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HALF THE SKY: SEX TRAFFICKING AND INTERGENERATIONAL PROSTITUTIONStudent Handout B:Cambodia in ContextCambodia continues to be burdened by its long history of violence, and women andchildren often pay the highest price. It is one of the poorest countries in the world andrelies heavily on foreign aid. Millions of unexploded land mines and bombs from decadesof war continue to kill and maim civilians, despite an ongoing demining drive. Thousandsare infected with HIV/AIDS and the numbers increase every year, making it among theworst-affected countries in Asia. International organizations, foreign donors, and foreigngovernments have urged the Cambodian government, led by Prime Minister Hun Sen,to clamp down on Cambodia’s pervasive corruption and address the ever-growing sextraffickingcrisis.Most Cambodians consider themselves to be Khmer descendants of the Angkor Empire.The Khmer people have lived in the Indochina area in Southeast Asia for at least twothousand years and the Khmer Kingdom was the most powerful mainland Southeast Asianstate for most of the period from 802 to 1432. At its height, the capital at Angkor wasone of the largest cities in the world.France colonized Cambodia in the 19th century and ruled the country until Cambodianforces, led by King Norodom Sihanouk, achieved full independence in 1953. Sihanouk ledCambodia until 1970, when Marshal Lon Nol forced him out in a coup d’état. Spurred onby the secret bombing campaign in Cambodia carried out by United States forces duringthe Vietnam War, the militant left-wing group the Khmer Rouge, led by Pol Pot, defeatedLon Nol and ruled Cambodia from 1975 to 1979.As the new ruler of Cambodia, Pol Pot set about transforming the country into his visionof an agrarian utopia. The cities were evacuated, factories and schools were closed, andcurrency and private property were abolished. Anyone believed to be an intellectual, suchas someone who spoke a foreign language, was immediately killed. Skilled workers werealso killed, in addition to anyone caught in possession of eyeglasses, a wristwatch, or anyother modern technology. Prostitution was completely banned and punishable by death,resulting in its virtual elimination in the highly authoritarian social system. During thisperiod, an estimated 2 million Cambodians were killed, approximately 25 percent of thecountry’s population.The Vietnamese army overthrew the Khmer Rouge in 1979, but civil conflict continued inCambodia for the next two decades. After the dismantlement of the State of Cambodia in1992, about twenty thousand male troops and civilian personnel from the United NationsTransitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC) arrived together with many nongovernmentalorganizations (NGOs) and business interests from abroad. Ironically, the increase offoreign humanitarian workers in the country created a larger market for sexual servicesin this very poor country and drove the increase in sex trafficking and the exploitation ofwomen and children, which continues to grow today.Cambodia Sources:www.ecpatcambodia.org/index.php?menuid=2&submenuid=17&menuname=ECPAT%20Cambodiawww.uri.edu/artsci/wms/hughes/cambodia.htmwww.cambodia.org/khmer_rougewww.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-13006539www.hrw.org/news/2011/06/24/cambodia-khmer-rouge-trial-justice-delayed
HALF THE SKY: SEX TRAFFICKING AND INTERGENERATIONAL PROSTITUTIONStudent Handout B:India in ContextIn Kolkata, India (formerly Calcutta), there are over ten thousand women and girls wholive and work as prostitutes. Many were trafficked into the country from Nepal andBangladesh, while others were born into the commercial sex trade, having been thechildren of generations of prostitutes. While not all of these women are forced into sexwork, the reality is that few other options are available.Around India, there are castes that traditionally engage in familial, intergenerationalprostitution. A caste system is a type of social structure that divides people on the basisof inherited social status. Within a caste system, people are rigidly expected to marryand interact with people of the same social class and are relegated to specific typesof occupations and labor. For impoverished girls born into lower-caste families whereprostitution has been practiced for generations, becoming a sex worker is not only seenas a means of survival but also a family duty.Starting from around age 13, girls are sold by their parents or family or are married offand subsequently prostituted by their husbands. Earnings are higher for younger girlsso there is an urgency to marry or sell them before their value diminishes. For manyrural, uneducated parents, it is difficult to imagine how a female child could bring anyvalue to the family beyond prostitution. And for the girl who has been denied educationand training, it is equally difficult to imagine a brighter future. In this context, the castesystem and cultural traditions provide easy justification for a practice driven by poverty,economics, and gender-based discrimination.The heartbreaking reality of India’s intergenerational prostitution is especially apparent inKalighat, one of the oldest red-light districts in Kolkata. Here, narrow alleys lined with small“apartments” form a confusing maze and the buildings lean into the street across crowdedroads. Life is a constant struggle in this society where sex workers are regarded asnonhumans, and opportunities for these women are limited after working in the business.India Sources:site.ruchiragupta.comwww.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=6&ved=0CF0QFjAF&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fga%2Fpresident%2F62%2FThematicDebates%2Fhumantrafficking%2Fgupta.pdf&ei=B4XrT7X0BKOT0QHenInKBQ&usg=AFQjCNEbly1TJFCBOwJxKxHpmi4tO8dvNQ
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Table of ContentsWelcome Letter 01H
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02How to Use This GuideThis Educato
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05About the DocumentaryIn 2006, Pul
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07About the DocumentaryIntergenerat
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09Film Module SummariesMaternal Mor
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011HALF THE SKYMaternal Mortality a
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041HALF THE SKYEducation for AllLES
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