Data Compression: The Complete Reference

More documents

Recommendations

Info

7.9 MPEG-1 Audio Layers 747numberof steps C D grouping samples/code bits/code3 1.3333333333 0.5000000000 yes 3 55 1.6000000000 0.5000000000 yes 3 77 1.1428571428 0.2500000000 no 1 39 1.7777777777 0.5000000000 yes 3 1015 1.0666666666 0.1250000000 no 1 431 1.0322580645 0.0625000000 no 1 563 1.0158730158 0.0312500000 no 1 6127 1.0078740157 0.0156250000 no 1 7255 1.0039215686 0.0078125000 no 1 8511 1.0019569471 0.0039062500 no 1 91023 1.0009775171 0.0019531250 no 1 102047 1.0004885197 0.0009765625 no 1 114095 1.0002442002 0.0004882812 no 1 128191 1.0001220852 0.0002441406 no 1 1316383 1.0000610388 0.0001220703 no 1 1432767 1.0000305185 0.0000610351 no 1 1565535 1.0000152590 0.0000305175 no 1 16Table 7.39: Quantization Classes for Layer II.headerCRCbitallocationscalefactorssubband signalsAD12 bitsynch20 bitsystem16 bit4 bit(a)6 bitancillary dataunspecified lengthheaderCRCbitallocationscfsiscalefactorssubband signalsAD12 bitsynch20 bitsystem16 bitlow subbands4 bitmed subbands3 bithigh subbands2 bit(b)2 bit6 bit 12 granules of3 signals eachABCA CABAancillary dataunspecified lengthFigure 7.40: Organization of Layers I and II Output Frames.
748 7. Audio Compressiontwo psychoacoustic models. Either model can be used with any layer, but only modelII generates the specific information needed by layer III. In practice, model I is the onlyone used in layers I and II. Layer III can use either model, but it achieves better resultswhen using model II.The MPEG standard allows considerable freedom in the way the models are implemented.The sophistication of the model that is actually implemented in a given MPEGaudio encoder depends on the desired compression factor. For consumer applications,where large compression factors are not critical, the psychoacoustic model can be completelyeliminated. In such a case, the bit allocation algorithm does not use an SMR(signal to mask ratio). It simply assigns bits to the subband with the minimum SNR(signal to noise ratio).A complete description of the models is outside the scope of this book and can befound in the text of the MPEG audio standard [ISO/IEC 93], pp. 109–139. The mainsteps of the two models are as follows:1. A Fourier transform is used to convert the original audio samples to their frequencydomain. This transform is separate and different from the polyphase filters because themodels need finer frequency resolution in order to accurately determine the maskingthreshold.2. The resulting frequencies are grouped into critical bands, not into the same 32subbands used by the main part of the encoder.3. The spectral values of the critical bands are separated into tonal (sinusoid-like) andnontonal (noise-like) components.4. Before the noise masking thresholds for the different critical bands can be determined,the model applies a masking function to the signals in the different critical bands. Thisfunction has been determined empirically, by experimentation.5. The model computes a masking threshold for each subband.6. The SMR (signal to mask ratio) is calculated for each subband. It is the signal energyin the subband divided by the minimum masking threshold for the subband. The set of32 SMRs, one per subband, constitutes the output of the model.7.9.6 Encoding: Layer IIILayer III uses a much more refined and complex algorithm than the first two layers.This is reflected in the compression factors, which are much higher. The differencebetween layer III and layers I and II starts at the very first step, filtering. The samepolyphase filter bank (Table 7.28a) is used, but it is followed by a modified versionof the discrete cosine transform. The MDCT corrects some of the errors introducedby the polyphase filters and also subdivides the subbands to bring them closer to thecritical bands. The layer III decoder has to use the inverse MDCT, so it has to workharder. The MDCT can be performed on either a short block of 12 samples (resultingin six transform coefficients) or a long block of 36 samples (resulting in 18 transformcoefficients). Regardless of the block size chosen, consecutive blocks transformed by theMDCT have considerable overlap, as shown in Figure 7.41. In this figure, the blocks areshown above the thick line, and the resulting groups of 18 or 6 coefficients are below theline. The long blocks produce better frequency spectrum for stationary sound (soundwhere adjacent samples don’t differ much), while the short blocks are preferable whenthe sound varies often.
Page 2 and 3:
Data CompressionThird Edition
Page 5 and 6:
David SalomonData CompressionThe Co
Page 7 and 8:
To the many readers, whose question
Page 9 and 10:
viiiPreface to the Third Editionthe
Page 11 and 12:
xPreface to the Third Editionhttp:/
Page 13 and 14:
xiiPreface to the Second EditionThe
Page 15 and 16:
xivPreface to the Second Editionema
Page 17 and 18:
xviAcknowledgmentsPreface to the Fi
Page 19 and 20:
xviiiContents3 Dictionary Methods 1
Page 21 and 22:
xxContents6 Video Compression 6376.
Page 23 and 24:
2 Introductionstream) that has a sm
Page 25 and 26:
4 Introductionalready compressed an
Page 27 and 28:
6 IntroductionChar. Freq. Prob. Cha
Page 29 and 30:
8 IntroductionThe Gold BugHere, the
Page 31 and 32:
10 Introductiondecoder, which is no
Page 33 and 34:
12 IntroductionName Size Descriptio
Page 35 and 36:
14 Introductionhttp://www.hn.is.uec
Page 37 and 38:
16 1. Basic TechniquesA B C D E•
Page 39 and 40:
18 1. Basic TechniquesBits Bit posi
Page 41 and 42:
20 1. Basic Techniquesaaaardvark 1a
Page 43 and 44:
22 1. Basic TechniquesChar. count C
Page 45 and 46:
24 1. Basic TechniquesThere are thr
Page 47 and 48:
26 1. Basic Techniquesrow by row, l
Page 49 and 50:
28 1. Basic Techniquesby examining
Page 51 and 52:
30 1. Basic Techniques1.4.2 Conditi
Page 53 and 54:
32 1. Basic Techniquesconsider the
Page 55 and 56:
34 1. Basic Techniques⋄ Exercise
Page 57 and 58:
36 1. Basic Techniquescontain codes
Page 59 and 60:
38 1. Basic Techniquesthe␣boy␣o
Page 61 and 62:
40 1. Basic Techniques16 units dist
Page 63 and 64:
This page intentionally left blank
Page 65 and 66:
44 2. Statistical Methodsso that la
Page 67 and 68:
46 2. Statistical Methods(Actually,
Page 69 and 70:
48 2. Statistical MethodsYou have t
Page 71 and 72:
50 2. Statistical Methods2.2 Variab
Page 73 and 74:
52 2. Statistical MethodsIt is also
Page 75 and 76:
54 2. Statistical Methodsn Unary B(
Page 77 and 78:
56 2. Statistical MethodsNumber Bas
Page 79 and 80:
58 2. Statistical MethodsAs n grows
Page 81 and 82:
60 2. Statistical Methods12 values
Page 83 and 84:
62 2. Statistical Methodsm ≥ 1log
Page 85 and 86:
64 2. Statistical Methodsunary code
Page 87 and 88:
66 2. Statistical Methodsgreater th
Page 89 and 90:
68 2. Statistical MethodsProb. Step
Page 91 and 92:
70 2. Statistical Methods230303018
Page 93 and 94:
72 2. Statistical Methods000 E .130
Page 95 and 96:
74 2. Statistical Methods123410102.
Page 97 and 98:
76 2. Statistical MethodsAnswer 1.
Page 99 and 100:
78 2. Statistical Methods1.0.551.0.
Page 101 and 102:
80 2. Statistical Methodscodes, whi
Page 103 and 104:
82 2. Statistical Methodsmay have t
Page 105 and 106:
84 2. Statistical Methods2.9 Adapti
Page 107 and 108:
86 2. Statistical MethodsTherefore,
Page 109 and 110:
88 2. Statistical MethodsA simple e
Page 111 and 112:
90 2. Statistical Methods2.9.6 Vitt
Page 113 and 114:
92 2. Statistical Methodsthe algori
Page 115 and 116:
94 2. Statistical Methods0000000000
Page 117 and 118:
96 2. Statistical Methodscounts) is
Page 119 and 120:
98 2. Statistical Methods1904. The
Page 121 and 122:
100 2. Statistical MethodsScan Pels
Page 123 and 124:
102 2. Statistical Methods(a)White
Page 125 and 126:
104 2. Statistical Methodsline [(b
Page 127 and 128:
106 2. Statistical Methodsencoder a
Page 129 and 130:
108 2. Statistical MethodsReference
Page 131 and 132:
110 2. Statistical MethodsA theory
Page 133 and 134:
112 2. Statistical MethodsX. Table
Page 135 and 136:
114 2. Statistical MethodsChar. Cod
Page 137 and 138:
116 2. Statistical Methods1 2 3 4 5
Page 139 and 140:
118 2. Statistical Methods1 2 3 4 5
Page 141 and 142:
120 2. Statistical Methodstherefore
Page 143 and 144:
122 2. Statistical Methodsa 8 a 2 a
Page 145 and 146:
124 2. Statistical Methods2.16 The
Page 147 and 148:
126 2. Statistical MethodsSymbol C
Page 149 and 150:
128 2. Statistical MethodsRenormali
Page 151 and 152:
130 2. Statistical MethodsStep 1: C
Page 153 and 154:
132 2. Statistical MethodsQe Hex Ne
Page 155 and 156:
134 2. Statistical Methods2.18 PPMT
Page 157 and 158:
136 2. Statistical MethodsA Quotati
Page 159 and 160:
138 2. Statistical Methods2.18.1 PP
Page 161 and 162:
140 2. Statistical Methodsin the pr
Page 163 and 164:
142 2. Statistical Methodsprobabili
Page 165 and 166:
144 2. Statistical Methodsnot get i
Page 167 and 168:
146 2. Statistical Methodsz,1 x,1 z
Page 169 and 170:
148 2. Statistical Methodsa,2 i,1 n
Page 171 and 172:
150 2. Statistical Methods987Bits p
Page 173 and 174:
152 2. Statistical Methodsinterval
Page 175 and 176:
154 2. Statistical Methodssparse, c
Page 177 and 178:
156 2. Statistical Methods2.19 Cont
Page 179 and 180:
158 2. Statistical MethodsExample:
Page 181 and 182:
160 2. Statistical Methodsare the s
Page 183 and 184:
162 2. Statistical Methods(5,3)P e
Page 185 and 186:
Page 187 and 188:
166 3. Dictionary MethodsExample: A
Page 189 and 190:
168 3. Dictionary MethodsString Pro
Page 191 and 192:
170 3. Dictionary MethodsThe encode
Page 193 and 194:
172 3. Dictionary Methodssophistica
Page 195 and 196:
174 3. Dictionary MethodsNotice the
Page 197 and 198:
176 3. Dictionary Methodswould be m
Page 199 and 200:
178 3. Dictionary Methods3.6 QIC-12
Page 201 and 202:
180 3. Dictionary MethodsTable 3.8
Page 203 and 204:
182 3. Dictionary Methodsbetween th
Page 205 and 206:
184 3. Dictionary MethodsCOPY also
Page 207 and 208:
186 3. Dictionary Methodsconcatenat
Page 209 and 210:
188 3. Dictionary Methodsnew data t
Page 211 and 212:
190 3. Dictionary Methods1. A liter
Page 213 and 214:
192 3. Dictionary MethodsThe leftmo
Page 215 and 216:
194 3. Dictionary MethodsTests done
Page 217 and 218:
196 3. Dictionary MethodsI is in th
Page 219 and 220:
198 3. Dictionary Methods0 NULL 110
Page 221 and 222:
200 3. Dictionary Methodseach node
Page 223 and 224:
202 3. Dictionary Methodsdictionary
Page 225 and 226:
204 3. Dictionary MethodsOnce the r
Page 227 and 228:
206 3. Dictionary Methods3.14 LZMWT
Page 229 and 230:
208 3. Dictionary Methodsrealize th
Page 231 and 232:
210 3. Dictionary MethodsRepeatInpu
Page 233 and 234:
212 3. Dictionary MethodsIndex Tabl
Page 235 and 236:
214 3. Dictionary Methods0 170 17HH
Page 237 and 238:
216 3. Dictionary Methodsused to pr
Page 239 and 240:
218 3. Dictionary Methodsso H is a
Page 241 and 242:
220 3. Dictionary MethodsOnce in th
Page 243 and 244:
222 3. Dictionary Methodsmethod of
Page 245 and 246:
224 3. Dictionary MethodsLHArc, fro
Page 247 and 248:
226 3. Dictionary Methodsliteral/le
Page 249 and 250:
228 3. Dictionary MethodsExtra Extr
Page 251 and 252:
230 3. Dictionary Methods2. When se
Page 253 and 254:
232 3. Dictionary Methodstends to h
Page 255 and 256:
234 3. Dictionary Methods3.23.3 The
Page 257 and 258:
236 3. Dictionary Methodsdesigned b
Page 259 and 260:
238 3. Dictionary Methods1 6 4 6 2
Page 261 and 262:
240 3. Dictionary Methodsfunction P
Page 263 and 264:
242 3. Dictionary Methodscompressor
Page 265 and 266:
244 3. Dictionary MethodsExamples:
Page 267 and 268:
246 3. Dictionary Methods3.28 Summa
Page 269 and 270:
248 3. Dictionary Methodswhere in t
Page 271 and 272:
250 3. Dictionary Methodsthese prob
Page 273 and 274:
252 4. Image Compression1. A bi-lev
Page 275 and 276:
254 4. Image CompressionHow should
Page 277 and 278:
256 4. Image Compression(a)(b)Figur
Page 279 and 280:
258 4. Image Compression55101015152
Page 281 and 282:
260 4. Image CompressionThis approa
Page 283 and 284:
262 4. Image CompressionA good exam
Page 285 and 286:
264 4. Image Compression43210 Gray
Page 287 and 288:
266 4. Image Compression(2)(1)Binar
Page 289 and 290:
268 4. Image Compression(8)(7)(6)Bi
Page 291 and 292:
270 4. Image Compression(a)(b)Figur
Page 293 and 294:
272 4. Image CompressionTypical PSN
Page 295 and 296:
274 4. Image Compression4.3.2 Quant
Page 297 and 298:
Page 299 and 300:
278 4. Image CompressionExample. Gi
Page 301 and 302:
280 4. Image Compression(or transfo
Page 303 and 304:
282 4. Image Compression4.5.1 Two-D
Page 305 and 306:
284 4. Image Compressioneach image
Page 307 and 308:
286 4. Image CompressionBefore we d
Page 309 and 310:
288 4. Image Compressioncausing the
Page 311 and 312:
290 4. Image Compression4.6.1 Intro
Page 313 and 314:
292 4. Image Compressionless import
Page 315 and 316:
294 4. Image Compression4. Each vec
Page 317 and 318:
296 4. Image Compression00 10 20 30
Page 319 and 320:
298 4. Image Compression% 8x8 corre
Page 321 and 322:
300 4. Image Compressionindicate th
Page 323 and 324:
302 4. Image Compression21.510.510.
Page 325 and 326:
304 4. Image CompressionFigure 4.43
Page 327 and 328:
Page 329 and 330:
308 4. Image CompressionEach of mat
Page 331 and 332:
310 4. Image Compressionk scale DCT
Page 333 and 334:
312 4. Image Compression1. Regardle
Page 335 and 336:
314 4. Image Compression⎡⎤1 0 0
Page 337 and 338:
316 4. Image Compressionfour DCT co
Page 339 and 340:
318 4. Image Compression4.6.9 Vecto
Page 341 and 342:
320 4. Image Compressionthe importa
Page 343 and 344:
322 4. Image Compressionsin θ =
Page 345 and 346:
324 4. Image CompressionN=8;m=[1:N]
Page 347 and 348:
Page 349 and 350:
Page 351 and 352:
330 4. Image Compressionworks on ea
Page 353 and 354:
332 4. Image Compression1024=8×128
Page 355 and 356:
334 4. Image CompressionY = (77/256
Page 357 and 358:
336 4. Image Compression16 11 10 16
Page 359 and 360:
Page 361 and 362:
340 4. Image CompressionZ0123456789
Page 363 and 364:
342 4. Image Compression4.8.5 Lossl
Page 365 and 366:
344 4. Image CompressionValue Name
Page 367 and 368:
346 4. Image Compression4.9 JPEG-LS
Page 369 and 370:
348 4. Image Compressionif(Rc>=max(
Page 371 and 372:
350 4. Image CompressionPrediction
Page 373 and 374:
352 4. Image Compressionbits of 1,
Page 375 and 376:
Page 377 and 378:
356 4. Image Compressionnumbers and
Page 379 and 380:
358 4. Image CompressionThe decoder
Page 381 and 382:
360 4. Image CompressionS(a)1 1 11
Page 383 and 384:
362 4. Image Compressionthe values
Page 385 and 386:
364 4. Image CompressionM x ,M y ·
Page 387 and 388:
366 4. Image CompressionAdeBf-11-32
Page 389 and 390:
368 4. Image Compressionlow-resolut
Page 391 and 392:
370 4. Image Compression2. Special
Page 393 and 394:
372 4. Image Compression1. Text reg
Page 395 and 396:
374 4. Image CompressionName Type S
Page 397 and 398:
376 4. Image Compressionit sets USE
Page 399 and 400:
378 4. Image Compressionsine of θ,
Page 401 and 402:
380 4. Image Compressionreads segme
Page 403 and 404:
382 4. Image Compressionthey consti
Page 405 and 406:
384 4. Image CompressionStep 0: Sel
Page 407 and 408:
Page 409 and 410:
Page 411 and 412:
390 4. Image Compression255(0x...,1
Page 413 and 414:
392 4. Image CompressionThe remaind
Page 415 and 416:
394 4. Image Compressionthis third
Page 417 and 418:
396 4. Image Compressionleftmost pi
Page 419 and 420:
398 4. Image Compressionk : 2 3 4 5
Page 421 and 422:
400 4. Image Compressionthe block.
Page 423 and 424:
402 4. Image Compression15Compressi
Page 425 and 426:
404 4. Image Compressionthe first t
Page 427 and 428:
406 4. Image CompressionSince 10011
Page 429 and 430:
408 4. Image Compressionas 2 or 3).
Page 431 and 432:
410 4. Image CompressionPixel Regio
Page 433 and 434:
Page 435 and 436:
414 4. Image CompressionThe encoder
Page 437 and 438:
416 4. Image CompressionWhat we kno
Page 439 and 440:
418 4. Image CompressionxV 0 2 4 6
Page 441 and 442:
420 4. Image Compressionbe used, af
Page 443 and 444:
422 4. Image Compressionf). This is
Page 445 and 446:
424 4. Image Compressionα1−α0 1
Page 447 and 448:
426 4. Image CompressionOne critica
Page 449 and 450:
428 4. Image Compression-0.051/61/6
Page 451 and 452:
430 4. Image CompressionThe prefix
Page 453 and 454:
432 4. Image Compressionsin(t) : 0
Page 455 and 456:
Page 457 and 458:
436 4. Image CompressionAdaptive DP
Page 459 and 460:
438 4. Image CompressionA copied bl
Page 461 and 462:
440 4. Image Compressionsearch may
Page 463 and 464:
442 4. Image Compression4. A softwa
Page 465 and 466:
444 4. Image Compressionprediction
Page 467 and 468:
446 4. Image Compressiondevelopers
Page 469 and 470:
448 4. Image Compressionquantizatio
Page 471 and 472:
450 4. Image CompressionIt’s easy
Page 473 and 474:
452 4. Image CompressionThis is the
Page 475 and 476:
454 4. Image Compressionv 1+v 2v 2v
Page 477 and 478:
456 4. Image Compressionand prepare
Page 479 and 480:
458 4. Image Compressionm2 0 cells
Page 481 and 482:
460 4. Image Compression0,255115,25
Page 483 and 484:
462 4. Image Compressionvalues (whi
Page 485 and 486:
464 4. Image Compressionexample. Fi
Page 487 and 488:
466 4. Image Compressionan operatio
Page 489 and 490:
Page 491 and 492:
470 4. Image CompressionMatrix M 5
Page 493 and 494:
472 4. Image CompressionExample: A
Page 495 and 496:
474 4. Image Compression(0,0), (0,1
Page 497 and 498:
476 4. Image Compression12 3 4 5 6
Page 499 and 500:
478 4. Image Compressiona 2-digit s
Page 501 and 502:
480 4. Image CompressionNotice that
Page 503 and 504:
482 4. Image CompressionThe second
Page 505 and 506:
484 4. Image Compressiondim=256;for
Page 507 and 508:
486 4. Image CompressionOn the othe
Page 509 and 510:
488 4. Image Compression(size A), t
Page 511 and 512:
490 4. Image CompressionOne result
Page 513 and 514:
Page 515 and 516:
494 4. Image Compressionstate and t
Page 517 and 518:
496 4. Image Compressionscaling. If
Page 519 and 520:
498 4. Image CompressionThe Golden
Page 521 and 522:
500 4. Image CompressionIn general,
Page 523 and 524:
502 4. Image Compressiona b c d m n
Page 525 and 526:
504 4. Image Compression(a)TT T TTT
Page 527 and 528:
506 4. Image Compression4.35.7 IFS
Page 529 and 530:
508 4. Image CompressionThis is don
Page 531 and 532:
510 4. Image Compressiont:=some def
Page 533 and 534:
512 4. Image Compressionscanned cel
Page 535 and 536:
514 5. Wavelet MethodsFigure 5.1 sh
Page 537 and 538:
516 5. Wavelet MethodsThe spectrum
Page 539 and 540:
518 5. Wavelet Methodsπ−ππ/2
Page 541 and 542:
520 5. Wavelet Methodsππ/2−2π2
Page 543 and 544:
522 5. Wavelet Methodstoo small for
Page 545 and 546:
524 5. Wavelet Methods5.5 The CWT a
Page 547 and 548:
526 5. Wavelet Methodstranslation p
Page 549 and 550:
528 5. Wavelet Methodsare almost mi
Page 551 and 552:
530 5. Wavelet MethodsWhen looking
Page 553 and 554:
532 5. Wavelet Methodsinterchangeab
Page 555 and 556:
534 5. Wavelet Methodsprocedure NWT
Page 557 and 558:
536 5. Wavelet Methodsprocedure Std
Page 559 and 560:
538 5. Wavelet Methodshorizontal li
Page 561 and 562:
540 5. Wavelet MethodsThe discrete
Page 563 and 564:
542 5. Wavelet Methods255 224 192 1
Page 565 and 566:
544 5. Wavelet Methods0020204040606
Page 567 and 568:
546 5. Wavelet MethodsAnd just like
Page 569 and 570:
548 5. Wavelet Methodsof the image
Page 571 and 572:
550 5. Wavelet Methodsprocess where
Page 573 and 574:
552 5. Wavelet Methodsand the new d
Page 575 and 576:
554 5. Wavelet MethodsFrom the Dict
Page 577 and 578:
556 5. Wavelet MethodsThe vector x
Page 579 and 580:
558 5. Wavelet Methodsand rules 3-5
Page 581 and 582:
560 5. Wavelet Methodsuse any set o
Page 583 and 584:
562 5. Wavelet Methodsfunction wc1=
Page 585 and 586:
564 5. Wavelet Methodsfunction dat=
Page 587 and 588:
566 5. Wavelet Methodsfunction dat=
Page 589 and 590:
568 5. Wavelet Methods-.10714890141
Page 591 and 592:
570 5. Wavelet Methods0.060.040.020
Page 593 and 594:
572 5. Wavelet Methods5.9 Multireso
Page 595 and 596:
574 5. Wavelet Methodsfilters and c
Page 597 and 598:
576 5. Wavelet MethodsOriginalimage
Page 599 and 600:
578 5. Wavelet MethodsTemporary LOr
Page 601 and 602:
580 5. Wavelet Methodsapplications.
Page 603 and 604:
582 5. Wavelet MethodsThe update op
Page 605 and 606:
584 5. Wavelet Methodscalculate a d
Page 607 and 608:
586 5. Wavelet Methods−1/2d j−1
Page 609 and 610:
588 5. Wavelet Methodsgroup of its
Page 611 and 612:
590 5. Wavelet Methodsimplying that
Page 613 and 614:
592 5. Wavelet Methodsexcept the fi
Page 615 and 616:
594 5. Wavelet Methodshave small va
Page 617 and 618:
596 5. Wavelet Methodsconstraints a
Page 619 and 620:
598 5. Wavelet MethodsSPIHT was des
Page 621 and 622:
600 5. Wavelet Methodsbut this is c
Page 623 and 624:
602 5. Wavelet Methodsnumber of tes
Page 625 and 626:
604 5. Wavelet MethodsFigure 5.60 s
Page 627 and 628:
606 5. Wavelet MethodsThe bits S n
Page 629 and 630:
608 5. Wavelet Methodsand TCQ (arit
Page 631 and 632:
610 5. Wavelet Methodsa coefficient
Page 633 and 634:
612 5. Wavelet Methods5.16.1 Exampl
Page 635 and 636:
614 5. Wavelet MethodsDjVu routinel
Page 637 and 638:
616 5. Wavelet Methodsground colors
Page 639 and 640:
618 5. Wavelet Methodsfilter coeffi
Page 641 and 642:
620 5. Wavelet MethodsThe final sta
Page 643 and 644:
622 5. Wavelet MethodsCodeIndex or
Page 645 and 646:
624 5. Wavelet Methodsaccess the co
Page 647 and 648:
626 5. Wavelet Methodsstep of the J
Page 649 and 650:
628 5. Wavelet Methods←−−−
Page 651 and 652:
630 5. Wavelet Methodshelps in (1)
Page 653 and 654:
632 5. Wavelet Methodsin this bitpl
Page 655 and 656:
634 5. Wavelet MethodsLL and LH Sub
Page 657 and 658:
Page 659 and 660:
638 6. Video Compression6.1.1 The C
Page 661 and 662:
640 6. Video Compressionof vertical
Page 663 and 664:
642 6. Video Compression1/60 0P3438
Page 665 and 666:
644 6. Video Compressionwhose inver
Page 667 and 668:
646 6. Video CompressionFramePixelA
Page 669 and 670:
648 6. Video CompressionIn addition
Page 671 and 672:
650 6. Video Compressionencoder can
Page 673 and 674:
652 6. Video Compressionand trees a
Page 675 and 676:
654 6. Video CompressionSuboptimal
Page 677 and 678:
656 6. Video Compression+6+4+20−2
Page 679 and 680:
658 6. Video CompressionTwo-Dimensi
Page 681 and 682:
660 6. Video Compressionsmaller blo
Page 683 and 684:
662 6. Video Compressionand a refre
Page 685 and 686:
664 6. Video CompressionLuminance(a
Page 687 and 688:
666 6. Video Compressionwhere the f
Page 689 and 690:
668 6. Video CompressionY 1 Y 2Y 1
Page 691 and 692:
670 6. Video Compression0/1 1s (fir
Page 693 and 694:
672 6. Video Compressioncode of (0,
Page 695 and 696:
674 6. Video CompressionCode height
Page 697 and 698:
676 6. Video CompressionCode pictur
Page 699 and 700:
678 6. Video Compressioncbp cbp blo
Page 701 and 702:
680 6. Video CompressionA P picture
Page 703 and 704:
682 6. Video CompressionHeader para
Page 705 and 706:
684 6. Video Compressionespecially
Page 707 and 708:
686 6. Video CompressionDelivery. T
Page 709 and 710:
688 6. Video CompressionAudio codin
Page 711 and 712:
690 6. Video Compression3604352acti
Page 713 and 714:
692 7. Audio Compression7.1 SoundTo
Page 715 and 716:
694 7. Audio CompressionP = I · V
Page 717 and 718: 696 7. Audio Compressionsound wave
Page 719 and 720: 698 7. Audio Compressionbit samples
Page 721 and 722: 700 7. Audio Compression800 KHz. Th
Page 723 and 724: 702 7. Audio Compression7.3.1 Conve
Page 725 and 726: 704 7. Audio Compressionand (7.2).
Page 727 and 728: 706 7. Audio Compression12811296255
Page 729 and 730: 708 7. Audio Compressiony outputy o
Page 731 and 732: 710 7. Audio Compression7.5 ADPCM A
Page 733 and 734: 712 7. Audio Compressionas a functi
Page 735 and 736: 714 7. Audio Compressionthree bitsq
Page 737 and 738: 716 7. Audio Compressionmost-signif
Page 739 and 740: 718 7. Audio Compressionpitch and l
Page 741 and 742: 720 7. Audio Compression7.7.2 Wavef
Page 743 and 744: 722 7. Audio CompressionThe main eq
Page 745 and 746: 724 7. Audio CompressionThe gain pa
Page 747 and 748: 726 7. Audio CompressionA zeroth-or
Page 749 and 750: 728 7. Audio Compressioncode, which
Page 751 and 752: 730 7. Audio Compressionand techniq
Page 753 and 754: 732 7. Audio Compressioncoder and d
Page 755 and 756: 734 7. Audio Compressioni C i i C i
Page 757 and 758: 736 7. Audio Compressionbuffer hold
Page 759 and 760: 738 7. Audio CompressionFor layers
Page 761 and 762: 740 7. Audio CompressionIndex scale
Page 763 and 764: 742 7. Audio Compressionbit 4-bit n
Page 765 and 766: 744 7. Audio CompressionFramesequen
Page 767: 746 7. Audio Compression32 subbands
Page 771 and 772: 750 7. Audio Compressiongiven bycs
Page 773 and 774: 752 7. Audio CompressionThe largest
Page 775 and 776: This page intentionally left blank
Page 777 and 778: 756 8. Other Methodsinto an image t
Page 779 and 780: 758 8. Other Methodslexicographic o
Page 781 and 782: 760 8. Other MethodsL A Code C A Ls
Page 783 and 784: 762 8. Other Methods# of guesses: 1
Page 785 and 786: 764 8. Other Methods2. It has been
Page 787 and 788: 766 8. Other MethodsWhile text is i
Page 789 and 790: 768 8. Other Methods...s|wiss␣mis
Page 791 and 792: 770 8. Other Methods...your␣|swis
Page 793 and 794: 772 8. Other Methodscontext file. T
Page 795 and 796: 774 8. Other MethodsEquation (8.2).
Page 797 and 798: 776 8. Other MethodsS[1 ...0] = λS
Page 799 and 800: 778 8. Other Methodssuch a drawing
Page 801 and 802: 780 8. Other Methodsand subtract8.5
Page 803 and 804: 782 8. Other Methodsthat the probab
Page 805 and 806: 784 8. Other MethodsThis section an
Page 807 and 808: 786 8. Other Methodstoken is a pref
Page 809 and 810: 788 8. Other Methodsinto a three-di
Page 811 and 812: 790 8. Other MethodsThe LZW algorit
Page 813 and 814: 792 8. Other MethodsS:=empty string
Page 815 and 816: 794 8. Other Methodsimage, since it
Page 817 and 818: 796 8. Other MethodsMark: A visible
Page 819 and 820:
798 8. Other Methodsthe index is ba
Page 821 and 822:
800 8. Other MethodsA finite-state
Page 823 and 824:
802 8. Other MethodsThe DMC algorit
Page 825 and 826:
804 8. Other MethodsThis suggests t
Page 827 and 828:
806 8. Other Methods10 2 5 00 01011
Page 829 and 830:
808 8. Other MethodsThe main princi
Page 831 and 832:
810 8. Other Methods×ZS 1S 2×YPX
Page 833 and 834:
812 8. Other Methodswhere it compre
Page 835 and 836:
814 8. Other MethodsNew symbol the
Page 837 and 838:
816 8. Other Methodsthe pair (1, 2)
Page 839 and 840:
818 8. Other Methodsregions, each w
Page 841 and 842:
820 8. Other Methods5. The half-edg
Page 843 and 844:
822 8. Other MethodsH=H|C;% append
Page 845 and 846:
824 8. Other Methodsis the number o
Page 847 and 848:
826 8. Other MethodsC C R R R S L C
Page 849 and 850:
828 8. Other MethodsThe Unicode Sta
Page 851 and 852:
830 8. Other Methodsmode). The tags
Page 853 and 854:
832 8. Other MethodsThe encoder the
Page 855 and 856:
Page 857 and 858:
836 BibliographyBanister, Brian, an
Page 859 and 860:
838 BibliographyCormack G. V., and
Page 861 and 862:
840 BibliographyFrank, Amalie J., J
Page 863 and 864:
842 BibliographyNorwell, MA, 85-112
Page 865 and 866:
844 BibliographyLangdon, Glen G. (1
Page 867 and 868:
846 BibliographyNahin, Paul J., (19
Page 869 and 870:
848 BibliographyRFC1950 (1996) ZLIB
Page 871 and 872:
850 BibliographyStarck, J. L., F. M
Page 873 and 874:
852 BibliographyWilliams, Ross N. (
Page 875 and 876:
Page 877 and 878:
856 GlossaryASCII Code. The standar
Page 879 and 880:
858 GlossaryCircular Queue. A basic
Page 881 and 882:
860 Glossaryfunction (which has to
Page 883 and 884:
862 Glossarybackground is a continu
Page 885 and 886:
864 GlossaryGolomb Code. The Golomb
Page 887 and 888:
866 GlossaryJBIG2. A recent interna
Page 889 and 890:
868 GlossaryLifting Scheme. A metho
Page 891 and 892:
870 GlossaryMPEG. This acronym stan
Page 893 and 894:
872 GlossaryQM Coder. This is the a
Page 895 and 896:
874 GlossaryStatistical Methods. Th
Page 897 and 898:
876 Glossaryredundancy. A typical t
Page 899 and 900:
Page 901 and 902:
880 IndexAES, see association of au
Page 903 and 904:
882 Indexcodec, 7, 858codesASCII, 8
Page 905 and 906:
884 Indexlists, 860queues, 172, 860
Page 907 and 908:
886 Indexcausal, 553deriving coeffi
Page 909 and 910:
888 IndexIMA ADPCM compression, 436
Page 911 and 912:
890 Indexas the information functio
Page 913 and 914:
892 Indexvertical, 244parrots (imag
Page 915 and 916:
894 IndexReynolds, Paul, 167RGB col
Page 917 and 918:
896 Indexterabyte, 616textcase flat
Page 919 and 920:
898 IndexD4, 551, 558, 560D8, 558di
show all

Data Compression: The Complete Reference

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?