Father <strong>School</strong>: S tep by StepGender Equity means equitable treatment <strong>of</strong> men and women. For reaching equity it is <strong>of</strong>ten required to takemeasures which would compensate for historic and social barriers that prevented men and women from actingotherwise on a common playing field. Equity leads to equality.Gender-neutral: gender-neutral strategies are not aimed at men or women specifically. It is presumed that theyequally influence representatives <strong>of</strong> both sexes. However, in practice they may become gender-blind.Gender Perspective or Gender Lens: using a ‘gender perspective’ means considering a certain issue in thecontext <strong>of</strong> different implications <strong>of</strong> a decision to be made or measures to be taken for men and for women. Theprocess is also called issue examination through a gender lens, this implying that a filter (or a lens) highlightsexisting or potential differences between men and women.Gender Relations mean social relations and distribution <strong>of</strong> authority between men and women in private and publicrealms.Gender Roles represent the roles prescribed to men and women according to cultural norms and traditions. Mostly,gender roles are based not on biological and physical qualities but rather on stereotypes and suppositions on whatmen and women can and must do. Problems in the issue relating to gender roles arise when the society attributeshigher value to the role <strong>of</strong> one sex – as a rule, to men.Gender Stereotypes: gender stereotypes stem from conceptions (mostly old-fashioned) about male and femaleroles, opportunities and distinctive features. While in some cases these conceptions are based on real grounds, theirsoundness turn out to be quite questionable when applied to all men and women in all situations. This results in theformation <strong>of</strong> physical and psychological obstacles, which prevent men and women from making free choice andrealizing their rights in full.Disaggregation by Sex, Gender disaggregation: the term relates to statistical data or some other information,the collection and use <strong>of</strong> which is performed with disaggregation (detailing) by sex for separately demonstrating theeffect <strong>of</strong> a certain event or phenomenon on men and women.Decent work means business activity ensuring employees’ rights protection and guaranteeing adequate income andadequate social protection. The primary task <strong>of</strong> the International Labor Organization (ILO) is to support opportunitiesfor women and men to find decent and productive work (both in the formal and informal sector), with freedom,equity, safety and respect for human dignity being observed.Discrimination:Direct discrimination occurs when under similar conditions different people are treated differently based upontheir sex.Indirect discrimination occurs when seemingly neutral position, criterion or activity may leave a person at adisadvantage on grounds <strong>of</strong> sex, except for the cases when general practice is substantiated by objective legitimatepurposes while means towards these ends match the necessity.Violence against women refers to any cruel act which results in or may cause physical, mental or sexual harm orsuffering to a woman. This includes threatening with such acts, using force or deprivation <strong>of</strong> liberty which may occurin social or private life.Violence against women involves but is not limited by the following: physical, sexual and psychological violence in a family, including bodily blows, sexual domestic violenceagainst female children, violence as a part <strong>of</strong> dowry (ransom), marital violence, injury <strong>of</strong> female genitalorgans and other traditional forms <strong>of</strong> cruel acts against women, cruelty outside family life and exploitativecruelty; physical, sexual and psychological violence in a community, including rape, sexual abuse, sexual harassmentand intimidation (at work, including educational institutions and other places), human traffic and whiteslavery; physical, sexual and psychological violence committed by the state or with its connivance, wherever itoccurs.Reproductive Health means not merely absence <strong>of</strong> any diseases or weakness but the state <strong>of</strong> absolute physical,mental and social well-being in all that concerns the reproductive system, its functions and processes. Thus, the36
Father <strong>School</strong>: S tep by Stepconcept ‘reproductive health’ implies a possibility for everyone to enjoy proper and safe sexual life, have a family andright to a free choice whether to have children, when and how many.Reproductive Work means household work (<strong>of</strong>ten performed by women), which is not recompensed and notincluded into gross domestic product. This refers to sustaining the vital activity <strong>of</strong> social and family structures onwhich productive labor depends. This concept can also be defined by the expressions ‘reproductive labor’ or ‘socialreproduction’.Sexual harassment: this term implies unwelcome sexual interest infringing personal security. This includesdemanding sexual services, hostile or humiliating utterances or touches. This is a form <strong>of</strong> discrimination and abuse <strong>of</strong><strong>of</strong>fice.Socialization means that individuals learn to accept and perform functions and roles prescribed by the society. Inthe process <strong>of</strong> socialization, men and women learn to perform different social roles from birth. The formation <strong>of</strong>different roles and expectations for men and women is the main distinctive feature <strong>of</strong> gender socialization in mostsocieties.The glass ceiling refers to obstacles which do not allow women to occupy high posts both in private and publicinstitutions. Thus, this term pertains to political, <strong>of</strong>ficial, legal, social and economic areas. The word ‘glass’ is usedhere as these obstacles are practically invisible and are usually connected with maintaining the prevalent structure inan institution as opposed to an open and transparent system <strong>of</strong> career advancement opportunities for women andmen.Engendering: shows how differently events influence individuals depending on their sex as well as how individuals’sex influence certain events. Engendering also means acknowledging the fact that labor differentiation on thegrounds <strong>of</strong> sex and relevant norms, values and opinions on prescriptive femininity and masculinity, are determinedby the distribution <strong>of</strong> authoritative relations between sexes. Existing distribution makes women's voices less audible,diminishes the significance <strong>of</strong> their contribution into the society’s cultural and social life, restricts their access toresources and control over them. Authoritative relations between sexes differ depending on historical and religiouscontext. Besides, they are influenced by other social relations between classes, castes, ethnical groups or races insidea society.37