Democratic Breakthroughs and Revolutions in Five Post-Communist ...

16Kostunica. This division in the democratic opposition between radicals (Djindjic) andmoderates (Kostunica) is common to democratic coalitions in post-communist stateswho are united more by what they oppose than what they support.In Georgia the opposition united around the EM-DP during the RoseRevolution and is the only example of their merging into one party, the UnitedNational Movement. There was little opposition to the EM-DP from pro-Shevardnadze political forces, unlike in Slovakia, Croatia, Serbia and Ukraine frompolitical forces led by Meciar, Tudjman, Milosevic and Kuchma. Georgia alsofundamentally differed from Ukraine in not having a powerful domestic pro-Russianpolitical force as the Communist Party is weak. Igor Giorgadze heads a small pro-Russian force but he is in exile in Russia following accusations of his involvement inassassination attempts on Shevardnadze. Giorgadze’s pro-Russian Party of Justice hasminimal support in Georgia. In Ukraine a triangular opposition consisting ofYushchenko (Our Ukraine), the Tymoshenko bloc and Socialists had existed since2001. This triangular alliance re-emerged in round two of the 2004 elections andplayed a vital role in creating a broad-based Orange Revolution coalition. The onlyopposition group marginalized from the Orange Revolution coalition was theCommunist Party which declared its neutrality in round two but its voters probablybacked Yanukovych.In authoritarian states the democratic opposition is often fractured, divided,and marginalized from public life and state institutions. In Russia, the Union of RightForces and Yabloko failed to enter the 2003 State Duma. Both political forces havefailed to unite in the face of the threat from an authoritarian regime. In Belarus theregime places heavy restrictions on the activities of the democratic opposition andblocks them from obtaining large numbers of deputies in parliament. In Azerbaijan,