Phytoplankton as an indicator of water quality health status
Phytoplankton as an indicator of water quality health status
Phytoplankton as an indicator of water quality health status
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Fatimah Md Yus<strong>of</strong>f & Nursuhayati Abu Sem<strong>an</strong>Institute <strong>of</strong> Bioscience/Dept. <strong>of</strong> AquacultureUniversiti Putra MalaysiaNational Seminar `Ecosystem M<strong>an</strong>agement <strong>of</strong>Lakes <strong>an</strong>d Wetl<strong>an</strong>ds’5 th – 6 th February 2013
Contents• Introduction• <strong>Phytopl<strong>an</strong>kton</strong>• Lake ecosystem• Characteristics & types <strong>of</strong> trophic <strong>indicator</strong>• Putrajaya phytopl<strong>an</strong>kton• M<strong>an</strong>agement implications• Conclusions
Why is phytopl<strong>an</strong>kton import<strong>an</strong>t?• Produces oxygen – needs <strong>of</strong> aquaticlife• Algae are the b<strong>as</strong>is <strong>of</strong> most aquaticfood webs• Algae help to ‘purify’ <strong>water</strong> byabsorbing nutrients & heavy metals• Aquaculture – live feed• Industries - foods, nutraceuticals,pharmaceuticals, bi<strong>of</strong>uels.Algae c<strong>an</strong> be valuable <strong>indicator</strong>s <strong>of</strong> environmental <strong>quality</strong>:Sensitive to ch<strong>an</strong>ges in pH, nutrient or temperature.Monitor species composition & density - identifych<strong>an</strong>ges in <strong>water</strong> <strong>quality</strong>.
Trophic State <strong>of</strong> Lakes• Oligotrophic• Unproductive lakes, low N & P); low poductivity; veryclear <strong>water</strong>s, high hypolimnetic O 2, high species diversity.• Mesotrophic• Intermediate level <strong>of</strong> productivity; clear <strong>water</strong> lakes withsubmerged aquatic pl<strong>an</strong>ts & medium levels <strong>of</strong> nutrients.• Eutrophic• Productive with high nutrient supply, high productivity;Algae blooms – fish kills• Hypereutrophic• very nutrient-rich <strong>an</strong>d productive lakes (eg. >100 ugP/L) – severe algal blooms; low tr<strong>an</strong>sparency.(< 1m)
Eutrophication• Ecosystem response to the addition <strong>of</strong> nutrients,especially such <strong>as</strong> N & P.• C<strong>an</strong> be natural or artificial (cultural eutrophication)• Natural – natural nutrient deposition – slow• Artificial – <strong>an</strong>throphogenic – f<strong>as</strong>t & persistent org<strong>an</strong>icpollution• Nuis<strong>an</strong>ce phytopl<strong>an</strong>kton blooms
Sources <strong>of</strong> EutrophyIndustrial are<strong>as</strong>Org<strong>an</strong>ic PPO4Domestic & commercial CentresPartially treated sewageNO3NH3Org<strong>an</strong>ic NFarms (fertilisers,w<strong>as</strong>tes)Oligotrophic lakeAnthropogenic activitiesEutrophic lake
Consequences <strong>of</strong> eutrophication Incre<strong>as</strong>ed growth/blooms <strong>of</strong> nuis<strong>an</strong>ce microalgaesome algal species excrete large amt mucilage – foamstoxins - HABs Decre<strong>as</strong>e <strong>of</strong> dissolved oxygen – <strong>an</strong>oxic condition Incre<strong>as</strong>ed <strong>of</strong> toxic compounds – ammonia, nitrite, sulphide, Water <strong>quality</strong> deterioration – affect potable <strong>water</strong> Decre<strong>as</strong>e <strong>of</strong> aesthetic value – affect tourism Fish kill – high mortality Decre<strong>as</strong>e biodiversity - disappear<strong>an</strong>ce <strong>of</strong> commercially import<strong>an</strong>tspecies
Indicators <strong>of</strong> Trophic StatusWater Domin<strong>an</strong>t Algae Other commonalgaeOligotrophicSlightly acidic Desmids,Staurodesmus,Diatoms:Rhizosolenia,TabellariaOligotrophicNeutral toslightlyalkaline;nutrient poorDiatoms: Cyclotella*,Tabellaria;Chrysophytes,Diatoms;Dinobryon;CryptophytesOligotrophicNeutral toslightlyalkaline;productive atcertainse<strong>as</strong>onsChrysophytes:Dinobryon*,Mallomon<strong>as</strong>DiatomsCyclotella ocellata3 – 5 u diameter* Common in Putrajaya <strong>water</strong>sDinobryon
Indicators <strong>of</strong> Trophic StatusWater Domin<strong>an</strong>t Algae Other commonalgaeMesotrophicNeutral toslightlyalkalineDin<strong>of</strong>lagellatesMixedMesotrophicNeutral toslightly acidicPutrajaya lake –Green algae,Scenedesmus,Staur<strong>as</strong>trumPutrajaya lake,ScenedesmusEutrophicUsuallyalkaline,enrichedtropical lakesBlue-green algae:Oscillatoria,AnabaenaEuglenophytes iforg<strong>an</strong>icallypolluted
# <strong>of</strong> phytopl<strong>an</strong>kton genera <strong>an</strong>d species inPutrajaya lake <strong>an</strong>d wetl<strong>an</strong>d (Oct 2006 – Dec 2012)<strong>Phytopl<strong>an</strong>kton</strong> groups No. generadetectedNo. speciesdetectedChlorophyta (Green algae) 43 108Bacillariophyta (Diatoms) 24 41Euglenophyta (Euglenoids) 6 18Cy<strong>an</strong>obacteria (Blue-greenalgae)9 15Pyrrhophyta (Din<strong>of</strong>lagellates) 2 7Chrysophyta (Chrysophytes) 2 3Cryptophyta (Cryptophytes) 1 2Total 87 194
Sh<strong>an</strong>non-Weiner’s diversity indices (H’, H’ max <strong>an</strong>d J’)5.04.54.03.5BGA domin<strong>an</strong>ce in June 20121.00.90.80.7H' <strong>an</strong>d H' max3.02.52.01.51.00.50.00.60.50.40.30.20.10.0J'Oct. 06Nov. 06Dec. 06J<strong>an</strong>. 07Feb. 07Mar. 07Apr. 07May 07June. 07July. 07Aug. 07Sept.07Oct. 07Nov. 07Dec. 07J<strong>an</strong>. 08Feb. 08Mar.08Apr.08May 08June.08July.08Aug.08Sept.08J<strong>an</strong>.09Feb.09Mar.09Apr.09May 09June.09July.09Aug.09Sept.09Oct.09Nov.09Dec.09J<strong>an</strong>.10Feb.10Mar.10Apr.10May.10June.10July.10Aug.10Sept.10Oct.10Nov.10Dec.10Mar.11June.11Sept.11Dec.11Mar.12June.12Oct.12Dec.12Sampling MonthsH’ H’ max J'
<strong>Phytopl<strong>an</strong>kton</strong> Density Trend in PutrajayaWetl<strong>an</strong>d & Lake35006000.0Total Me<strong>an</strong> Density (cells/ml)300025002000150010005000J<strong>an</strong>.07Feb.07Mar.07Apr.07May.07Jun.07Jul.07Aug.07Sept.07Oct.07Nov.07Dec.07J<strong>an</strong>.08Feb.08Mar.08Apr.08May.08Jun.08Jul.08Aug.08Sept.08J<strong>an</strong>.09Feb.09Mar.09Apr.09May.09Jun.09Jul.09Aug.09Sept.09Oct.09Nov.09Dec.09J<strong>an</strong>.10Feb.10Mar.10Apr.10May.10Jun.10Jul.10Aug.10Sept.10Oct.10Nov.10Dec.10Mar.11Jun.11Sept.11Dec.11Mar.12Jun.12Oct.12Dec.12Sampling StationsAll stations Wetl<strong>an</strong>d Lake5000.04000.03000.02000.01000.00.0Me<strong>an</strong> Density Wetl<strong>an</strong>d vs Lake (cells/ml)Lake always h<strong>as</strong> higher density compared to the wetl<strong>an</strong>d<strong>Phytopl<strong>an</strong>kton</strong> density in the lake flcutuated dr<strong>as</strong>tically, sometimewith peaks close to eutrophic values
<strong>Phytopl<strong>an</strong>kton</strong> densities at PLg2 2006 - 2012250013,168.0PLg22,548.02,173.72000Density (cells/ml)150010005000Oct.06Nov.06Dec.06J<strong>an</strong>.07Feb.07Mar.07Apr.07May 07June.07July.07Aug.07Sept.07Oct.07Nov.07Dec.07J<strong>an</strong>.08Feb.08Mar.08Apr.08May 08June.08July.08Aug.08Sept.08J<strong>an</strong>.09Feb.09Mar.09Apr.09May 09June.09July.09Aug.09Sept.09Oct.09Nov.09Dec.09J<strong>an</strong>.10Feb.10Mar.10Apr.10May.10June.10July.10Aug.10Sept.10Oct.10Nov.10Dec.10Mar.11June.11Sept.11Dec.11Mar.12June.12Oct.12Dec.12Sampling MonthsBacillariophyta Chlorophyta Cy<strong>an</strong>ophyta PyrrophytaChrysophyta Cryptophyta Euglenophyta
Abund<strong>an</strong>ce <strong>of</strong> different phytopl<strong>an</strong>ktongroups: 2007 - 20122000.0BGA PeakMe<strong>an</strong> Density (cells/ml)1500.01000.0500.03197.60.0J<strong>an</strong>.07Feb.07Mar.07Apr.07May 07June.07July.07Aug.07Sept.07Oct.07Nov.07Dec.07J<strong>an</strong>.08Feb.08Mar.08Apr.08May 08June.08July.08Aug.08Sept.o8J<strong>an</strong>.09Feb.09Mar.09Apr.09May 09June.09July.09Aug.09Sept.09Oct.09Nov.09Dec.09J<strong>an</strong>.10Feb.10Mar.10Apr.10May.10June.10July.10Aug.10Sept.10Oct.10Nov.10Dec.10Mar.11June.11Sept.11Dec.11Mar.12June.12Oct.12Dec.12Sampling MonthsDiatoms Green algae Blue-green algae Din<strong>of</strong>lagellatesChrysophytes Cryptophytes Euglenoids• L (Low): < 100 cells/ml: Oligotrophic• C (Comparable): 100 – 1,000 cells/ml – Oligo-mesotrophic• H (high): > 1,000 cells/ml - mesotrophic• E (eutrophic): >10,000 cells/ml (mainly blue-green algae)
<strong>Phytopl<strong>an</strong>kton</strong> groups % in Putrajaya Lake <strong>an</strong>dWetl<strong>an</strong>d 2007 - 201210080<strong>Phytopl<strong>an</strong>kton</strong> population (%)6040200J<strong>an</strong>.07Feb.07Mar.07Apr.07May 07June.07July.07Aug.07Sept.07Oct.07Nov.07Dec.07J<strong>an</strong>.08Feb.08Mar.08Apr.08May 08June.08July.08Aug.08Sept.08J<strong>an</strong>.09Feb.09Mar.09Apr.09May 09June.09July.09Aug.09Sept.09Oct.09Nov.09Dec.09J<strong>an</strong>.10Feb.10Mar.10Apr.10May.10June.10July.10Aug.10Sept.10Oct.10Nov.10Dec.10Mar.11June.11Sept.11Dec.11Mar.12June.12Oct.12Dec.12Sampling MonthsDiatoms Green algae Blue-green algae Din<strong>of</strong>lagellatesChrysophytes Cryptophytes Euglenoids
Density (cells/ml)<strong>Phytopl<strong>an</strong>kton</strong> abund<strong>an</strong>ce at diff. stations5002195.0cells/mL2060.0cells/mL120117.0232.0 225.5 170.0 430.0<strong>Phytopl<strong>an</strong>kton</strong> Density(cells/mL)400300200100200780200860Density (cells/mL)10040200UE1 UW1 LE1 CW PLb1 PLc2 PLe1 PLd2 PLf5 PLg2Sampling StationBacillariophyta Chlorophyta Cy<strong>an</strong>ophyta PyrrhophytaChrysophyta Cryptophyta Euglenophyta0UE1 UW1 LE1 CW PLb1 PLc2 PLe1 PLd2 PLf5 PLg2Sampling StationBacillariophyta Chlorophyta Cy<strong>an</strong>ophyta PyrrhophytaChrysophyta Cryptophyta EuglenophytaDensity (cells/ml)6050403020100200970.0 100.0 144.0UE1 UW1 LE1 CW PLb1 PLc2 PLe1 PLd2 PLf5 PLg2Sampling StationBacillariophyta Chlorophyta Cy<strong>an</strong>ophyta PyrrhophytaChrysophyta Cryptophyta Euglenophyta80070060050040030020010002010UE1 UW1 LE1 CW PLb1 PLc2 PLe1 PLd2 PLf5 PLg2Sampling StationBacillariophyta Chlorophyta Cy<strong>an</strong>ophyta PyrrhophytaChrysophyta Cryptophyta EuglenophytaHigher abund<strong>an</strong>ce in the lake stations
<strong>Phytopl<strong>an</strong>kton</strong> abund<strong>an</strong>ce at diff. stationsDensity (cells/ml)9008007006005004003002001002011Density (cells/ml)4000.03500.03000.02500.02000.01500.01000.0500.0June 2012Domin<strong>an</strong>ce <strong>of</strong> BGA0UE1 UW1 LE1 CW PLb1 PLc2 PLe1 PLd2 PLf5 PLg2Sampling StationBacillariophyta Chlorophyta Cy<strong>an</strong>ophyta PyrrhophytaChrysophyta Cryptophyta Euglenophyta0.0UE1 UW1 LE1 CW PLb1 PLc2 PLe1 PLd2 PLf5 PLg2Sampling StationsBacillariophyta Chlorophyta Cy<strong>an</strong>ophyta PyrrophytaChrysophyta Cryptophyta Euglenophyta1200.0Density (cells/ml)1000.0800.0600.0400.0200.0Dec. 2012Incre<strong>as</strong>ing abund<strong>an</strong>ce<strong>of</strong> blue-greens &euglenoids in 20120.0UE1 UW1 LE1 CW PLb1 PLc2 PLe1 PLd2 PLf5 PLg2Sampling StationsBacillariophyta Chlorophyta Cy<strong>an</strong>ophyta PyrrophytaChrysophyta Cryptophyta Euglenophyta
Cluster Analysis <strong>of</strong> <strong>Phytopl<strong>an</strong>kton</strong> Abund<strong>an</strong>ce7580Tr<strong>an</strong>sform: Log(X+1)Resembl<strong>an</strong>ce: S17 Bray Curtis similarity20076070Tr<strong>an</strong>sform: Log(X+1)Resembl<strong>an</strong>ce: S17 Bray Curtis similarity2008Similarity8590Similarity809590100Wetl<strong>an</strong>d4Wetl<strong>an</strong>d2Lake5Lake6Lake4StationsLake1Lake3Wetl<strong>an</strong>d3Wetl<strong>an</strong>d160Lake2(a)100Lake3Lake4Lake5Lake6Wetl<strong>an</strong>d1StationsWetl<strong>an</strong>d3Tr<strong>an</strong>sform: Log(X+1)Resembl<strong>an</strong>ce: S17 Bray Curtis similarityLake1Lake2Wetl<strong>an</strong>d2Wetl<strong>an</strong>d4(b)Dendrograms <strong>of</strong>different stations b<strong>as</strong>edon phytopl<strong>an</strong>ktondensitySimilarity708090100Lake1Lake2Lake3LakeLake5Lake4StationsLake6Wetl<strong>an</strong>d1Wetl<strong>an</strong>d3Wetl<strong>an</strong>d2Wetl<strong>an</strong>d2009Wetl<strong>an</strong>d4(c)
Cluster Analysis <strong>of</strong> <strong>Phytopl<strong>an</strong>kton</strong> Abund<strong>an</strong>ce7075Tr<strong>an</strong>sform: Log(X+1)Resembl<strong>an</strong>ce: S17 Bray Curtis similarity201085Tr<strong>an</strong>sform: Log(X+1)Resembl<strong>an</strong>ce: S17 Bray Curtis similarity20118090Similarity8590Similarity9595100Lake1Lake2Lake3Lake5LakeLake4StationsLake6Wetl<strong>an</strong>d3Wetl<strong>an</strong>d1Wetl<strong>an</strong>d28085Wetl<strong>an</strong>dWetl<strong>an</strong>d4(d)100Lake3Lake5Lake4Tr<strong>an</strong>sform: Log(X+1)Resembl<strong>an</strong>ce: S17 Bray Curtis similarity2012Lake6Lake1Lake2StationsLakeWetl<strong>an</strong>d3Wetl<strong>an</strong>d2Wetl<strong>an</strong>d1Wetl<strong>an</strong>d4(e)Wetl<strong>an</strong>dSimilarity9095100Lake4Lake6Lake5LakeLake2Lake1StationsLake3Wetl<strong>an</strong>d1Wetl<strong>an</strong>d2Wetl<strong>an</strong>d3Wetl<strong>an</strong>dWetl<strong>an</strong>d4(f)
<strong>Phytopl<strong>an</strong>kton</strong> <strong>as</strong> <strong>indicator</strong> <strong>of</strong> trophic <strong>status</strong> in PutrajayaLake & Wetl<strong>an</strong>dsTrophic : Oligotrophic ...............mesotrophic………….eutrophicNutrient: Deficient….................adequate……………………highClarity: clear………………………………………..………..turbidDiatoms: Cyclotella……………Melosira…………………..…….………………………Fragilaria………………..Chrysophytes: Dinobryon, Mallomon<strong>as</strong>…………………………Chlorophyta:………Scenedesmus, Staur<strong>as</strong>trum……………..Cy<strong>an</strong>obacteria: .……Merismopedia………Anabaena, MicrosystisDin<strong>of</strong>lagellates:…… Peridinium, Ceratium………………………Cryptophytes:..............Cryptomon<strong>as</strong>.........................................Euglenoids: ………………………………….…………. Euglena…………………………………...........................Phacus
<strong>Phytopl<strong>an</strong>kton</strong> & M<strong>an</strong>agement <strong>Phytopl<strong>an</strong>kton</strong> species composition shifts with ch<strong>an</strong>ging<strong>water</strong> <strong>quality</strong>: Cle<strong>an</strong> <strong>water</strong> species: Diatoms, chrysophytes Eutrophic species: Blue-green algae, euglenoids <strong>Phytopl<strong>an</strong>kton</strong> density responses to ch<strong>an</strong>ges in nutrients: < 1000 cells; oligo-mesotrophic > 10,000 cells/ml: eutrophicIncre<strong>as</strong>ing density <strong>of</strong> green algae, cells/ml
<strong>Phytopl<strong>an</strong>kton</strong> & M<strong>an</strong>agementThreats <strong>of</strong> eutrophication:Nutrients from the upstream <strong>of</strong> thewetl<strong>an</strong>ds & the area surrounding thelake.<strong>Phytopl<strong>an</strong>kton</strong> communityresponses by shifts in speciescomposition & abund<strong>an</strong>ce <strong>of</strong><strong>indicator</strong> speciesWetl<strong>an</strong>d area w<strong>as</strong> less affecteddue to filtering effects by themacrophytes: More oligotrophic <strong>indicator</strong> speciesUN 6 lower phytopl<strong>an</strong>kton densities th<strong>an</strong> the lake Less dr<strong>as</strong>tic density fluctuationsEuglenoid blooms - Indicator<strong>of</strong> org<strong>an</strong>ic pollution
Conclusions• 194 species <strong>of</strong> phytopl<strong>an</strong>kton from 87 genera• The no. <strong>of</strong> species underwent dr<strong>as</strong>tic fluctuations in the earlyyears, but seemed to stabilize in 2009-2010.• Dr<strong>as</strong>tic fluctuations in 2011 & 2012 could be due to longsampling intervals• Species diversity decre<strong>as</strong>ed in 2012 due to domin<strong>an</strong>ce <strong>of</strong>blue-green algae – eutrophication <strong>indicator</strong>.• In the wetl<strong>an</strong>d – more oligotrophic species• In the lake – more mesotrophic species• In 2012 – lake area w<strong>as</strong> dominated by eutrophic species• In 2012 - Euglenoid w<strong>as</strong> dom<strong>an</strong>t in the upper wetl<strong>an</strong>d area.• <strong>Phytopl<strong>an</strong>kton</strong> density incre<strong>as</strong>ed over the years, especially inthe lake area:– Density in wetl<strong>an</strong>d area is in the oligotrophic level– In the lake – mesotrophic level: > 1000 cells/ml
Conclusions• Ecosystem is slowly ch<strong>an</strong>ging towards mesotrophic <strong>an</strong>d eutrophic• Effective m<strong>an</strong>agement <strong>of</strong> nutrient loadings• Surrounding l<strong>an</strong>d area: housing, commercial centre• Head<strong>water</strong>s: UPM, MARDI, Agriculture l<strong>an</strong>ds, Golf course, Hospital,Hotels• Artificial wetl<strong>an</strong>d is very effectively in reducing pollution from thehead<strong>water</strong>s• Wetl<strong>an</strong>d belt around the lake perimeter• Application <strong>of</strong> in-lake ecotechnology• Incre<strong>as</strong>e oxygen level at sediment-<strong>water</strong> interph<strong>as</strong>e• Nutrient sequestrationOligotrophyMesotrophyEutrophicHyper-eutrohic
Putrajaya LakeYes ???Blue-green algae bloomsEuglena blooms
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