Chapter 3<strong>The</strong> Multiplicative ModuleIn this chapter, the multiplicative module M is introduced, which is the set of positive(odd) integers t such that the irreducible polynomials of odd primitivity t > 1 dividetrinomials over <strong>GF</strong>(2). <strong>The</strong> computational results are presented, and the set G of generatorsof M is discussed.3.1 IntroductionIt is a simple fact that if the irreducible polynomials of primitivity t divide trinomials,then the irreducible polynomials of primitivity mt also divide trinomials for every oddinteger m ≥ 1. <strong>The</strong>refore, let M be the set of positive (odd) integers t such that theirreducible polynomials of odd primitivity t > 1 divide trinomials. <strong>The</strong>n, in view of theclosure property, we call M a multiplicative module. That is, for every t ∈ M, we alsohave mt ∈ M for every odd integer m ≥ 1.An element g of M is a generator of M if and only if g ∈ M but no proper factor h ofg is in M. Let G be the subset of M consisting of the generators of M. From <strong>The</strong>orem30
4 in Chapter 2, the polynomials of primitivity t = 2 n − 1 divide trinomials for everyinteger n > 1. Hence each of these numbers{3, 7, 15, 31, 63, 127, 255, 511, 1023, . . .}is in M, and each has (at least) one factor in G. From the computational results, theset G of the generators of M consists of both prime and composite values, and thesenumbers also suggest some interesting patterns.3.2 Prime Generators of the Multiplicative Module MClearly, all the Mersenne primes (2 n − 1 being prime) are members of G. <strong>The</strong>se include{3; 7; 31; 127; 8, 191; 131, 071; 524, 287; 2, 147, 483, 647; . . .}.Aside from the Mersenne primes, there are other primes in G. <strong>The</strong> first non-Mersenneprimegenerator of M is 73, corresponding to eight irreducible polynomials of degree 9and primitivity t = 73, which do divide trinomials. (In fact, two of these eight irreduciblepolynomials are already trinomials; therefore all eight of them must divide trinomials by<strong>The</strong>orem 6.)By complete computer search for all odd primes t ≤ 3, 000, 000, only five other primeelements of G (not Mersenne primes) exist:{73; 121, 369; 178, 481; 262, 657; 599, 479}.31
- Page 2: IRREDUCIBLE POLYNOMIALS WHICH DIVID
- Page 6 and 7: Table of ContentsDedicationAcknowle
- Page 8 and 9: List of Figures1.1 The n-stage bina
- Page 10 and 11: numbers. The set G of generators of
- Page 12 and 13: and the initial statea −1 , a −
- Page 14 and 15: for each n ≥ 1.(Here φ(n) is the
- Page 16 and 17: Φ t (x) over GF(2). We show how th
- Page 18 and 19: Conversely, if h(α) = 0, we can di
- Page 20 and 21: Hence, if f(x) divides no trinomial
- Page 22 and 23: This occurs if and only if 2 is a p
- Page 24 and 25: Then for some s, 1 ≤ s ≤ t −
- Page 26 and 27: This computationally useful criteri
- Page 28 and 29: ut3(p − 1)/2r < pfor all r > 1, w
- Page 30 and 31: Corollary 1. Let p > 3 be a prime a
- Page 32 and 33: Note that when r = 2 and p = 7, nei
- Page 34 and 35: Thent 1 (x)t ∗ 1(x)t 3 (x)t ∗ 3
- Page 36 and 37: We may therefore reduce all exponen
- Page 38 and 39: Table 2.1: Frequency distribution o
- Page 42 and 43: It was mentioned that among the eig
- Page 44 and 45: Table 3.1: Prime generators of the
- Page 46 and 47: 60, 787 = 89 · 683 =Φ 11 (2)Φ 22
- Page 48 and 49: Table 3.4: Factors of Φ n (2) vers
- Page 50 and 51: A remarkable quantitative version (
- Page 52 and 53: and⎧⎪⎨F 7 (r) ∼ =⎪⎩3 if
- Page 54 and 55: Table 4.1: Numerical results of F 2
- Page 56 and 57: Table 4.2: Numerical results of F 3
- Page 58 and 59: Table 4.3: Collections of possible
- Page 60 and 61: 4.2 Generalized TZZ and BGL Conject
- Page 62 and 63: In fact, the following is known [2]
- Page 64 and 65: Since GCD(2 n − 1, v) = 1, η j
- Page 66 and 67: conjectures of Blake, Gao and Lambe
- Page 68: [13] N. Zierler and J. Brillhart, O