Heating Helper

INTRODUCTIONSizing for Tankless Heaters...Consider adding somestorageWhen sizing boilers for heating and domestic hot water production bymeans of an immersion type tankless heater, one must bear in mindthat you cannot cheat the laws of physics. In order to raise the temperatureof a gallon of water flowing through a tankless coil from 40°F to140°F, you will require 50,000 btuh of boiler capacity. Therefore to beable to produce 3 gpm or 5 gpm of hot water through this coil the boilercapacity will need to be 150,000 btuh or 250,000 btuh respectively.Unfortunately there are an abundance of oversized boilers out therewasting valuable energy dollars just sitting there waiting to produce "ondemand" domestic hot water with no provision for storage. A muchbetter alternative would be to add an aqua booster or storage tank andcontrols to maintain a volume of hot water to fulfill those larger needswithout the need for a larger tankless coil and boiler. The end result,once again, will be substantial fuel savings due to less short burnercycles in the long run.Steam Boilers...Size it by connected loadThe function of a steam boiler is to create steam vapor which in essenceis water that has turned to a super heated gaseous state. Whenenough latent energy, in the form of heat, has been applied to waterit changes it’s state from liquid to a vapor state. The steam vapor inturn gives up its latent energy to the radiators and other heat emittingdevices connected to the boiler piping by means of conduction. Thesein turn transfer their heat to the surrounding air and objects by meansof convection and radiant principles. You only need to size the boilerbased on the capacity of steam vapor needed to fill all of the connectedradiation and related piping. Therefore it is absolutely imperative thatyou check each and every radiator or heat-emitting device to establishits capacity of steam in Square Feet of Radiation or Equivalent DirectRadiation (EDR). There are a number of tables in Chapter 5 of thispublication to help you in accomplishing this. You do, of course, haveto take into effect that there will be some steam required to fill theconnecting pipes and that there will be standby losses related to thatpiping, but these factors have already been built into the Net IBR boilersteam ratings to the capacity of 33%. This means that unless there is alarger than normal amount of piping, pipes that run through

INTRODUCTIONThere is now only a fraction of infiltration air coming into this buildingas compared to years ago and that the new boiler and other appliancesare much more efficient and much more dependant upon proper air tofuel mixtures for efficient combustion. Add to this the fact that the buildingnow has additional devices that can depressurize it or take air outsuch as exhaust and ventilation fans, fireplaces and clothes dryers andyou may begin to appreciate why the confined space consideration isso important. Here are the guidelines and an example of how to figurefor a confined space based on average type construction such as 2”x4”insulated sidewalls, attic insulation and insulated windows.ExampleConfined Space = Ratio of Cubic Feet of Area to Total BTUH Input in1000’s of BTUH (MBH)Less than (

INTRODUCTIONEven newer chimneys with a properly configured and installed liner butsituated on the outside of the building or house can be harmed by fluegas condensation. Extreme caution should be exercised when attemptingto use chimneys such as these. It would advisable to install aninsulated metal liner in these types of chimneys to protect them againstcondensation damage and to allow the boiler and other attached appliancesto perform properly.Chimneys...Bigger is not necessarily better!Caution should also be exercised when using larger internal linedchimneys with new boilers and other appliances. Bigger is not necessarilybetter when considering a chimney’s venting capabilities. Youneed to remember that a new boiler’s flue gas temperatures are lowerthan ever before and may not be able to establish the draft you needin one of these larger chimneys. Even if they can establish proper draftthe concern still exists of the effect that flue gas condensation will haveon life of the chimney. Be sure to abide by the venting regulationsadopted and enforced by your state or locality regarding proper ventingpractices.Most, if not all, higher efficiency gas boilers these days are vented bybuilt-in induced draft fans and utilize AL29-4C stainless steel, PolypropyleneConcentric or even PVC/CPVC venting materials. Most of theseboilers allow for venting distances of up to 50 equivalent feet of ventingand have a multitude of venting options such as sidewall, vertical andconcentric venting. Bear in mind that the venting options and materialslisted in the Installation Manual for one manufacturer’s boiler are proprietaryto that particular boiler and may not apply to a different modelor brand of boiler. Read the Installation Manual carefully and abideby the information provided in that manual to ensure that the boileroperates correctly and safely. If you don’t see a particular venting optionlisted in that boiler’s manual then more than likely it has not beentested or certified and you cannot use it.Aftermarket sidewall power venting equipment and related controlshave been commonly used when a chimney is not an option. Becautious of using them with the boiler and other equipment you are installingin that they will more than likely involve cutting into the boiler’sfactory wiring harness. If the person performing this wiring procedure isunfamiliar with the internal wiring of the boiler and11

INTRODUCTIONcontrols, this can develop into a severe safety concern. Even if thepower venter control wiring is done correctly there is also a concern asto whether the venter’s internal damper is adjusted properly to maintainproper draft over fire and that the byproducts of combustion are correctfor optimum efficiency. Burnham manufactures several gas-fired andoil-fired boilers with built in induced draft capabilities for jobs wherepower venting and direct venting is necessary. The boiler’s ventingapplications have been tested and certified for proper operation andsafety where aftermarket power venter applications have not.Proper Circulator Placement..."Pumping Away"The term “pumping away” in regards to circulator placement in a hotwater heating system has been around for many years now, but thereis still some confusion as to what it means. It is a known fact of physicsthat any liquid or gas in a piping system will always move from a pointof higher pressure to a point of lesser pressure. Any heating systemcirculator, large or small, will create this mechanical pressure differentialwhile it is operating. The bigger the circulator, the greater thepressure differential. When a circulator operates, the impeller will adda small amount of pressure at the discharge side of the veins but inturn will try and reduce the pressure by an almost identical amount atthe inlet side or impeller eye, thus creating the mechanical pressuredifferential. If you have a system maintaining a static fill pressure of 12psi when the circulator is not running, that pressure will remain somewhatconstant throughout the system. Turn the circulator on and it mayadd 4 psi of discharge pressure to the outlet side for a total dischargepressure of 16 psi to begin moving the water through the system whereit encounters friction losses on its way back to the boiler. Depending onthe location of the expansion tank in the system, when water returnsthrough the system back to the inlet side of the circulator, the pressuremay be reduced below the static fill pressure of 12 psi by the systempressure drop and the fact that the circulator is trying to reduce thepressure at its suction side by an equal amount of 4 psi. This may resultin the pressure being reduced to approximately 8 psi at the suctionside of the circulator. Based on the gpm requirement of the system andthe developed length of the longest circuit, you probably now have apump capable of overcoming the system pipe and fitting friction lossesand you may have proper flow through the system. But the questionis…how well will it do its job based on its placement in the system?12

INTRODUCTION"Pumping Away"...but from what?The question still at hand is where to place the circulator in the systemso it reaches its maximum effectiveness. This is where the term “pumpingaway” sometimes gets misconstrued. Many believe that the term“pumping away” means to pump away from the boiler and thereforethey end up mounting thecirculator directly off the topof the boiler on the supplypipe. While this may seemto be somewhat correct, inreality it is wrong. The realmeaning of the term “pumpingaway” means pumping awayfrom the system expansionor compression tank. Thereason for this has to dowith the functions that theFrom BoilerCold WaterSupplyBall ValvePressureReducingValveAir Separatorwith Air VentAir Removal SystemCirculatorDiaphragmTankTo Systemcirculator and expansion tank serve. The function of the circulator isto create a pressure differential and the function of the expansion tankis to regulate the system pressure as close to static fill as possible. Ifthe tank encounters a drop in pressure it will try and fill that pressurevoid and if it encounters a pressure increase due to mechanical meansor thermal expansion, it will try and absorb it. When a circulator ismounted on the boiler supply but is situated before the expansion tank,nearly all of the extra discharge pressure that the circulator is capableof developing will be absorbed by the expansion tank resulting in staticfill pressure or less being exerted through the system piping. The waterwill still move through the system but there will be relatively low systemreturn side pressures and more than likely, captive air and noise will beencountered in the farthest circuits of the system. When the circulatoris mounted on the system supply directly after (as close as possible)the expansion tank you will now be exerting the extra pressure it is developingwhere it is needed most or to the system supply piping. Now itwill more effectively move the water and keep high enough pressuresin the remote portions of piping to prevent air from accumulating orcoming out of solvency. The lesser pressure that pump is developingon its suction side will be in contact with the expansion tank. The actionnow will be that the expansion tank diaphragm will move into place tofill that pressure void causing an increase to static fill pressure at thesuction side of the pump.13

INTRODUCTIONThe end result will be a well working, quiet and captive air free systemwith no consumer complaints or callbacks. In final review, the term“pumping away” means pumping away from the expansion or compressiontank.Pressure Reducing Valve Placement...Point of nopressure changeI would be lax at this point if I failed to mention the proper placementof the system pressure-reducing valve. As I described in the previousparagraphs, the function of the expansion tank is to try and keep thesystem pressure as close to static fill pressure as possible. The job ofthe pressure reducing valve is to reduce the incoming building waterpressure to the desired static fill pressure of the boiler and heatingsystem. Most are preset to a static fill pressure of 12-15 psi as are theprecharge sides of the expansion tanks. Whatever static fill pressurehappens to be is what the air charge in the expansion tank should be.Interestingly enough, if you could shrink yourself down and get into thesystem piping, you would find that there is only one place in that wholesystem where the pressure never changes when things are beginningto run or are already running. That one place happens to be at thepoint where the expansion tank is attached to the system piping whichusually is some sort of an air removal device such as an air scoop.Bear in mind now that if you connect the pressure reducing valve atnearly any point in the system, except one, it will encounter either anincrease or decrease in pressure. If it happens to be the latter it willintroduce more water pressure to fill that void resulting in a somewhathigher static fill pressure than desired that you will never get rid of dueto an internal check valve inside the valve. That one place you shouldmount the pressure reducing valve happens to be between the expansiontank and whatever it is connected to because that is the onlyplace where the pressure really never changes. The end result will beproperly regulated system pressure, little if no phantom pressure riseand increased fuel savings.Near Boiler Piping...Remember what boilers need!There are endless types of various system piping methods employingcirculators, zone valves, mixing valves and other system devices. Inaddition to this there are several controls, both aftermarket and proprietary,to establish better system efficiency levels14

INTRODUCTIONvia outdoor reset technology. When installing a conventional cast ironhot water boiler, however, one must keep in mind two basic things thatare important to boilers like this…return water temperatures above140°F and consistent flow through the boiler. Conventional parallel pipingof a multizone hot water heating system may not maintain either ofthese two parameters. Fractional amounts of system flow through theboiler when only one or more small zones are operating can result inextreme short cycling based on how the boiler was sized. Return watercooler than 140°F for prolonged periods of time can cause flue gascondensation within the flue passageways of the boiler.There are certainly methods of system piping such as venturi or Monoflotee or reverse return systems that will help ensure that consistentflow rates and warmer return water prevail, but they are seldom useddue to increased material and labor costs. There are various methodsof near boiler piping that can be employed to help safeguard againstthese issues. The simplest of these is bypass piping. While it helpsin dealing with possible cool return water, it does little in controllingconsistent flow through the boiler unless it happens to be a systembypass. Another method that can be much more effective in dealingwith this is boiler loop piping. This method incorporates a full size mainthat connects the boiler supply directly to the boiler return via a loop.A pair of tees with spacing less than 5 pipe diameters connects thesystem piping and related circulator(s) to the boiler loop. This methodof piping will blend hot boiler supply water with the cooler return waterkeeping the boiler return water warm nearly all of the time while alwaysmaintaining a consistent flow rate through the boiler.15

INTRODUCTIONThere are many other methods such asprimary secondary piping, variable speedinjection and motorized mixing and blendingvalves that can accomplish this as well.Whatever method you elect to use, keep inmind what you are trying to accomplish bydoing so. It is not needed in all hot waterboiler applications, but is becoming moreand more commonplace these days.High Efficiency Boiler Piping...Do it by the book!When installing a new high efficiencymodulating/condensing boiler, it is extremely important that you pay closeattention to the recommended near boiler piping methods spelled out inthe Installation Manual provided with the boiler. In most cases this methodwill involve primary secondary piping of the boiler into a system loopmain. As discussed earlier, these boilers have “state of the art” electroniccontrol systems that monitor Supply, Return, Flue Gas and Outdoor temperaturesevery second of operating time. It is imperative that you complywith the recommended near boiler piping methods when installing theseboilers. Failure to do so could hinder the proper operation of the boilerand most surely will result in what every installer fears most…. nuisancecallbacks! Be sure to read the boiler’s Installation Manual thoroughlybefore proceeding with the installation.ConclusionInstallation callbacks to correct system issues that could have beenavoided in some way are both unexpected and costly at times and theyare something that we would all prefer to avoid dealing with. The focusof this report has been to bring to light many of these unexpected issuesand to provide you with the knowledge necessary to both identify andavoid them. We have no control over whether you will choose to employthe methods you learned today since that choice is entire up to you.We feel very confident that if you utilize the things you learned from thispublication, that each of your installations will be better than the last andwill operate flawlessly, efficiently, comfortably and safely for decades tocome. Thank you for taking the time to learn something new today andwe hope you strive to keep on learning because technology keeps onchanging…every single day!16

CHAPTER 1 - STEAMONE AND TWO PIPE SYSTEMS - MAINS AND RISERSThe steam system piping recommendations that follow are designed tohelp guide an individual working on existing systems; systems that mayrequire alterations or additions for a variety of reasons. These recommendationsare conservative but in light of many unknown variables,they will serve one well.TWO PIPE STEAM1. STEAM MAIN Capacity in Sq. Ft. E.D.R.Size of Pipe(inches)22-1/234681012Distance of Main100' 200' 300'6501,0301,8603,80011,25022,25040,80066,0004617311,3202,6987,98715,79728,96846,8603755951,0752,1966,50212,86023,58238,148Note: Mains must be pitched for steam & condensate to flow in same direction.2. STEAM RISERSMaximum Capacity (Sq. Ft. E.D.R.) at Various Riser Pitch With.. .Steam and Condensate Flowing in Opposite Direction.Size of Pipe(inches)3/411-1/41-1/22Pitch of Pipe per 10' Length1" 2" 3" 4" 5"22.846.879.6132.0275.228.459.2108.0168.0371.633.269.2125.2187.2398.438.676.8133.6203.2409.6Note: above E.D.R. is maximum. .Greater load will cause problems with increased steam velocities.42.082.0152.4236.8460.03. CONDENSATE RETURN MAINS (Horizontal, Pitched)Capacity based on Sq. Ft. E.D.R. (2 oz. PD per 100")Pipe Size (inches) Dry Return Wet Return11-1/41-1/222-1/2343707801,2202,6604,4208,10017,3809001.5302,4305,0408,46013,50027,90017

CHAPTER 1 - STEAM4. CONDENSATE RETURN RISERS (Vertical, Horizontal Pitch)Capacity based on Sq. Ft. E.D.R. (2 oz. PD per 100")Pipe Size (inches)3/411-1/41-1/2Dry Return1704108901,350ONE PIPE STEAM1. STEAM MAINPipe Size (inches)22-1/2346Capacity based on Sq. Ft. E.D.R. (2 oz. PD per 100")T.E.L.100"3505801,0502,2106,880T.E.L.200"2353857001,4804,480NOTES: Mains must be pitched for steam & condensate to flow in same direction.If steam and condensate counterflows, increase piping one size.2. STEAM RISER.Capacity in Sq. Ft. (E.D.R.)(Up-feed Riser - HorizontalTravel8' Max. - Riser not Dripped)Pipe Size(inches)Sq. Ft.E.D.R.NOTES:(A) Horizontal travel beyond 10' increase one size(B) Horizontal travel sloped down and dripped decrease one size18

CHAPTER 1 - STEAM3. DRY RETURN - Capacity in Sq. Ft. (E.D.R.)Pipe Size(inches)1-1/41-1/22Sq. Ft.E.D.R.6401,0002,1804. WET RETURN - Capacity in Sq. Ft. (E.D.R.)Pipe Size(inches)1-1/41-1/22Sq. Ft.E.D.R.1,1001,7003,600NUMBER OF SMALLER PIPES EQUIVALENT TO ONE LARGER PIPEPIPEPIPE SIZE (in inches)SIZE 1/2 3/4 1 1-1/4 1-1/2 2 2-1/2 3 3-1/2 4 5 61/2 1 2.27 4.88 10 15.8 31.7 52.9 96.9 140 205 377 6203/4 1 2.05 4.3 6.97 14 23.2 42.5 65 90 166 2731 1 2.25 3.45 6.82 11.4 20.9 30 44 81 1331-1/4 1 1.5 3.1 5.25 9.1 12 19 37 681-1/2 1 2 3.34 6.13 9 13 23 392 1 1.67 3.06 4.5 6.5 11.9 19.62-1/2 1 1.82 2.7 3.87 7.12 11.73 1 1.5 2.12 3.89 6.393-1/2 1 1.25 2.5 4.254 1 1.84 3.025 1 1.656 1STEAM VELOCITIES IN STEAM PIPINGTo obtain steam velocity in feet per second, multiply load by proper factor shown below.InitalPressureof Dry SteamSq. Ft.EDRFactor5 PSIGaugePIPE SIZE (inches)1 1-1/4 1-1/2 2 2-1/2 3 4 5 6 8 10 12.1000 .0610 .0425 .0276 .0160 .0101 .0071 .0041 .0026 .001822 PSI.2750 .1580 .1170 .0700 .0490 .0320 .0186 .0118 .0082 .0047 .0030 .0021Gauge0 PSI.3094 .1778 .1316 .0788 .0551 .0360 .0209 .0133 .0093 .0054 .0034 .0024Gauge19

20FRICTION LOSSES-FLOW OF STEAM THROUGH PIPESBased on: dry steam at 2PSI guage initalPressure: schedule 40 steel pipeLoads: are in sq. ft. EDRLOADSq. Ft.EDR3035404550751001251501752002252502753003504004505005506006507008009001000110012001300140015001600170018001900200022002400260028003000320035004000450050005500600065007000750080008500900010,000Friction losses: are in ounces per 100 .linear feet of pipe, or the equivalentFor capacities in lbs. per hour: .divide sq. ft. EDR by 4PRESSURE LOSS OUNCES - per 100 FEET of STEEL PIPEPIPE SIZE (inches)3/4 1 1-1/4 1-1/2 2 2-1/2 3 40.801.051.311.621.95 .604.016.710.214.318.91.212.053.074.275.724.3 7.29.010.913.215.420.626.5.54.801.121.481.882.332.833.353.925.26.78.310.012.014.116.419.024.4.54.70.891.111.331.591.862.473.153.904.755.66.67.78.811.414.117.220.624.328.3.921.141.381.641.912.222.553.274.054.935.96.98.19.310.611.913.414.916.618.221.825.81.061.351.682.042.432.853.323.814.314.895.56.16.87.58.910.612.314.116.118.221.627.91.141.301.481.661.862.072.282.513.003.534.084.735.46.17.29.211.514.116.920.023.326.81.081.241.401.581.862.412.983.624.345.16.06.97.88.89.911.013.6

21PROPERTIES OF SATURATED STEAMCHAPTER 1 - STEAMPRESSUREpsigTEMP.°FHEAT in BTU / lb.SPECIFICVOLUMECu. Ft.per lb.SENSIBLE LATENT TOTAL252015105134162179192203102129147160171101710019909829761119113011371142114714273.951.339.431.8012342122152192222241801831871901929709689669649621150115111531154115426.825.223.522.321.4567892272302322332371951982002012059609599579569541155115711571157115920.119.418.718.417.110121416182392442482522562072122162202249539499479449411160116111631164116516.515.314.313.412.620222426282592622652682712272302332362399399379349339301166116711671169116911.911.310.810.39.853032343638274277279282284243246248251253929927925923922117211731173117411759.469.108.758.428.084042444648286289291293295256258260262264920918917915914117611761177117711787.827.577.317.146.945055606570298300307312316267271277282286912909906901898117911801183118311846.686.275.845.495.187580859095320324328331335290294298302305895891889886883118511851187118811884.914.674.444.244.05100105110115120338341344347350309312316319322880878875873871118911901191119211933.893.743.593.463.34125 353 325 868 1193 3.23Inches Vac.

CHAPTER 1 - STEAMRELATIONS OF ALTITUDE,PRESSURE & BOILING POINTAltitude(feet)-500-100Sea Level500100015002000250030003500400045005000600070008000900010,00011,00012,00013,00014,00015,000AtmosphericPressure AbsoluteInches ofMercury(Barometer)30.4630.0129.9029.3528.8228.3027.7827.2726.7726.2925.8125.3424.8823.9823.1122.2821.4720.7019.9519.2318.5317.8617.22BOILING POINT of WATER °F(Gauge Pressure PSI)Lbs.perSq. In. 0 1 5 10 1514.9614.7414.6914.4214.1613.9013.6513.4013.1512.9112.6812.4512.2211.7811.3510.9410.5510.179.809.459.108.778.46212.8212.3212.0211.0210.1209.4208.2207.3206.4205.5204.7203.7202.7200.9199.1197.4195.7194.0192.2190.6188.7187.2185.4216.1215.5215.3214.4213.5212.7211.7210.9210.1209.2208.4207.5206.8205.0203.3201.6200.0198.4196.8195.2193.6192.3190.6227.7227.2227.0226.3225.5225.0224.1223.4222.7222.1221.4220.7220.1218.7217.3216.1214.8213.5212.3211.1209.9208.8207.6239.9239.4239.3238.7238.1237.6236.8236.3235.7235.1234.6234.0233.4232.4231.3230.3229.3228.3227.3226.3225.4224.5223.6250.2249.9249.7249.2248.6248.2247.7247.2246.7246.2245.7245.2244.7243.8242.9242.0241.3240.4239.6238.7237.9237.2236.422

CHAPTER 1 - STEAMSTEAM CONVERSION FACTORSMULTIPLY BY TO GET•..Boiler Horsepower (BHP) 34.5 Lb. of Steam.. .. .. . . . Water per hour (lb/hr)•..Boiler Horsepower (BHP) 0.069 Gallons of Water Per.. .. . . Minute (GPM)• Sq. Feet of Equivalent Direct 0.000637 Gallons of Water per.. .. .Radiation (EDR). . . Minute(GPM)• Boiler Horsepower (BHP) 33,479 B.T.U.• Boiler Horsepower (BHP) 108 Sq. Feet of Equivalent.... .. . . . Direct Radiation (EDR)• Lbs. of Steam Water 0.002 Gallons of Water perper Hour (lb/hr). . . Minute(GPM)• Lbs. per square inch 2.307 Feet of Water• Lbs. per square inch 2.036 Inch of Mercury• Feet of Water (head) 0.4335 Lbs. per square inch• Inch of Mercury. . 13.6 Inch of Water Column• Gallons of Water. . 8.34 Lbs. of Water• Cubic Feet of Water 7.48 Gallons of Water• Cubic Feet per Minute 62.43 Lbs. of Water per Minute• Cubic Feet per Minute 448.8 Gallons per hour• Cubic Centimeters per 1,400 Parts per billion of Oxygen. .ltr. of Oxygen. .• Lbs. of Condensate 4 Sq. ft. E.D.R.NOTE: Use above factors to match condensate return and boiler feed. .. . equipment with boiler size. .•..Size Condensate Receivers for 1 min. net storage capacity based on. .. return rate..•..Size Boiler Feed Receivers for system capacity.. .(normally estimated at 10 min.).•..Size Condensate Pumps at 2 to 3 times condensate return rate..•..Size Boiler Feed Pumps at 2 times boiler evaporation rate or .. ..14 GPM/boiler HP (continuous running boiler pumps may be sized at. .1-1/2 times boiler evaporation rate or .104 GPM/boiler HP)25

CHAPTER 1 - STEAMB. Dropped Header PipingSTEAM SUPPLY MAIN - SLOPE DOWN FROMHIGH POINT ABOVE BOILER AND DRIP ENDSOF MAINS INTO WET RETURN - LOW POINTOF SUPPLY MAIN TO BE NOT LESS THAN 28"ABOVE WATER LINEMINIMUM PIPE SIZEMST288 / MST396 / MST513 MST629PIPE DISCHARGE TO WITHIN 6"OF FLOOR OR DRAINRISERKEEP COLD BOILERFILLED TO NORMALWATER LINEN.W.L.24" MINSAFETY VALVERISEREQUALIZERGLOBE VALVE31 1/8 (MIN)31 7/8 (MAX)WATERMETERFLOORLINE2" GRAVITYRETURNBOILERMAKE-UPWATERREAR OFBOILERRETURNNOTE: FOR BEST PERFORMANCE, TWO RISERSARE STRONGLY RECOMMENDEDSUPPLY MAIN TO BE TAKEN OFF TOP OFHEADER VERTICALLY OR AT A 45° ANGLE24" MINADDITIONAL SUPPLY MAINS(AS REQUIRED)HARTFORD RETURNCONNECTIONPREFERRED PIPINGALTERNATE PIPINGTEECLOSE OR SHOULDERNIPPLE ONLYGATE VALVESTEAM-WET RETURNPITCH DOWN TO BOILERPROVIDE DRAIN VALVES FORFLUSHING BOILER AND SYSTEMN.W.L.ALTERNATE PIPING METHOD27

CHAPTER 1 - STEAMMultiple Boilers29

CHAPTER 1 - STEAMSteam Piping -Pump DetailA. Condensate Pump30

CHAPTER 1 - STEAMB. Boiler Feed Pump and Condensate PumpControl of Combination Units• Condensate Unit. Float mechanism in receiver operates pump. Itwill move water to the boiler feed receiver.• Boiler Feed Unit. Pump Controller (#150/42A McDonnell-Millerare typical) will control the movement of water directly to the boiler.Should the water in the boiler feed receiver drop too low, an installedwater make-up valve will raise the receiver to a safe level.31

CHAPTER 1 - STEAMC. Boiler Feed and Vacuum PumpsControl & Pipe (same as Boiler Feed & Condensate Pump)Additional Piping: Equalizing line between boiler steam header andvacuum pump. Equalizing line will prevent a possible vacuum developingin steam supply that could be greater than vacuum in the return.32

CHAPTER 1 - STEAMSizing of Vacuum PumpVacuum condensate pumps are normally sized at 2 or 3 times the systemcondensing rate. This is the same procedure for sizing standardcondensing rate. The vacuum pump must also remove air from thereturn system. The system size, the inches of vacuum desired, andtightness of the system piping must be considered. The following chart.will help.1 210Air Removal RequirementSystem Vac / In. Hg. CFM / 1,000 EDR• up to 10,000 EDR (tight)0 - 10.5• over 10,000 EDR (tight)• all systems, someair in-leakage0 - 100 - 10.31.0Highest Temperature °F of CondensatePermissible with Vacuum PumpsVacuum Inches of Mercuryin Pump Receiver15121086421Highest Permissable Temperatureof Condensate °F17918719219620120520921033

CHAPTER 1 - STEAMSTEAM PIPINGCHEMICAL FEED TO BOILERPlacement of Chemical Feed to Boiler• Between boiler and boiler feed pump.• Chemical treatment added ahead of the pump suction will increase.. .the friction and shorten the life of the mechanical pump seals.Procedure:.• Open valve (3).• Pour chemicals into funnel to rest in receptacle.• Close valves (1) - (3) - (5); open valves (2) - (4). Condensate will.. .move from the pump through the receptacle and take the chemicals.. .to the boiler.• When feeding is complete, close valves (2) and (4), then open valve(1).34

CHAPTER 1 - STEAMGUIDELINESCONVERTING A STEAM SYSTEM TO HOT WATER1. If the heat emitters are cast iron radiators make certain that the .sections are nippled (connected) at both the top and bottom.2. Size boiler based on a calculated heat loss not installed radiation.3. Measure the installed radiation. Divide total E.D.R. (sq. ft.) into the.. .calculated heat loss. The answer will indicate the number of BTU's.. .each sq. ft. of radiation must develop at outdoor design temperature.Refer to the chart on page 22. In the BTU column move horizontallyto the number nearest your calculation. Above that number will be themaximum system temperature you need. Vertically below will be theamount of radiation (sq. ft.) that the various pipe sizes will handle.4. One-Pipe Steam System: Existing steam mains and risers may be .reused. However, new return risers and return main must be .installed. Use the chart on page 23 to determine their size.5. Two-Pipe Steam System: With the exception of the near boiler.. .piping, all the system piping (steam mains, risers, and condensate.. .returns) may be reused. Typically, a residential steam system that .has 2" steam mains will have a minimum 1 1/4" dry return. If the.. .heat loss is less than the 160 MBH that 1 1/4" dry return would be ofsufficient size. The chart on page 23 gives the MBH capacity of pipesizes from 1/2" to 2".6. Regardless of the system, never reuse existing wet return piping.35

CHAPTER 1 - STEAMONE PIPE STEAM (Figure 1)NOTE: Radiator must be nippled top & bottom.TWO PIPE STEAM (Figure 2)36

CHAPTER 1 - STEAMPipeSize1/2"3/4"1"1-1/4"1-1/2"2"CapacityBasis: 70°F Room TemperatureSq. Ft. Radiation20°F Temperature DropTemp. 215° 200° 190° 180° 170° 160° 150° 140° 130° 120° 110°BTU 240 210 190 170 150 130 110 90 70 50 30MBH173971160240450711632966671000187581186338762114321439020537484212632368100229418914141226471132604731067160030001313005461231184634621553556461455218240911894337891778266750002435571014228634296429Use chart to determine BTU load on radiation converted from steam to H.W.NOTE: Heat loss of building will determine BTU load on system piping.Divide sq. ft. of installed radiation into heat loss = BTU load per sq. ft.3407801420320048009000567130023675333800015,00037

CHAPTER 2 - HOT WATER PIPING - RESIDENTIALPipe Capacity in MBHat 500 Milinches Restriction Per Foot of PipeVelocity Flow of WaterPipe Size(inches)MBH+ FrictionHead Feetper 100'GPM at20° T.D.InchesperSectionFeet perMin.1/23/411-1/41-1/222-1/234173971160240450750140029004.2’4.2’4.2’4.2’4.2’4.2’4.2’4.2’4.2’1.73.97.116.024.045.075.0140.0290.023273440*45*54*62*72*80115135170200225270310360400* - Maximum velocity flow+ - In order for a pump to move the G.P.M. listed, the pump must overcomea friction head of 4.2 feet per 100' of pipe travers.(Total Equivalent Length)Example:If one wants to carry 16 gpm in a 1-¼" pipe through a pipe circuit of300' (T.E.L.), the pump must overcome a friction head of 4.2' x 3 or12.6 ft. In other words, the pump specification would be to pump 16gpm against a 12.6 friction head.38

CHAPTER 2 - HOT WATER PIPING - RESIDENTIALSYSTEM PURGE IN LIEU OF AIR VENTSAPPLICATIONAny series loop piping, especially where system high points may beconcealed or venting is impractical. “System purge” is designed toremove air initially from the piping system, especially the high points.GUIDELINESAfter the initial removal of air it is important for the system to be able tohandle air that will develop when the system water is heated. Installationof an air scoop or an in-line airtrol at the boiler supply will benecessary to either vent the air from the system or direct the air to astandard expansion tank.A system purge is recommended only on Series Loop Installations.If other than non-ferrous baseboard is used, such as Base-Ray, theinterconnecting pipe will purge but vents must be placed on each freestanding assembly of Base-Ray.PROCEDURE1. Fill system with water. Isolate boiler by closing valves (B) and (C).2. Begin purge by opening first zone or loop. Next, open valve (A)(cold water supply). Finally and immediately, open hose bib (D)Once water flows freely, close the first zone or loop and then do thesame for the remaining zones or loops.A. Separate ½” C.W.S. with Globe valve or by-pass P.R.V.B. Ball valve: optional but preferredC. Ball valveD. Hose bib (for purging)E. Zone valves or ball valves39

CHAPTER 2 - HOT WATER PIPING - RESIDENTIALINDIRECT DOMESTIC HOT WATER PIPING1. APPLICATIONA. Tankless Heater: Piping below is essential for safe and .reliable operation.B. Storage Heater: If the storage water temperature is .maintained at or below 120°F, piping below is unnecessary.If there is need to increase the storage, this can be accomplishedby storing hotter water then tempering it. This will necessitate thepiping below.2. PIPING SCHEMATIC(1) Preferably the mixing valve should be set no higher than 120°F.Install mixing valve 15" below H.W. outlet. This will create abeneficial cooling leg.(2) Automatic Flow Regulator (tankless only) must match GPM ratingof the tankless. If piped downstream of mixing valve, GPM flowwill increase if heater water is hotter than 120°F.(3) Placement of hose bibs will permit periodic back flushing ofheater (coil).40

CHAPTER 2 - HOT WATER PIPING - RESIDENTIAL3. INDIRECT DOMESTIC HOT WATER CONCERNScalding: Temperature - Minimum Time - Degree of BurnTemp (°F) 1st Degree 2nd & 3rd Degree111.2° 5 hrs. 7 hrs.116.6° 35 min. 45 min.118.4° 10 min. 14 min.122.0° 1 min. 5 min.131.0° 5 sec. 22 sec.140.0° 2 sec. 5 sec.149.0° 1 sec. 2 sec.158.0° 1 sec. 1 sec.INDIRECT SWIMMING POOL HEATINGAPPLICATION.The use of a house heating boiler to indirectly heat a swimming pool ispossible and even desirable. A factor of major significance would becomparable heat loads.SIZING CONSIDERATIONS.Gallons of water to heat, temperature rise, and time allotted for .temperature rise.1. SIZING FORMULA (INITIAL RAISING OF WATER TEMPERATURE)Gallons of Water = Pool (width x length x avg. depth) x 7.48 .(gal. per cu. ft.).Gallons of water x 8.34 x temp. rise ÷ hours to heat pool = BTUHExample: .Pool (40' x 20' x 5' avg.) with initial pool water of 55°F to be raised .to 75°F allowing 48 hours to raise temperature40' x 20' x 5' x 7.48 = 29,920 gallons of water.29,920 x 8.34 x 20 ÷ 48 = 103,972 BTUH (I=B=R Net Ratings)2. HEAT LOSS FROM POOL SURFACE* .(MAINTAINING WATER TEMPERATURE).TemperatureDifference °F10° 15° 20° 25° 30°BTUH/per Sq. Ft. 105 158 210 263 368NOTES: .• Assumed wind velocity: 3.5 mph.Wind velocity of 5 mph multiply BTUH by 1.25.Wind velocity of 10 mph multiply BTUH by 2.00.• Temperature Difference: Ambient air and desired water temp.*Maintaining pool temperature when outside air is 20° to 30°F lower .than pool water may require a larger boiler.41

CHAPTER 2 - HOT WATER PIPING - RESIDENTIALPIPING: HOT WATER SYSTEM AIR CUSHIONAND AIR REMOVAL OPTIONSAIR REMOVAL SYSTEMAIR CONTROL SYSTEM43

CHAPTER 2 - HOT WATER PIPING - RESIDENTIAL1. BOILER BY-PASS - ONE ZONE44

CHAPTER 2 - HOT WATER PIPING - RESIDENTIAL1. BOILER BY-PASS - ONE ZONE (CONT.)PURPOSE FOR BY-PASSGAS BOILER CONNECTED TO .LARGE WATER CONTENT RADIATION•.. Flue gas condensation will occur when the "burner" is on and thewater in the boiler is less than 130°F. Over 50% of the heating seasonthe radiators will satisfy the need for heat with less than 130°F.By-pass piping will permit the boiler to carry a higher temperaturethan the radiation. Regulation comes from the globe or plug valves.Thermometers, positioned above, will facilitate a proper by-pass.The supply water temperature need only overcome the temperaturedrop of the system. Even with water moving as slow as 2' to 1' persecond in the oversized gravity piping, within a few minutes thethermometer mounted in the by-pass (return water) will begin toregister temperature rise then serious balancing can start.OIL BOILER WITH TANKLESS CONNECTED .TO LARGE WATER CONTENT RADIATION•.. Flue gas condensation can occur in oil boilers too. However, thereis greater concern regarding system operation. Without a boilerby-pass, water returning from one radiator will drastically drop theboiler temperature and cause the circulator to stop. Heat leaves theboiler in "spurts" and all the "hot spurts" end up in the same radiatorand the heating system is quickly out of balance. By-pass pipingproperly set will dramatically minimize this problem.45

CHAPTER 2 - HOT WATER PIPING - RESIDENTIAL2. BOILER BY-PASS - MULTI-ZONE HEATINGPURPOSE OF BY-PASS (GAS AND OIL)46• In a multi-zone (cold start) system excess temperature develops.When one zone calls for heat it cannot dissipate the heat theboiler (sized for all zones) creates. When the zone is satisfiedthe hot water trapped in the boiler stays hot while the hot watertrapped in the non-ferrous baseboard cools quickly. Before thenext call for heat the temperature difference may be as high as100°F. The system will be plagued with expansion noises unlessboiler by-pass piping is installed. If, for example, the temperaturedrop in each of the zones is approximately 10°F then the balancingvalves need only show on the thermometers a 15°F variancebetween supply and return piping, and expansion noises will beeliminated.Beyond Boiler By-Pass• Two-stage thermostats or an indoor-outdoor reset controller willminimize the temperature rise in the boiler but even with thesecontrols, boiler by-pass piping will help.NOTE: If the system return water temperature periodically or continuouslyoperates below 135° F, the use of a three-way valve and Burnham RTC ReturnTemperature Control is recommended. See separate RTC manual and page 43for further details.

CHAPTER 2 - HOT WATER PIPING - RESIDENTIAL3. BOILER BY-PASS - MULTI-ZONE HEATINGAND INDIRECT D.H.W. ZONENOTE: If the system return water temperature periodically or continuouslyoperates below 135° F, the use of a three-way valve and BurnhamRTC Return Temperature Control is recommended. See separateRTC manual and page 43 for further details.47

CHAPTER 2 - HOT WATER PIPING - RESIDENTIAL3. BOILER BY-PASS - MULTI-ZONE HEATING ANDINDIRECT D.H.W. ZONE (CONT.)PURPOSE OF BY-PASS (GAS AND OIL)• Serves only the heating zones. Though, indirectly, the hotter.. .. . boiler water it creates will help the indirect domestic hot water .. . zone. Boiler by-pass piping, per se, is helpful to the heating zones. . yet detrimental to the DHW zone. However, with properly .. . positioned check valves by-pass piping can serve both operations.EXAMPLES1. Heating zone (2, 3 or 4) calls for heat: Full flow of the circulator .. . will move from the radiation to point (A). If the balancing valves .. . (globe or plug) are adjusted to slightly overcome the temperature .drop of the zone(s), typically 30% of the flow will move into the .. . boiler at point (B) and 70% will by-pass the boiler at (C). At point.(D) the full, but blended flow will move to the radiation.2. Indirect DHW zone (1) calls for heat: Full flow of the circulator. . will move through the boiler at (B). No water will move through the. . by-pass at (C) because of the check valve at point (E). In other.. .. . words, all the heat in the boiler will be dedicated to satisfying the.... . DHW needs.3. Heating zone and indirect DHW zone call for heat simultaneously.. . Through the use of a special relay the DHW zone could be given .. . priority. This means the heating zone is put on hold until the DHWzone is satisfied. One option would be to let the piping handle thesituation. Remember, water flow takes the course of least .. . restriction and there is considerably less restriction in the DHW.. .. . zone piping.48

CHAPTER 2 - HOT WATER PIPING - RESIDENTIAL4. BOILER BY-PASS VS SYSTEM BY-PASSSeveral variations of by-pass piping exist for different reasons. Becausethe piping is near the boiler it is commonly categorized as “boilerby-pass” even though some may be a “system by-pass”. The differenceis illustrated below.1. Drawing illustrates howwater by-passes the boiler.2. Total circulator’s capacity isdedicated to the system.1. Drawing illustrates howwater by-passes the system.2. Some of the circulator’scapacity is used to recirculateboiler water.49

CHAPTER 2 - HOT WATER PIPING - RESIDENTIAL5. BOILER BY-PASS - THREE-WAY MIXING VALVESNOTES:• Restricting boiler water flow will increase return water flow and vice .versa. Supply water flow will always be boiler water plus returnwater.• Mixing may be accomplished manually or with an actuating motor.• Three-way valve application in this drawing creates a boiler by-NOTE:If the system return water temperature periodically or continuouslyoperates below 135° F, the use of a three-way valve and BurnhamRTC Return Temperature Control is recommended. See separate RTCmanual and page 42 for further details.50

CHAPTER 2 - HOT WATER PIPING - RESIDENTIAL6. SYSTEM BY-PASS - FOUR-WAY MIXING VALVE1. With application of four-way valve the preferred location of.. .the circulator is on the "system supply" side.2. Mixing may be accomplished manually or with an actuating.. .motor.3. Four-way valve application is a system by-pass.4. Four-way valve application may require a second circulator,...one dedicated to system flow and the other to boiler flow. .The second circulator should be installed at point (A) .pumping into the boiler5. Concern: Should four-way valve be fully opened to the .system, both circulators will be pumping in series.NOTE: .If the system return water temperature periodically or continuouslyoperates below 135° F, the use of a three-way valve and BurnhamRTC Return Temperature Control is recommended. See separate RTCmanual and page 42 for further details.51

CHAPTER 3 - PIPING DIAGRAMSPiping & Multi-zone w/ Zone ValvesNOTE: .If the system return water temperature periodically or continuouslyoperates below 135° F, the use of a three-way valve and BurnhamRTC Return Temperature Control is recommended. See separate RTCmanual and page 42 for further details.52

CHAPTER 3 - PIPING DIAGRAMSPiping: Multi-zone w/Zone Valves & Indirect HeaterNOTE:If the system return water temperature periodically or continuouslyoperates below 135° F, the use of a three-way valve and BurnhamRTC Return Temperature Control is recommended. See separate RTCmanual and page 42 for further details.53

CHAPTER 3 - PIPING DIAGRAMSPiping: Multi-zone w/ CirculatorsNOTE:If the system return water temperature periodically or continuouslyoperates below 135° F, the use of a three-way valve and BurnhamRTC Return Temperature Control is recommended. See separate RTCmanual and page 42 for further details.54

CHAPTER 3 - PIPING DIAGRAMSPiping: Multi-zone w/ Circulators and Indirect HeaterNOTE:If the system return water temperature periodically or continuouslyoperates below 135° F, the use of a three-way valve and BurnhamRTC Return Temperature Control is recommended. See separate RTCmanual and page 42 for further details.55

CHAPTER 3 - PIPING DIAGRAMSPiping: BOILER RETURN TEMPERATURE PROTECTION USINGBURNHAM COMMERCIAL rtc RETURN TEMPERATURECONTROL FOR SYSTEMS THAT MAY GO BELOW 135°FRETURN WATER TEMPERATURE ... . • includes outdoor reset. . • monitors boiler return water temperature. . • operates boiler circulator and 3-way valve• maintains minimum 135°F return water temperature. . • provides LCD display of retun water temperatureNOTE:If the system return water temperature periodically or continuouslyoperates below 135° F, the use of a three-way valve and BurnhamRTC Return Temperature Control is recommended. See separate RTCmanual for further details.56

CHAPTER 3 - PIPING DIAGRAMSPiping: Independence Steam Boiler w/ Indirect Heater57

CHAPTER 3 - PIPING DIAGRAMSPiping: Typical Steam Boiler w/ Baseboard Loop* NOTE: Do not pipe both supply and returns into bottom tappings.Supply must be in higher tapping.58

CHAPTER 3 - PIPING DIAGRAMSPiping: Radiant First Zone w/ Mixing ValveBASEBOARDBASEBOARDBASEBOARDBASEBOARDBASEBOARDBASEBOARDCAST IRONBOILER59

CHAPTER 3 - PIPING DIAGRAMSPiping: Radiant First Zone w/ Injection PumpingCAST IRONBOILERPrimary PumpClosely Spaced Trees(max. distance 4 x D)BalancingValveInjectionPumpSystemPump60

CHAPTER 3 - PIPING DIAGRAMSNEAR BOILER PIPING FOR ALPINE BOILERSTo SystemHeatingCirculatorsTo SystemSystemZoneValvesOPTIONAL ZONE VALVECONTROLLED SYSTEMNo further apart than fourpipe diameters (or 12"),whichever is smaller.At least 18" ofstraight pipe forConventional AirScoopKeep this distanceas short as practicalIndirectCirculatorHeatingSystemCirculatorBoiler LoopCirculatorIndirect DomesticWater Heater(IWH)From System61

CHAPTER 3 - PIPING DIAGRAMSRECOMMENDED CIRCULATOR MODELS FOR ALPINE (ALP) BOILERSBASED ON 25°F TEMPERATURE DIFFERENTIAL AND UP TO 75 FT. EQUIVA-LENT LENGTH NEAR -BOILER PIPING-SPACE HEATING CIRCULATOR62

CHAPTER 4 - DOMESTIC HOT WATERdomestic hot water sizing requirementsA. RESIDENTIAL: Sizing residential water heaters varies with .manufacturers. HUD and FHA have stablished minimum .permissible water heater sizes as shown in the floowing table...HUD, FHA Minimum Water Heater Capacitiesfor One and Two-Family Living UnitsNumber of Baths 1 to 1.5 2 to 2.5 3 to 3.5Number of Bedrooms 1 2 3 2 3 4 5 3 4 5 6GAS (a)Storage, gal. 20 30 30 30 40 40 50 40 50 50 501000 Btu/h input 27 36 36 36 36 38 47 38 38 47 501-h draw, gal. 43 60 60 60 70 72 90 72 82 90 92Recovery, gph 23 30 30 30 30 32 40 32 32 40 42TANK TYPEINDIRECT (b,c)I-W-H rated draw,gal. in 3-h, 100°F riseManufacturer-rateddraw, gal. in 3-h,100°F (55.6°C) rise40 40 66 66 66 66 66 66 6649 49 75 75d 75 75 75 75 75Tank capacity, gal. 66 66 66 66d 82 66 82 82 82TANKLESS TYPEINDIRECT (c,e)I-W-H rated,gpm 100°F rise2.75 2.75 3.25 3.25d 3.75d 3.25 3.75 3.75 3.75A. Storage capacity, input, and recovery requirements indicated in the table are...typical and may vary with each individual manufacturer. Any combination of.. .these requirements to produce the stated 1-h draw will be satisfactory.B. Boiler-connected water heater capacities [180°F boiler water, internal orexternal connection].C. Heater capacities and inputs are minimum allowable. A.G.A. recovery ratings. . for gas heaters, and IBR ratings for steam and hot water heaters.D. Also for 1 to 1.5 baths and 4 B.R. for indirect water heaters.E. Boiler-connected heater capacities [200°F boiler water, internal or externalconnection].Reference: ASHRAE/Systems Handbook (Service Water Heating)63

CHAPTER 4 - DOMESTIC HOT WATERB. COMMERCIAL: Commercial buildings have different domestic hot.. .water needs. Building type will be the major variable. The two.. .charts that follow analyze the demand based either on Fixture or.. .Occupancy.Note: Both charts presume the use of storage type heaters.Chart #1(Gallons of water per hour per fixture, calculated at a final temperature of 140°F)1. Basins, privatelavatory2. Basins, publiclavatoryApt.House Club Gym Hospital HotelInd.PlantOffice Priv.Bldg. Res. SchoolYMCA2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 24 6 8 6 8 12 6 — 15 83. Bathtubs 20 20 30 20 20 — — 20 — 304. Dishwashers 15 50-150 — 50-150 50-210 20-100 — 15 20-100 20-1005. Food basins 3 3 12 3 3 12 3 3 126. Kitchen sink 10 20 — 20 30 20 20 20 20 207. Laundry,stationary tubs20 28 — 28 28 — — 20 — 288. Pantry sink 5 10 — 10 10 — 10 5 10 109. Showers 30 150 225 75 75 225 30 30 225 22510. Slop sink 20 20 — 20 30 20 20 15 20 2011. Hydrotherapeuticshowers— — — 400 — — — — — —12. Circular wash sinks — — — 20 20 30 20 — 30 —13. Semi-curcularwash sinks— — — 10 10 15 10 15 — —14. Demand factor 0.30 0.30 0.40 0.25 0.25 0.40 0.30 0.30 0.40 .040Notes:A. #1 through #13 - Possible Maximum DemandB. #14 (Demand Factor) - Probable Maximum DemandC. #15 Ratio of Storage Tank Capacity to Probable Max. Demand Per Hr.. . .Example:50 Unit Apartment Building50 lavatories x 2 = 100 GPH50 showers x 30 = 1500 GPH50 kitchen sinks x 10 = 500 GPH10 laundry tubs x 20 = 200 GPHA) Possible Maximum Demand = 2300 GPHDemand Factor (#14) . x .30B) Probable Maximum Demand = 690 GPHStorage Capacity Factor (#15). . 1.25C) Storage Tank Size = 863 GAL.64

CHAPTER 4 - DOMESTIC HOT WATERChart #2This chart may be used as a cross check to Chart #1. The Hot Water Demandlisted represents the actual metering of 129 buildings. The number of each .building type sampled is listed at the extreme left side of chart.NumberType of BuildingMaximumHour8 Men’s dormitories 3.8gal/student8 Women’s dormitories 5.0gal/student15 Motels:no. of units (a)20 or less,60100 or more6.0 gal/unit5.0 gal/unit4.0 gal/unit13 Nursing homes 4.5gal/bed6 Office buildings 0.4gal/person25 Food establishments:Type Afull meal restaurantsand cafeteriasType Bdrive-ins, grills,luncheonettes,sandwichand snack shops26 Apartment houses:no. of apartments20 or less5075100200 or more1.5 gal/maxmeals/h0.7 gal/maxmeals/h12.0 gal/apt.10.0 gal/apt.8.5 gal/apt.7.0 gal/apt.5.0 gal/apt.14 Elementary schools 0.6gal/student14 Junior andsenior high schools*Per day of operation.(a) Interpolate for intermediate values.1.0gal/studentMaximumDay22.0gal/student26.5gal/student35.0 gal/unit25.0 gal/unit15.0 gal/unit30.0gal/bed2.0gal/person11.0 gal/maxmeals/h6.0 gal/maxmeals/h80.0 gal/apt.73.0 gal/apt.66.0 gal/apt.60.0 gal/apt.50.0 gal/apt1.5gal/student3.6gal/studentAverageDay13.1gal/student12.3gal/student20.0 gal/unit14.0 gal/unit10.0 gal/unit18.4gal/bed1.0gal/person2.4 gal/avgmeals/day*0.7 gal/avgmeals/day*42.0 gal/apt.40.0 gal/apt.38.0 gal/apt.37.0 gal/apt.35.0 gal/apt.0.6gal/student*1.8gal/student*Reference: ASHRAE/Systems Handbook (Service Water Heating)65

CHAPTER 5INSTALLED RADIATION: DETERMINING HEAT LOADSizing Obsolete Radiation - Cast Iron RadiatorsThe output of a radiator is measured in square feet of radiation.To determine the number of square feet of radiation in a radiator:1. Measure the height of the radiator.2. Count the number of columns in a section.3. Count the number of sections.4. Multiply the total number of sections by the number of.. .. . square feet per section as shown in the following tables:Column Type RadiatorsHeight(inches)131618202223263238454-1/2" WOneColumn———1-1/2—1-2/322-1/23—Sq. Ft. Radiation per Section7-1/2" WTwoColumn———2—2-1/32-2/33-1/3459" WThreeColumn——2-1/4—3—3-3/44-1/25611-1/2" WFourColumn——3—4—56-1/281013" WFiveColumn33-3/44-1/45——————66

CHAPTER 5INSTALLED RADIATION: DETERMINING HEAT LOADTube Type RadiatorsHeightInches141720232632385"ThreeTube——1-3/422-1/333-1/2Sq. Ft. Radiation per Section7"FourTube——2-1/42-1/22-3/43-1/24-1/48-3/4"FiveTube——2-2/333-1/24-1/359-3/4"WindowSix Tube——33-1/245612-1/2"SevenTube2-1/233-2/3—4-3/4——Wall Type RadiatorsWall radiators are measured by their height, length and thickness. Thefollowing table shows the number of square feet of heating surface persection.Type ofSection5-A7-A7-B9-A9-BSq. Ft. Radiation per Wall Radiator Section HeatingHeight(inches)13-5/1613-5/1621-7/818-5/1629-1/16Length orWidth(inches)16-5/821-7/813-3/1629-1/1618-5/16Thickness(inches)2-7/82-7/83-1/162-7/83-11/16Sq. Ft.Radiation5779967

CHAPTER 5INSTALLED RADIATION: DETERMINING HEAT LOADConvectorsCast Iron - Ratings: Page 53Copper - Ratings: Page 5468

69SIZING: CONVECTORS - CAST IRONRATINGS - SQUARE FEET OF RADIATIONCHAPTER 5INSTALLED RADIATION: DETERMINING HEAT LOADFront Outlet andSloping Outlet TypeUnitsCabinet Height - Floor Type18 20 24 26 32 38CabinetDepth(inches)CabinetLength(inches)4-1/2"18-1/223-1/228-1/233-1/238-1/243-1/248-1/253-1/258-1/263-1/28.410.913.315.818.220.623.125.528.030.59.111.814.417.119.722.325.027.630.333.010.513.516.519.722.725.728.731.834.837.911.014.217.420.623.826.930.133.336.539.711.815.218.622.125.528.932.335.739.142.512.315.919.423.026.530.133.637.240.744.36-1/2"18-1/223-1/228-1/233-1/238-1/243-1/248-1/253-1/258-1/263-1/212.315.919.523.126.730.333.937.541.144.713.517.421.325.229.233.137.040.944.848.715.419.924.428.933.437.942.446.851.355.816.220.925.630.435.139.844.549.253.958.717.522.627.732.938.043.148.153.358.463.518.223.528.834.139.444.750.055.360.665.98-1/2"18-1/223-1/228-1/233-1/238-1/243-1/248-1/253-1/258-1/263-1/217.122.227.232.237.242.347.352.357.362.319.425.030.736.442.147.853.559.264.970.620.426.432.438.444.350.356.362.368.374.322.529.135.742.348.955.562.068.675.281.823.730.637.544.551.458.465.372.379.286.110-1/2"18-1/223-1/228-1/233-1/238-1/243-1/248-1/253-1/258-1/263-1/220.626.732.838.945.051.157.263.369.475.523.430.337.244.251.158.064.971.878.785.624.631.839.146.353.660.868.175.482.689.827.335.343.351.459.567.575.683.691.699.728.837.245.754.262.771.279.688.196.6105.1

70SIZING: CONVECTORS - COPPERFRONT OUTLET TYPE UNITSRATINGS - SQUARE FEET OF RADIATIONCHAPTER 5INSTALLED RADIATION: DETERMINING HEAT LOADFront Outlet andSloping Outlet TypeUnitsCabinet Height - Floor Type18 20 24 26 32 38CabinetDepth(inches)CabinetLength(inches)4-1/2"20-1/224-1/228-1/232-1/236-1/240-1/244-1/248-1/256-1/264-1/210.412.815.217.619.722.324.727.131.936.611.313.916.519.121.724.326.929.534.739.913.116.119.222.225.228.231.234.240.246.213.416.419.522.525.628.631.734.740.846.914.017.220.423.626.830.033.236.442.849.214.618.021.324.628.031.334.738.044.751.76-1/2"20-1/224-1/228-1/232-1/236-1/240-1/244-1/248-1/256-1/264-1/215.318.822.325.829.332.836.339.846.853.916.320.123.827.631.335.138.942.650.157.718.422.626.931.135.439.643.848.156.665.018.823.127.431.736.040.344.648.957.566.219.624.128.633.237.742.246.751.260.369.320.625.330.134.839.644.349.053.863.372.78-1/2"20-1/224-1/228-1/232-1/236-1/240-1/244-1/248-1/256-1/264-1/218.722.927.231.535.840.144.348.657.265.720.024.529.133.738.342.947.452.061.270.322.527.732.838.043.248.353.558.769.079.423.028.233.538.844.149.454.659.970.581.024.430.035.641.246.852.458.063.674.886.025.831.737.743.649.555.561.467.379.291.010-1/2"20-1/224-1/228-1/232-1/236-1/240-1/244-1/248-1/256-1/264-1/220.425.230.034.839.644.449.253.963.573.122.027.132.337.442.647.752.958.068.378.625.030.936.842.648.554.460.366.177.989.625.731.737.743.749.855.861.867.879.991.927.433.840.246.653.159.565.972.385.298.029.336.243.150.056.963.770.677.591.2105.0

CHAPTER 5INSTALLED RADIATION: DETERMINING HEAT LOADSTEEL PIPE COILS - Sq Ft of Radiating Surface Per Linear Ft of CoilNominalPipe Size(inches)11-1/41-1/22Number of Rows of Pipe in Coil1 2 3 4 5 6 8 10.57.71.81.951.091.361.551.811.531.912.182.551.902.372.703.172.202.743.123.662.443.043.464.052.833.524.024.71Notes: 1. Based on 70°F room temperature.2. Pipes are positioned level, on vertical wall.3. For coils positioned along floor or ceiling.. . Multiply chart value for 1 row of pipe x no. of rows of pipe.3.143.904.455.22CORRECTION FACTORS IF ROOM TEMPERATURE IS OTHERTHAN 70°F DIVIDE SQ. FT. OF RADIATION BYRoomTemp.80° 75° 70° 65° 60° 55° 50°Design orAverage WaterTemperature110°120°130°140°150°160°170°175°Heat Emissions for Cast Iron RadiatorsHeat EmissionRatesBtuh per Sq. Ft.30507090110130150160Design orAverage WaterTemperature180°185°190°195°200°205°210°215°Heat EmissionRatesBtuh per Sq. Ft.17018019020021022023024071

CHAPTER 5INSTALLED RADIATION: DETERMINING HEAT LOADHEAT LOSSES FROM BARE STEEL PIPE .Based On 70° Surrounding AirDiameterof Pipe(inches)1/23/411-1/41-1/222-1/233-1/24568101214161820Temperature of Pipe °F100 120 150 180 210 240131519232733394652597184107132154181203214236Heat Loss per Lineal Foot of Pipe - BTU per Hour2227344248597084951061291511942382793263663854264050617585104123148168187227267341420491575644678748607490111126154184221250278339398509626732856960101111158210012315217321225230334238146454669785710031173131413851529106131160198224275327393444496603709906111413051527171118021990HEAT LOSSES FROM BARE TARNISHED COPPER TUBEBased On 70° Surrounding Air72Diameterof Pipe(inches)1/43/81/25/83/411-1/41-1/222-1/233-1/245681012Temperature of Pipe °F100 120 150 180 210 240Heat Loss per Lineal Foot of Pipe - BTU per Hour467891114162024283236435166809481013151721252937445159668093120146172141822263037455266789210411814216621526030421283339455566779711713615617421224631738744729374553617590105132160186212238288336435527621374859687997117135171206240274307373432562681802

CHAPTER 5INSTALLED RADIATION: DETERMINING HEAT LOADPipe SizeHeat Losses from Covered Pipe85% Magnesia TypeBTU per Linear Foot per Hour per °F TemperatureDifference (surrounding air assumed 75°F)Insulation,Thickness(inches)Maximum Temperature of Pipe Surface °F125 175 225 2751/2 1 .145 .150 .157 .1603/4 1 .165 .172 .177 .18011-1/41-1/222-1/233-1/245681 .190 .195 .200 .2031-1/2 .160 .165 .167 .1701 .220 .225 .232 .2371-1/2 .182 .187 .193 .1971 .240 .247 .255 .2601-1/2 .200 .205 .210 .2151 .282 .290 .297 .3031-1/2 .230 .235 .240 .2432 .197 .200 .205 .2101 .322 .330 .340 .3451-1/2 .260 .265 .270 .2752 .220 .225 .230 .2371 .375 .385 .395 .4051-1/2 .300 .305 .312 .3202 .253 .257 .263 .2701 .419 .430 .440 .4501-1/2 .332 .339 .345 .3522 .280 .285 .290 .2951 .460 .470 .480 .4921-1/2 .362 .370 .379 .3852 .303 .308 .315 .3201 .545 .560 .572 .5851-1/2 .423 .435 .442 .4502 .355 .360 .367 .3751 .630 .645 .662 .6801-1/2 .487 .500 .510 .5202 .405 .415 .420 .4301 .790 .812 .835 .8501-1/2 .603 .620 .635 .6452 .495 .507 .517 .52773

CHAPTER 6 - WATER CONTENTA. RADIATIONEXISTING RADIATION/PIPINGBased on Sq. Ft. Rating Water Content / Gal. Weight / Lbs.Slenderized RadiatorsLarge Tube RadiatorsColumn RadiatorsConvectors (Non-Ferrous)Convectors (Cast Iron)Radiant RadiatorsBase-Ray (Cast Iron Baseboard)0.0660.1030.1880.0040.0400.0660.0664.55.257.01.53.45.04.4B. STEEL AND WROUGHT IRON PIPE (std. weight)Nominal Size(inches)Water Content / Gal.Based on Lineal FeetWeight / Lbs.1/23/411-1/41-1/222-1/23456.016.028.045.078.106.174.249.384.6611.0391.501.132.231.375.648.8831.4552.0763.2055.5198.66212.510C. COPPER TUBING (Type L)Nominal Size(inches)Water Content / Gal.Based on Lineal FeetWeight / Lbs.3/81/25/83/411-1/41-1/22.007.012.018.025.043.065.092.161.063.101.151.210.357.544.7701.340D. WATER CONVERSION FACTORSLbs. of Water x 0.12 = GallonsGallons of Water x 8.34 = Lbs.Lbs. of Water x 27.68 = Cubic InchesGallons of Water x 231 = Cubin InchesCubic Inches ÷ 1728 = Cubic Feet74

CHAPTER 7 - HEAT LOSS CALCULATIONSHORT FORM HEAT LOSS SURVEYApplication: Excellent when determining heat loss of a building as awhole. Precise method of sizing replacement hot water boilers.* Heating Multipliers (H.M.) BTU/Hr. Based on 60°F Temperature .Difference (T.D.)Wall H.M. Ceiling H.M. Floor H.M. Glass H.M. Infiltration H.M.No Insulation2 Inches4 Inches6 Inches156543"6"9"10"5432No InsulationOverhang 3"Overhang 6"Overhang 9"4532SingleSingle InsulatedStormDouble Insulated674134301-1/2 Air Change1 Air Chnages3/4 Air Change1.611.070.81PROCEDURE:1. Measure the length (L) and width (W) of the outside walls of the. .house and record. Calculate gross wall area by multiplying heightof the walls by total length of outside walls. (2L + 2W).2. Measure the window and door area and record.3. Record Net Wall Area = (gross wall area minus door and window. .area) select proper H.M.4. Measure and record the ceiling area and select H.M.5. Measure and record floor area and select H.M. (H.M. of 4 used. .unheated basement).6. Multiply floor area by ceiling height to obtain volume of home and. .select proper air change factor: 1.61 for Loose House - 1.07 for. .Average House - .81 for Tight House.H.M. Floor over Basement T.D. 20°WORKSHEET:.LENGTH WIDTH HEIGHTGROSS.WINDOWS & DOORS X =.NET WALL X =.CEILING X =.FLOOR X =.INFILTRATION (CU. FT.) X =.(HEIGHT) X (FLOOR AREA) .TOTAL HEAT LOSS =.TEMP. DIFFERENCE CORRECTION =*To Increase Temp. Difference to70°F, Multiply Total Heat Loss 1.1880°F, Multiply Total Heat Loss 1.3490°F, Multiply Total Heat Loss 1.50100°F, Multiply Total Heat Loss 1.66AREA (ft 2 ) H.M.(BTU/Hr.) BTU/Hr. Loss75

CHAPTER 7 - HEAT LOSS CALCULATIONSHORT FORM HEAT LOSS SURVEYApplication: Excellent when determining heat loss of a building as awhole. Precise method of sizing replacement hot water boilers.* Heating Multipliers (H.M.) BTU/Hr. Based on 60°F Temperature .Difference (T.D.)Wall H.M. Ceiling H.M. Floor H.M. Glass H.M. Infiltration H.M.No Insulation2 Inches4 Inches6 Inches156543"6"9"10"5432No InsulationOverhang 3"Overhang 6"Overhang 9"4532SingleSingle InsulatedStormDouble Insulated674134301-1/2 Air Change1 Air Chnages3/4 Air Change1.611.070.81PROCEDURE:1. Measure the length (L) and width (W) of the outside walls of the. .house and record. Calculate gross wall area by multiplying heightof the walls by total length of outside walls. (2L + 2W).2. Measure the window and door area and record.3. Record Net Wall Area = (gross wall area minus door and window. .area) select proper H.M.4. Measure and record the ceiling area and select H.M.5. Measure and record floor area and select H.M. (H.M. of 4 used. .unheated basement).6. Multiply floor area by ceiling height to obtain volume of home and. .select proper air change factor: 1.61 for Loose House - 1.07 for. .Average House - .81 for Tight House.H.M. Floor over Basement T.D. 20°WORKSHEET:.LENGTH70WIDTH. .30HEIGHT8AREA (ft 2 ) H.M.(BTU/Hr.) BTU/Hr. LossGROSS.WINDOWS & DOORS1600265X41=.10,865NET WALL 1335 X 5 =. 6,675CEILING 2100 X 4 =. 8,400FLOOR 2100 X 4 =. 8,400INFILTRATION (CU. FT.) 2100 X 8 X 1.07 =. 17,976(HEIGHT) X (FLOOR AREA) .TOTAL HEAT LOSS =.TEMP. DIFFERENCE CORRECTION =*To Increase Temp. Difference to70°F, Multiply Total Heat Loss 1.1880°F, Multiply Total Heat Loss 1.3490°F, Multiply Total Heat Loss 1.50100°F, Multiply Total Heat Loss 1.6652,31661,73376

CHAPTER 8 - VALVES: TYPES AND APPLICATIONSGate Valve has a wedge-shapeddisc that is raised to open and loweredto close the valve. It is usedeither fully open or totally closedand is not designed for throttling.Ball Valve its operating deviceconsists of a ball with a hole throughits center. The valve operator rotates90 degrees from fully open tothe fully closed position. Its majorapplication is isolation but can beused to regulate flow.Globe Valve uses a round disc ortapered plug-type disc that seatsagainst a port to close the valve.Globe valves are used wherethrottling and/or when frequentoperation is required.Butterfly Valve has a wafershapedbody with a thin, rotatingdisc closing device. Like the ballvalve, the butterfly operates witha one-quarter turn to go full opento closed. The disc is always in theflow but the disc is thin and offerslittle flow restriction.Angle Valve operates the same asglobe valve. Has less resistance toflow than its globe counterpart andby design acts as a 90° elbow, eliminationgthe need for a fitting.Swing Check Valve has a hingeddisc that swings on a hinge pin.When the flow reverses, the pressurepushes the disc against a seatpreventing back flow.77

CHAPTER 8 - VALVES: TYPES AND APPLICATIONSLift Check Valve has a guideddisc that rises from its seat by upwardflow pressure. Flow reversalpushes the disc down against itsseat, stopping back flow. Thoughthe lift check has greater flowresistance than the swing check,it is more suitable for rapid opera-Plug Valve uses a tapered cylindricalplug that fits a body seat of correspondingshape. A one-quarterturn (90°) operates the valve fromopen to close. Valve plugs may belubricated or non-lubricated.APPLICATIONValveTypePrincipleServiceFunctionFullOpen-flowResistanceThrottlingApplicationClosureSpeedAllowableFrequencyofOperationPositiveShut-offGate Isolation Low Unacceptable Slow Low PoorGlobeAngleFlowRegulationFlowRegulationHigh Good Moderate Moderate GoodMedium - High Good Moderate Moderate GoodBall Isolation Low Fair Fast High GoodButterfly Isolation Low Fair to Good Fast High GoodSwingCheckLiftCheckPlugFlowReversalControlFlowReversalControlFlowRegulation/IsolationLow N/A Fast Low PoorHigh N/A Moderate Moderate FairLowGood toExcellentFast Moderate Good78

CHAPTER 9 - VENTING FLUE PRODUCTSA. Acceptable Venting MaterialType Temperature ApplicationAL29-4C ®(Proprietary stainlessgas equipment steel pipe)Single-wall Metal Pipe00°F to 480°FRefer to codes andto manufacturer’srecommendationsPressure ventedgas equipmentAluminum, galvanizedsteel or stainlesssteel; depending onthe application (1)B and BW Vent to 550°F Gas equipmentL Vent to 1000°F Oil equipment (1)Factory-built ChimneyOil or gas-fired.500°F to 2,200°Fequipment (1)Masonry Chimney(title liner & air space)360°F to 1,800°FGas or oil equipment(metal liner .may be required) (2)(1) Stainless-steel vents can resist the heat that is associated with oil-fired ventgases, but when the inner wall temperature is below 250°F, it loses its abilityto resist acidic damage.(2) Masonry chimneys also are susceptible to acidic damage.B. Metal VentsType. .Description“B”Double-wall round gas vent pipe with a relatively. . . low permissible temperature of vent gases.“BW”Double-wall oval gas vent pipe designed to fit. . . within a conventional stud wall. .Same application as Type “B”..“L” Double-wall round stainless steel insulated. .Type “L” is rated for higher temperature vent gasthan the Type “B”. Type “L” may be usedin lieu of“B” but not vice versa.“C”Single-wall galvanizedIMPORTANT:Venting guide for all Burnham RESIDENTIAL gasboilers -- See page 12479

CHAPTER 9 - VENTING FLUE PRODUCTSC. Venting Categories: Gas-Fired EquipmentOperatingCharacteristicsCategory I Category II Category III Category IVPressure in the vent Negative Negative Positive PositiveTemperature of .vent gas (4)NOTE 1 Usually, there is no problemwhen high vent gas temperature equipmentis vented into double-wall ventor into a lined masonry chimney; butcondensation could occur if mid-efficiency(80% to 84%) mechanical draftequipment is vented into a vent thathas highly conductive walls, cold walls,or massive walls. In this case, designa vent system that minimizes the walllosses (use double-wall pipe for thewhole run and avoid long runs throughcold spaces).NOTE 2 Install either a rigid or flexiblemetal liner inside of the masonry chimneyand use a double-wall connectorwhen venting mid-efficiency (80% to84%), mechanical draft equipment.NOTE 3 Condensation in the vent ispossible with some types mid-efficiency80Above275°FBelow275°FAbove275°FBelow275°FAnnual efficiency Below 84% Above 84% Below 84% Above 84%CondensationNotAcceptable (1)Possible(in vent)Possible (3)In HeatExchangerDesign RequirementsGas (air) tight vent No No Yes YesCorrosion resistantvent (water tight)No (1) Yes Possible (3) YesVent into .masonry chimneyPermitted(1) and (2)No No NoCombined venting Permitted No No NoCondensate drainSource ofinformationNoN.F.G.C. Fuelgas code, heatingequipment and .vent system .manufacturersAskManufacturerManufacturerLiteraturePossible (3)ManufacturerLiteratureYes(at equipment)ManufacturerLiterature(80% to 84%), direct-vent equipment,depending on the ambient temperatureand the conductivity of the vent walls.In this case, design a vent system thatminimizes the wall losses (use insulatedpipe and avoid long runs through coldspaces). A corrosion-resistant flue anda drain may be required if condensationcannot be prevented — refer to themanufacturer’s recommendations.NOTE 4 The dewpoint of the vent gasdepends on the fuel (natural or LPgas), the amount of excess air and theamount of dilution air. The limiting caseoccurs when the dewpoint of the ventgas is at a maximum, which is about135°F. This maximum is producedwhen natural gas is burned with no excessair or dilution air. Therefore 275°F= 135°F dewpoint + 140°F rise.

CHAPTER 10 - MISCELLANEOUSENERGY TERMS - CONVERSIONS - HEAT VALUESA. PREFIXES - Prefixes indicateorders of magnitude in steps. Prefixesprovide a convenient way to express large and small numbers and to.. .eliminate nonsignificant digits and leading zeros in decimal fractions. .The following are the more commonly used prefixes:. .English SystemSymbolRepresentsC 100M 1,000MM 1,000,000Metric SystemK 1,000M* 1,000,000*Caution: make certain of the system.B. NATURAL GAS ENERGY MEASUREMENTS IN BTU1,000 = 1 Cubic Foot100,000 = 1 therm or 1 CCF or 100 MBTU1,000,000 = 1 MMBTU or 1,000 CF or 1 MCF1,000,000,000 = 1 billion BTU or 1 MMCF1,000,000,000,000 = 1 trillion BTU or 1 BCF1,000,000,000,000,000 = 1 quadrillion BTU or 1 TCFC. energy measurements of other fuels in btuPropane 2,550 btu = 1 CF21,650 btu = 1 Lb.91,800 btu = 1 Gal.Butane 3,200 btu = 1 CF21,500 btu = 1 Lb.102,400 btu = 1 Gal.Oil 5,825,000 btus = 1 barrel crude6,200,000 btus = 1 barrel #5 (Residual)6,400,000 btus = 1 barrel #6 (heating)134,000 btus = 1 Gal. #1 oil (kerosene)139,000 btus = 1 Gal. #2 oil146,800 btus = 1 Gal. #4 oil150,000 btus = 1 Gal. #6 oil(1 U.S. Barrel = 42 U.S. Gallons).81

CHAPTER 10 - MISCELLANEOUSElectric 3,412 btus = 1 KilowattCoal 21,700,000 btus = 1 Ton Bituminous (soft)22,800,000 btus = 1 Ton Anthracite (hard)Wood 3,500 btus = 1 Lb. (mixed average)14,000,000 btus = 1 Cord (mixed average)D. Quick fuel comparisons based on 1,000,000 btusNatural Gas = 10 ThermsPropane Gas = 10.89 Gal.Butane Gas = 9.77 Gal.#1 Oil = 7.46 Gal.#2 Oil = 7.19 Gal.#4 Oil = 6.81 Gal.#6 Oil = 6.67 Gal..Bituminous Coal = .046 Ton (92 Lbs.)Anthracite Coal = .044 Ton (88 Lbs.)Wood (mixed avg) = 286 Lbs.82

CHAPTER 10 - MISCELLANEOUSMEASURING GAS & OIL INPUTGas on pages 80 and 81 - Oil on page 821. GAS RATE - CUBIC FEET PER HOURSecondfor OneRevoltion10111213141516171819202122232425262728293031323334353637383940414243444546474849505152535455Size of Test Dial Seconds Size of Test Dialfor One2 Cu. Ft. 5 Cu. Ft. Revolution 2 Cu. Ft. 5 Cu. Ft.720 1800 55 131 327655 1636 56 129 321600 1500 57 126 316555 1385 58 124 310514 1286 59 122 305480 1200 60 120 30045042440037936034332731330028827726725724824023222521821220620019518918518017617216716416015715315014714414113813613313111251059100094790085781878375072069266764362160058156354552951450048647446245043942941940940039138337536736035334634033332762646668707274767880828486889092949698100102104106108110112116120125130135140145150155160165170175180116112109106103100979592908886848280787572696764626029028127326525725024323723122522021420920520019619218818418017617317016716416115515014413813212912412011611310910610310083

CHAPTER 10 - MISCELLANEOUSSecondfor OneRevoltion1011121314151617181920212223242526272829303132333435Size of Test Dial Seconds Size of Test Dialfor One1/2 Cu. Ft. 1 Cu. Ft. Revolution 1/2 Cu. Ft. 1 Cu. Ft.180 360 35 103164 327 3650 100150 300 3797138 277 3847 95129 257 3992120 240 4045 9011310610095908682787572696764626056532252122001891801711641571501441381331291241201161131091061034142434445464748495051525354555657585960434140383634323130868280787572696764626084

CHAPTER 10 - MISCELLANEOUS2. OIL RATE -- GALLON PER HOURNozzle Delivery Rates at Various Pressures for No. 2 Fuel OilPump Pressure (PSI)1.01.52.02.53.03.54.04.55.05.56.07.08.09.010.011.012.013.014.015.016.017.018.020.022.0NOTES:To determine the nozzle flow rate at a higher pump pressureFR = NF xWhere;100 125 140 150 175 200 225 250 275 3001.01.52.02.53.03.54.04.55.05.56.07.08.09.010.011.012.013.014.015.016.017.018.020.022.0√ OP1001.11.72.22.83.33.94.55.05.66.26.77.88.910.011.212.313.414.515.516.817.819.020.122.324.61.181.772.372.963.554.144.735.325.956.517.108.289.4710.6511.8313.0214.2015.4016.6017.7018.9020.121.3023.7026.0FR = Flow RateNF = Nominal Flow @ 100 psiOP = Operating Pump Pressure1.21.82.53.13.74.34.95.56.16.77.38.59.811.012.213.414.616.017.018.419.520.722.024.426.91.32.02.63.33.94.65.35.96.67.37.99.210.511.813.214.515.817.218.419.821.022.523.726.429.01.42.12.93.54.25.05.66.37.17.88.59.911.312.614.115.616.918.419.821.322.624.125.328.231.21.52.33.03.84.55.36.06.87.58.39.010.512.013.515.016.518.019.521.022.524.025.527.030.033.01.62.43.24.04.75.56.37.17.98.79.511.012.614.215.817.418.920.622.023.625.326.928.431.734.81.72.53.34.15.05.86.67.48.39.19.911.613.214.816.618.219.821.523.124.826.428.029.733.136.41.752.63.54.35.26.06.97.88.79.510.412.013.815.617.319.020.722.524.025.927.729.331.234.638.0To determine pump pressure to get required flow ratePP = DFR( NF) 2Where;PP = Pump PressureDFR = Desired Flow RateNF = Nominal Flow @ 100 psiThese delivery rates are approximate values. Actual rates will vary slightly between differentnozzles of the same nominal rating. Delivery tends to increase with higher viscosity, or loweroil temperature, or lower specific gravity.85

CHAPTER 10 - MISCELLANEOUSACIDITY AND ALKALINITY - (pH)pH is the logarithm of the reciprocal of the Hydrogen concentration.pH = log 101 (gram/liter equiv.)H+Since 1 hydroxyl ion is formed whenever a hydrogen ion develops, thepH scale also is used to measure the formation of hydroxyl ions.Typical pH values, relative strength:1 1,000,000 1/10 normal HCl sol2 100,000 Gastric Fluid3 10,000 Vinegar (4% acetic acid)4 1,000 Orange or grape juice5 100 Molasses6 10 Milk (6.8 pH)7 1 Pure Water, saliva8 10 Baking Soda, sea water9 100 Borax solutioin10 1,000 Soap - Milk of magnesia11 10,000 Tri-sodium phosphate12 100,000 Household ammonia (10%)13 1,000,000 Lye - Na O HManufacturers of hydronic and air conditioning equipment recommend apH value of 7.5 to 8.5 in the circulating water.The pH levels in all industrial cooling and heating systems are closelysupervised. Excessive acidity (pH 5-6) causes corrosion and high alkalinity(pH 8-10) results in heavy scale deposits on hot heat transfer surfaces.GAS PIPE SIZING - RESIDENTIALInterior gas piping must be examined before installing a new gas boiler.A typical winter load and even a summer load (indirect hot water supply)must be considered. Listed below are average inputs of various gas appliancesthat may be on-line. Also listed is a chart to determine whetherthe existing piping can carry the seasonal load.For specific appliances or appliances not shown below, the inputshould be determined from the manufacturer’s rating.86

CHAPTER 10 - MISCELLANEOUSApproximate Gas Input for Some Common AppliancesApplianceInput BTU Per Hr.(Approx.)Range, Free Standing, Domestic 65,000Built-In Oven or Broiler Unit, Domestic 25,000Built-In Top Unit, Domestic 40,000Water Heater, Automatic Storage - 30 to 40 Gal. Tank 45,000Water Heater, Automatic Storage - 50 Gal. Tank 55,000Fireplace/Gas Log 21,000 - 55,000Grill. 0,000 - 40,000Boiler ----. .Clothes Dryer, Type 1 (Domestic) 20,000 - 35,000Gas Light. .2,500Incinerator, Domestic. 5,000Maximum Capacity of Pipe in Cubic Feet of Gas per Hour(Based on a pressure drop of 0.3 inch water column and 0.6 specific gravity gas)Length(feet)102030405060708030100125150175200Nominal Iron Pipe Size (inches)1/2 3/4 1 1-1/4 1-1/2 2 2-1/2 3 41329273635650464340383431282627819015213011510596908479726459555203502852452151951801701601501301201101001,0507305905004404003703503203052752502252101,6001,1008907606706105605304904604103803503203,0502,1001,6501,4501,2701,1501,0509909308707807106506104,8003,3002,7002,3002,0001,8501,7001,6001,5001,4001,2501,1301,0509808,5005,9004,7004,1003,6003,2503,0002,8002,6002,5002,2002,0001,8501,70017,50012,0009,7008,3007,4006,8006,2005,8005,4005,1004,5004,1003,8003,500Correction Factors for Specific Gravity Other Than 0.60Specific Gravity Multiplier Specific Gravity Multiplier.35.7631.001.29.40.8131.101.35.45.8621.201.40.50.55.60.65.70.75.80.85.90.909.9621.001.041.081.121.151.191.221.301.401.501.601.701.801.902.002.101.471.531.581.631.681.731.771.831.8787

CHAPTER 10 - MISCELLANEOUSCAPACITY OF ROUND STORAGE TANKSNumber of GallonsDepthorLength(feet)122-1/233-1/244-1/255-1/266-1/277-1/289101214161820Inside Diameter (inches)18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 721.102633404653596673798892991061191321571852112382641.9647597183951071191301411551651791902122362823293764234703.0673911001291471651812012192362552782913303664405145876607344.4110513115818421023826429031534036839642347652963474084695210575.9914418021625228832436039643246850454057664872086410081152129614407.83188235282329376423470517564611658705752846940112813161504169218809.91238298357416475534596655714770832889949107111891428166619042140238012.24294367440513586660734808880954102811011175132214631762205623502640293214.8135644553462371280089997810661156124413351424159917802133249028443200355617.6242353063574084695210571163126813741480158616911903211425372960338338064230CAPACITY OF RECTANGULAR TANKSTo find the capacity in U.S. gallons of rectangular tanks, reduce all dimensionsto inches, then multiply the length by the width by the height anddivide the product by 231.Example: Tank 56” long x 32” wide x 20” deepThen 56” x 32” x 20” = 35,840 cu. in.35,840 ÷ 231 = 155 gallon capacity89

CHAPTER 10 - MISCELLANEOUSQUANTITY OF HEAT IN BTU REQUIRED TO RAISE1 CU. FT. OF AIR THROUGH A GIVEN TEMPERATURE INTERVALExternalTemp.°FTemperature of Air in Room40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110-40 1.802 2.027 2.252 2.479 2.703 2.928 3.154 3.379-30 1.540 1.760 1.980 2.200 2.420 2.640 2.860 3.080-20 1.290 1.505 1.720 1.935 2.150 2.365 2.580 2.795-10 1.051 1.262 1.473 1.684 1.892 2.102 2.311 2.5220 0.822 1.028 1.234 1.439 1.645 1.851 2.056 2.26210 0.604 0.805 1.007 1.208 1.409 1.611 1.812 2.01320 0.393 0.590 0.787 0.984 1.181 1.378 1.575 1.77130 0.192 0.385 0.578 0.770 0.963 1.155 1.345 1.54040 — 0.188 0.376 0.564 0.752 0.940 1.128 1.31650 — — 0.184 0.367 0.551 0.735 0.918 1.10260 — — — 0.179 0.359 0.538 0.718 0.89770 — — — — 0.175 0.350 0.525 0.700MELTING POINTS OF METALSAluminumAntimonyBismuthBrass (Red)BronzeCopperGlassGold (Pure)Solder (Lead-Tin)Degrees °F Degrees °F1220116752018701900198123771945250-570Iron (Cast) GrayIron (Cast) WhiteIron, WroughtLeadSilver (Pure)SteelTinZinc2460-25501920-20102460-264062217612370-255044978791

CHAPTER 10 - MISCELLANEOUSCONVERSION FACTORS.WATERU.S. Gallons x 8.34 = PoundsU.S. Gallons x 0.13368 = Cubic FeetU.S. Gallons x 231.00 = Cubic InchesU.S. Gallons x 3.78 = LitersImperial Gallonsx 277.3 Cubic InchesImperial Gallons at 62°F = 10.0 PoundsCubic In. of Water (39.2°) x 0.036130 = PoundsCubic In. of Water (39.2°) x 0.004329 = U.S. GallonsCubic In. of Water (39.2°) x 0.576384 = OuncesCubic Feet of Water (39.2°) x 62.427 = PoundsCubic Feet of Water (39.2°) x 7.48 = U.S. GallonsCubic Feet of Water (39.2°) x 0.028 = TonsPounds of Water x 27.72 = Cubic InchesPounds of Water x 0.01602 = Cubic FeetPounds of Water x 0.12 = U.S. GallonsPRESSURE1 Pound Per Square Inch = 144 Pounds Per Square Foot2.0355 Inches of Mercury at 32°F.2.0416 Inches of Mercury at 62°F.2.309 Feet of Water at 62°F.27.71 Inches of Water at 62°F. 6.895 kPA (kilopascal)1 Ounce Per Square Inch = 0.1276 Inches of Mercury at 62°F.1.732 Inches of Water at 62°F.1 Atmosphere = 2116.3 Pounds Per Square Foot(14.7 Lbs. Per Sq. In.) 33.947 Feet of Water at 62°F.30 Inches of Mercury at 62°F.29.922 Inches of Mercury at 32°F.760 Millimeters of Mercury at 32°F.. 101.3 kilopascal.= 235.1 ounces per sq. in.1 Inch Water = 0.03609 Lbs. or 0.5774 oz Per Sq. In.(at 62°F.)5.196 Pounds Per Square Foot. 0.248 kilopascal.= 235.1 oz/in 21 Foot Water = 0.433 Pounds Per Square Inch(at 62°F.)62.355 Pounds Per Square Foot1 Inch Mercury = 0.491 Lbs. or 7.86 oz. Per Sq. In(at 62°F.)1.132 Feet Water at 62°F.13.58 Inches Water at 62°F.92

CHAPTER 10 - MISCELLANEOUSEQUIVALENT VALUE IN DIFFERENT UNITS1 H.P. = 746 watts. . . .746 K.W.. . . ,000 ft.-lbs. per minute. . . 550 ft.-lbs. per second1 H.P. = 33.475 BTU/hr.= 34.5 lb steam/hr from and at 212°F1 Kilowatt = 1,000 watts.. . . 1.34 H.P..3 . .53 lbs. water evaporated per hour f.rom and at 212°F.1 Watt = .00134 H.P... . . .0035 lb. water evaporated per hour1 K.W. Hour = 1,000 watt hours.. . . 1.34 H.P. Hours.3 . ,600,000 joules.3.53 lbs. water evaporated from and at 212°F..22.75 lbs. of water raised from 62°F to 212°F1 Joule = 1 watt second.. . . .000000278 K.W. hourMJ = Megajoule = 1,000,000 Joule = 948 BTU.. . . 239 KcalEQUIVALENTS OF ELECTRICAL UNITS1 Kilowatt = 1.34 H.P... . . 0.955 BTU per second.. . . 57.3 BTU per minute.3 . 438 BTU per hour1 Horse Power = 746 watts.. . . 42.746 BTU per minute.. . . 2564.76 BTU per hour1 BTU = 17.452 watt minutes.. . . 0.2909 watt hour93

CHAPTER 10 - MISCELLANEOUS∆(delta)∆P∆Tπ(pi)Σ(sigma)= differential, difference in, change in, increment= pressure drop, differential, or loss usually in psi= difference, change or drop in temperature= 3.141592654 = ratio of circumference of a circle. to the diameter of that circle= sum, summation, total ofΩ(omega) = ohm, unit of electric resistance = 1 V/A± = plus or minus, tolerance≠= not equal to< = (is) less than≤ = smaller than or equal to> = (is) greater than≥ = greater than or equal toα≈≅∴∞standard symbols in heating specifications= much smaller than= much larger than= proportional to, similar to= approximately equal to= congruent to= therefore= angle= parrallel to= perpendicular to, at right angles to= infinity, infinite94

CHAPTER 11 - PRODUCT REVIEWCONDENSING GAS BOILERSAlpine -Gas, Stainless Steel,Condensing, High EfficiencyModelNumber AFUE %Input (Min-Max) MBHDOE Heat.Cap. MBHNet I=B=RMBHALP080 95.0 16-80 73 63ALP105 95.0 21-105 96 83ALP150 95.0 30-150 137 119ALP210 95.0 42-210 193 168ALP285 95.0 57-285 263 229ALP399 94.1/94.5 80-399 377 328ALP500 95.0 100-500 475 413Freedom - Gas, Cast Aluminum, Condensing, High EfficiencyModelNumber AFUE %Input (Min-Max) MBHDOE Heat.Cap. MBHNet I=B=RMBHFCM070 95.4 30-70 63 55FCM090 94.5 30-90 80 70FCM120 95.2 40-120 107 93CHG - Gas, Cast Aluminum, Condensing, High EfficiencyModelNumber AFUE %Input (Min-Max) MBHDOE Heat.Cap. MBHNet I=B-RMBHCHG150 93.10 30-150 135 117CHG225 94.20 56.25-225 202 17695

CHAPTER 11 - PRODUCT REVIEWGAS BOILERSRevolution ® - Gas, Cast Iron, High EfficiencyModelNumber AFUE% Input MBHDOE Heat.Cap. MBHNet I=B=RMBHRV3 88.0 62 55 48RV4 87.6 96 84 73RV5 87.4 130 114 99RV6 87.2 164 143 124RV7 87.0 190 166 144PVG & SCG - Gas, Cast Iron, High EfficiencyModelNumber AFUE % Input MBHPVG3 /SCG3PVG4 /SCG4PVG5 /SCG5PVG6 /SCG6PVG7 /SCG7PVG8 /SCG8PVG9 /SCG9DOE Heat.Cap. MBHNet I=B=RMBH85.5 70 60 5285.4 105 90 7885.3 140 120 10485.2 175 150 13085.0 210 179 15684.5* 245 208 18184.0* 280 238 207* Only PVG3/SCG3 - PVG7/SCG7 are ENERGY STAR certified at 85+% AFUE96

CHAPTER 11 - PRODUCT REVIEWES2 - Gas, Cast Iron, High EfficiencyModelNumber AFUE % Input MBHDOE Heat.Cap. MBHNet I=B=RMBHES23 85.0 70 59 51ES24 85.0 105 88 77ES25 85.0 140 118 102ES26 85.0 175 147 128ES27 85.0 210 176 153ES28 85.0 245 206 179ES29 85.0 280 235 205Series 3 - Gas, Cast IronModelNumber AFUE % Input MBHDOE Heat.Cap. MBHNet I=B=RMBH303 84.0 70 59 51304 84.0 105 88 77305 84.0 140 118 102306 84.0 175 147 128307 84.0 210 176 153308 84.0 245 206 179309 84.0 280 235 20597

CHAPTER 11 - PRODUCT REVIEWSeries 2 ® - Gas, Cast IronModelNumberSPAFUE %EIInputMBHDOE Heat.Cap. MBHNet I=B=RMBH202 80.0 82.3 38 31 27202X 80.2 83.2 50 42 37203 80.0 82.6 62 52 45204 80.1 82.3 96 80 70205 80.2 82.0 130 108 94206 80.3 81.7 164 136 118207 80.4 81.4 198 163 142208 80.4 81.2 232 191 166209 80.5 80.9 266 218 190210 80.7 80.6 299 244 212203H N/A 84.0 62 52 45204H N/A 84.0 96 80 70205H N/A 84.0 130 108 94206H N/A 84.0 164 136 11898

CHAPTER 11 - PRODUCT REVIEWIndependence ® - Gas, Cast Iron, SteamModelNumberSteamAFUE%24VEIInput MBHDOE Heat.Cap. MBHNet I=B=RMBHSq.FtIN3 80.0 81.9 62 51 38 158IN4 80.0 82.0 105 87 65 271IN5 80.3 82.0 140 115 86 358IN6 80.6 82.1 175 144 108 450IN7 80.9 82.1 210 173 130 542IN8 80.0 82.2 245 202 152 633IN9 80.3 82.2 280 231 174 725IN10IN1182.5 (Comb.Eff.)82.5 (Comb.Eff.)315 260* 195 812349 288* 216 900IN12 82.5 385 318* 239 996* AGA Gross OutIndependence PV ® - Gas, Cast IronModelNumber AFUE % Input MBHDOE Heat.Cap. MBHNet I=B=RMBHSq.FtPIN3PV 83.2 62 57 39 163PIN4PV 82.2 105 87 65 271PIN5PV 82.2 140 116 87 363PIN6PV 82.2 175 145 109 454Minuteman II ® - Gas, Cast IronModelNumber AFUE % Input MBHDOE Heat.Cap. MBHNet I=B=RMBHMMII4-70 83.3 70 58 50MMII4-105 80.5 105 84 73MMII5-105 83.3 105 88 77MMII5-140 80.1 140 112 9799

CHAPTER 11 - PRODUCT REVIEWOIL BOILERSMPO - Oil, 3-Pass, Cast Iron,High Efficiency (*DV Optional)ModelNumber AFUE %BurnerCap. GPHDOE Heat.Cap. MBHNet I=B=RMBHMPO84 87.0 0.6 74 64MPO115 87.0 0.8 98 85MPO147* 87.0 1.05 129 112MPO189* 87.0 1.35 167 145MPO231* 87.0 1.65 203 177MegaSteam - Oil, 3-Pass, Cast Iron, High EfficiencyV8H Water - Oil, Cast Iron, High Efficiency100ModelNumber AFUE %ModelNumber AFUE %BurnerCap. GPHBurnerCap. GPHDOE Heat.Cap. MBHDOE Heat.Cap. MBHNet I=B=RMBHNet I=B=RMBHV8H2 (W) 82.1 0.60 70 61V8H3 (W) 85.0 1.05 125 109V8H4 (W) 85.3 1.35 162 141V8H5 (W) 85.3 1.65 198 172V8H6 (W) 85.3 1.90 228 198V8H7 (W) 85.0 2.10 252 219V8H8 (W) Comb. Eff. 2.35 266* 239V8H9 (W) Comb. Eff. 2.60 298* 260* I=B=R Gross OutputSq.FtMST288 86.0 0.75 92 69 288MST396 86.0 1.05 127 96 396MST513 86.0 1.35 164 123 513MST629 86.0 1.65 201 151 629Near-boiler piping kits available

CHAPTER 11 - PRODUCT REVIEWV8H Steam - Oil, Cast Iron, High EfficiencyModelNumber AFUE %BurnerCap. GPHDOE Heat.Cap MBHNet I=B=RMBHSq.FtV8H3 (S) 85.1 0.75 91 68 283V8H4 (S) 85.3 1.05 127 95 396V8H5 (S) 85.4 1.35 164 123 512V8H6 (S) 85.7 1.65 201 151 629V8H7 (S) 84.7 2.10 252 189 787V8H8 (S) Comb. Eff. 2.35 275* 200 833V8H9 (S) Comb. Eff. 2.60 299* 224 933* I=B=R Gross OutputC3 & C4 - Oil, Cast IronModelNumber AFUE %BurnerCap. GPHDOE Heat.Cap. MBHNet I=B=RMBHC3 83.5 0.75 89 77C4 81.7 1.20 140 121LE Series - Steel, Cast Iron, *High EfficiencyModelNumber AFUE %I=B=RFiring RateGPHDOE Heat.Cap. MBHNet I=B=RMBHLEDV1* 86.7 0.60 74 64LEDV2 83.0 1.00 119 102LEDV3 81.5 1.25 143 124LE1**86.7 0.60 74 6483.0 1.00 117 102LE2 81.5 1.25 143 124** LE1 furnished w/components required for both firing rates101

CHAPTER 11 - PRODUCT REVIEWRSA Series - Oil, SteelModelNumber AFUE %BurnerCap. GPHDOE Heat.Cap. MBHNet I=B=RMBHRSA85 82.5 0.85 100 87RSA110 82.5 1.10 128 111RSA125 82.5 1.25 144 125RSA135 82.5 1.35 156 136RSA170 81.9 1.70 197 171RSA195 82.8 1.98 229 199RSA240 — 2.40 268* 233RSA285 — 2.85 318* 277RSAH85** 84.0 0.75 89 77RSAH110** 84.0 1.00 119 103RSAH125** 84.0 1.10 131 113RSAH135** 84.0 1.25 149 129* I=B=R Gross Output (not rated for DOE Capacity or AFUE due to input)** High Efficiency Kit (optional)V1 RO/FO - Oil, Cast IronModelNumber AFUE %V13ARO/FOV14ARO/FOBurnerCap. GPHDOE Heat.Cap. MBHNet I=B=RMBH83.5 .75 89 7783.4 1.05 124 108102

CHAPTER 11 - PRODUCT REVIEWELECTRIC BOILERSCarefree - Electric, Cast IronModelNumberAFUE%* Based on 20°F temp. rise and boiler capacity at:DOE Heat. Cap.MBHAmpsWater Flow RateGPM*240V 220V 208V 240V 240V 220V 208VE412 100 41 35 31 50 4.1 3.5 3.1E416 100 55 46 41 70 5.5 4.6 4.2E420 100 68 58 52 85 6.8 5.8 5.2INDIRECT WATER HEATERSAlliance SL - Hydrastone-lined Indirect-Fired Water HeatersModelNumberStorageCapacity(gal)Max1st Hr(gal.hr)Cont.Draw(gal/hr)StandbyLoss(°F/hr)MinBoilerOutput(MBtu/hr)BoilerWaterFlow Rate(gal./min.)PressureDropThroughCoil (ft.w.c.)AL27SL 27 192 162 0.97 99 6 9.0AL35SL 35 200 162 0.72 99 6 9.0AL50SL 50 225 171 0.56 110 6 9.5AL70SL 70 294 217 0.45 120 6 10.0AL119SL 119 339 235 0.39 149 14 17.0103

CHAPTER 12 - Wiring DiagramsWiring: R8285D w/ Zone Valves104

CHAPTER 12 - Wiring DiagramsWiring: L8148A/E w/ Zone Valves105

CHAPTER 12 - Wiring DiagramsWiring: R8285D w/ RA832A106

CHAPTER 12 - Wiring DiagramsWiring:R8285D w/R845A107

CHAPTER 12 - Wiring DiagramsWiring:R8285D w/R8888A/B108

CHAPTER 12 - Wiring DiagramsWiring: L8148A/E w/ RA832A109

CHAPTER 12 - Wiring DiagramsWiring: L8148A/E w/ R845A110

CHAPTER 12 - Wiring DiagramsWiring: L8148A/E w/R8888A/B111

CHAPTER 12 - Wiring DiagramsWiring: Oil Steam Boiler w/ CG450 LWCO &WF2-U-120 Water Feeder112

CHAPTER 12 - Wiring DiagramsWiring: Gas Steam Boiler w/ CG450 LWCO& VXT-24 Water Feeder113

NOTES

TR81401606035-6/10-8McU.S. Boiler Company, Inc.Lancaster, PA(888) 432-8887www.usboiler.burnham.com