The-Hindus-An-Alternative-History---Wendy-Doniger

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Table of ContentsTitle PageCopyright PagePREFACE:
CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION: WORKINGWITH AVAILABLE LIGHTCHAPTER 2 - TIME AND SPACE IN INDIA 50 Million to 50,000 BCECHAPTER 3 - CIVILIZATION IN THE INDUS VALLEY 50,000 to 1500 BCECHAPTER 4 - BETWEEN THE RUINSAND THE TEXT 2000 to 1500 BCEBCECHAPTER 5 - HUMANS, ANIMALS, AND GODS IN THE RIG VEDA 1500 to 1000CHAPTER 6 - SACRIFICE IN THE BRAHMANAS 800 to 500 BCECHAPTER 7 - RENUNCIATION IN THE UPANISHADS 600 to 200 BCECHAPTER 8 - THE THREE (OR IS IT FOUR?) AIMS OF LIFE IN THE HINDUIMAGINARYCHAPTER 9 - WOMEN AND OGRESSES IN THE RAMAYANA 400 BCE to 200 CECHAPTER 10 - VIOLENCE IN THE MAHABHARATA 300 BCE to 300 CECHAPTER 11 - DHARMA IN THE MAHABHARATA 300 BCE to 300 CECHAPTER 12 - ESCAPE CLAUSES IN THE SHASTRAS 100 BCE to 400 CECHAPTER 13 - BHAKTI IN SOUTH INDIA 100 BCE to 900 CECHAPTER 14 - GODDESSES AND GODS IN THE EARLY PURANAS 300 to 600 CECHAPTER 15 - SECTS AND SEX IN THE TANTRIC PURANAS AND THETANTRAS 600 to 900 CECHAPTER 16 - FUSION AND RIVALRY UNDER THE DELHI SULTANATE 650 to1500 CECHAPTER 17 - AVATAR AND ACCIDENTAL GRACE IN THE LATER PURANAS800 to 1500 CECHAPTER 18 - PHILOSOPHICAL FEUDS IN SOUTH INDIA AND KASHMIR 800 to1300 CECHAPTER 19 - DIALOGUE AND TOLERANCE UNDER THE MUGHALS 1500 to1700 CE
Page 4 and 5: CHAPTER 20 - HINDUISM UNDER THE MUG
Page 7 and 8: THE PENGUIN PRESSPublished by the P
Page 9 and 10: INDIA FROM 2500 BCE TO 600 CE
Page 11: INDIA FROM 1600 CE TO THE PRESENT
Page 15 and 16: factions, the times of the “mixin
Page 17 and 18: describe the way that Vedic social
Page 19 and 20: addiction, and the senses that caus
Page 21 and 22: and roast himself so that the Brahm
Page 23 and 24: praised these texts and translated
Page 25 and 26: who was king but who among the peop
Page 27 and 28: The Gudimallam Linga.But other text
Page 29 and 30: consider the phenomenon and the nam
Page 31 and 32: different aspects of truth which no
Page 33: Hindus (implicitly acknowledging th
Page 37 and 38: matter was, women’s ideas may hav
Page 39 and 40: The process works in opposite direc
Page 41 and 42: The proliferation of polythetic pol
Page 43 and 44: mutandis. Hybridity, by contrast, i
Page 45 and 46: from somewhere else. So much for
Page 47 and 48: the Ganges Valley for a few centuri
Page 49 and 50: (perhaps do not eat?) animals.Centu
Page 51 and 52: Geographical and Mythological Map o
Page 53 and 54:
heads were transposed by mistake. T
Page 55 and 56:
failed to capture the artist’s im
Page 57 and 58:
een nothing but devices to mark pro
Page 59 and 60:
fossil record too has been invoked
Page 61 and 62:
do right up to the present day. Yet
Page 63 and 64:
“something endearing” in “the
Page 65 and 66:
of the life-giving river: any of th
Page 67 and 68:
Horse on the Ashokan Column at Sarn
Page 69 and 70:
the Latin equus, Gallic epos, Greek
Page 71 and 72:
despised “others,” the Jews, fo
Page 73 and 74:
Central Himalayan regions,” 19 pa
Page 75 and 76:
loudly and clearly in the Vedas (as
Page 77 and 78:
night. Knowing how important horses
Page 79 and 80:
creation, which in turn will be fol
Page 81 and 82:
dominant mode of transmission, oral
Page 83 and 84:
they will continue to offer sacrifi
Page 85 and 86:
and barley would be supplemented by
Page 87 and 88:
undamaged and place them in the pro
Page 89 and 90:
one of the earliest documented theo
Page 91 and 92:
agaric (called mukhomor in Russian,
Page 93 and 94:
yoke,” v. 7), making her slough h
Page 95 and 96:
this statement cross one another ou
Page 97 and 98:
even by other people (both one’s
Page 99 and 100:
THE CITIES ON THE GANGESWhere the R
Page 101 and 102:
the son of a slave woman and saying
Page 103 and 104:
applications; it assures him that h
Page 105 and 106:
ules of purity and impurity began t
Page 107 and 108:
unpleasant. The soundlessly screami
Page 109 and 110:
particularly a deer. The ancient In
Page 111 and 112:
the thrust of the royal power, and
Page 113 and 114:
foreshadowed an actual series of re
Page 115 and 116:
gods by evil rather than merely by
Page 117 and 118:
Kashi. The development of the idea
Page 119 and 120:
generally translated “You are tha
Page 121 and 122:
A striking insight into the psychol
Page 123 and 124:
people here whose behavior is charm
Page 125 and 126:
Release or freedom (moksha ), a ble
Page 127 and 128:
life.NON-BRAHMIN SECRETSThe Upanish
Page 129 and 130:
theory may have developed many of i
Page 131 and 132:
fierce warrior, stringing his unstr
Page 133 and 134:
and then not as a word (such as ahi
Page 135 and 136:
The senses, as we have seen, were a
Page 137 and 138:
the two paths, by and large the cre
Page 139 and 140:
Significantly, there are many texts
Page 141 and 142:
The poet Ashvaghosha was born a Bra
Page 143 and 144:
A man’s life span is said to be a
Page 145 and 146:
qualities. The re-creation of indiv
Page 147 and 148:
periods of exile in the wilderness,
Page 149 and 150:
B.C., people in Northern India beca
Page 151 and 152:
Ram-raj, Rama’s Rule. This vision
Page 153 and 154:
house.” Sita replied to Rama, “
Page 155 and 156:
this second ordeal (again she asks
Page 157 and 158:
when she is imprisoned on Lanka,
Page 159 and 160:
do the two other queens (1.13.27-28
Page 161 and 162:
Valin also takes on the displaced f
Page 163 and 164:
At the same time, interrupted sexua
Page 165 and 166:
inauspicious indeed. But Jatayus br
Page 167 and 168:
conductor of heat. When an ascetic
Page 169 and 170:
and his sons. Realizing that the po
Page 171 and 172:
Beloved of the Gods, the king Piyad
Page 173 and 174:
medicinal purposes. What there is i
Page 175 and 176:
sacrifice. But Parvati was so unhap
Page 177 and 178:
and whose counsel to Arjuna on the
Page 179 and 180:
mothers or fathers, unable to leave
Page 181 and 182:
species specific (specifying harm t
Page 183 and 184:
trees soundlessly screaming), would
Page 185 and 186:
BCE Pushyamitra founds the Shunga d
Page 187 and 188:
and brings us relief.” Yudhishthi
Page 189 and 190:
eader/hearer of the Gita) to renoun
Page 191 and 192:
effect, the common (sadharana) dhar
Page 193 and 194:
In the face of his defense of the c
Page 195 and 196:
when she conceived her son, Dhritar
Page 197 and 198:
asked again and again, five times,
Page 199 and 200:
Pandu and the blind Dhritarashtra,
Page 201 and 202:
triumph and tragedy could stand for
Page 203 and 204:
Mathura in the second century CE pr
Page 205 and 206:
medicine, dancing and acting, aesth
Page 207 and 208:
all its ugliness takes over entirel
Page 209 and 210:
them when they pilfer food and wate
Page 211 and 212:
and nonviolence. To him goes the cr
Page 213 and 214:
The Artha-shastra advises the king
Page 215 and 216:
This lack of independence meant tha
Page 217 and 218:
perhaps even against their author.
Page 219 and 220:
alternative view of Hindu social cu
Page 221 and 222:
woven in the day.Other apparent con
Page 223 and 224:
luxury articles: spices, jewels, te
Page 225 and 226:
first three (Appar, Campantar, and
Page 228 and 229:
[TOP] Great Frieze at Mamallapuram,
Page 230 and 231:
souvenir.TEMPLES AND VIOLENCEThe do
Page 232 and 233:
personal. Darshan is a concept that
Page 234 and 235:
normally a fate that any Hindu woma
Page 236 and 237:
order to demonstrate for the Brahmi
Page 238 and 239:
(though not always) opposing animal
Page 240 and 241:
of Jaina missionaries and rulers in
Page 242 and 243:
Islam too was established on the Ma
Page 244 and 245:
using the second half of the first
Page 246 and 247:
contributed to the Euro-American id
Page 248 and 249:
Chandra Gupta II arranged a marriag
Page 250 and 251:
through all classes and places in I
Page 252 and 253:
the Brahmin interpretation of the m
Page 254 and 255:
ut also the ashes of the god Kama,
Page 256 and 257:
ig pussycats, as depicted by painte
Page 258 and 259:
mountain Himalaya, the mountain ran
Page 260 and 261:
Saturn glances at it, in some varia
Page 262 and 263:
peacock, a brilliant choice that ne
Page 264 and 265:
esolved only by the illusion ex mac
Page 266 and 267:
there is a cure for everything.CHAP
Page 268 and 269:
today), and of an individual puja t
Page 270 and 271:
for alms with this skull and teachi
Page 272 and 273:
the central Tantric shrine in Assam
Page 274 and 275:
torso—that is, in the place where
Page 276 and 277:
when the force of the curse had com
Page 278 and 279:
For the Tantras do say things like
Page 280 and 281:
share in the more general Hindu cul
Page 282 and 283:
antinomian acts were imagined or pe
Page 284 and 285:
females, who have what Shiva’s co
Page 286 and 287:
sorry. Kings who, when they are hun
Page 288 and 289:
The Kailasanatha Temple at Ellora.K
Page 290 and 291:
uilding of temples took on new mean
Page 292 and 293:
Muslim (or, more particularly, Sunn
Page 294 and 295:
as an African eunuch slave who foun
Page 296 and 297:
and, to cap it all, ghee. 64 Other
Page 298 and 299:
(taking to yourself the power and s
Page 300 and 301:
Sufism, the mystical branch of Isla
Page 302 and 303:
Islam onto the warp of Hinduism (or
Page 304 and 305:
ut now for the first time historica
Page 306 and 307:
economic, and religious order of So
Page 308 and 309:
oles, as a human confined to a plac
Page 310 and 311:
earth out on the waters to make her
Page 312 and 313:
unknown to the Sanskrit mythology o
Page 314 and 315:
for us to kill them.” Then Vishnu
Page 316 and 317:
Buddhist stupas and, later, Muslim
Page 318 and 319:
CLASS AND CASTE STRUGGLESPARASHURAM
Page 320 and 321:
great, even as Prahlada gives his p
Page 322 and 323:
crows killed them. Then the sun rea
Page 324 and 325:
thoroughly no-good fellow, accident
Page 326 and 327:
man is too sick to take the medicin
Page 328 and 329:
universe (including the worshiper)
Page 330 and 331:
month of pleasant research and fiel
Page 332 and 333:
widow. 29MONISM AND CONVERSION IN V
Page 334 and 335:
school, by contrast, the devotee is
Page 336 and 337:
Persian; Nizam Panipati dedicated h
Page 338 and 339:
Lavana, who seemed to fall into a t
Page 340 and 341:
entirely new life, beginning as an
Page 342 and 343:
when he lived a nomadic life, ridin
Page 344 and 345:
had become attached to the Chishtis
Page 346 and 347:
Akbar’s Rajput bride had given bi
Page 348 and 349:
there. 55 Yet he financed the maint
Page 350 and 351:
Mughal attitude toward animals. On
Page 352 and 353:
Akbar, Shah Jahan, and Aurangzeb. 9
Page 354 and 355:
succeeded, in part) to evade them,
Page 356 and 357:
Hinduisms of various kinds flourish
Page 358 and 359:
(rather than Vrindavan, the scene o
Page 360 and 361:
stranglers, and worshipers of the g
Page 362 and 363:
myth associated with this ritual, t
Page 364 and 365:
cultural triumph, despite their ine
Page 366 and 367:
mother, Hamideh Banu, was in charge
Page 368 and 369:
There were also a number of women s
Page 370 and 371:
CASTE, CLASS, AND CONVERSION UNDER
Page 372 and 373:
fought against sepoys of the Britis
Page 374 and 375:
ut primarily in their attempts (mis
Page 376 and 377:
that joins friends and unites the a
Page 378 and 379:
children, were routinely killed by
Page 380 and 381:
The conversations, however, often t
Page 382 and 383:
the Raj, in some cases grotesquely
Page 384 and 385:
London holds a volume of Manu in hi
Page 386 and 387:
woman has lost her magic chastity):
Page 388 and 389:
England. 100 The authors of the Pun
Page 390 and 391:
At the same time, itinerant native
Page 392 and 393:
would like to forget but that you r
Page 394 and 395:
husband alive, it is ultimately her
Page 396 and 397:
subaltern’s voice. These women we
Page 398 and 399:
The national press in India nowaday
Page 400 and 401:
few women died that way, in contras
Page 402 and 403:
event,” the British press express
Page 404 and 405:
to the Gita in which he interpreted
Page 406 and 407:
so that the Adivasis would be force
Page 408 and 409:
Harijans in official records, but s
Page 410 and 411:
Hindus, and various forms of Hindui
Page 412 and 413:
and hugs; from fifteen hundred to n
Page 414 and 415:
worship of a particularly violent a
Page 416 and 417:
Relaxasizer Lounger, 165 positions.
Page 418 and 419:
include quite reasonable protests a
Page 420 and 421:
horses in the film have those curve
Page 422 and 423:
victims—on the outskirts of town.
Page 424 and 425:
dog, as well as black plaster statu
Page 426 and 427:
terrible, challenging, and elevatin
Page 428 and 429:
determined that the “bridge” wa
Page 430 and 431:
video games, and a lot more dangero
Page 432 and 433:
in Raveri and begged for food, hous
Page 434 and 435:
That will be my fulcrum. 65 And a f
Page 436 and 437:
Krishna as his wife is now directed
Page 438 and 439:
fragility of both horses in the Ind
Page 440 and 441:
androgyne. 92The women painters of
Page 442 and 443:
subjects that the women in Mithila
Page 444 and 445:
and love for all life, which charac
Page 446 and 447:
women. This multivocal masterpiece
Page 448 and 449:
c. 300 BCE-300 CE The Mahabharata i
Page 450 and 451:
1897 Vivekananda founds the Vedanta
Page 452 and 453:
Arya Samaj: a religious movement fo
Page 454 and 455:
Dalit womanFs, the five: elements o
Page 456 and 457:
Mahabharata: the longer of the two
Page 458 and 459:
pralaya: dissolution or doomsdaypra
Page 460 and 461:
Shunahshepha: boy, in the Brahmanas
Page 462 and 463:
Vitthal: a Maharashtrian godVithoba
Page 464 and 465:
26 IndianCivilization@yahoogroups.c
Page 466 and 467:
36 Doniger O’Flaherty, Other Peop
Page 468 and 469:
10 Frederick Spencer Oliver, A Dwel
Page 470 and 471:
49 Doniger, Splitting the Differenc
Page 472 and 473:
42 Thapar, Early India, 85.43 Hopki
Page 474 and 475:
87 Wolpert, India, 17.88 Mitter, In
Page 476 and 477:
20 Thapar, Early India, 86-87.21 We
Page 478 and 479:
2 Keay, India, 24.3 Mitter, Indian
Page 480 and 481:
45 U.S. Patent and Trademark Office
Page 482 and 483:
10 Mitter, Indian Art, 13; Thapar,
Page 484 and 485:
54 Thapar, Early India, 115.55 See
Page 486 and 487:
93 Katha Upanishad 1-2, 6.18.94 Tal
Page 488 and 489:
28 Thapar, Early India, 132.29 Mait
Page 490 and 491:
13 Brian K. Smith, Classifying the
Page 492 and 493:
29 Nath, Puranas and Acculturation,
Page 494 and 495:
13 Thapar, Ashoka, 202.14 12th Majo
Page 496 and 497:
57 Fitzgerald, The Mahabharata, 122
Page 498 and 499:
CHAPTER 12. ESCAPE CLAUSES IN THE S
Page 500 and 501:
44 Wilson, Charming Cadavers.45 Dan
Page 502 and 503:
34 Inden, Imagining India, 259.35 W
Page 504 and 505:
77 Periya Purana 24 (1041-1077), Mc
Page 506 and 507:
4 Ibid., citing Beal, Si yu ki xxxv
Page 508 and 509:
50 Hiltebeitel, The Cult of Draupad
Page 510 and 511:
8 Beal, Si-yu-ki, 89.9 Devahuti, Ha
Page 512 and 513:
52 Woodruffe, Shakti and Shakta, 57
Page 514 and 515:
96 Skanda Purana 4.2.87-89.97 Bipra
Page 516 and 517:
15 Ibid., 209.16 Ibid., 235, citing
Page 518 and 519:
61 Ibid., 306.62 Subrahmanyam, “T
Page 520 and 521:
106 Schimmel, The Empire, 109.107 B
Page 522 and 523:
151 Mitter, Indian Art, 3.152 Ibid.
Page 524 and 525:
has yet to be proved (Klostermaier,
Page 526 and 527:
71 Goldman, “Fathers, Sons, and G
Page 528 and 529:
14 Grierson, “Madhvas,” 235.15
Page 530 and 531:
CHAPTER 19. DIALOGUE AND TOLERANCE
Page 532 and 533:
47 Ibid., 50.48 Gascoigne, The Grea
Page 534 and 535:
92 Keay, India, 331, 351.93 Ibid.,
Page 536 and 537:
6 Haberman, Acting, 41.7 Schimmel,
Page 538 and 539:
50 Vinakaya, Sri Mallari Mahatmya.5
Page 540 and 541:
92 Ibid., vol. 3, 449.93 Nandy, “
Page 542 and 543:
30 James, Raj, 237.31 An anonymous
Page 544 and 545:
73 Nandy, The Intimate Enemy, 52; H
Page 546 and 547:
Napier, I Have Sind, 58.117 Gommans
Page 548 and 549:
30 Lubin, “Veda on Parade,” 389
Page 550 and 551:
CHAPTER 23. HINDUS IN AMERICA1 Bake
Page 552 and 553:
4 Frederick M. Smith, “Indra Goes
Page 554 and 555:
47 Padma Purana 2.1.5.1-35; Doniger
Page 556 and 557:
86 Kramrisch, Village India, 57.87
Page 558 and 559:
Kadambari of Banabhatta. A Classic
Page 560 and 561:
———. “The Culture and Polit
Page 562 and 563:
Brockington, John L. The Sanskrit E
Page 564 and 565:
———. City of Djinns. New York
Page 566 and 567:
———. “Why Did They Burn?”
Page 568 and 569:
Economic and Social History Review
Page 570 and 571:
———. “The Teyyam Tradition
Page 572 and 573:
Natural History. New York: W. W. No
Page 574 and 575:
Houben, Jan E. M.; Karel R. van Koo
Page 576 and 577:
Segregation and Stratification.”
Page 578 and 579:
Ltd., 2005.Lamb, Ramdas. “Persona
Page 580 and 581:
Mani, Lata. Contentious Traditions:
Page 582 and 583:
a Nationality . New Delhi: Oxford U
Page 584 and 585:
and. Sanskrit Epics.” Ph.D. disse
Page 586 and 587:
———. “Is There an Indian Wa
Page 588 and 589:
Sarma, Deepak, ed. Hinduism: A Read
Page 590 and 591:
———. Net of Magic: Wonders an
Page 592 and 593:
Department, 1962-63.Tendulkar, D. G
Page 594 and 595:
———. “Ueber Menschenopfer b
Page 596 and 597:
p. 84. Courtesy of Frederick Asher.
Page 598 and 599:
ahimsa (nonviolence)Ahura Mazda (Av
Page 600 and 601:
Artha-shastracaste inhomosexuality
Page 602 and 603:
caste andChristianity anddarshan co
Page 604 and 605:
(Roy)in Delhi sultanategovernance a
Page 606 and 607:
in Ramayanareconversion ceremony an
Page 608 and 609:
promiscuity andprotection ofsacreds
Page 610 and 611:
Dickens, CharlesDirgha-jihva (Long-
Page 612 and 613:
Five Msflood mythFlynn, ErrolForeve
Page 614 and 615:
Gupta Empireart ofcoinage ofEuropea
Page 616 and 617:
Homo Necans (Burkert)homosexualityh
Page 618 and 619:
Indigenous Horse Society of IndiaIn
Page 620 and 621:
Jhansi massacreJinnah, Mohammad Ali
Page 622 and 623:
Kausalya, QueenKaushika, KingKaushi
Page 624 and 625:
Lal Beg (Pariah saint)Lal Ded (poet
Page 626 and 627:
treatment of animals inversions ofv
Page 628 and 629:
Matarishvan (god)Mathura templeMatr
Page 630 and 631:
Muhammad of GhorMuktabai (saint)Muk
Page 632 and 633:
in MahabharataManu andin Mughal Emp
Page 634 and 635:
Persia, ancientPhaedrus (Plato)phil
Page 636 and 637:
Rahu (planet of eclipse)Raikva, sto
Page 638 and 639:
Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) (
Page 640 and 641:
sacrificebhakti andin BrahmanasBrah
Page 642 and 643:
in Gupta EmpireSen, Keshab ChunderS
Page 644 and 645:
Shrauta SutrasShri (goddess of pros
Page 646 and 647:
in Harsha erahuman rights andIndian
Page 648 and 649:
Thoreau, Henry DavidThose Barren Le
Page 650 and 651:
shakti andsocial and political worl
Page 652 and 653:
Vishvamitra, KingVishvanatha (Shiva
Page 654 and 655:
Chudala story inYogi, Maharishi Mah
Page 656 and 657:
Barren Leaves) that the works of Ho
Page 658 and 659:
ut the god of the wind hid one moun
Page 660 and 661:
the Veda is always cow’s milk.bhI
Page 662 and 663:
ulls, steers, or bullocks.chThe ima
Page 664 and 665:
The phrase used here is sadhu-kurva
Page 666 and 667:
The Ramayana refers to suttee in th
Page 668 and 669:
fiIn later Hinduism, Dharma occasio
Page 670 and 671:
Actually, the Mahabharata refers to
Page 672 and 673:
animal suddenly remembers that his
Page 674 and 675:
“in common” by all Hindus in co
Page 676 and 677:
jgGadhi is also the patronymic of V
Page 678 and 679:
from a performance of Shakespeare
Page 680 and 681:
lfI have in mind, in India, Romila
Page 682:
CHAPTER 17 - AVATAR AND ACCIDENTAL
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The-Hindus-An-Alternative-History---Wendy-Doniger

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