of an Experience)

ThemeThemeThemeConstituent(Quotes)Constituent(Quotes)Constituent(Quotes)Constituent(Quotes)Constituent(Quotes)Constituent(Quotes)

TextualDescriptionsImaginativevariationStructuralDescription

TextualStructuralEssence

¨ Finlay, L. (2011). Phenomenology for therapists:Researching the lived world. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.¨ Giorgi, A. (2009). The descriptivephenomenological method in psychology: A modifiedHusserlian approach. Pittsburgh, PA: DuquesneUniversity Press.¨ Moustakas, C. (1990). Heuristic research: Design,methodology, and applications. Newbury Park:CA: Sage.

¨ Moustakas, C. (1994). Phenomenological researchmethods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.¨ Pollio, H. R., Henley, T. B., & Thompson, C. J.(1997). The phenomenology of everyday life. NewYork, NY: Cambridge University Press.¨ Smith, J. A., Flowers, P., & Larkin, M. (2009).Interpretive phenomenological analysis: Theory,method, and research. London: Sage.

¨ Van Manen, M. (1990). Researching livedexperience: Human science for an action sensitivepedagogy. Albany, NY: The State University ofNew York.¨ Zichi Cohen, M., Kahn, D. L., & Steeves, R. H.(2000). Hermeneutic phenomenological research: Apractical guide for nurse researchers. ThousandOaks, CA: Sage.

¨ Sociological origins¨ “Creating theory from the ground up”¨ Constructing or discovering theory from data¨ Distinguishing Features¡ Inductive and Deductive Processes¡ Substantive and Formal Theory

¨ Glassarian or Classical (Barney Glasser andAnselm Strauss)¨ Straussian (Anselm Strauss and Juliet Corbin)¨ Constructivist (Kathy Charmaz)¨ Situational Analysis (Post-modern; AdeleClark)

¨ When you want to build/discover theoryinductively¨ When you want to build/discover substantiveand/or formal theory¨ When there is little or no prior information onan area or phenomenon¨ When you want to study the microcosm ofinteraction

¨ Open, Axial, and Theoretical Coding¨ In vivo Codes and Imported Codes¨ Theoretical Coding and Sampling¨ Constant Comparative Method¨ Conceptualization and Open Coding¨ Categorization and Axial Coding¨ Explanatory Variables and Theoretical Coding¨ Theoretical Memoing

TheoreticalAxialOpen

Theoretical CodingTheoryAxial CodingThemesOpen CodingVariablesCategoriesConcepts

¨ Generic Qualitative Research¡ Utilizes Grounded Theory techniques to producecategories or themes¡ Does not transform findings to produce theory¡ Does not use theoretical sampling¨ Grounded Theory¡ Utilizes Grounded Theory techniques to produce atheory

¨Over the last 20 years, there have been a significant number of published studies inwhich the experiences of clients in marriage and family therapy have beeninvestigated to discover what works in therapy from their points of view.¨Although there have been a number of systematic reviews of the effectivenessliterature in marriage and family therapy and of clients’ experiences in individualcounseling, there has not been a comparable review of the research literaturepresenting clients’ experiences of their conjoint clinical treatment as couples orfamilies.¨To address this gap, the investigators conducted a systematic review of publishedqualitative research studies in which data were collected from clients to learn abouttheir experiences within couple and family therapy and with their therapists.¨Specifically, the investigators conducted a qualitative metasynthesis on studiespublished from 1990 to 2010 in which the researchers attempted to discover theexperiences of clients participating in conjoint couple and family therapy. Our goalwas to inductively construct a coherent grounded formal theory of clientexperiences of couple and family therapy. (Chenail et al., 2012)

¨ Chenail, R. J., St. George, S., Wulff, D., Duffy,M., Wilson Scott, K., & Tomm, K. (2012).Clients’ relational conceptions of conjointcouple and family therapy quality: A groundedformal theory. Journal of Marital and FamilyTherapy, 38(1), 241-264. doi: 10.1111/j.1752-0606.2011.00246.x

¨ Birks, M., & Mills, J. (2011). Grounded theory: Apractical guide. London: Sage.¨ Charmaz, K. (2006). Constructing groundedtheory: A practical guide through qualitativeanalysis. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.¨ Charmaz, K., & Bryant, A. (2007). The SAGEhandbook of grounded theory. Thousand Oaks,CA: Sage.

¨ Clarke, A. E. (2005). Situational analysis:Grounded theory after the postmodern turn.Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.¨ Corbin, J., & Strauss, A. (2007). Basics ofqualitative research: Techniques and procedures fordeveloping grounded theory (3rd ed.). ThousandOaks, CA: Sage.

¨ Glaser, B. G., & Strauss, A. L. (1967). Thediscovery of grounded theory: Strategies forqualitative research. Chicago, IL: Aldine.¨ Morse, J. M., Stern, P. N., Corbin, J., Bowers, B.,Charmaz, K., & Clarke, A. E. (2009). Developinggrounded theory: The second generation. WalnutCreek, CA: Left Coast.

¨ Online QDA:http://onlineqda.hud.ac.uk/index.php¨ The Qualitative Report:http://www.nova.edu/ssss/QR/¨ Graduate Certificate in Qualitative Researchhttp://www.nova.edu/ssss/QR/¨ Email me: ron@nova.edu

Patricia L. Munhall&Ronald J. ChenailJones and Bartlett2008

Ronald J. Chenail, PhD, is Professor of FamilyTherapy in theSchool of Humanities and Social Sciences at NovaSoutheastern University in Fort Lauderdale,Florida. From 2005 to 2011, he was the Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Marital and Family Therapy,the flagship research journal of the AmericanAssociation for Marriage and Family Therapy.Since 1990, he is also the founding Editor-in-Chiefof The Qualitative Report, the world's first online,open access, transdisciplinary journal dedicated toqualitative research. He may be contacted atron@nova.edu