Untitled - Specii Invazive

NEouorADrN RonrANrAEDITORI:l-Aszr'o nArosYLAURAMOMEUPRESA UNTERSTrARA CLUIEANA2009

Ncobiota din Romaniai 66-97 ISBN 978-973-61 0-923-2Neophytes in RomaniaPaulina Auesresru & Gavril NEGRE NIi is widely knowr that the alien plam species, invasive and poteltially invasive, represents anintemational priority and also a national one. Based on lots of bibliographical sourccs, herbaria sheetsand field observations of the autboN. a complete list of neoph)'tcs from Romania was done. we identified365 ncophytes, 38 among these being invasivc. For each taxon wc mentioned and analyzodi o.igin'life form. dist'ibution in Rornania, way oi introduction, abundance, invasive status, impact on natxmlecosystems, cconomic impact This tist represents an impodant step to initiate actions for napping andnonitoring neophtaes, as well as to elaborate measures ofprevention and control of the invasive plantKey words: neoph]'tes, complete list oftaxa, casual, invasive, naturalized, origin,life folm, distribution,way of introduction, impact, RomaniaIntroductioncenerally, identiryhg the alien plants fioma counfiy and especia]ly those invasive represmtscrcate a complete database fbr all alien plants liomRomania (ANASTASIU & NICREAN 2005: 87-96).It was also published a black list of invasive anda prio ty of intemationals programmes of biodiversityconservation. Thus, the Clobal Shategy for of habitats from Romania (ANASTASIU & NEGREANpotentially invasive alien plants in different R?esPlant Conservation adopted in 2002 at Haga foresees2005: 107-114). We mention that DTHoRU (2004)the achievement ofnational list for alien inva-published a list ofinvasive plants but is a selectivesive species till the end of 2004 and the elaboration one andcomprises, besidefewalien plants from Romanianflom, native species tlat, favoured by someofcontrol mea.ufes for lhe Inosl dggressi\e.pecieotill the end of2006. Also, Invasive Species SpecialistGroup recommends as an important action toprevent losses caused by invasive plants to compilefacto6, can cover large areas in some ecosystems.At the regional level, recent rcsearches on alienplants were done only for Moldavia. These researchesnational, regional, and global black lists for thes€plants (http:/wwwissg.org/index.htrnl). conducted to a comprehensive listta-xa (SiRBu 2004).275At European level comprehensive lists ofalien species have been done in countde such as:Great Britain (CLrMrNr& FosrER 1994; RvvEs etal. 1996), Gema.Dy (KUEHN & Krorz 2002), Suisse(WEBER 1999), Poland (ZArAc 1979, only lbr archaeophytes),Czech Republic (PysrK et al. 2002), Finland(tIrn'rur 2001) (afterPYSEK et al. 2002), Austria(EssL et al. 2002) etc. These lists contain infolmationsabout naturalization status, time and way ofintroduction, ecological, biological and chorologicaldata.Researches on the populations of non-nativespecies, invasive and potentially invasive, and theirimpacr on ndli\e communilre. represenls a priorityof biodiversity rcsearches at nationalevel too(MrH.irlEscu & FArcA 2004: 130)- Thus, at tle Universityof Bucharest the project ,,Identification ofalien invasive and potcntially invasive plants in Romaniaand assessement ofthe impact on natural andseminatural habitats, in view oftaking measues forprevention and confiol" (CNCSIS code 1107) startedin 2004. The main target of this project was toAlien pldnls iJenti6calion in Romania. especralll ofrhose inra'ire and polentiall) in!a.i\e.is not a rccently activity. Their presence has beenmentioned at the end of the I 8'r' century (GoMB6cz1945: 73). In the 19d century numerous alien plantswere signalled in seveml systematic or floristic works(BAUMGARTEN 1816; RocHEr 1828, HFLTFFEL 1858;SCHUR 1866; SrMoNr.Al 1887; BRANDZA 1879-1883;GREcEScu 1898 etc.). All thes€ aliens were synthetizedin ,Flora Romaniei", vol. l-13 (S,{vul-tscu1952-lq7o and more recently in ,,Flom Ilustratl aRomaniei" (CrociRLAN 2000). Numerous scientifl cuorl" relatirg Lhe ueed" uere elabomled in agricultureand silvicullure fields (RoMAN& ENrscu1914; BurA. 1939; PRoDAN 1946; IoNEscu-$IsESrI1955; TIMU$ 1940, 1942; ENEscu & ANGAr\ar 1924etc.). ANGHEL et al. (1972) synthetized a major paftofthese works. An atlas ofweeds was published, attemptingthe mapping of the main species from ourcountJ (CHrRrLi, CIoCARLAN & BERCA 2002). Theimportance ofallochtonous pla.nts study is indicatedalso by the great number of PhD Thesis dedicated66

to this goup ofplants (BADEA 1963; CHTtuLA 1968; Macrophaneroph)4€; PhN - Nanophanerophlte; T -CosrEA 1998; SNrEA 1972; SprRrDoN 1970 €!c_1. Theroph),te; TH - Hemitheroph],te.Way ofintroduction: a accidental;d de_Materials and methodsliberate, da: both situation.A comprehenssive database has been done. Abundance: s: single locality; r:rdre; scThis contains all alien platrts, archaeoph]tes as well = scattered; rg: regional; la = locally abundant; c :as neophytes, registered until now in Romada. The common;se: one locality or more, but the plant hasdata were obtained from literatue, herbada sheets not been signalled for more than 50 years.and as a result ofo1,111 lield observations along many lnvasive status: c : casual (an alien plantyears. For each taxon we registered: family, life that reproduces occasionally in an aaea, butrcquiresfbrm, origin, time of immigntion, Romanian dislriburion{on histofic region). abundance, in\asive umlized (an alien plant that reproduces constantlyrepetitive introductions for its persistence); n = nar-status, type ofhabitats where the species have been and sustains populations over several life cyclesidentified, way of introduction, the impact on naturalecosystems, the economic impact, the author(s) alien plant that produces reproductive offspring, of_without direct human intervention); i = invasive (anand the year for the first mention in our country. The ten m large numbers, at co$iderable distances fiomnomenclature of species follows Flom Europaea the parental plants and over large areas).(TurrN etal. 1993; TurN etal. 1964-1980) and Flora Impact on natural €cosystems: nc un_Romaniei (SA\arLEscu 1952-1976).Known; pi - potentially invasive; i invasive.The terminology and definitions recom_ Economic impact: d - harmful; nd - notmerded by RTCHARDSoN et at. (2000) and pysEK et hamtul; pd - potentially harmful.al. (2004) were used to establish the status of alien It must be mentioned that, generally, the ap_pla s rn our count4/.preciahons of degree of nahfalization and ilvasrvcnessare subjective, as well as the appreciations onIn the final lisr ofneophltes wedidn,t includesome species mentioned as subspontaneous in the impact, depending of our perception related withpast, but unconfrmed by herbaria sheets, as well these phenomena.as some eroneously indicated species: Cdler vrl_pinoidea, Euphorbia heterophylta snbsp. grunntl-Results and discussionsJolia, Euphorbia oblongata, Galliun venatosum, Romania is situated in Southeasfcente ofLinaria ai-vensis, Ranw\culus margindtus, Totpis Europe, at the halfdistance between Atlantic Oceanbaibata, Digitaia cilliar"ir. Also, we excluded from and Ural Mountains, as well as at the halfdistancethe F,nalist Lathra,a ,lar./pslir?4. a natr\ e spec;es betw€en Equator and Nofth pole.in the West and Southwest of Euope, signalled from The main foms ofreliefare: mountains (Car_Romania in 1911 by a newspaper Instead, we includedspecies as rvlnphaea lotus, Ile, aquifotium, Carpathian Hills), plateaux (The plateau of Tran-pathian Mountains, MAcin Mountains), hills (sub_Etu this bremalis, Chionodoxa lucitiae, Scilta si silvania, Getic Plateau, The plateau of Moldova,berica, Sophora jaubertji, considering them culture The Plateau of Dobrogca) and plains (West plain,relics.Romanian Plain, The Plain of Moldavia). The hydrogaphicalnet is very rich, with large rivers as:We used following abreviations:Origi[:Af-Afrioa;Am Amedca;As Asia; Mure$, Olt, Sfuet, Prut. The frain river Danube -En Euope; Eua Eurasia; Cauc Caucasus; Anat borders the South of the cotmtly and, at the flow- Anatolia; Cs Cosmopolite; Cb Circumboreal; nto Black Sea, forms a unique Delta, declared Bio_Temp - Temperate; Trop Tropical; Ct Continen_ sphere Reseffe,tal;Med Mediterranean;Srn Submediterranean; The climate is temperate-continental, withPt Pontic; N - North; E East; S-South; W some sub-Meditenanean influences in South andWest; C Centre (cenkal).Southeast, continental influencesEast andAtlanticinfluencesthe West.Distribution iD Romania (histodc regions):T Transilvania; B Banat; Cr Crigana; MM Tte native flora of Romania counts aboutMararnureq; O Oltenia; Mu Muntenia; Mo 3900 t!-xa, species and subspecies. Romania hasMoldova; D - Dobrogea; DD - Danube Delra. also a wide ranges of habitats: coastal and halo_Life form: Ch Chamaephytae; c Ceophlte;H Hemicq?tophlte; HH - Helohydrcperateheath and scrub, natural and semi-natLrmlphytic habitats, sea dunes, freshwater habitats, temphyte;PhEp Epiphlt€; phl,i Liana; phM - grasslands, bogs, rocky habitats and caves, coniferousand deciduous forests_

The alien flora ofRomania contains 365 neoph)'tes(table 1). Ofthe fotal number of tara, 7 are "unlnowr plaDt in Moldavia before the Tutk warwind etc. We exemplifu with Xanthiufi spinosum'hybrids betrveen adventive plants: Amarunthus x fiom 1819, when it was introduced through its fixitsbudensis, Amatanthus x ozanonii' Amaranthus x creeoinq of manes and tails of Cossack's homes"theveneaui, Aster t salignus' Aster x versicolor, GLAND;A 18?9-1883). Unfortunately we have notNonea x popo|ii, nci\le s legatryiana We didn't such exactly data about more plarts We mentionild hybrids between native and alien taxa The that the accidentally intoductions of alien plantsmost taxa belong to families knowing to invade species are favoured by the numercus gates that ensureinternational commercial rclations ol our coun-habitually areas with t€mperate climate: Astemcee(55 taxa), Poaceae (25 taxa), Fabacea€ (24 taxa), hy Oarbours, railway stations)' as well as by theAmaranthaceae (22 taxa) and Bmssicaceae (22 e;isting transpoft net (fluviatilo, terestrial etc )'taxa). Some families with numerou species, like A conelation between way of introductionOrchidaceae, do not have alien representatives m and the occ|.rlrcnce of neoph''tes in otrl countryour flora, while othels, like Amamnthaceae, have almostexclusively alien representatives, arrived here Molilavia were introduced accidentally ln this re-shows that those ftom Dobrogea, Danube Delta anclfrom considemble distances.sions there are the mainly gates for their introduc_Most neoph''tes from Romania came fiom ;ions: Constanta, Sulina, Tulcea, Briita and Gala1iAmerica - 141 ta'\a (3863%). Aoong these, the harbours; many railway stations connecting Romaniawith South and East Europe as well as with Asia'majority belong to Norih_American species with90 ta-xa (24.65%) Mediterranean species follow lnstead, of the 3 I neoph)'tes present only in Tmnsilvania,28 were introduced as omamental and thenthose American, but at the distance, with only 69representatives (18.90%). Neophltes odginated thev escaped from culture becoming naturalized'from Asia are on the third place with 61 taxa 3l Among 365 neophytes identified in Romania,neophltes are from Europe; these com€ elther rrom 32 taxa have been mentioned from a single localiryor 2-3 localifies, but their prcsmce has not beenRussia, or West and South Europe Other elementshave a reduced representation. We mention the presencein our counhy of one species from ANtralia consialer them extinct. Other 49 neophytes have beenre-signalled in the last 50 years For this reason we- Chen.)podium pnnilio M- Costea discovered this indicated fiom a single location, but re-signalledplant at Pafiizani, in Danube Delta (CIoCARLAN V, then. The most neoph)4es are rarc, being indicatedpers. comm.),fiom only few localities (175 ta"\a 4?'94%)' rn oneThe analyses oflife foms revealed the dominanceoftherophytes (199 taxa 54.52%)' compared common (27 taxa) or locally abundant (19 taxa)'or morc historic regions. Only few neophytes arewith other categories. They are followed by hemicnDrooh\^eswilh 85 l&\a (23.2800) Phanerophllesneophytesbecome spontaneously only casual (252The analyses ofnaturalization status show the mostare 4i Laxa 1l 1.23""1. l7 being tree. and Io shrubs ta-x; 69.04%). These either escaped ftom culhrre,Chamaephytes, geophytes and helohydrophytes are or penehate accidentally and they are not able toweakly represented, generally fewer 5%Drcduce new stable populations on long telm' nRegarding the distribution ofneophytes onto the new conilitions. We consider that only ?5 taxaRomania territory 11 taxa are present in all historic among aralysed neoph''tes ar€ naturalized, beingregions of the country: lmaranlhus de.t'lexus, Ama' able to reproduce and to sustain populations wrthouthuman alirect intervention. Among neophytes,ranthtf rctoflexus, Artemisia 4n ua' Lonyza canaden,t', Cu.tta canpc.lris - Dat ura 5 | rdmonium. 38 are invasive: lcel neSrndo' Ailanthus ctltissima,Galinsoga parvifrora. Helianthuus annuus , Medicagosdtird subsp. sdrivd and Panicum capillare lt's th s lxybridus, Amaranthus retofiexur, AmhrosiaAmarunthus albus, Amaranthus crispus' Amatanpossible in this category lo be more neophytes. bul anemisiifolia, Amotpha fruticos.t' Artemisia annua,Azotla flicutoidas, Biclens wlgdta, Chamae-r.e bare nor )et complele chorological data Abouthalfofneophltes (161 taxa) are present in only one stce fiacul1la, comfielina communis, conyzd canadensis,Cuscuta campestris, Echinoq)stis lobata'histodc region.Regarding lhe \ a) of Inlroduction in our Elodea nuttallii, E gelon ai uus subsp 4'n7r'r'county, the most neophytes werc introduced deliberately(195 taxa - 53.42%) as omamenfal' food, nord, tnpLttien: gtandulUer,l- lva xdnthifolia Jun'Lrigeron annau. sub'p ! trigosur. C alin5c'qa fani'medicinal, bee-keeping, forager, forestry plants etc tus renuit Lepidiun d, n:fforun l incletniu dubia'I 70 neophytes were inhoduced accidentally, as a resultofhuman activity or brought by animals, water, paspalodes, Phytolacca americana'L),cium barbarum, Matricatia discoidea. PasPalumRefnouttia68

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j dponica, Rob inia pseurlacdcia, SiVrinchium mon'tanum, Solidago canadensis, Sorghum halepense,tselo ica persica, Xanthium italicum, Xanthiumspinosum, Xanthial stntmarium. These prcducedescendants at considerable distances of parentalplarts and often on extended areas and higl effectives.We mention that we add now new taxa to theblack list published before (ANAsrAsD& NIGREAN2005: 107-114), based on own observations in differentrcgion of the country in the last yearIfthe most invasive arc limited to the anthropichabitats, some of them penetrate semi-natural ornatural ecosystems often having strong negativeimpacl. We identified 22 such taxa. Among these,some seems to be very aggressive:Ailanthus altissima rs present an all types ofhabitats; we identified it in Dobrogea in semi-naturalgrasslands belonging to ph,4osociological alliancesSripion le\5ingianae and Pimpinello Tb),rnion zygioidi,as well as in Danube Gorye, on stony placesrich in mre and endemic plant species;Azalla fliculoides covers large water surfaces,especially in the South ofthe country replacinghelohydrophytes like ,e mna minor. Sdbinia natans,Trapa ndtans, Spirodeld pourhiza etc.',Paspalum paspalodes have been identifiedonly from Danube Delta, Balta Nerei and MoldovaVeche Island. It reproduces vegetatively, throughstolons, very aggressive, having the tend to eliminatesome paluster specres (T),pha spp., Phlagmitesdustralis etc.) from the ecosystems where it is alreadyestablished;Relnoutria japonica recorded along the rivels'banks from Transilvania, Muntenia and Moldva,has the hend to replace the ligneous vegetationchamcte.istic for this kind ofhabitats;1naryhr f''uti osa. as $ell as lhe previouispecies, threats the vegetation of riven banks, includingthose ftom Danube banks.Other species, even are present in natwalhabitats, do not seems to have a significant impacton native plants or vegetation-From the economic point ofview, we appreciatethat about 30 neophytes are hamful ard 59 neoph)'tesare potentially hamful. These are presmtin crops, omamental cultures etc.Numerous neophytes are on railways'embankments,along of the roads, pathways, in milwaysstations, harbours. Their elimination, eithermechanically or chemicalln involves usually highcosts. We mention here the presence in our counhyoftwo neophltes with toxic effects on human populationsiAmbrosia artemisiifolia lra xanthifolia.^ndThe:e plants produce to people brcath allergies.92Some neophltes, being mre, have been lncludedin National Red Lists (Olteanu et al. 1994,Dihoru & Dihoru 1994). E'ucastruu nastuttiifolium(R), Gerdnium sibiricum (Ex), Glinus iotorles(K), Nynphaea lotus (ElR.), Petunia pdrvifroru (R),Polycarpon tetraphlllun (ElP.), Sophora jctubertii(V lP.), Teesdalia nudicalis (Ex).ConclusionsIn Romania we identified 365 neophytescoming from different continents. The majority isreprcsented by American tana (38.63%). These areseconded by Mediterranean taxa with 18.90% andAsiatic taxa with 16.?1%. Asteruceae, Poaceae, Fabaceaeand Bmssicaceae are families with the highestrepresentation in Romanian aliet flota. Overhalfofthe neoph''tes from Romada arc therophles(54.52%) and about a quarter arc hemicryptoph)'tes(23.28%). The repot between taxa introducedeliberarelyand Lho'e inLroduced accidcnlall) i. o\crunitary (1.I4). We identified 38 invasive neoph]'tes,some ofthem being present in natural and semi-naturalhabitats. Eight neoph)'tes arc listed in the RedLists of Romanian llora.The complete list of neophltes fiom Romaniarepresents an important step forward to elabomtethe measures for prevention and contol themosl aggre\,ii\e in\a.i\e a0d porenrialll ilrasivealien plants.Acknowl€dgementsWe thank to prof. D. Vasile CIoC,IRLAN tbrcritical revision of tho final list of neophltes ftomRomania, for some infomation rcgarding the occrurenceof some taxa and for his useful comments.This work is a result of a CNCSIS grant (codell0'7 ; \r. 333'/ 9 I 2004; 3469912005).SELECTIVE BIBLIOGRAPHYANASTASIU P 1994. Plante naturalizate in MunicipiulBucure$ti. Acta Bot. HoI1i Bucuresr 13 5 - I 37ANASrAslu P & NrcRrAN G. 2005. Alien plants in Romania.Analele $t. Univ- 'A. l. Cuza" Ia$i: 51:8',7-96.ANAsrAsr! P & NrcRlAN G. 2005. Invasive and potentiallyinvasive ali€n plants in Romania (blacklist). lr MEIAILESCU S. & F^LCA M. (eds.) BioplatformRomanian National Platform forBiodiversily, Edit. Acad. Rom. 2: 107-114.ANGHEL G., CHIRIrA C., Ctoc,i.RLAN V & ULTNICI A.1q7". Buruiedle drn culrurile agncole 9i combaterea1or Bucure$ti: Edit. Ceres, 1-355 pp.B^DEA I. 1961. Cercefiri privind eficacitatea $iacliunea complexb a erbicidelor in cultudte de

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