Paper Presented by Prof. Krishna Khanal - LGCDP

;/sf/sf] e'ldsf / :yfg c? dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . ;fF:s[lts, eflifs / hftLo lx;fan] :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] ;+/rgf hlt;d¿kL / ;dfj]zL x'g ;S5 Tolt k|b]zsf] ;+/rgf gx'g] s'/f g]kfnL hg;+Vofsf] ef}uf]lns ljt/0fn] b]vfPsf] 5 .:yfgLo ljsf; dGqfnon] cfof]hgf u/]sf] o; uf]li7n] ;ª\3Lo /fHosf ;Gbe{df :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] ;+/rgf, sfo{If]q /:jfoQfsf ljifox¿df ;fdlos ax;nfO{ cufl8 a9fpg] dfq xf]Og efjL ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fdf o; ljifonfO{ ;+/rgf /gLltut ?kdf :yflkt ug{ ;d]t dxTjk"0f{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] ck]Iff ug{ ;lsG5 . d}n] oxfF o;}sf] ;]/f]km]/f]leq ;x]/;ª\3Lotfsf] ;Gbe{df g]kfndf :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] ;+j}wflgs l;4fGt / ;+/rgfnfO{ ;+If]kdf pNn]v ug]{ k|ofz u/]sf] 5' .;ª\3Lotfdf :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] cEof;;ª\3Lo b]zx¿ ;a}df :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] Joj:yf 5 . / ToxfF :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] e"ldsf a9\bf] klg 5 . tLb]zx¿df ;ª\3Lo ;+/rgf h:t} :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] ;+u7g, clwsf/ / sfo{If]q klg ;dfg 5}g . ;ª\3Lotfsf] h:t}:yfgLo ;/sf/sf] klg s'g} ;j{ :jLsfo{ gd"gf jf df]8]n 5}g . cfwf/e"t ¿kdf eGg' kbf{ :yfgLo ;/sf/ ;+j}wflgs jfsfg'gL¿kdf :jfoQ x'G5g\ . o;sf k|d'v / kl/ifb jf ;ef k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf¿kdf lgjf{lrt x'G5g\ . cfd hgtfsf]b}lgs hLjg;Fu hf]l8Psf ljifox¿df o;n] :ki6 sfof{b]z kfPsf] x'G5 . o;sf] sfo{If]q :jzfl;t, ljs]Gb|Lt jfljlgof]lht s'g} klg x'g ;S5 . c:6]«lnof, Sofgf8f, hd{gL, ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sf nufot sltko b]zx¿df :yfgLo;/sf/nfO{ /fHo jf k|b]z cGtu{t /flvPsf] 5 eg] ef/t, ch]{lG6gf, cl:6«of, :jL6\h/Nof08, blIf0f clk|msf nufotsfb]zx¿df ;+ljwfgn] g} :jfoQ zf;g ;+/rgfsf ¿kdf Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . ;ª\3Lo ;+/rgf cs]Gb|Ls/0f cyf{t\:jfoQtfsf] cjwf/0ffdf cfwfl/t x'G5 . tyflk ToxfF klg :yfgLo txdf :jfoQtf / ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf] cf}lrTo Pj+cfjZostf plQs} /xG5 . :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] l;4fGt, ;+/rgf / sfo{If]qnfO{ ;+ljwfgdf pNn]v u/] klg ;a}df Pp6f;dfg kIf s] kfOG5 eg] tL ;+/rgfn] ;ª\3Lo jf k|fb]lzs ;+;bn] agfPsf] sfg'gsf] kl/lwdf sfd ub{5g\ . o; cy{df:yfgLo ;/sf/n] ljs]Gb|Lt clwsf/ / :jfoQtf pkef]u u/]sf x'G5g\ .;ª\3Lo ;+/rgfdf :yfgLo :jzf;gsf] s] s:tf] Joj:yf ul/Psf 5g\ hfGgsf nflu ;a}eGbf klxn] ToxfF;+ljwfgtM clwsf/ / sfdsf] s;/L ljt/0f ul/Psf] 5 x]g'{ kg]{ x'G5 . ;fdfGotof ;ª\3Lo /fHodf ;+ljwfgn] ;ª\3 /k|b]zx¿sfaLr clwsf/sf] afF8kmfF8 u/]sf] x'G5 / :yfgLo ;/sf/nfO{ k|b]z cGtu{t /fv]sf] kfOG5 . sltko b]zx¿df7"nf / /fhwfgL ;x/sf nflu ljz]if :jfoQtfsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] klg 5 . tL ;x/x¿sf] x}l;ot k|foM h;f] ;ª\3LoPsfO{ ;/x ePsf] kfOG5 . sltko 7fpFdf k|fb]lzs ;+;bn] agfPsf] sfg'gåf/f :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .t/ kl5sf lbgx¿df ;ª\3Lo ;+ljwfgdf g} o;sf] Joj:yf ug{ yflnPsf] 5 . ch]{lG6gf, cl:6«of, blIf0f clk|msf,:jL6\h/Nof08, a]lNhod, ef/tdf ;+ljwfgn] g} :yfgLo :jzf;gsf] ls6fgL;fy Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . ef/tdf ;g\ !((@;+ljwfgdf ;zf]wg u/kl5 dfq :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] e"ldsf Jofks ¿kdf lj:tf/ ePsf] xf] . ;+ljwfgn] g} :yfgLo;/sf/sf] sfo{;"lrnfO{ cg';"lrdf /fv]sf] 5 . ch]{lG6gfdf gu/kflnsfx¿nfO{ ;+ljwfgn] g} :jfoQ lgsfo dfg]sf] 5 .;fy} sltko gu/kflnsfx¿n] cnu cnu clwsf/kq (Charter) kfPsf 5g\ . o:tf] rf6{/ kfPsf gu/x¿;+j}wflgs¿kdf zf;g ;+/rgfsf] t];|f] txsf] x}l;otsf dflgG5g\ . ?;sf] ;+ljwfg -!((#_ n] :yfgLo dxTj, :jfdLTj/ k|of]usf ljifox¿df :jtGq Joj:yfkgsf nflu gful/sx¿nfO{ g} :yfgLo :jzf;gsf cª\ux¿ lgdf{0f ug]{ clwsf/lbPsf] 5 . pgLx¿sf] lgodg ;ª\3Lo sfg'gåf/f x'G5 . t/ tL lgsfox¿ ;ª\3Lo jf If]qLo k|0ffnLsf cª\u xf]Ogg\ /;+ljwfg / ;ª\3Lo sfg'g;Fu gaflemg]u/L cf–cfkm\gf] clwsf/kq cfkm}+ hf/L ug{ :jtGq 5g\ .ch]{lG6gf, cl:6«of, ef/t, ?;, :jL6\h/Nof08, blIf0f clk|msf, cflb b]zx¿df ;ª\3 / k|fGt÷k|b]zkl5 :yfgLo;/sf/n] t];|f] dxTjk"0f{ e"–If]qLo zf;gflwsf/ kfPsf] 5 . gu/kflnsfx¿ k|b]zsf] pk;+/rgf dflgG5g\ . oBlkpgLx¿;Fu Joj:yflksLo clwsf/ 5}g . t/ Jofks k|zf;lso sfo{ ub{5g\ / /fHo / gful/ssfaLr dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsfv]Nb5g\ . ;ª\3Lo ;+ljwfgn] :yfgLo clwsf/L / k|b]z;+usf] ;DaGwnfO{ kl/eflift u/]sf] 5 . ;+ljwfgn] :yfgLo;/sf/nfO{ cfjZos clwsf/x¿sf] sfg'gL Joj:yf ug{ lgb]{lzt u/]sf] 5 . :yfgLo ;/sf/sf lgsfox¿ s]jnk|zf;lso PsfO{ dfq xf]Ogg\ . pgLx¿ :jzf;g;lxt :jfoQ OsfO{ klg x'g\ .dfly g} d}n] pNn]v ul/;s]sf] 5 ls ;ª\3Lo ;+/rgfdf hfFb}df :yfgLo :jzf;gsf] pkof]lutf / ;Gbe{ sd x'Fb}g. ;ª\3Lo b]zx¿df s]Gb| / k|b]zkl5 :yfgLo ;/sf/nfO{ t];|f] t/ dxTjk"0f{ /fhgLlts ;+/rgfsf ¿kdf lng] ul/Psf] 5. oBlk cflbjf;L hghflt ;d'bfoaf6 ljz]if :jfoQ If]q, Onfsfx?sf] klg k|:tfj cfPsf 5g\ . o;nfO{ klg :yfgLo;/sf/s} Pp6f :j?ksf ?kdf lng ;lsG5 . ;+ljwfg;ef r'gfjsf nflu bnx¿n] k|:t't u/]sf 3f]if0ffkqdf k|foh;f]ltg txsf] ;+/rgf k|:tfj ul/Psf 5g\ . /fHosf] :j¿k ;ª\3Lo jf PsfTds h] eP klg :yfgLo ;/sf/ aGgsf nflucfwf/e"t ¿kdf slDtdf klg lgDg s'/fx¿ cfjZos x'G5g\ —-!_ sfg'gåf/f lgwf{l/t lglZrt ef}uf]lns If]qÙ-@_ u7gljlwÙ2

-#_ sfd, st{Ao / clwsf/Ù /-$_ cfly{s ;|f]t;fwgsf] Joj:yf .:yfgLo ;/sf/ klg Pp6f lglZrt ef}uf]lns If]qdf sfd ub{5 . ;DalGwt b]zsf] ;+j}wflgs÷sfg'gLJoj:yfcg';f/ st} ef}uf]lns If]q s]Gb| jf k|b]zn] kl/jt{g ug{ ;S5 eg] slx+ ;DalGwt hgtfsf] cg'dltdf dfqTo;sf] km]/abn ug{ ;lsG5 . o;}u/L ef}uf]lns cfsf/, hg;+Vof, clwsf/, sfo{If]q, cflb lx;fan] klg :yfgLo;/sf/sf] ;+/rgf b]z}lk5] km/s km/s 5 . Ps} b]zleq klg ef}uf]lns cfsf/, hg;+Vof, cflb sf/0fn] ljleGg >]0fLdfauL{s/0f u/]sf] kfOG5 . cfly{s ;|f]t;fwfgsf] Joj:yf klg ;a} 7fpFdf ;dfg 5}g . ;DalGwt b]zsf] P]ltxfl;sk[i7e"ld / cfly{s pknJwtfn] klg o;nfO{ k|efj kf/]sf] 5 . :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] ;DaGwdf ;+3Lo ;+ljwfgdf ljrf/ ug'{kg]{ d'Vo s'/f o;sf] :ki6 l;4fGt / kl/efiff xf] . o;sf] cefjdf ;+3 / k|b]zaLr cfpg] åGåaf6 :yfgLo ;/sf/k|efljt x'g] ;+efjg a9L x'G5 .g]kfnsf ;Gbe{df :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] ;+/rgf;ª\3Lo /fHo ;+/rgfdf uPkl5 klg g]kfndf :yfgLo :jzf;g / ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf] cfjZostf / cf}lrTo ;lsGg .o;sf] :ki6 Joj:yf / cfjZostf c? a9L x'g ;S5 . k|b]zsf] /fhgLltdf cfpg ;Sg] zf;lso cx+sf/ / ljs[ltaf6:yfgLo ;/sf/nfO{ hf]ufpg ljz]if ;fjwfg / tbg's"n ;+j}wflgs Pj+ sfg'gL Joj:yf ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . tL ;a} s'/fsf]ljj/0f of] n]vdf ;+ej 5}g . tyflk :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] ;ª\lIfKt :j¿k, ;+/rgf / sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/sf] d}n] oxfFrrf{ ug]{ k|of; u/]sf] 5 .• slt txsf] /fHo;+/rgf f]t ;+efJotf/ hg;+Vofdf 7"nf] cGt/ /x]sf]5 . Ifdtf / ljsf;sf] :t/sf cfwf/df klg sfo{bIftfdf km/s kg]{ ePsfn]cfly{s ?kn] ;an (Viable Economic Unit) :yfgLo ;/sf/ agfpg xfnsf :yfgLo lgsfox?sf]k'g/;+/rgf ug'[{ cTofjZos b]lvG5 . o;/L k'g;+/rgf / ;'wf/ ubf{ ef}uf]lns, ;+u7gfTds, sfo{ljlwut,lqmofTds (Functional) / If]qflwsf/ut (Juridisdictional) h:tf kIfx?df klg ;'wf/ ul/g' cfjZosx'g]5 .xfd|f] ljut cg'ejdf klg lhNnfsf] s]xL ;Lldt ljsf; k|of]hgsf nflu afx]s :yfgLo :jzf;gsf lx;fan]vf;} pkof]uL ePg . s]Gb|Lo zf;gsf] k|zf;lso k|ltlglw lgsfosf ¿kdf lhNnfx¿sf] a9L klxrfg / k|of]ueof] . To;sf/0f lhNnf txsf] vf;} cfjZostf / cf}lrTo b]lvGg . lhNnf tx gx'Fbf u[x k|zf;g Joj:yfdfs]xL sl7gfO{ cfpg ;S5 . t/ To;sf] j}slNks pkfox¿ ckgfpg ;lsG5 .• gfddf k'glj{rf/ M of] n]vdf :yfgLo ;/sf/ eGbf ufpF / gu/txnfO{ a'emfpF5 . gfdsf lx;fan] gu/kflnsfl7s} 5 . t/ ufpFsf ;Gbe{df k'glj{rf/sf] cfjZostf 5 . ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt eGbf :jfoQ zf;g PsfO{sf]af]w u/fpFb}g . a? ufpF ;/sf/ jf ufpFkflnsf a9L pko'Qm b]lvG5 . ljsf; / k|zf;lso lx;fan] xfnsfod /x]sf uflj;sf] ;+Vof 36fP/ j8f ;ldltsf] sfo{If]q / clwsf/ a9fO{ cln 7"nf ufpFkflnsf agfpg'pko'Qm x'g]5 .• ;+j}wflgs÷sfg'gL k|fjwfg M :yfgLo lgsfosf] u7g ljlw, sfd÷st{Ao / clwsf/sf] ;ª\IfLKt pNn]v;+ljwfgdf g} ul/g' k5{ . sfo{If]qnfO{ ;ª\3Lo, k|fb]lzs / :yfgLo u/L ltgj6f cnu cnu ;"lrdf 5'6\ofPsf]v08df :yfgLo lgsfosf] xs÷clwsf/ a9L ;'/lIft x'g]5 . o;sf] lj:t[t Joj:yf s]Gb|Lo ;+;bn] agfPsf]sfg'g cg';f/ ug]{ / cfjZos lgod s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/n] agfpg] k|fjwfg ug{ ;lsG5 . P]g÷lgoddf ;+zf]wgug'{ kbf{ :yfgLo lgsfosf] /fli6«o kl/ifb jf dxf;ª\3sf] k/fdz{df ul/g' k5{ .3

• juL{s/0f M hg;+Vof, ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf;, ;]jf÷;'ljwfsf] pknJwtf / :t/, cflb cfwf/df gu/kflnsf/ ufpFkflnsfsf] juL{s/0f ug'{ cfjZos 5 . clxn] uflj;sf] juL{s/0f gx'Fbf cg'bfg, sfd / clwsf/sflx;fan] Ps xhf/eGbf sd / @% xhf/eGbf a9L hg;+Vof ePsf uflj;x¿ ;dfg x}l;otsf 5g\ .gu/kflnsfsf] ;Gbe{df xfnsf] dxfgu/, pkdxfgu/ / gu/ ltg lsl;dsf] juL{s/0f sfod} /fVg ;lsG5 .ufpFsf nflu b'O{ txsf] juL{s/0f pko'Qm x'g]5 . lhNnf tx g/fVg] xf] eg] xfn lhNnf txdf ul/Psf]k|zf;lgs Joj:yf tu/kflnsfsf] txdf :yfgfGt/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . ufpF txdf Ns:6/x? agfP/ k"jf{wf/;lxt;]jfs]Gb|sf] :yfkgfn] lhNnfsf] ljsNk k|bfg ug{ ;lsG5 .• :j¿k / ;+/rgf M clxn] h:t} lglZrt cjlw -rf/ jf kfFr jif{_sf nflu lgjf{rt sfo{kflnsfsf] Joj:yfplrt b]lvG5 . :yfgLo ;/sf/ n] sfg'gdf Joj:yf ePsf sfdx¿ :jtGq / :jfoQ¿kdf ug{ kfpg' k5{ .To;dfly s]Gb| jf k|b]zn] x:tIf]k ug{ g;Sg] k|fjwfg /fVg' cfjZos 5 . s]Gb| / k|b]zdf cfjlwslgjf{rgkl5 ;Qf?9 bnsf] :jfy{sf sf/0f lj36g gx'g] alnof] Uof/]G6L / lj36g ug'{ kg]{ cj:yf ePdfTo;sf] :ki6 ul/g' k5{ . ufpF jf gu/sf] k|zf;g, ljsf; of]hgf, gLlt / sfo{qmdsf] cg'df]bg / cg'udgsfnflu kl/ifbsf] Joj:yf cfjZos x'G5 . o;df lgjf{lrt k|ltlglwx¿sf] cltl/Qm ljz]if1, k|ltlglwTjaf65'6]sf cNk;+Vos / ;LdfGts[t ;d'bfox¿sf] ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zLs/0fnfO{ klg Wofg lbg' kg]{ x'G5 .• r'gfj k|0ffnL M :yfgLo tx vf;u/]/ ufpFdf a;f]jf;sf] 9fFrf k|foh;f] hftLo, eflifs / ;fF:s[lts lx;fan];3g 5 . 7"nf ;x/sf] j:tL k|fo ldl>t 5 . tyflk :yfgLo lgsfodf klxnf] x'g]n] lhTg] k|0ffnL g} a9Lpko'Qm 5 . dlxnf, blnt, cNk;+Vos / ;LdfGts[t ;d'bfox¿sf] k|ltlglwTj ;'lglZrt ug{ j8f txb]lv g};dfg'kflts jf cf/lIft sf]6fsf] Joj:yf ug{ ;lsG5 . cjlw ;dfKt ePsf] ltg dlxgfleq r'gfj ;DkGgug{ ;DalGwt k|b]zsf] ;/sf/ lgjf{rg ltly lgwf{/0f ug]{ / lgjf{rg cfof]un] lgjf{rg u/fpg] Joj:yf ug'{cfjZos 5 .• /fhwfgL M ;ª\3Lo ;+ljwfgn] /fhwfgLsf] af/]df klg :ki6 Joj:yf ug'{ h?/L 5 . cGo b]zx?sf] cEof;nfO{x]bf{ slx+ k|b]z;/x :jfoQ dxfgu/sf] Joj:yf 5 -ef/t, ch]{lG6gf_, slx+ :jfoQ ;+3Lo lhNnfsf] ?kdfs]Gb|zfl;t If]qsf] ?kdf Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 -;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sf, a|flhn_, t slx+ k|b]zleq ;dflxt :jfoQjf rf6{/ ;x/sf ?kdf Joj:yf ul/Psf] kfOG5 .cGTodf, clxn] g]kfnsf] :yfgLo txdf ;fd'bflos lhDd]jf/L / Joj:yfkgsf] nx/ rn]sf] 5 . k|foh;f] ;a}bft[;+:yfx¿sf] k|fyldstf klg oxL 5 . o;df ;d'bfosf]eGbf u}/;/sf/L ;ª\3÷;+:yf / bft[;+:yfsf] e"ldsf a9L 5 .kl/0ffd:j¿k ;d'bfosf] lxteGbf bft[ lgsfosf] k|fyldstf / ;+nUg ;ª\3÷;+:yfsf] lglxt :jfy{ a9L xfjL x'g uPsf]kfOG5 . yfgLo ;/sf/sf] ;+:yfut Ifdtf sdhf]/ /x]df of] k|a[lQ c? a9\g]5 . ;an / ;Ifd :yfgLo ;/sf/n] dfqo;df ;Gt'ng sfod ug{ ;S5 . To;sf/0f efjL ;+ljwfgn] g} o;sf] cfwf/e"t l;4fGt, ;+/rgf / sfo{If]q lgwf{/0fug'{ pko'Qm x'g]5 . ;ª\3Lo /fHo k|0ffnLdf ;dfGotof :yfgLo ;/sf/nfO{ k|b]z cGtu{t /fVg] u/]sf] kfOG5 . :yfgLoljljwtf / cfjZostfnfO{ ;+af]wg ug{ o;f] ul/Psf] xf] . g]kfndf klg Tof] cj:yf 5 . t/ o;nfO{ k|b]lzs /fhgLltsf]unt k|efjaf6 d'Qm /fVg ;+ljwfgdf cfwf/e"t Joj:yf ug]{ xf] eg] k|b]zsf] sfo{sfl/0fL Pj+ Joj:yflklso x:tIf]kaf6:yfgLo ;/sf/ cgk]lIft¿kdf k|efljt x'g' kb}{g .;Gbe{ ;"lrKincaid, John and Chattopadhya, Rupak (eds), Local government in Federal systems,New Delhi: Viva Books, 2008.Roy, Katy Le and Saunders Cheryl (eds), Legislative, Executive anf JudicialGovernance in Federal Countries, Montreal & Kingston: McGill-Queen's UniversityPress, 2006.Watts, Ronald, Comparing Federal Systems, Montereal & Kingston: McGiull-QueensUniversity Press, 2008.4