Neil Revill was born in County Durham, in <strong>the</strong> nor<strong>the</strong>rnpart of <strong>the</strong> UK, in August 1972. He spent his school yearstraveling between Royal Air <strong>For</strong>ce bases in Germany and England,where his fa<strong>the</strong>r was stationed. By 1988, he was living inLos Angeles. In October 2001, a small-time drug dealer namedArthur Davodian and his girlfriend, Kimberly Crayton, werestabbed to death. Davodian was found decapitated. Accordingto <strong>the</strong> prosecution, Neil was <strong>the</strong> last person to be seen with <strong>the</strong>couple; as such, he was charged with <strong>the</strong>ir murder. Neil hasalways maintained his innocence.Reprieve, a nonprofit capital <strong>defense</strong> organization, becameinvolved in Neil’s case. Reprieve worked closely with <strong>the</strong> Britishgovernment and Neil’s public defenders to secure an agreementfrom <strong>the</strong> prosecution that <strong>the</strong>y would not seek <strong>the</strong> death penalty.In March 2011, after six days of deliberation, Neil was convictedand sentenced to life imprisonment without <strong>the</strong> possibility ofparole. Reprieve continues to assist on Neil’s case in <strong>the</strong> courseof his appeals.Could Your Client Be Entitledto <strong>For</strong>eign Nationality?ABA Guideline 10.6A provides that “Counsel at every stage of<strong>the</strong> case should make appropriate ef<strong>for</strong>ts to determine whe<strong>the</strong>rany <strong>for</strong>eign country might consider <strong>the</strong> client to be one of itsnationals,” urging counsel to investigate fully <strong>the</strong> possibility thatsome country might be willing to assist <strong>the</strong> defendant.Indeed, <strong>the</strong> determination of nationality may require someef<strong>for</strong>t by counsel. <strong>For</strong>eign citizenship legislation can be surprisinglyflexible, sometimes allowing a person whose overseasconnections go back generations—even to grandparents orgreat-grandparents—to have <strong>the</strong>ir nationality recognized. Somecountries have “right of return” clauses to facilitate <strong>the</strong> reunionof a diaspora. <strong>For</strong> example, descendants of German nationalswho were deprived of <strong>the</strong>ir citizenship on political, racial, orreligious grounds between 1933 and 1945 can have <strong>the</strong>ir Germancitizenship recognized. Residents of <strong>for</strong>mer colonies maybe entitled to recognition as a national of <strong>the</strong> colonizing nation.Linda Carty, <strong>for</strong> instance, is a British woman on death row inTexas. She was born on <strong>the</strong> Caribbean island of St. Kitts andNevis, and her mo<strong>the</strong>r was born on <strong>the</strong> neighboring island ofAnguilla, a <strong>for</strong>mer British protectorate. Because of this, Lindais a British national, and she has been receiving substantial assistancefrom <strong>the</strong> British government.Opportunities Arisingfrom <strong>For</strong>eign Nationality<strong>For</strong>eign nationality brings with it a whole range of unique opportunities<strong>for</strong> effectively representing your client. Engaging<strong>the</strong> weight of a <strong>for</strong>eign government in your client’s case canfacilitate access to extremely persuasive mitigation evidence,as well as o<strong>the</strong>r resources that can be utilized by <strong>the</strong> <strong>defense</strong>team to great advantage.Many countries place an extremely high priority on <strong>the</strong>irright to provide consular services to <strong>the</strong>ir detained nationals,particularly where <strong>the</strong> individual is facing a death sentence.Consuls have <strong>the</strong> power to provide a wide range of humanitarianand o<strong>the</strong>r assistance. This can include facilitating funds to <strong>the</strong><strong>defense</strong> team, assisting with records collection and investigationabroad, identifying expert witnesses, enlisting <strong>the</strong> diplomaticassistance of <strong>the</strong>ir country to communicate with <strong>the</strong> State Departmentand international and domestic tribunals (e.g., throughamicus curiae briefs), providing culturally appropriate resourcesto explain <strong>the</strong> legal procedures of <strong>the</strong> detaining country, providinginterpreters, arranging <strong>for</strong> contact with family and friends,and generally acting as a cultural bridge between <strong>the</strong> detaineeand <strong>the</strong>ir <strong>defense</strong> team.This assistance can bring critical resources to bear on <strong>the</strong>penalty phase of trial by humanizing <strong>the</strong> defendant in front of<strong>the</strong> jury in a culturally sensitive way. Consular officials may alsomake representations to <strong>the</strong> prosecutor, asserting <strong>the</strong> country’sinterests in avoiding <strong>the</strong> death penalty <strong>for</strong> its national and providingreasons why a death sentence is not appropriate in thatparticular case. Engaging <strong>the</strong> consulate can make <strong>the</strong> differencebetween a <strong>for</strong>eign national facing death or a lesser sentence.<strong>The</strong> Vienna Conventionon Consular Relations<strong>The</strong> right to consular assistance is contained in Article 36 of<strong>the</strong> Vienna Convention on Consular Relations (<strong>the</strong> “VCCR”), amultilateral treaty ratified unconditionally by <strong>the</strong> United Statesin 1969. Under its provisions, an obligation rests on local authoritiesto promptly in<strong>for</strong>m detained or arrested <strong>for</strong>eign nationalsof <strong>the</strong>ir right to communicate with <strong>the</strong>ir consulate. At <strong>the</strong>request of <strong>the</strong> <strong>for</strong>eign national, local authorities must contact<strong>the</strong> consulate and permit consular communication and access.However, law en<strong>for</strong>cement authorities frequently fail tocomply with <strong>the</strong>ir obligations under <strong>the</strong> VCCR. Any such failureis likely to have both practical and legal implications <strong>for</strong> a detained<strong>for</strong>eign national. As a legal matter, a breach of <strong>the</strong> VCCRcan give rise to a claim on behalf of your client. Reprieve canassist counsel in drafting motions that raise <strong>the</strong>se violations. Itis also worth noting that diplomatic conflict over internationallaw violations can be a factor <strong>the</strong> prosecution considers in determiningwhe<strong>the</strong>r to agree to a non-death resolution of a case.
How Reprieve Can HelpIn 1999, Clive Staf<strong>for</strong>d Smith, a British-American capital <strong>defense</strong>attorney who has represented over 300 prisoners facing<strong>the</strong> death penalty in <strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rn U.S., moved back to <strong>the</strong> U.K.and founded Reprieve. Since <strong>the</strong>n, Reprieve has acquired overten years’ experience providing pro bono assistance to Britishnationals facing death sentences around <strong>the</strong> world, helping tocoordinate timely and effective intervention by <strong>the</strong> British governmentfrom <strong>the</strong> pretrial stage to clemency.Reprieve has since expanded its work to include assistingnationals from o<strong>the</strong>r countries. In 2009, Reprieve launched aproject, largely funded by <strong>the</strong> European Commission, to identifyand assist individuals facing death sentences in <strong>the</strong> U.S. withoverseas ties: <strong>the</strong> “EC Project.” As part of <strong>the</strong> Project, Reprieveis reviewing <strong>the</strong> entire American death row population <strong>for</strong> individualswith <strong>for</strong>eign ties in order to determine whe<strong>the</strong>r Reprievecan provide pro bono assistance on <strong>the</strong>ir cases. <strong>The</strong> role thatReprieve plays is decided on a case-by-case basis and is alwaysguided by U.S. counsel.Some examples of what Reprieve has done in <strong>the</strong> past includeoverseas records collection and investigation, applying<strong>for</strong> <strong>for</strong>mal recognition of <strong>for</strong>eign nationality, locating culturalexperts and o<strong>the</strong>r expert witnesses, assisting with internationallaw motions and amicus curiae briefs, and facilitating high-leveldiplomatic representations by <strong>for</strong>eign governments and internationalorganizations. As a cost-free resource <strong>for</strong> U.S. attorneys,Reprieve helps <strong>defense</strong> teams take advantage of <strong>the</strong> opportunitiesarising from representing a <strong>for</strong>eign national client.To establish how Reprieve can help in your client’s case, pleasecontact Kate Higham (kate.higham@reprieve-ecproject.org/504.569.8199).Kate Morris worked as a Research Fellowon Reprieve’s EC Project from 2011–2012.Based in New Orleans, she identified andassisted people with <strong>for</strong>eign ties facingdeath sentences across <strong>the</strong> US. Prior to herFellowship position, Kate worked at a litigationfirm in Toronto as a Harold Fox Scholar, an award she wasgranted by Middle Temple, one of <strong>the</strong> four Inns of Court in <strong>the</strong>UK. Kate graduated from Ox<strong>for</strong>d University with a First Classdegree in History, and subsequently completed her legal studiesat BPP Law School in London.Members TripFebruary 16–23, 2013Save <strong>the</strong> Date!Five-day cruise in <strong>the</strong> Western Caribbeanfrom Galveston to Progreso, Yucatán, CozumelPer Person: Interior $349, Ocean View $419,Balcony $519, Suite $869