The-Hindus-An-Alternative-History---Wendy-Doniger

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4. Hinduism—Relations. I. Title.BL1151.3.D66 2009294.509—dc222008041030Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this publicationmay be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form orby any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise), without the priorwritten permission of both the copyright owner and the above publisher of this book.<strong>The</strong> scanning, uploading, and distribution of this book via the Internet or via any othermeans without the permission of the publisher is illegal and punishable by law. Please purchaseonly authorized electronic editions and do not participate in or encourage electronic piracy ofcopyrightable materials. Your support of the author’s rights is appreciated.http://us.penguingroup.comKATHERINE ULRICH—student, friend, editor supreme—andWILL DALRYMPLE—inspiration and comrade in the good fightINDIA’S MAJOR GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES
INDIA FROM 2500 BCE TO 600 CE
Page 2 and 3: Table of ContentsTitle PageCopyrigh
Page 4 and 5: CHAPTER 20 - HINDUISM UNDER THE MUG
Page 7: THE PENGUIN PRESSPublished by the P
Page 11: INDIA FROM 1600 CE TO THE PRESENT
Page 15 and 16: factions, the times of the “mixin
Page 17 and 18: describe the way that Vedic social
Page 19 and 20: addiction, and the senses that caus
Page 21 and 22: and roast himself so that the Brahm
Page 23 and 24: praised these texts and translated
Page 25 and 26: who was king but who among the peop
Page 27 and 28: The Gudimallam Linga.But other text
Page 29 and 30: consider the phenomenon and the nam
Page 31 and 32: different aspects of truth which no
Page 33: Hindus (implicitly acknowledging th
Page 37 and 38: matter was, women’s ideas may hav
Page 39 and 40: The process works in opposite direc
Page 41 and 42: The proliferation of polythetic pol
Page 43 and 44: mutandis. Hybridity, by contrast, i
Page 45 and 46: from somewhere else. So much for
Page 47 and 48: the Ganges Valley for a few centuri
Page 49 and 50: (perhaps do not eat?) animals.Centu
Page 51 and 52: Geographical and Mythological Map o
Page 53 and 54: heads were transposed by mistake. T
Page 55 and 56: failed to capture the artist’s im
Page 57 and 58: een nothing but devices to mark pro
Page 59 and 60:
fossil record too has been invoked
Page 61 and 62:
do right up to the present day. Yet
Page 63 and 64:
“something endearing” in “the
Page 65 and 66:
of the life-giving river: any of th
Page 67 and 68:
Horse on the Ashokan Column at Sarn
Page 69 and 70:
the Latin equus, Gallic epos, Greek
Page 71 and 72:
despised “others,” the Jews, fo
Page 73 and 74:
Central Himalayan regions,” 19 pa
Page 75 and 76:
loudly and clearly in the Vedas (as
Page 77 and 78:
night. Knowing how important horses
Page 79 and 80:
creation, which in turn will be fol
Page 81 and 82:
dominant mode of transmission, oral
Page 83 and 84:
they will continue to offer sacrifi
Page 85 and 86:
and barley would be supplemented by
Page 87 and 88:
undamaged and place them in the pro
Page 89 and 90:
one of the earliest documented theo
Page 91 and 92:
agaric (called mukhomor in Russian,
Page 93 and 94:
yoke,” v. 7), making her slough h
Page 95 and 96:
this statement cross one another ou
Page 97 and 98:
even by other people (both one’s
Page 99 and 100:
THE CITIES ON THE GANGESWhere the R
Page 101 and 102:
the son of a slave woman and saying
Page 103 and 104:
applications; it assures him that h
Page 105 and 106:
ules of purity and impurity began t
Page 107 and 108:
unpleasant. The soundlessly screami
Page 109 and 110:
particularly a deer. The ancient In
Page 111 and 112:
the thrust of the royal power, and
Page 113 and 114:
foreshadowed an actual series of re
Page 115 and 116:
gods by evil rather than merely by
Page 117 and 118:
Kashi. The development of the idea
Page 119 and 120:
generally translated “You are tha
Page 121 and 122:
A striking insight into the psychol
Page 123 and 124:
people here whose behavior is charm
Page 125 and 126:
Release or freedom (moksha ), a ble
Page 127 and 128:
life.NON-BRAHMIN SECRETSThe Upanish
Page 129 and 130:
theory may have developed many of i
Page 131 and 132:
fierce warrior, stringing his unstr
Page 133 and 134:
and then not as a word (such as ahi
Page 135 and 136:
The senses, as we have seen, were a
Page 137 and 138:
the two paths, by and large the cre
Page 139 and 140:
Significantly, there are many texts
Page 141 and 142:
The poet Ashvaghosha was born a Bra
Page 143 and 144:
A man’s life span is said to be a
Page 145 and 146:
qualities. The re-creation of indiv
Page 147 and 148:
periods of exile in the wilderness,
Page 149 and 150:
B.C., people in Northern India beca
Page 151 and 152:
Ram-raj, Rama’s Rule. This vision
Page 153 and 154:
house.” Sita replied to Rama, “
Page 155 and 156:
this second ordeal (again she asks
Page 157 and 158:
when she is imprisoned on Lanka,
Page 159 and 160:
do the two other queens (1.13.27-28
Page 161 and 162:
Valin also takes on the displaced f
Page 163 and 164:
At the same time, interrupted sexua
Page 165 and 166:
inauspicious indeed. But Jatayus br
Page 167 and 168:
conductor of heat. When an ascetic
Page 169 and 170:
and his sons. Realizing that the po
Page 171 and 172:
Beloved of the Gods, the king Piyad
Page 173 and 174:
medicinal purposes. What there is i
Page 175 and 176:
sacrifice. But Parvati was so unhap
Page 177 and 178:
and whose counsel to Arjuna on the
Page 179 and 180:
mothers or fathers, unable to leave
Page 181 and 182:
species specific (specifying harm t
Page 183 and 184:
trees soundlessly screaming), would
Page 185 and 186:
BCE Pushyamitra founds the Shunga d
Page 187 and 188:
and brings us relief.” Yudhishthi
Page 189 and 190:
eader/hearer of the Gita) to renoun
Page 191 and 192:
effect, the common (sadharana) dhar
Page 193 and 194:
In the face of his defense of the c
Page 195 and 196:
when she conceived her son, Dhritar
Page 197 and 198:
asked again and again, five times,
Page 199 and 200:
Pandu and the blind Dhritarashtra,
Page 201 and 202:
triumph and tragedy could stand for
Page 203 and 204:
Mathura in the second century CE pr
Page 205 and 206:
medicine, dancing and acting, aesth
Page 207 and 208:
all its ugliness takes over entirel
Page 209 and 210:
them when they pilfer food and wate
Page 211 and 212:
and nonviolence. To him goes the cr
Page 213 and 214:
The Artha-shastra advises the king
Page 215 and 216:
This lack of independence meant tha
Page 217 and 218:
perhaps even against their author.
Page 219 and 220:
alternative view of Hindu social cu
Page 221 and 222:
woven in the day.Other apparent con
Page 223 and 224:
luxury articles: spices, jewels, te
Page 225 and 226:
first three (Appar, Campantar, and
Page 228 and 229:
[TOP] Great Frieze at Mamallapuram,
Page 230 and 231:
souvenir.TEMPLES AND VIOLENCEThe do
Page 232 and 233:
personal. Darshan is a concept that
Page 234 and 235:
normally a fate that any Hindu woma
Page 236 and 237:
order to demonstrate for the Brahmi
Page 238 and 239:
(though not always) opposing animal
Page 240 and 241:
of Jaina missionaries and rulers in
Page 242 and 243:
Islam too was established on the Ma
Page 244 and 245:
using the second half of the first
Page 246 and 247:
contributed to the Euro-American id
Page 248 and 249:
Chandra Gupta II arranged a marriag
Page 250 and 251:
through all classes and places in I
Page 252 and 253:
the Brahmin interpretation of the m
Page 254 and 255:
ut also the ashes of the god Kama,
Page 256 and 257:
ig pussycats, as depicted by painte
Page 258 and 259:
mountain Himalaya, the mountain ran
Page 260 and 261:
Saturn glances at it, in some varia
Page 262 and 263:
peacock, a brilliant choice that ne
Page 264 and 265:
esolved only by the illusion ex mac
Page 266 and 267:
there is a cure for everything.CHAP
Page 268 and 269:
today), and of an individual puja t
Page 270 and 271:
for alms with this skull and teachi
Page 272 and 273:
the central Tantric shrine in Assam
Page 274 and 275:
torso—that is, in the place where
Page 276 and 277:
when the force of the curse had com
Page 278 and 279:
For the Tantras do say things like
Page 280 and 281:
share in the more general Hindu cul
Page 282 and 283:
antinomian acts were imagined or pe
Page 284 and 285:
females, who have what Shiva’s co
Page 286 and 287:
sorry. Kings who, when they are hun
Page 288 and 289:
The Kailasanatha Temple at Ellora.K
Page 290 and 291:
uilding of temples took on new mean
Page 292 and 293:
Muslim (or, more particularly, Sunn
Page 294 and 295:
as an African eunuch slave who foun
Page 296 and 297:
and, to cap it all, ghee. 64 Other
Page 298 and 299:
(taking to yourself the power and s
Page 300 and 301:
Sufism, the mystical branch of Isla
Page 302 and 303:
Islam onto the warp of Hinduism (or
Page 304 and 305:
ut now for the first time historica
Page 306 and 307:
economic, and religious order of So
Page 308 and 309:
oles, as a human confined to a plac
Page 310 and 311:
earth out on the waters to make her
Page 312 and 313:
unknown to the Sanskrit mythology o
Page 314 and 315:
for us to kill them.” Then Vishnu
Page 316 and 317:
Buddhist stupas and, later, Muslim
Page 318 and 319:
CLASS AND CASTE STRUGGLESPARASHURAM
Page 320 and 321:
great, even as Prahlada gives his p
Page 322 and 323:
crows killed them. Then the sun rea
Page 324 and 325:
thoroughly no-good fellow, accident
Page 326 and 327:
man is too sick to take the medicin
Page 328 and 329:
universe (including the worshiper)
Page 330 and 331:
month of pleasant research and fiel
Page 332 and 333:
widow. 29MONISM AND CONVERSION IN V
Page 334 and 335:
school, by contrast, the devotee is
Page 336 and 337:
Persian; Nizam Panipati dedicated h
Page 338 and 339:
Lavana, who seemed to fall into a t
Page 340 and 341:
entirely new life, beginning as an
Page 342 and 343:
when he lived a nomadic life, ridin
Page 344 and 345:
had become attached to the Chishtis
Page 346 and 347:
Akbar’s Rajput bride had given bi
Page 348 and 349:
there. 55 Yet he financed the maint
Page 350 and 351:
Mughal attitude toward animals. On
Page 352 and 353:
Akbar, Shah Jahan, and Aurangzeb. 9
Page 354 and 355:
succeeded, in part) to evade them,
Page 356 and 357:
Hinduisms of various kinds flourish
Page 358 and 359:
(rather than Vrindavan, the scene o
Page 360 and 361:
stranglers, and worshipers of the g
Page 362 and 363:
myth associated with this ritual, t
Page 364 and 365:
cultural triumph, despite their ine
Page 366 and 367:
mother, Hamideh Banu, was in charge
Page 368 and 369:
There were also a number of women s
Page 370 and 371:
CASTE, CLASS, AND CONVERSION UNDER
Page 372 and 373:
fought against sepoys of the Britis
Page 374 and 375:
ut primarily in their attempts (mis
Page 376 and 377:
that joins friends and unites the a
Page 378 and 379:
children, were routinely killed by
Page 380 and 381:
The conversations, however, often t
Page 382 and 383:
the Raj, in some cases grotesquely
Page 384 and 385:
London holds a volume of Manu in hi
Page 386 and 387:
woman has lost her magic chastity):
Page 388 and 389:
England. 100 The authors of the Pun
Page 390 and 391:
At the same time, itinerant native
Page 392 and 393:
would like to forget but that you r
Page 394 and 395:
husband alive, it is ultimately her
Page 396 and 397:
subaltern’s voice. These women we
Page 398 and 399:
The national press in India nowaday
Page 400 and 401:
few women died that way, in contras
Page 402 and 403:
event,” the British press express
Page 404 and 405:
to the Gita in which he interpreted
Page 406 and 407:
so that the Adivasis would be force
Page 408 and 409:
Harijans in official records, but s
Page 410 and 411:
Hindus, and various forms of Hindui
Page 412 and 413:
and hugs; from fifteen hundred to n
Page 414 and 415:
worship of a particularly violent a
Page 416 and 417:
Relaxasizer Lounger, 165 positions.
Page 418 and 419:
include quite reasonable protests a
Page 420 and 421:
horses in the film have those curve
Page 422 and 423:
victims—on the outskirts of town.
Page 424 and 425:
dog, as well as black plaster statu
Page 426 and 427:
terrible, challenging, and elevatin
Page 428 and 429:
determined that the “bridge” wa
Page 430 and 431:
video games, and a lot more dangero
Page 432 and 433:
in Raveri and begged for food, hous
Page 434 and 435:
That will be my fulcrum. 65 And a f
Page 436 and 437:
Krishna as his wife is now directed
Page 438 and 439:
fragility of both horses in the Ind
Page 440 and 441:
androgyne. 92The women painters of
Page 442 and 443:
subjects that the women in Mithila
Page 444 and 445:
and love for all life, which charac
Page 446 and 447:
women. This multivocal masterpiece
Page 448 and 449:
c. 300 BCE-300 CE The Mahabharata i
Page 450 and 451:
1897 Vivekananda founds the Vedanta
Page 452 and 453:
Arya Samaj: a religious movement fo
Page 454 and 455:
Dalit womanFs, the five: elements o
Page 456 and 457:
Mahabharata: the longer of the two
Page 458 and 459:
pralaya: dissolution or doomsdaypra
Page 460 and 461:
Shunahshepha: boy, in the Brahmanas
Page 462 and 463:
Vitthal: a Maharashtrian godVithoba
Page 464 and 465:
26 IndianCivilization@yahoogroups.c
Page 466 and 467:
36 Doniger O’Flaherty, Other Peop
Page 468 and 469:
10 Frederick Spencer Oliver, A Dwel
Page 470 and 471:
49 Doniger, Splitting the Differenc
Page 472 and 473:
42 Thapar, Early India, 85.43 Hopki
Page 474 and 475:
87 Wolpert, India, 17.88 Mitter, In
Page 476 and 477:
20 Thapar, Early India, 86-87.21 We
Page 478 and 479:
2 Keay, India, 24.3 Mitter, Indian
Page 480 and 481:
45 U.S. Patent and Trademark Office
Page 482 and 483:
10 Mitter, Indian Art, 13; Thapar,
Page 484 and 485:
54 Thapar, Early India, 115.55 See
Page 486 and 487:
93 Katha Upanishad 1-2, 6.18.94 Tal
Page 488 and 489:
28 Thapar, Early India, 132.29 Mait
Page 490 and 491:
13 Brian K. Smith, Classifying the
Page 492 and 493:
29 Nath, Puranas and Acculturation,
Page 494 and 495:
13 Thapar, Ashoka, 202.14 12th Majo
Page 496 and 497:
57 Fitzgerald, The Mahabharata, 122
Page 498 and 499:
CHAPTER 12. ESCAPE CLAUSES IN THE S
Page 500 and 501:
44 Wilson, Charming Cadavers.45 Dan
Page 502 and 503:
34 Inden, Imagining India, 259.35 W
Page 504 and 505:
77 Periya Purana 24 (1041-1077), Mc
Page 506 and 507:
4 Ibid., citing Beal, Si yu ki xxxv
Page 508 and 509:
50 Hiltebeitel, The Cult of Draupad
Page 510 and 511:
8 Beal, Si-yu-ki, 89.9 Devahuti, Ha
Page 512 and 513:
52 Woodruffe, Shakti and Shakta, 57
Page 514 and 515:
96 Skanda Purana 4.2.87-89.97 Bipra
Page 516 and 517:
15 Ibid., 209.16 Ibid., 235, citing
Page 518 and 519:
61 Ibid., 306.62 Subrahmanyam, “T
Page 520 and 521:
106 Schimmel, The Empire, 109.107 B
Page 522 and 523:
151 Mitter, Indian Art, 3.152 Ibid.
Page 524 and 525:
has yet to be proved (Klostermaier,
Page 526 and 527:
71 Goldman, “Fathers, Sons, and G
Page 528 and 529:
14 Grierson, “Madhvas,” 235.15
Page 530 and 531:
CHAPTER 19. DIALOGUE AND TOLERANCE
Page 532 and 533:
47 Ibid., 50.48 Gascoigne, The Grea
Page 534 and 535:
92 Keay, India, 331, 351.93 Ibid.,
Page 536 and 537:
6 Haberman, Acting, 41.7 Schimmel,
Page 538 and 539:
50 Vinakaya, Sri Mallari Mahatmya.5
Page 540 and 541:
92 Ibid., vol. 3, 449.93 Nandy, “
Page 542 and 543:
30 James, Raj, 237.31 An anonymous
Page 544 and 545:
73 Nandy, The Intimate Enemy, 52; H
Page 546 and 547:
Napier, I Have Sind, 58.117 Gommans
Page 548 and 549:
30 Lubin, “Veda on Parade,” 389
Page 550 and 551:
CHAPTER 23. HINDUS IN AMERICA1 Bake
Page 552 and 553:
4 Frederick M. Smith, “Indra Goes
Page 554 and 555:
47 Padma Purana 2.1.5.1-35; Doniger
Page 556 and 557:
86 Kramrisch, Village India, 57.87
Page 558 and 559:
Kadambari of Banabhatta. A Classic
Page 560 and 561:
———. “The Culture and Polit
Page 562 and 563:
Brockington, John L. The Sanskrit E
Page 564 and 565:
———. City of Djinns. New York
Page 566 and 567:
———. “Why Did They Burn?”
Page 568 and 569:
Economic and Social History Review
Page 570 and 571:
———. “The Teyyam Tradition
Page 572 and 573:
Natural History. New York: W. W. No
Page 574 and 575:
Houben, Jan E. M.; Karel R. van Koo
Page 576 and 577:
Segregation and Stratification.”
Page 578 and 579:
Ltd., 2005.Lamb, Ramdas. “Persona
Page 580 and 581:
Mani, Lata. Contentious Traditions:
Page 582 and 583:
a Nationality . New Delhi: Oxford U
Page 584 and 585:
and. Sanskrit Epics.” Ph.D. disse
Page 586 and 587:
———. “Is There an Indian Wa
Page 588 and 589:
Sarma, Deepak, ed. Hinduism: A Read
Page 590 and 591:
———. Net of Magic: Wonders an
Page 592 and 593:
Department, 1962-63.Tendulkar, D. G
Page 594 and 595:
———. “Ueber Menschenopfer b
Page 596 and 597:
p. 84. Courtesy of Frederick Asher.
Page 598 and 599:
ahimsa (nonviolence)Ahura Mazda (Av
Page 600 and 601:
Artha-shastracaste inhomosexuality
Page 602 and 603:
caste andChristianity anddarshan co
Page 604 and 605:
(Roy)in Delhi sultanategovernance a
Page 606 and 607:
in Ramayanareconversion ceremony an
Page 608 and 609:
promiscuity andprotection ofsacreds
Page 610 and 611:
Dickens, CharlesDirgha-jihva (Long-
Page 612 and 613:
Five Msflood mythFlynn, ErrolForeve
Page 614 and 615:
Gupta Empireart ofcoinage ofEuropea
Page 616 and 617:
Homo Necans (Burkert)homosexualityh
Page 618 and 619:
Indigenous Horse Society of IndiaIn
Page 620 and 621:
Jhansi massacreJinnah, Mohammad Ali
Page 622 and 623:
Kausalya, QueenKaushika, KingKaushi
Page 624 and 625:
Lal Beg (Pariah saint)Lal Ded (poet
Page 626 and 627:
treatment of animals inversions ofv
Page 628 and 629:
Matarishvan (god)Mathura templeMatr
Page 630 and 631:
Muhammad of GhorMuktabai (saint)Muk
Page 632 and 633:
in MahabharataManu andin Mughal Emp
Page 634 and 635:
Persia, ancientPhaedrus (Plato)phil
Page 636 and 637:
Rahu (planet of eclipse)Raikva, sto
Page 638 and 639:
Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) (
Page 640 and 641:
sacrificebhakti andin BrahmanasBrah
Page 642 and 643:
in Gupta EmpireSen, Keshab ChunderS
Page 644 and 645:
Shrauta SutrasShri (goddess of pros
Page 646 and 647:
in Harsha erahuman rights andIndian
Page 648 and 649:
Thoreau, Henry DavidThose Barren Le
Page 650 and 651:
shakti andsocial and political worl
Page 652 and 653:
Vishvamitra, KingVishvanatha (Shiva
Page 654 and 655:
Chudala story inYogi, Maharishi Mah
Page 656 and 657:
Barren Leaves) that the works of Ho
Page 658 and 659:
ut the god of the wind hid one moun
Page 660 and 661:
the Veda is always cow’s milk.bhI
Page 662 and 663:
ulls, steers, or bullocks.chThe ima
Page 664 and 665:
The phrase used here is sadhu-kurva
Page 666 and 667:
The Ramayana refers to suttee in th
Page 668 and 669:
fiIn later Hinduism, Dharma occasio
Page 670 and 671:
Actually, the Mahabharata refers to
Page 672 and 673:
animal suddenly remembers that his
Page 674 and 675:
“in common” by all Hindus in co
Page 676 and 677:
jgGadhi is also the patronymic of V
Page 678 and 679:
from a performance of Shakespeare
Page 680 and 681:
lfI have in mind, in India, Romila
Page 682:
CHAPTER 17 - AVATAR AND ACCIDENTAL
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