Data Compression: The Complete Reference

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4.8 JPEG 331no tables (or just a few tables), and (3) the abbreviated format for table-specificationdata, where the file contains just tables, and no compressed image. The second formatmakes sense in cases where the same encoder/decoder pair is used, and they have thesame tables built in. The third format is used in cases where many images have beencompressed by the same encoder, using the same tables. When those images need to bedecompressed, they are sent to a decoder preceded by one file with table-specificationdata.The JPEG decoder performs the reverse steps. (Thus, JPEG is a symmetric compressionmethod).The progressive mode is a JPEG option. In this mode, higher-frequency DCTcoefficients are written on the compressed stream in blocks called “scans.” Each scanread and processed by the decoder results in a sharper image. The idea is to use thefirst few scans to quickly create a low-quality, blurred preview of the image, then eitherinput the remaining scans or stop the process and reject the image. The tradeoff is thatthe encoder has to save all the coefficients of all the data units in a memory buffer beforethey are sent in scans, and also go through all the steps for each scan, slowing down theprogressive mode.Figure 4.63a shows an example of an image with resolution 1024×512. The image isdivided into 128×64 = 8192 data units, and each is transformed by the DCT, becominga set of 64 8-bit numbers. Figure 4.63b is a block whose depth corresponds to the 8,192data units, whose height corresponds to the 64 DCT coefficients (the DC coefficientis the top one, numbered 0), and whose width corresponds to the eight bits of eachcoefficient.After preparing all the data units in a memory buffer, the encoder writes them on thecompressed stream in one of two methods, spectral selection or successive approximation(Figure 4.63c,d). The first scan in either method is the set of DC coefficients. If spectralselection is used, each successive scan consists of several consecutive (a band of) ACcoefficients. If successive approximation is used, the second scan consists of the fourmost-significant bits of all AC coefficients, and each of the following four scans, numbers3 through 6, adds one more significant bit (bits 3 through 0, respectively).In the hierarchical mode, the encoder stores the image several times in the outputstream, at several resolutions. However, each high-resolution part uses information fromthe low-resolution parts of the output stream, so the total amount of information is lessthan that required to store the different resolutions separately. Each hierarchical partmay use the progressive mode.The hierarchical mode is useful in cases where a high-resolution image needs tobe output in low resolution. Older dot-matrix printers may be a good example of alow-resolution output device still in use.The lossless mode of JPEG (Section 4.8.5) calculates a “predicted” value for eachpixel, generates the difference between the pixel and its predicted value (see Section 1.3.1for relative encoding), and encodes the difference using the same method (i.e., Huffmanor arithmetic coding) used by step 5 above. The predicted value is calculated usingvalues of pixels above and to the left of the current pixel (pixels that have already beeninput and encoded). The following sections discuss the steps in more detail:4.8.1 Luminance
332 4. Image Compression1024=8×128512=8×641 2 3 4127 128129 130 255 256524,288 pixels8,192 data units1 2012data units819280658191 8192626376 1 0(a)(b)0 01st scan76 1 01st scan012nd scan01262637 6 5 42nd scan0123rd scan012626333rd scan0126263kth scan(c)626306th scan(d)Figure 4.63: Scans in the JPEG Progressive Mode.
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Data CompressionThird Edition
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David SalomonData CompressionThe Co
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To the many readers, whose question
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viiiPreface to the Third Editionthe
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xPreface to the Third Editionhttp:/
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xiiPreface to the Second EditionThe
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xivPreface to the Second Editionema
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xviAcknowledgmentsPreface to the Fi
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xviiiContents3 Dictionary Methods 1
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xxContents6 Video Compression 6376.
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2 Introductionstream) that has a sm
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4 Introductionalready compressed an
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6 IntroductionChar. Freq. Prob. Cha
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16 1. Basic TechniquesA B C D E•
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774 8. Other MethodsEquation (8.2).
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776 8. Other MethodsS[1 ...0] = λS
Page 799 and 800:
778 8. Other Methodssuch a drawing
Page 801 and 802:
780 8. Other Methodsand subtract8.5
Page 803 and 804:
782 8. Other Methodsthat the probab
Page 805 and 806:
784 8. Other MethodsThis section an
Page 807 and 808:
786 8. Other Methodstoken is a pref
Page 809 and 810:
788 8. Other Methodsinto a three-di
Page 811 and 812:
790 8. Other MethodsThe LZW algorit
Page 813 and 814:
792 8. Other MethodsS:=empty string
Page 815 and 816:
794 8. Other Methodsimage, since it
Page 817 and 818:
796 8. Other MethodsMark: A visible
Page 819 and 820:
798 8. Other Methodsthe index is ba
Page 821 and 822:
800 8. Other MethodsA finite-state
Page 823 and 824:
802 8. Other MethodsThe DMC algorit
Page 825 and 826:
804 8. Other MethodsThis suggests t
Page 827 and 828:
806 8. Other Methods10 2 5 00 01011
Page 829 and 830:
808 8. Other MethodsThe main princi
Page 831 and 832:
810 8. Other Methods×ZS 1S 2×YPX
Page 833 and 834:
812 8. Other Methodswhere it compre
Page 835 and 836:
814 8. Other MethodsNew symbol the
Page 837 and 838:
816 8. Other Methodsthe pair (1, 2)
Page 839 and 840:
818 8. Other Methodsregions, each w
Page 841 and 842:
820 8. Other Methods5. The half-edg
Page 843 and 844:
822 8. Other MethodsH=H|C;% append
Page 845 and 846:
824 8. Other Methodsis the number o
Page 847 and 848:
826 8. Other MethodsC C R R R S L C
Page 849 and 850:
828 8. Other MethodsThe Unicode Sta
Page 851 and 852:
830 8. Other Methodsmode). The tags
Page 853 and 854:
832 8. Other MethodsThe encoder the
Page 855 and 856:
Page 857 and 858:
836 BibliographyBanister, Brian, an
Page 859 and 860:
838 BibliographyCormack G. V., and
Page 861 and 862:
840 BibliographyFrank, Amalie J., J
Page 863 and 864:
842 BibliographyNorwell, MA, 85-112
Page 865 and 866:
844 BibliographyLangdon, Glen G. (1
Page 867 and 868:
846 BibliographyNahin, Paul J., (19
Page 869 and 870:
848 BibliographyRFC1950 (1996) ZLIB
Page 871 and 872:
850 BibliographyStarck, J. L., F. M
Page 873 and 874:
852 BibliographyWilliams, Ross N. (
Page 875 and 876:
Page 877 and 878:
856 GlossaryASCII Code. The standar
Page 879 and 880:
858 GlossaryCircular Queue. A basic
Page 881 and 882:
860 Glossaryfunction (which has to
Page 883 and 884:
862 Glossarybackground is a continu
Page 885 and 886:
864 GlossaryGolomb Code. The Golomb
Page 887 and 888:
866 GlossaryJBIG2. A recent interna
Page 889 and 890:
868 GlossaryLifting Scheme. A metho
Page 891 and 892:
870 GlossaryMPEG. This acronym stan
Page 893 and 894:
872 GlossaryQM Coder. This is the a
Page 895 and 896:
874 GlossaryStatistical Methods. Th
Page 897 and 898:
876 Glossaryredundancy. A typical t
Page 899 and 900:
Page 901 and 902:
880 IndexAES, see association of au
Page 903 and 904:
882 Indexcodec, 7, 858codesASCII, 8
Page 905 and 906:
884 Indexlists, 860queues, 172, 860
Page 907 and 908:
886 Indexcausal, 553deriving coeffi
Page 909 and 910:
888 IndexIMA ADPCM compression, 436
Page 911 and 912:
890 Indexas the information functio
Page 913 and 914:
892 Indexvertical, 244parrots (imag
Page 915 and 916:
894 IndexReynolds, Paul, 167RGB col
Page 917 and 918:
896 Indexterabyte, 616textcase flat
Page 919 and 920:
898 IndexD4, 551, 558, 560D8, 558di
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