journal of renewable natural resources bhutan - Ministry of Agriculture

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Karma Nidup & Pema Wangchukvery long time. It has always been family and village chicken farmingrather than at commercial scale. Besides the state owned central andregional poultry farms, there are only couples of commercial poultryfarms in Bhutan. The demand for eggs and chicken meat in Bhutan isenormous and it is on rise. The existing farms including the state ownedcentral farms cannot meet these demand. Because of these, Bhutanimports huge amount of meat and eggs from neighboring states of India.The Ministry of Agriculture (MoA) has been encouraging to establishcommercial poultry farms particularly broiler farmers in the potentialareas of Southern Bhutan where influence of religion does not restrictrearing of broiler chickens. The establishments of number of “smallscale”broiler farms (200-500 birds) in Tsirang district and by farmersin Samtse district during 2004 to mid 2006 are some encouragingactivities initiated by the Department of Livestock, MoA, to promotebroiler meat production in Bhutan. However, one of the bottlenecks inthis important initiative has been lack of good broiler feed sources. Theonly national feed mill in the country is located at Phuntsholing and thebroiler feed from this company has not been popular. Successfulprivate farms such as Wangchutaba broiler farm in Thimphu districtand Gurung broiler farm in Gelephu district have been importing feedsfrom India. It is not clear why the feed produced within the country isconsidered inferior or to what extent imported feed is superior. Like inmany countries (Acamovic, 2002), it has also not been possible to getthe details of the basis of nutrient standards feed companies have beenusing because of commercial confidentiality. For all these reasons, themain purpose of this experiment was:Assess nutrient content of broiler feeds produced in Bhutan (KFG)and imported from India (SFG)Determine growth rate of broiler birdsAssess the efficiency of two categories of broiler feeds12
MATERIALSAND METHODSComparative Study of Broiler in BhutanExperimentalArea and TreatmentThe experiment was conducted at the poultry farm of the College ofNatural Resources (CNR) for duration 42 days. One hundred ninety sixday old chicks (DOC) of terminal Vencobb strain were divided into twogroups and reared in two separate pens. The experimental unitconsisted of 97 birds for KFG and 99 birds for SFG, respectively. Bothgroups of chicks were fed ad libitum to ensure maximum growth rate.Initial weight and weighing at different intervals were taken usingelectrical weighing balance (Mettler – Toledo, type PJ 300, 5 kgcapacity, made in Switzerland).Housing Preparation and Stocking DensityPrior to the arrival of DOC, two brooding pens were washed andcleaned thoroughly with water and phenol. Brooding pens were airdried for two days after which sawdust was spread over the flooruniformly. A day before arrival of DOC, floor laid with sawdust werecovered with old newspapers and the brooder boxes were placed ineach brooding pen. The 100-watt electric bulbs (30 cm away from thefloor) were placed in brooding boxes. To confine the chicks around thesource of heat and to prevent draught, a brooder guard or chick guardswere erected around the brooder using plywood. The electricity wasput on for 48 hours so as to raise temperature of the floor of eachbrooding pen.All possible efforts were made to keep litter as dry aspossible throughout the experiment. The litter which was 3-5 inchesthick was stirred once in a week.The floor spacing was measured with measuring tape (Fibreglass tape30m Marker Fibrex). The stocking density, which is a measure of thenumber of birds placed in broiler house, was 2.98 sq ft per bird for KFGand 3.07 sq ft per bird for SFG. According to parkhurst and Mountney(1988), the space requirement per broiler bird is 0.7 sq ft but manystudies showed that provision of larger floor spacing increases weightper bird and improves feed conversion ratio (Bilgili & Hess, 1995;Johari & Hussain, 1996). There is little or negligible difference in13
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Page 4 and 5: Livestock
Page 6 and 7: the use of tree fodder is strongly
Page 8 and 9: Lhuenste12 N27.67585,E091.25453Mong
Page 10 and 11: Kelzang Wangchuk et alTable 2: Nutr
Page 12 and 13: Kelzang Wangchuk et alDiscussionThe
Page 14 and 15: Kelzang Wangchuk et alRoder, W., Wa
Page 18 and 19: stocking density (0.09 sq ft/bird)
Page 20 and 21: part of the data while some are exp
Page 22 and 23: Karma Nidup & Pema WangchukFigure 1
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Page 26 and 27: adequate treatment and replicates e
Page 28 and 29: Karma Nidup & Pema WangchukRaj, M.
Page 30 and 31: Hindrances to enhance honey product
Page 32 and 33: Data collectionData were collected
Page 34 and 35: cattle contributes to the household
Page 36 and 37: Honey productionAverage annual hone
Page 38 and 39: cooler places for bees to live in s
Page 40 and 41: CONCLUSIONSN. B. TamangHoney bees h
Page 42 and 43: Forestry
Page 44 and 45: was assessed at an overall rank of
Page 46 and 47: M. R. Moktan et alinfrastructures c
Page 48 and 49: M. R. Moktan et alesculanta, Castan
Page 50 and 51: tallied. Further from ¼ of the plo
Page 52 and 53: M. R. Moktan et alPotential commerc
Page 54 and 55: Table 6. Estimates of gross maximum
Page 56 and 57: M. R. Moktan et alThus, low vulnera
Page 58 and 59: Table 8. Rapid Vulnerability Assess
Page 60 and 61: thIt is important to note the 5, 6,
Page 62 and 63: M. R. Moktan et alecologically and
Page 64 and 65: M. R. Moktan et alEconomic analysis
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M. R. Moktan et alreceived at house
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M. R. Moktan et alFigure 11. Visiti
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M. R. Moktan et alInternational Tro
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M. R. Moktan et alWatts, J., Scott,
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KEYWORDS:Pema Wangda & Masahiko Ohs
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Mean total annual precipitation(mm)
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Concise flowers of the Himalaya (Po
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Pema Wangda & Masahiko Ohsawabusua,
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Pema Wangda & Masahiko Ohsawato 5 m
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Pema Wangda & Masahiko Ohsawaevergr
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Pema Wangda & Masahiko OhsawaNumber
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Soil pH (H2O)(A)Total Nitrogen (%)8
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height and basal area of trees. The
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initial level in the tropical regio
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Pema Wangda & Masahiko OhsawaSPECIE
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Pema Wangda & Masahiko OhsawaSPECIE
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Field Crops
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Wangda Dukpaweak coleoptiles, which
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Rht 10 9.00 4.67 90 11.27 8.57 19.8
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depths. Interactions between variet
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evidence indicates that Rht8reduces
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Bhu.J.RNR.Vol 3.No.1, 102-118: 2007
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Growing Rice in Bumthang.......Temp
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d thTransplantation should be carri
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RESULTSAND DISCUSSIONNursery raisin
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VarietyDays tomaturityGrowing Rice
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Growing Rice in Bumthang.......tota
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delays crop growth, crops are weak,
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Physiological/nutrient disordersYel
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Growing Rice in Bumthang.......Mack
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T. B. Katwal et alfollowed by rice
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T. B. Katwal et alnot very large as
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T. B. Katwal et alquantity of seedl
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The results from the two sites indi
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Bhu.J.RNR.Vol 3.No.1, 128-142: 2007
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MATERIALSAND METHODSThis research o
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allocation of Farm Yard Manure(FYM)
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infrastructure developments.Encoura
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and marketing to inject the idea of
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Encouraging farmers to re cultivate
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Bhu.J.RNR.Vol 3.No.1, 143-148: 2007
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Inadequate outstanding cultivar (mo
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efore two weeks of actual operation
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General
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Tirtha Bdr Katwal et alresearch. Th
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evaluating new technologies assumin
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Tirtha Bdr Katwal et ali. Trainings
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Tirtha Bdr Katwal et alfrom improve
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Table 2. Rice Production before and
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Guide to AuthorsStandard Structure
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C. TABLES:Tables are used to presen
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6. Standard Book :National Research
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