Water security for Indore city - ImagineIndore.org

Asian Cities Climate Change 1 Resilience Network

(ACCCRN)ACCRN-Sector StudyWATER SECURITYIndore CityEr.Mukesh Chauhan2

ASIAN CITIES CLIMATE CHANGE RESILIENCE NETWORKCITY -INDOREWATER SECTOR GROUPEr. MUKESH CHAUHAN, Secretary, NCA…………………………Team LeaderEr. PRABHAT SANKHLA,Project Manager,Narmada Project……MemberEr. DEEPAK RATNAWAT,E.E.,PHED,ADB Project…………….. MemberPro. D.J.KILEDAR,S.G.S.I.T.S.,Indore………………………………MemberEr. ANIL JAIN,City Engineer,IMC…………………………………...MemberINDOREDecember,20093

CONTENTS1 Background........................................................................................................72 Importance of the study (Assignment rationale)..................................................83 Objectives ..........................................................................................................94 Scope of the study ..............................................................................................94.1 The study will cover following themes:.......................................................95 Component 1: Analysis of Water Resources and infrastructure situation includingdemand and supply constraints .................................................................................115.1 Water Resources availability.....................................................................115.2 Ground water Resources ...........................................................................125.3 Present water Demand and Supply............................................................135.4 Constraints................................................................................................136 Component 2: Future requirement of water.......................................................166.1 Meeting future water demand...................................................................176.2 Climate change scenarios and analysis of possible impacts .......................186.2.1 Increase in Temperature in past.........................................................186.2.2 Future prediction of temperature change ...........................................196.2.3 Impacts on water availability.............................................................206.2.4 Impact on Ground water Availability ................................................206.2.5 Impact on Narmada Water Supply Scheme .......................................206.2.6 Impact on water availability from Yeshwant Sagar & Bilawali..........206.2.7 Impact on water availability from Mahi Project & Choral dam..........207 Component 3: Studies to analyze UFW/NRW Water devising/identifying ways andfeasibilities to minimize the losses............................................................................217.1 Water losses in transmission and distribution network: .............................217.2 Locations of Bulk Meter .........................................................................2227.2.1 District metered Areas (DMAS):.......................................................217.2.2 Domestic Consumer meters:..............................................................227.2.3 Water Audit: .....................................................................................227.2.4 Need for consumer sampling:............................................................238 Component 4: Assessing leakage in distribution systems and strategies for repair249 Component 5: Identification of possible avenues & ways for waste water recyclingand usage ...............................................................................................................2769.1 General 269.2 Use of treated water 269.3 Scoping for use of treated waste water 279.4 Setting up of industrial norms of water use 279.5 Use of non-recoverable waste 2710 Component 6: Impact of floods and water logging in the city.....................29810.1 Floods………………………………………………………………… 2810.2 Water logging in city 2911 Component 7: Alternative source of water supply...................................... 3011.1 Ground Water Resources 3011.2 Rainwater harvesting……….. 3111.3 Rainwater harvesting of intermediate weathered zones .............................314

11.4 Rainwater harvesting for confined aquifers ...............................................3412 Component 8: Analyzing and enhancing the strength of present network forwater distribution..........................................................................................3312.1 Present network ........................................................................................3312.2 Augmentation of supplies: ........................................................................3412.3 Improvement in delivery network: ............................................................3412.4 Meeting emergency situation through interlinking of source .....................3512.5 Strategy for maintaining water supply during flood situations ...................3513 Component 9: Assessing the ways and identification of medium for information,education & communication program for awareness generation in water conservation3714 Adaptation plans for water security...............................................................3914.1 Short term adaptation plan:-....................................................................34014.2 Medium term plan for water security ......................................................44114.3 Long term plan .........................................................................................4214.4 Resource Planning ..................................................................................443LIST OF TABLESTABLE (1) : Annual yield at different Probability..............................................11TABLE (2) : Ground water availability..............................................................12TABLE (3) : Existing water supply....................................................................13TABLE (4) : Population: Indore.........................................................................15TABLE (5) : Future Population of Indore...........................................................15TABLE (6) : Water demand calculations for 2024 and 2039 ..............................17TABLE (7) : Annual Mean temperature .............................................................19TABLE (8) : Climate change projections for Indian subcontinent.......................19TABLE (9) : Impact on rainfall in Narmada and Gambhir 19TABLE (10) : List of top 10 bulk water consumers in Indore 23TABLE (11) : Flood events (1990-2009)...........................................................298TABLE (12) : Existing land use...........................................................................31TABLE (13) : Main features of network...............................................................33LIST OF ANNEXESANNEX (A) : Discharge data at Mandleshwar (1980-2008).................................43ANNEX (B) : Yashwant Sagar Dam (Rainfall V/S Runoff) .................................44ANNEX (C): Primary water balance summary ………………………………..455

LIST OF MAPSMap 1 Physical map of IndoreMap 2 Slum Clusters in IndoreMap 3 Narmada Water Supply SystemMap 4 Changes in mean surface temperature (2017-2100)Map 5 Spatial pattern of linear trends in annual rainfall for Ganga & NarmadaMap 6 Proposed drainage sewerage projectMap 7 Flood affected areas in IndoreABBREVIATIONS1. ACCCRN - Asian Cities Climate Change Resiliance Network2. CPHEO - Central Public Health Engineering Organisation3. CWC - Central Water Commission4. CDP - City Development Plan of Indore5. DMAS - District Metered Areas6. GIS - Geographical Information System7. GCM - Global Climate Model8. Ha - Hectare9. IMC - Indore Municipal Corporation10. IPCCC - Inter Governmental Panel on Climate Change Control11. IEC - Information, Education and Communication12. JNNURM - Jawahar Lal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission13. KM - Kilometer14. LPCD - Litre Per Capital Per Day15. MLD - Million Litre Per Day16. MCM - Million Cubic Meter17. MAF - Million Acre Feet18. MM - Mili Meter19. ML - Million Litre20. NRW - Non-Revenue Water21. NIH - National Institute of Hydrology22. O&M - Operation and Maintenance23. RCM - Regional Climate Model24. SRES - Special Response Emission Series25. Sq.KM - Square Kilometer26. UFW - Unaccounted-For –Water27. WSM - Water Supply Management28. WAPCOS - Water & Power Consultancy of India Ltd.29. WDM - Water Demand Management6

1 BACKGROUNDIndore is the largest commercial city of Madhya Pradesh with a population of about 2.067Millions in 2005. The city has witnessed a decadal growth of 41.3% from 1991 to 2001and is getting further urbanized at a tremendous speed due to it having turned into a largeeducational, medical, commercial centre. The Physical map of Indore is at MAP 1.Therequirement for water for drinking, industry and municipal purposes have accordinglyincreased manifold. Being situated on flat Malwa plateau and at the edge of vindhyanmountain ranges from where most of rivers of the region originate, Indore is atdisadvantage for not having good reservoir sites and rivers with adequate water resourcesin its reasonable proximity. Coupled with it, the nature of geological formation do notallow exploitation of Ground Water Resources beyond a limit, not sufficient even to meeta reasonable part of drinking water requirement. Due to above said reasons, Indoredepends on Narmada river, 70 km. away and at 420 m. depth from Malwa Plateau, forabout 75% of its water supply; this dependence will further increase in future. The watersupply schemes including its distribution and collection of revenue is underCommissioner of Indore Municipal Corporation who directly control the establishment,O&M and distribution of water supplies from sources other than Narmada river. In caseof Narmada water supply project, the establishment of two maintenance division isprovided by the Government of Madhya Pradesh which gives their salary and grant formaintenance of Narmada Project, but the Administrative, operation control and revenuecollection is with the Indore Municipal Corporation. Due to the peculiar organizationstructure and for other reasons, the corporation is not in a position to run the existingwater supply scheme on commercial line and a huge deficit of 216.9 Millions betweenrevenue receipt and expenditure was reported in 2005-06, mainly on account of paymentas electricity tariff for pumping water from Narmada river. This deficit will continue togrow because of ever increasing electricity tariff.Indore receives about 171 MLD to 199.5 MLD from Narmada Project, Yeshwant Sagar,Bilawali and municipal tube wells. This is 52 to 67 liters per capita per day - very low inview of CPHEO recommendation of 135 LPCD. There are 91 km. of bulk supply mainsand 1400 km. length of distribution pipe line with 34 Nos. service reservoirs with a totalcapacity of 84 MLD. 400 km. of additional distribution pipe line is required to cover thecomplete municipal area. Despite per capita supply being low, it is given for 1 hour atlow pressure and on alternate days. In 2005-6, only 54% of population in municipal areawas covered by piped water supply. Domestic connections are non metered and richand poor both pay flat water charges irrespective of consumption. The system has veryhigh order of wastages/leakages and Non-Revenue Water (NRW). There is no appropriatewater Demand Management Strategy and awareness about water conservation and trustamong the consumers in water supply delivery system is low.Indore is prone to face impacts of climate change. Climate change will possibly impactthe water supply sources and water security in future and its consequences will be morevisible after year 2050. The city’s slum dwellers, who are about 300 thousands andcomprise 16% of population, live in 604 slum pockets and at present receive less than 40LPCD from community stand posts or from public tankers, are vulnerable to be affectedmore from any water scarcity arising in future .Locations of Slum clusters are given inMAP-2. The present study attempts to assess the impact of climate change on watersecurity of Indore city and particularly on poor and slum dwellers who are going to beworst affected and suggest adaptation strategies to build resilience of the city in above8

eventuality with the active role and participation of poor and weaker sections among thecity residents.2 IMPORTANCE OF THE STUDY (ASSIGNMENT RATIONALE)The GCM and RCM both have predicted climate changes in Indore which, in future,will bring about with it the significant changes in the hydrology of the region by bringingmore events of droughts and extreme floods. The present and future water resourcessurfaceand ground water both- will be impacted thus affecting the water security in thecity. The city water supply already suffers from lower per capita water supply,inequitable distribution, practice of charging rich and poor on flat tariff basis, highertransmission and distribution losses resulting into higher percentage of Non-RevenueWater (NRW), lack of sound water demand strategies. Presently about 54% of populationhave access to piped water supply.16% population which is about 320,000 are residing in slum areas. By tradition andconvention this segment are given lower priorities in the planning process and are notgiven any participatory role in implementation of water security planning. They do nothave access to piped water supply and receives less than 40 LCPD from eithercommunity stand post or municipal tankers. Ironically, most of them also constitute asignificant part of 30% of city’s population affected adversely due to flooding and waterlogging in the city. The poor and slum dwellers, as a fait-accompli receive inadequate &unsafe drinking water in summer and during floods. They can not afford the capital &recurring cost of domestic water connection because of high flat tariff and lack of crosssubsidies. Rapid growth of population and urbanization will give rise to more unplannedslum clusters in the city thereby further accentuating their problems. Due to climatechanges, the water security for above section of population will be more adverselyimpacted. Therefore, there is a need to assess the impacts of climate changes on watersecurity in the city with particular reference to the poor and slum dwellers. Theadaptation options to build resilience of city’s poor in particular and city in general are tobe kept handy for implementation with the active participation of affected stake holdersso that equity, security and quality of drinking water supply is ensured and guaranteed.The assessment of impact and formulation of adaptation strategies will necessarily needto address various important sectoral issues relevant to water supply. These issues rangefrom improvement in the efficiency of present water supply, implementing schemes foraugmentation of water supply to take care of future growth, adopting suitable WaterDemand Management(WDM) and Water Supply Management (WSM) Strategies topromote equitable distribution, reduce NRW, increase public awareness and build publicconfidence in the delivery system. Other issues affecting the sector such as depletion ofgroundwater, high electricity bill, lack of active maintenance, metering of waterconnection, zoning and providing bulk metering, carrying out water and energy audit, useof GIS in line maintenance and gradual transition to a commercial venture shall also beaddressed in the study. The need of Industrial demand of water will also be assessed inabove contest. Role of recycling of waste and its reuse, and rainwater harvesting willalso need to be analyzed.It is expected that with the implementation of adaptation strategies, the management willswitch over to sound practices of water supply management from present practice ofcrisis management. The study will prove useful in reviewing the water supply servicesand water need in the context of potential impacts of climate change and would catalyzeattention of policy makers, Governments and people who matter in evolving climate9

change resilience action plans. The city level sectoral adaptation proposals is a criticalcomponent of implementation of ACCCRN and will be a key step for the city to qualifyand participate in Phase-II3 OBJECTIVESThe study has following objectives:To present peculiar geographical position of Indore and its impact on choice ofwater resources and its availability,To analyze Water Resources and infrastructure situation,To assess impacts of city growth, competing demands and climate change onWater Resources availability of city. Analyses of various water resources foraugmentation.,To Study to highlight adaptation measures to ensure water supply under thechanged environment of more flooding or water scarcity situation in future.4 SCOPE OF THE STUDYThe study covers the city and its immediate neighborhood for WSM for the existinginfrastructure. Impact of climate change on hydrology and water resources due toestimated increase in average annual temperature in future will be assessed. The watersecurity in the scenario of water scarcity and heavy frequent flood, particularly for thepoor and slum dwellers will be analyzed and robust adaptation strategies to buildresilience against climate changes will be formulated. The study is based mostly onexisting information, supported by thin surveys. It will lay foundation aimed to catalyzemore detailed studies on ground.4.1 The study will cover following themes:Outline on Current Situation and Future DemandWater resource and infrastructure situation including constraints and the demandand supply under the business as usual scenarioImpacts of city growth, competing demands and climate change on wateravailability in futureStrategy DesignIdentifying ways to improve the quantum as well as quality of waterWater Auditing to estimate non-revenue water (NRW)/unaccounted-for water(UFW)Identifying leakages in the water supply distribution network at different levelsand suggesting ways to reduce the leakagesAugmentation of water production and supplyIdentifying possible avenues and suggesting ways to promote water conservationactivities10

Adaptation measuresIdentifying the water needs and capacity to ensure effective/manageable watersupply during scarcity months or extended periods/extreme weather events likefloods.Identifying the vulnerability/special needs of the children and disadvantagedgroups during scarcity/flooding/other emergency situations and suggesting waysto address their water needs.Exploring alternative source of water supply for augmenting/maintaining ofrestoring water supply during emergency situations.11

5 COMPONENT 1: ANALYSIS OF WATER RESOURCES ANDINFRASTRUCTURE SITUATION INCLUDING DEMAND AND SUPPLYCONSTRAINTS5.1 Water Resources availabilitySurface Water:The Indore city lies in upper Chambal sub-basin of Ganga basin. It is drained by riverKhan and its tributary Saraswati. Both the rivers do not have any flow in non-monsoonseason and carry only highly polluted effluent of ‘E’ water quality grading. Themaximum dry weather flow is 51.2 MLD. These rivers are unsuitable for water supplyfrom the point of view of both quality and quantity of flow. The river Khan joins riverKshipra near Ujjain. The river Kshipra is to meet the requirement of cities of Ujjain andDewas. River Chambal flows at 40 Km from Indore, though a large river but has very lesscatchment near Indore and do not have sufficient discharge. Hence all above rivers whichare in the vicinity of Indore either do not have enough quantity of surface water or havepolluted water.Gambhir river:Another river in the vicinity i.e. Gambhir originates in Mhow tehsil of Indore district andhas a catchment area of 485.41 sq.km at Yeshwant Sagar. The quality of water of riverGambhir is ‘B’. The rainfalls runoff series of Gambhir River at Yeshwant Sagar Dam isgiven in Annexure (A).Availability of water at different probabilities is given in thefollowing Table (1).Sr.No.TABLE (1) : Annual yield at different ProbabilityProbability of occurrenceAnnual yield(in MCM)1. 75% 41.11 MCM (123 MLD)2. 90% 26.23 MCM (78 MLD)3. 95% 16.92MCM (50 MLD)Source : Project report under JNNRUM of WAPCOSBilawali tank:The Bilawali tank is situated at 6 km. away from Indore and has a capacity to supply 4.5MLD and has a live storage of 3.24 MCM which was originally 4.25 MCM.Narmada River:Narmada is a perennial river and originates in Amarkantak of Shahdol district. Quality ofits water has been graded as “A”. The nearest point on this river is Jalud nearMandleshwar and upstream of Maheshwar hydel Project which is 70 km. distant and atabout 420 m. depth from Indore. Maheshwar Hydel Project (at 941 Km. from origin) ispresently under construction. The annual availability of water at 90% probability is 19357MCM whereas the minimum flow recorded is 12870 MCM. The annual runoff series ofNarmada river at Mandleshwar is given at Annexure- (B).As per Clause IX of the NWDT award, the Govt. of M.P. has to make uniform monthlyregulated releases of 834.65 MCM (0.677 MAF) from upstream Indira Sagar Project and12

ex-Maheshwar for utilization below at Sardar Sarovar Project. The water utilization atSardar Sarovar Project in a normal year is 12946.5 MCM (10.5 MAF) of which 10015.86MCM (8.12 MAF) are from the regulated releases from Maheshwar Project. In Normalyears, there would not be any restriction on abstraction of water from this river.Uniform daily flow ex Maheshwar is 333.9 MCM and the live storage capacity ofMaheshwar Project reservoir is 28 MCM. There are 10 power house units each of 40 MWand design discharge per unit is about 230 cumec (19.82 MCM). The live storage ofMaheshwar dam can not serve as storage for Narmada Water Supply as it is only forbalancing minor fluctuations in the reservoir occurring due to power house operation.The water supply requirement of Indore will have to be met from the 22,511 MCM(18.25 MAF) allotted to Madhya Pradesh by the NWDT Tribunal from the Indira SagarProject which has 9750 MCM (7.9 MAF) of live storage and is a mother reservoir for allprojects situated downstream of it viz. Omkareshwar Multipurpose Project, MaheshwarHydel Project, Narmada Water supply scheme and Sardar Sarovar Project.Choral River:Choral is a right bank tributary of river Narmada. Choral dam is 45 kms. from Indoreand is in the vicinity of Narmada Water Supply gravity main. Combined live storage ofchoral dam (19.45 MCM) and Lakheri Project (2.13 MCM) is 21.58 MCM and its deadstorage is 4.5 MCM. The project serves a cultivable area of 3900 Ha. But as per NationalWater Policy, in case of acute emergency some part of its live storage can be utilized fordrinking water because drinking has a priority over Irrigation.Mahi River:Mahi dam project on Mahi river is about 90 km. from Indore. The live storage capacity inphase-I and phase-II is 209 MCM. There is possibility of providing 100 MLD (25-30MCM) water from the drinking water provision made in this dam. The pumping involvedis only 90 m. and water can be fed directly into Yeshwant Sagar on river Gambhir.5.2 Ground water ResourcesThe Ground water resources (GW) in Indore are not much significant because thegeological formation encountered here is of basaltic origin. The ground water in lesserquantity is available in intermediate weathered zones and confined aquifer zones. Theconfined aquifer zones have been over exploited and are now on the verge of depletion.Due to overexploitation and decreasing annual utilizable recharge because of rapidurbanization and paving of open surfaces, not much reliance can be placed on thisresource. Exact value of available GW in Indore city is not available. However, using theavailable value of ground water recharge of 276 MCM for the district of Indore withgeographical area of 3831 Sq.km., pro-rata value of 10 MCM is arrived at for city area of131 Sq.km, and about 24 MCM for investment area of 214 Sq.km as given in followingtable (2).DescriptionTABLE (2) : Ground water availabilityGeographicalarea(in Sq.Km.)13UtilizableGround water(in MCM)Indore District 3831 276EquivalentWater supply(in MLD)Present civil area of Indore 131 10 30

Investment area (2011development plan)214 24 7210 MCM ground water is equivalent to 30 MLD which puts the upper limit of abstractionfrom this source within the city. At present 13 MLD through 3600 municipal tube wellsand an unspecified sum by private tube wells is being utilized.5.3 Present water Demand and SupplyPresent population of city is about 2.067 Millions (2005). Present water demand is 410MLD considering 30% transmission and distribution losses and 30 MLD of industrialrequirement. Per capita per day availability of 135 L (40 L for receiving water fromcommunity stand post) has been considered in above estimation.Present water availability through Narmada Phase I & II, Bilaoli and Ground water variesfrom 171 MLD to 199.5 MLD as given in the following table (3).Sl.No.TABLE (3) : Existing water supplySource14Approx Daily supply (MLD)MinimumMaximum1. Narmada Water Supply Project 140 1502. Yeshwar Sagar at Gambhir River 18 273. Bilaoli tank 00 4.54. Municipal tube well(3600 approx)13 18Total water available (ML/Day) 171 199.55.4 ConstraintsDue to inadequate availability of water supply, per capita availability of water based on30% losses for the existing population varies from a minimum of 52 L/day to a maximumof 67 L/day as against 135 L/day prescribed in the norms. Water distribution is notequitable due to inadequate distribution infrastructure as piped water supply wasavailable to only 54% population in 2005. Slum and poor people receive less than 40 Lwater through community stand post. The water supply is an exercise in crisismanagement. The City is partly covered through 34 service reservoirs (84 ML storage –inadequate), and remaining area is covered by direct supply. The supply is normally withlow pressure and for one hour only on alternate days.Above per capita availability is further reduced as water for commercial and industrialuse is also taken from above supply through 2446 connections. The flat water tariff,where rich and poor pays alike, encourages wastages of water. There are about 20,000 -40000 illegal connections. The distribution & transmission losses have been estimated tobe 30%, and 50% water is Un Accounted for Water (UAW). During summer when thesupply from Yeshwant Sagar, Bilawali and ground water becomes negligible, hundreds of

water tankers are plied to sell water to needy households and to multistoried buildingscreating a large water market often promoted by vested interests. Another constraint oftenwitnessed by the water supply authority is related to failure of Narmada Water supply dueto major repairs /breakdown of pumps and pipeline. The area served by the Narmada lineremains without water often for long period of repairs.The capacity of reservoirs of Yeshwant Sagar & Bilawali have been reduced by at least25% due to silting i.e. from 19.963 MCM to 14.65 MCM for Yeshwant Sagar and 4.25MCM to 3.24 MCM for Bilawali. The rim area of reservoirs have been encroached by thefarmers where they also resort to direct pumping thereby further reducing the wateravailability from these reservoirs. Particularly in Bilawali tank, the watercourse carryingthe drainage of catchments known as Nahar Bhandara has been obstructed by urbanstructures.Narmada Water supply has one more constraint; originally, the intake well was located ata lower level in the river bed. Under phase III of Narmada Project . A new intake wellwas located at higher level considering that the Minimum Draw Down level ofMaheshwar hydel project would be 162.2 m. Since the Maheshwar dam has not yet beencompleted, some innovative method of direct pumping water from river to the new intakewell has been devised. The non-completion of project will be a bottleneck in fullutilization of capacity of Narmada Project phase III. It is estimated that instead ofadditional 360 MLD, 90 MLD would only be available, thus, temporarily enhancing thetotal availability of water from Narmada Project to 230 MLD from existing 140 MLD.There is uncertainty on the completion date of Maheshwar Project due to pendingproblem of R&R.15

6 COMPONENT 2: FUTURE REQUIREMENT OF WATERAs per census record, population of Indore city has grown from 0.023 millions (1941) to1.543 million (year 2001). The population as recorded in past census surveys is presentedbelow in table (4).TABLE (4) : Population: IndoreS.No. Year Population % increase1. 1941 2036592. 1951 310859 52.613. 1961 395000 27.074. 1971 573000 45.075. 1981 829327 44.736. 1991 1091618 31.637. 2001 1542618 41.31Average 40.40Based on above, future projections in population growth have been made by the UrbanAdministration Department as given in following table(5).TABLE (5) : Future Population of IndoreSl. No. Year Projected population1. 2011 21506802. 2021 29984263. 2024 33000004. 2031 40000005. 2039 48000006. 2041 5272061The industrial requirement of the city and immediate neighborhood is a variable which isnot very easy to predict. A present demand of 30 MLD increasing to 60 MLD in next 30years have been estimated in project documents of Narmada Phase-III. An industrialcorridor around Pithampur, Indore, Dewas has been proposed and a consultant hasestimated 531 MLD of Industrial Water requirement in 2041 which in absence of soundbasis can not be included in the future demand.The water demand calculation based on per capita demand of 135 L/day with 16%population receiving only 40 L/day and distribution losses of 15% are given below intable(6).16

Sl.No.TABLE (6) : Water demand calculations for 2024 and 2039ParticularsYear2024Year20391. Population (millions) 3.30 4.80(a)(b)Population with house connection facility(83.75%)Population with public stand posts facility(16.25%)2. Water demand @ 135 lpcd for connections &40 lpcd for public stand post (MLD)2.764 4.020536 780Sub Total 3.30 4.800(a) 135x2.76 (year 2024), 135x4.020 (Year 2039) 373.14 542.70(b) 40x.536 (Year 2024), 40x.780 (Year 2039) 22.44 31.20Sub Total (MLD) 396.00 574.003. Fire fighting demand @ √100/ P 6 74 Provision for enroute villages 5 105 Provision for industrial demand 30 606 Provision for MHOW 35 507 Provision for Institutional demand-CAT 7 20Gross Demand Ex. Bijalpur 479.00 721.008 Distribution losses @15% 85 1289 Provision for Dewas 10 15.0010 Deduct quantity presently available fromvarious sourceTotal Net Requirement 564.00 864.00(a) Narmada – 170 MLD 170 170(b)(c)(d)Yashwant Sagar – 20 MLDBiloali – 9 MLDTube wells – 15 MLD29 44Net Demand 360.00 650.00Total net requirement of 564 MLD for the year 2024 and 864 MLD for the year 2039 areassessed. This demand include provision for Dewas, Mhow and Industries.6.1 Meeting future water demandAccording to present strategy, above future demand will mainly be met from followingongoing and proposed water supply project:-17

Meeting demand till year 2024A demand of 564 MLD will be met from following projectsNarmada water supply Project phase III construction on which had started in2006, envisages supplying additional demand of 360 MLD in 2010-11 in its firstphase by pumping water from the existing off taking place i.e Jalud inMaheshwar dam reservoir on Narmada at the cost of Rs.5750 Millions underfunding from Asian Development Bank .Under this Project , a new intake well athigher level (900 MLD capacity), and pumping main for ultimate demand of 720MLD ; treatment plant and gravity main, along the existing alignment, for 360MLD are being constructed. In addition,23 overhead tanks (capacity 69 MLD)and distribution network of 400 km have also been taken up for construction. Thecost of project would be Rs. 7840 Millions.The water supply system in the cityhas been depicted in MAP-3.The existing capacity of Yeshvant Sagar is being augmented under JNNRUM at acost of Rs.250 Millions. Augmented capacity of Yeshwant Sagar at Phase-Icorresponding to FRL of 524 m. is 42.5 MLD , and 54 MLD at Phase-IIcorresponding to FRL of 525 m. will additionally be available to meet the demandof Western area of the city. Bilawali reservoir will also provide 4.5MLD,though,the capacity of Filter station provided here is 13.5 MLD. Municipaltube well might not be operated in normal time but people may continue to takewater from private tube wells due to the convenience and 24×7 supply.Meeting demand till year 2039In addition to amount of water availability from above sources, Part II of Narmadawater supply phase III will provide 360 MLD of water. Treatment plant, pumps,gravity mains, feeder for this capacity and distribution pipe line will beconstructed under this project the work on which will be started latest by year2024 .6.2 Climate change scenarios and analysis of possible impactsMost of the present requirement of Indore city is met from river Narmada and RiverGambhir of Ganga Basin. Most of future requirement will also be met from Narmadawater through phase-III of Narmada water supply project. Both the rivers are monsoonfed and dependent on ground water and regeneration for their base flow. Climate changewill bring about changes in the hydrology of these two rivers and for assessment of itsimpact, IPCCC special Response Emission Series (SRES) Scenario A-2 and B-1representing worst and most optimistic scenarios have been considered in the study.Though Indore has Co 2 equivalent emission much less than 0.8 Tonne/per person/Annumbut the Global warming associated with increase in temperature will affect hydrology inboth Narmada and Ganga basin as described as under.6.2.1 Increase in Temperature in pastNIH (2007) has carried out basin-wise assessment of temperature variability in North-West and Central India covering Gambhir (Ganga basin) and Narmada Basin. TheAnnual mean temperature in Narmada and Gambhir (Ganga) have increased by 0.64˚ Cand 0.44˚C in past 100 years (1901-2000) and the increase in maximum temperature inpast as 0.58˚ C and 0.9˚C respectively as given in following table(7).18

RiverbasinTABLE (7) : Annual Mean temperatureTmeanTmaxS1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S1 S2 S3 S4 S5Narmada 0.60 0.75 0.31 1.00 0.64 0.5 0.58 0.44 0.85 0.58Ganga 0.63 0.19 0.02 0.92 0.44 1.00 0.58 0.68 1.17 0.90Note: S1- Winter S2-premonsoon S3-Monsoon S4-post monsoon S5- AnnualThe Narmada basin has highest increase in average annual temperature in India due toheavy deforestation of much longer area.6.2.2 Future prediction of temperature changeFuture prediction in temperature & monsoon rainfall using GCM have been developedby Lal (2001) for climate change scenario over Indian Subcontinent based on datagenerated in numerical experiments with Atmosphere and Ocean coupled GCM (A-OGCM) of the CCSR/NIES, Japan and results are given in following table(8).TABLE (8) : Climate change projections for Indian subcontinentScenariosIncreased Temp.(C)Change in rainfall(%)2020s2050s2080sAnnual 1.00-1.41 2.16-5.97Winter 1.08-1.54 (-)1.95-4.36Monsoon 0.87-1.17 1.81-5.10Annual 2.23-2.27 5.36-9.34Winter 2.54-3.18 (-) 9.22-3.72Monsoon 1.81-2.37 7.18-10.52Annual 3.53-5.55 7.48-9.90Winter 4.14-6.31 (-) 24.83-4.50Monsoon 2.91-4.62 10.10-15.18The Regional climate models (RCM) have predicted the increase in annual temperaturemore precisely. Spatial pattern of changes in temperature for the period 2071-2100 aregiven inMAP-4. In year 2050, the Summer temperatures are expected to increase by 1.5to 2˚C over a peak of 45˚. For the period 2071-2100 under A-2 scenario, mean surfacetemperature rise of 3.5˚ to 5˚C. The projected surface warming is higher in winter thanduring summer or monsoon.19

The change in climate due to global warming is likely to impact the hydrology ofNarmada (including Choral) and Gambhir rivers. The spatial pattern of linear trends inannual rainfall for the Ganga and The Narmada are shown in in MAP-5. The N.I.H.(2007) has studied changes in rainfall pattern and intensity in North-West and CentralIndia over past 100 years. Increase reported in rainfall (% of mean/100 years), rainy days(% of mean/100 years) and heaviest rain (mm/100 years) over past 100 years associatedwith change in mean temp. of 0.64˚C in Narmada and 0.44˚ C in Ganga and Narmada aregiven in the following tableRiverbasinGambhir(Ganga)TABLE (9): Impact on rainfall in Narmada And GambhirRainfall Rainy days HeavyRainS1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S1 S2 S3 S4 S50.25 10.0 1.7 13.6 3.16 -16.8 2.02 -2.3 6.8 -3.5 9.31Narmada 2.74 -9.58 8.18 -8.0 6.9 -9.5 -17.5 -1.05 -5.8 -1.9 18.47Note: S1- Winter S2-premonsoon S3-Monsoon S4-post monsoon S5- AnnualThe Global climate model indicate an increase in precipitation to the order of 200 mmto 400 mm.6.2.3 Impacts on water availabilityThe climate change due to global warming will impact hydrology and rainfall in thefollowing manner:1. The hydrological cycle will be predicated to be more intense.2. The average annual rainfall will rise by 200-400 mm for Narmada basin(including Choral) and about 150-200 mm. for Gambhir, which is around 10-30%of average annual rainfall and it will be more for A-2 scenario.3. Number of rainy days will be decreased.4. No. of extreme events like heavy floods and drought will increase.5. The intensity of daily rainfall will also increase.6. There will possibly be variability in the date of monsoon.7. The heavy floods will occur more frequently and the flooding of poor and slumareas may affect availability of safe drinking water there. During drought years,the water security in these areas will be adversely affected and ground watertables will go much deeper causing increase in energy bills. Increase in averageannual runoff does not mean availability of more water for water schemes aswater supply schemes are planned for 90% dependable probability. In alllikelihood, 90% dependable annual run-off will be reduced due to increase indrought events and will affect availability of water adversely.6.2.4 Impact on Ground water AvailabilityThe Ground water recharge will also be decreased and water balance in confined aquiferswill be affected adversely as during drought more draft from them will be anticipated.20

Secondly, more intense rainfall, higher floods and less number of rainy days are notconducive to higher recharge of natural aquifers. Lower ground water table will meanreduced base flow.6.2.5 Impact on Narmada Water Supply SchemeFrom Annexure(A), the minimum flow reported at Jalud upstream of Maheshwar Projectis 12870 MCM (10.43 MAF). As already brought earlier that as per NWDT awardProvisions, Madhya Pradesh (MP) is mandated to release a uniform annual flow of10015 MCM (8.12 MAF) ex. Maheshwar for downstream use in Sardar Sarovar Project(Gujarat). In a year with 75% dependability, MP has 18.25 MAF of water and there isno shortage of water for Narmada water supply. But when the minimum flow of 12870MCM (10.43 MAF) is further reduced by 10-20% in severe drought year due to climatechange than GoMP might have to release 5150 MCM (4.176 MAF) and is left with only5490 MCM (4.26 MAF) for allocation among 25 Major, 130 Medium & Thousands ofminor irrigation Project upstream of Maheshwar Hydel Project i.e. intake of NarmadaWater Supply. Additionally, in year 2041, when planned withdrawals from Narmada forIndore would be 720 MLD i.e. about 263 MCM(.213 MAF), some more water supplyschemes for Mega cities like Bhopal and Jabalpur would be competing for water. As suchdesired quantity of water may not be available.The water quality in Narmada is ‘A’ grade. All major industrial areas around Narmadadrain their effluent in the rivers of Ganga basin and the water quality may not deterioratemuch except slightly higher surface temperature.6.2.6 Impact on water availability from Yeshwant Sagar & BilawaliThe climate change will impact water availability from above two drinking water supplyreservoirs as under:1. Intense rain and more flood events will increase siltation and by 2050, thecapacity of Yeshwant Sagar will reduce by about 1/3 rd and that of Bilawali by halfaffecting the water availability and also security.2. Increase in surface temperature will cause at least 4 to 5% of additionalevaporation.3. Depletion in ground water table may cause increased seepage losses from both thereservoirs.4. Depletion in ground water will force the farmers in upstream catchments to havemore water storage dams thereby reducing the water supply to the Reservoirs6.2.7 Impact on water availability from Mahi Project & Choral damIn addition to the impacts brought out above, there will be more competitive demandfrom farmers for irrigation for water supplies from both the reservoirs of Mahi Project &Choral dam. Secondly in case of Mahi water supply project, present surplus of 100 MLDfrom this project may reduce due to competition from nearby towns of Rajgarh,Sardarpur, Dhar, Ratlam for municipal and industrial uses.In all cases, water availability and its security will be severely affected in all the years infuture. Water supply from Narmada will be affected only in years of very low flow.21

7 COMPONENT 3: STUDIES TO ANALYZE UFW/NRW WATERDEVISING/IDENTIFYING WAYS AND FEASIBILITIES TO MINIMIZETHE LOSSES.7.1 Water losses in transmission and distribution network:The existing distribution network has following major characteristics Length of main : + 1400 kms. No. of houses : 4,15,000 No. of connection : 1,59,287 No. of commercial connection : 1447 No. of Industrial connections : 973 No. of institutional connections : 26 Community stand post : 7263 Estimated illegal connections : between 20,000 - 40000 Population : + 1.66 million (2002): + 2.067 million (2005) Service Reservoirs : 34 Nos. storage capacities 84 MLA report commissioned by UN-Habitat to provide overview of the water supply situationin Indore and based on relatively short investigation of the Indore water supply systemundertaken in July 2005, provides a broad status assessment including that of water lossesin transmission and distribution network. As provided in Table (3) water available fromfour sources namely Narmada Water supply project, Yeshwant Sagar tank on GambhirRiver, Biilawali tank and municipal tube wells varies from 171 MLD to 199.5 MLD .One of the main problems in distribution is that of high level of Unaccounted For Water(UFW) which results in loss in availability of water and revenue. The estimated loss ofwater in the distribution system on account of leakage and wastage is to the tune of 25%whereas taking into account of other losses like process, transmission, unauthorizedconnections etc the estimated unaccounted for water by the IMC is not less than 50% asreported in the CDP of Indore prepared under JNNURM Project. In 1997, the WAPCOS(Water and Power consultancy services) had also carried out leak detection study in alimited area and assessed a distribution loss of 30-35%.In Indore, due to absence ofdomestic metered connections, the monitoring of unaccounted for water can be achievedby monitoring of the bulk meter installed and by logging of minimum night floods andthe analysis of bulk meters reading.7.2 Locations of Bulk Meter7.2.1 District metered Areas (DMAS)District Management Areas enables the operational staff to monitor and manage the waterusage and losses for each separate zone. Indore Municipal Corporation has divided thecity into 12 zones which is inadequate, because, ideally the size of each zone should have2000-4000 properties. The DMA should be utilized to asses and prioritize sector wisedistribution losses. The operation staff should have proper understanding of close systemboundaries where all zone connections are closed or metered. For this purpose,22

identification, servicing and marking of all zone valves for all zones should be carriedout. In view of above, proper bulk metering is essential for efficient management andwater balance calculation. Bulk Management meters are recommended at followinglocations:(i) At the inlet and outlet of all water purification works; these meters can be installedpermanently on the outside of the pipe without having to shutdown the pipeline. Theseare 7 in numbers.(ii)On selected positions on the trunk mains 7 in Nos (for large pipes ultrasonic meters tobe most appropriate).(iii)Upstream of the zonal valves of the inlet of management zones which are presently 12in numbers.(iv) At main sump wells- 4 in Nos.Thus in all 30 Bulk management meters have been proposed .The location of Bulkmanagement meter has been indicated on Map . In long run, the bulk meters are to beinstalled on the outlet of all elevated water tanks as well as at the entrance to all zonemetered areas. The metering should be prioritized to meter the positions with constantsupply. Bulk meter should also be at the point where the water tankers are filled each dayso that consumption on this account is correctly assessed.7.2.2 Domestic Consumer meters:Presently, the domestic connections in Indore Water supply are not metered and watercharges are recovered on flat tariff rates. Due to this, there is high wastage/leakages inthe system at the consumer level because there is no financial incentive/discouragement.Initially, the domestic metering must be encouraged at an individual DMA level as a pilotproject and based on the experiences gained, same with suitable modification/amendmentcan be extended to other DMA’s also. Recently, the IMC has initiated a pilot project onthese lines in southern area of Rajendra Nagar.7.2.3 Water Audit:To know distribution/transmission losses in the water distribution system at Indore, apreliminary water audit was undertaken using the Aqualibre software. A summary ofprimary water audit is given at Annexure (C ) . As per this1. System input excluding tube well & Bilawali tank : 73,000,000 cum.2. a. Revenue water : 44,973,128 cum.b. Non-revenue water : 28,026,872 cum.From above, Unaccounted for Water (UAW) is 38.39% of total supply is much higheragainst the national average of 24% for Metropolitan cities (1999). The range of UAW atNational level is 10-55% for Metropolitan cities.23

Table (10): List of top 10 bulk water consumers in IndoreNo. Name of consumer Size ofconnection inInchAverage monthlysupply inTariffKl/monthRupeePer kl1. M.E.S. Mhow 20 318500 10 19782. Mhow Cant Board 12 75116 10 1979Year ofconnection3. Sarpanch, GramPanchayat, Kodaria3 29180 10 19924. CAT, Indore 8 21850 10 19905. Western RailwayMhow6. Adarsh Guru NanakGriha NirmanSanstha, Niranjanpur,Indore8 18324 10 19786 15900 10 20017. C.M.O. Rao 4 8950 10 19798. Rajiv Aawas ViharYojna No. 114 IDA,Indore16 7500 10 20029. M.Y. Hospital, 6 5125 10 1995Indore10. Maa Vihar Colony, 2 4860 10 2001IndoreTotal 5053057.2.4 Need for consumer sampling:A pilot project to know average utilization of water for different purposes is required tobe undertaken. This would help in refining the technologies/manuals associated with suchuses and water efficiency can be improved in normal times and emergency situationarising due to water distress can be tackled effectively. The consumers through publicawareness programs and NGO’s can be made conscious of reducing the wastages viz.running of wash basin tap continuously in the morning during tooth brushing or shaving,throwing away stored drinking water every day to fill fresh water, using shower forextraordinary longer duration, washing of car every day etc.24

8 COMPONENT 4: ASSESSING LEAKAGE IN DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMSAND STRATEGIES FOR REPAIRSince the Bulk management meters have not yet been installed and domestic connectionsare not metered, the extent of leakages and their locations can only be assessed with thehelp of experience of operating staff. In any case, limited potential reaches usingportable leak detection instruments during night by maintaining constant flow can betaken up for assessment. Once detected, repair/replacement activities should immediatelybe taken up. The leak detection training program was initially started by WAPCOS in1996-97. The IMC had again started the process to identify and fix visual leaks since2005-06 under the active leakage control program. Following recommendations are madefor the assessment and reduction in leakeges:-1. Pressure Management: Pressure management can be used to control customerdemand and reduce leakages in the distribution system. For Indore, the scope ofpressure management in absence of continuous pressure in the system has limiteduse.2. Despite above, pressure profile of various points should be established and a closemonitoring on water pressure can be kept.3. A single policy regarding mains replacement be developed in which a fixedpercentage of mains replacement per year should be provided. The policy mayinvolve use of latest technique like GIS and may pin-point the most criticalsections of pipe and prioritized them for replacement.4. Alternatively, 2% of value of water can be allocated for maintenance and repairfrom where mains replacement program can be funded.5. Active leakage control should be given priority whereby water utility personnelarmed with leak detection equipment, actively search for unreported leaks in thedistribution system.6. The leak reporting by public under the existing communication system called“Indradoot” to monitor and coordinate all water related matters should beencouraged and people’s trust in the system should be strengthened byestablishing quick and efficient repairs teams.7. In Indore, large numbers of valves are leaking to some degree. Valves withoutproper seal and particularly Butter Fly Valve if used on daily basis to control theflow of water are liable to waste large amount of water. Therefore valve audit forall valves be undertaken and should be properly numbered and rated accordinglyto level of leakage for prioritizing the repairs. Of late, IMC has started replacingbutterfly valve with sluice valves.8. A long term assets management plan is developed in which planned maintenanceof the water supply system should be an integral part.9. The IMC should develop a sound policy for addressing the issue of illegalconnections and all such connections are eliminated preferably by replacing themwith legal connections.The leak detection is mostly based on conductance of leak vibration also known as leaksounds along the pressurized pipe and through the soil to the ground level. Leak pointscreate a number of different sounds, having different frequencies and magnitudes,depending upon:25

1. Pressure in water mains2. Size of the leak3. Surrounding soil strata4. Following is the relation between soil strata and sound :5. Sound of water flowing in Surrounding soil strata (20 to 50 HZ)6. Leak water jet hitting surrounding strata (32-80 Hz)7. Sound of jet (100-400 Hz)8. Due to jet coming out of metallic pipe, vibration in metallic pipes (1000-4000 Hz)The water leaks in underground, pressurized pipe with 30 psi or higher water pressure canbe detected by ‘Hiss” or “Whoosh” sound. Digital Leak Detector (DLD) is Lightweightand easy to use and provides dynamic range compression, automatic leak detection andprecise digital filters to identify leaks that are undetectable with analog leak detectors.DLD’s digital audio processor leads the industry in sensing leaks. It’s use is beneficial inreducing unaccounted for water and its liquid crystal display provides for visual cue ofleak.26

9 COMPONENT 5: IDENTIFICATION OF POSSIBLE AVENUES & WAYSFOR WASTE WATER RECYCLING AND USAGE9.1 GeneralThe initial sewers in Indore were laid in 1940’s to serve the old parts of the city. Till now,647 Kms. of sewers have been laid with the expansion of the city. The recent acceleratedgrowth of city has exceeded the pace of provision of sewerage infrastructure. 600 kms. ofroad length of the existing road length of 1700 km is provided with a sewerage systemincluding 47 km. provided along the river. There are 12000 chambers in Indore. Thenetwork length of sewer that has been provided in 183 slums by ODA and in theirschemes by IDA is yet to be ascertained.Presently, it is estimated that about 146 MLD sewage is being produced in the city butdue to non-availability of adequate sewerage network only 60 MLD is being collectednear the Kabit khedi Sewage Treatment Plant. The existing capacity of Kabit KhediSewage treatment plant is 90 MLD(kabit khedi I-78MLD & Kabitkhedi II-12 MLD). Theproposed sewerage scheme under JNNRUM provides for 230 km. of additional sewerlength.The Detailed Project Report for city sewerage contains proposal for 216 km. length ofprimary sewerage system of pipes which are greater than or equal to 300 mm and 1300km. length of secondary sewerage system. The final capacity of sewage Treatment Planin Phase-I-Year 2020 has been proposed as 335 MLD including the existing capacity of90 MLD and that in Phase-II-year 2035 would be 580 MLD. Above capacitiescorresponds to annual volumetric figures for Phase-I STP and Phase-II STP 122 MCM(266 MLD) and 211 MCM (633MLD) respectively.Proposed drainage-Sewerage projecthas been shown in MAP-6. The treated water joins river Khan which joins river Kshipranear Ujjain after passing through Sanwer Tehsil.9.2 Use of treated waste waterThis water can be used in following ways:1. An Industrial corridor along Indore-Dewas-Pithampur has been proposed andconsultants have projected final requirement of 513 MLD. Above treated watercan be sold on commercial rates to the industries in the proposed corridor.2. Above water can be utilized for irrigation purposes. Presently also the treatedwater is being utilized for this purpose.3. Part of water can be used for recharge of Groundwater in Sanwer block which isa recharge area for aquifers of Indore city.4. After 2050, when the population and future water demand grows further ,then,instead of again bringing water from Narmada through pumping, above treatedwater can be further treated in water treatment plants and can be supplied toIndore. Similarly, the water treatment plant of 360 MLD in the first phase andanother 360 MLD in the second phase would be constructed under NarmadaWater Supply scheme phase-III. These WTP will yield considerable amount ofrecoverable waste to from filter wash wastes, waste water from filter to wasteprocess, the supernatant from sludge drying beds and plants overflow. It isproposed to provide treatment prior to recycling to a level or better than the rawwater entering plant.27

9.3 Scoping for the possibility for use of treated waste waterAs brought out above, the treated waste water has many potential buyers includingagriculturists of Indore; municipal corporations of Indore, Dewas and Ujjain; industrialestablishments in Indore, Dewas, PithamPur or M.P. Industrial development corporation.As there are very advanced STP available for waste water treatment, water of requisitestandard for use in Industry and in house holds for non drinking purposes will beavailable at rate cheaper than Narmada water and will therefore be acceptable to abovepotential users.9.4 Setting up of Industrial norms of water useThe processes and to be employed for treatment of waste water should be aimed atconsidering the end user. If the water is to be utilized for Industrial purposes then thenorms of treated water conforming to the requirement of Industries need to be firstworked out./set up. This will help us in working out the selling cost of treated water toindustries.9.5 Use of non-recoverable wasteFor non-recoverable waste which includes sludge from clarifier and filter wash-wasteholding tanks, sanitary and chemical waste, gravity thickening has been proposed.28

10 COMPONENT 6: IMPACT OF FLOODS AND WATER LOGGING INTHE CITY10.1 FloodsIndore is drained by river Khan and its tributary Saraswati. Three major nallahs Palasianallah, Pipliya Khan nullah and Bhamori nallah join river Khan near Sukhaliya, KulkarniKa Bhatta and Kabit Khedi respectively. Average annual rainfall of the city is around 900mm. and 2-3 floods occur every year for short span of a few hours. Most of slums andpoor areas are situated along above water courses and use them as drainage for wastewater. Thus above water courses forms the main conveyance system of the drainageduring floods. Indore has 1700 km. of roads of which 350 km. major roads have stormwater drains. Due to the inadequate coverage of storm water drains, most of the city areasremains water logged during intense rains. Whereas the areas around the nallahs andrivers are flooded as the system does not have enough discharge carrying capacity due toencroachment and constructions in their flood plains. 30% of city population is affectedby floods. Indicative Flood affected areas in the city has been shown on MAP-7.The maximum flows the river Khan can carry at the confluence of Saraswati, and afterconfluence is about 200 cumec and it has a catchment area of 132 Sq.km. Time ofconcentration of the catchment is 2 to 3 hours and if rainfall of 1.5 inch occurs for morethan two hours then the flooding of nearby areas along Khan and its nallah occurs.Rainfall data and flood events have been analyzed for past years (1990-2009) andfollowing flood events have been observed.TABLE 11 Flood events (1990-2009)Year Date Rainfall (mm)1990 23 August24 August29128961991 11June 113.51993 29July29Sepember1994 10 June30June1995 25 July26 July29September1996 27 July28 July29 July1999 16 June14 September25September2000 12July 642001 15June 94124.4707086.786.5183.989.781.6186168.510798.484.62004 23August 99

2006 8August10August84.277.62007 9July 110.82008 26August 822009 3 July22 July23 July4September91.878.8108.898.2The areas which are affected by floods have been marked on a Map No……10.2 Water logging in CityApart from this, even 1 inch rainfall in 1-2 hour causes water logging on most of theroads which serve as surface storm drains during monsoon in absence of poor coverage ofcity by storm drains. Recently, the local authorities have made nearly all roads of city ofcement concrete and thereby natural drainage has been critically affected. Due to this theproblem of water logging has increased.30

11 COMPONENT 7: ALTERNATIVE SOURCE OF WATER SUPPLY11.1 Ground water ResourcesIndore is situated on deccan plateau which is made up of Bassaltic rock of diverse origin.Horizontally disposed blank sheet like deccan flows are predominant. The groundwateroccurs with in the weathered and fractured zones of underlying multilayered hardcompact basalts. The ground water occurrence is mainly divided into 4 zones viz.1. Surface zone – This zone ranges from ground level to about 5.0 meters, it is poorin availability of water.2. Intermediate weathered aquifer zone: This Zone is located at a depth of 15 to 40m. though a potential zone but overexploited and dries down in every summer.3. Confined acquifer zone : It is most potential and prominent water bearing zoneand is found up to the depth of 135 meters. Most of the city depends on this zonefor water supply through tube wells during shortage of piped water supply.Before 1965-66, ground water was available in open dug wells at a depth of 10 to 15m.Numerous dugwells, baodis (step wells) in various localities of Indore were dependablesource of domestic water. Gradually, due to increase in number of energised tube wellsuse for drinking water and irrigation, the water level has gradually declined. Groundwater has depleted in the intermediate weathered aquifer zone. Ground water resources inIndore city have been overexploited and has been categorized as dark zone where there isabsolute water scarcity.In some cases where demand of water is less and areas are conducive to higher groundwater recharge, sustainable ground water use and rainwater harvesting have proved to bevery useful and effective. Unfortunately for Indore, the ground water recharge is low dueto its basaltic geological formation and water demand is high and rapidly increasing.Presently, only 13 MLD water from municipal tube well and perhaps matchingunspecified quantity of water from private tube well is utilized out of total supply of199.5 MLD i.e. 6.5% to 10%. Obviously, no more ground water can be extracted usingavailable mechanical means otherwise people would have met all their water demandfrom this source in the backdrop of present insufficient supply of water from surfacewater resources.The maximum annual ground water recharge in Indore district with a geographical areaof 3830 Sq.km. is 276 MCM. On pro-rata basis, 15.4 MCM (40-45 MLD) is theavailability of ground water for 214 Sq.km. area of Indore city. But for the present cityarea of 131 Sq.km. this figure is 10 MCM (30 MLD). At present, 13 MLD ground wateris being utilized through deep tube wells. The ground water is source of drinking water inthose areas yet to be covered by piped water supply. No transmission and distributionlosses are associated with use of ground water.Considering the future water demand in years 2024 and 2039, the available ground waterquantity is grossly insignificant. In any case, the exploitation of ground water should bedone within the safe permissible limit of extraction otherwise water bearing zones may bedepleted. Regulations have been notified by the Ground Water Authority for promotingsustainable use of ground water where permission to dig a new tube well has been mademandatory. At present, it is estimated that there are 3600 municipal tube wells andthousands of private tube wells in Indore. Indore has been notified as a dark zone due tooverexploitation of ground water and therefore sustainable use of ground water is very31

necessary. In future when the additional water from surface water resources is available,more emphasis should be placed on recharge of Ground water aquifers by reducing thedraft for domestic and industrial uses. Rain water harvesting to increase recharge forreplenishing of aquifers should simultaneously be promoted.11.2 Rainwater harvestingThere are about 415000 houses in Indore. Almost all the streets in Indore have beenpaved with concrete due to which the natural ground water recharge has been badlyaffected. The city receives average annual rainfall of 900 mm.The draft from the ground water has been gradually increasing and has caused depletionof the water bearing aquifers, it is imperative that recharging of ground water resourcesshould be enhanced using the proven techniques of rain water harvesting.TABLE (12)Existing land useSl. No. Land use Area in Ha.1. Residential 56602. Commercial 4633. Public and semi public 12304. Recreational 8735. Industrial 9566. Transportation 154311.3 Rainwater harvesting of intermediate weathered zonesConsidering that the intermediate weathered aquifer zones which are located at a depthof 15 to 40 meters depth has been almost fully depleted, ground water recharge isimmediately needed for this zone. This zone is important for drawing water through handpumps or through open dug well/dug cum bore well. Since the zones commences afteran average depth of 15 m., vertical recharge shafts, recharge through dug well, soakingpits in porous areas are most appropriate ground water recharge structures. Sand filledpiles reaching in the midst of intermediate weathered aquifer zone can also be employedat suitable locations. If 20% of residential, public area and industrial area is harvested forrain water than the annual recharge can additionally be 47 MCM (151 MLD).Therecharge water reaches above zones after filtration through many layers and thereforegood quality of water is assured.32

11.4 Rainwater harvesting for confined aquifersThe confined aquifer zones which are principal source of ground water have theirrecharge areas much away from Indore city and are located in nearby farm lands, openspaces and recharge in them remains unaffected due to paving of city area andconstruction of houses. But the annual draft from them far exceeds the recharge; theseconfined zones also need artificial recharge through rainwater harvesting. The tube wellsadjoining the roof structure or paved area can be advantageously employed for rain waterharvesting and increasing the recharge of confined aquifer. It is estimated that if there are10,000 private tube well in the city and each is adjoining a roof of about 1500 Sqft. Andsay 600 mm. can be safely tapped for artificial recharge, then additional ground waterreplenishment would be around 1 MCM (3 MLD) which is not very significant.There is also associated risk of pollution of ground water resources if polluted water isallowed in the confined aquifers through tube wells and annual artificial recharge is alsonot significant. The artificial recharge of intermediate weathered aquifers will be moregainful as there is no risk of pollution and recharge of the order of 131 MLD is verysignificant.33

12 COMPONENT 8: ANALYZING AND ENHANCING THE STRENGTH OFPRESENT NETWORK FOR WATER DISTRIBUTION12.1 Present networkPresent water supply to Indore city varies from a minimum of 171 MLD to a maximum of199.5. High percentage of Non Revenue Water i.e. 38% and inequity in distributionimpacting the poor population call for a need of proper analysis and necessary steps areneeded to enhance the strength of present network to provide water security to vulnerablesection of society as a short term measure.TABLE (13) Main features of networkNo. of municipal ward 69No. of household 415,000Domestic connections 159,287Commercial connections 1447Industrial connection 973Total billed connection 158,260No. of illegal connections 20000 to 40,000Average operating pressure 3 m. & 15 m.Time the system is pressurizedLength of mainLength of bulk supply mains45 min./day1400 km.Narmada – 70 km. length @ 25 m.pressureYeshwant Sagar – 21 kms. @ 25 m.pressureWater supply through tankers8.75 MLD for 3 months1 MLD for 9 months% People covered under piped supply 54%Total capacity of over head tank(34 Nos. city service reservoirs)% of population in slum areas(604 pockets in numbers)84 MLD16%34

On analysis of present water supply infrastructure following constraints which affectsequity, security and dependability of water supply have been observed:1. The average per capita availability of water is from 52 to 67 liters per day whichis very low.2. The supply is for 45 minutes on alternate day and under low pressure in someareas.3. Around 60,000 families in 604 slums receive less than 40 MLD of water eitherthrough community stand post or tankers.4. The western area of Indore is dependent on supplies from Yeshwant Sagar whoseoriginal capacity has been reduced by 30% due to silting and dries up in summerseason.5. Only a part of Indore receives its supplies from overhead service reservoirs oftotal capacity 84 MLD only and is grossly inadequate. Rest of the city is suppliedwater directly from trunk pipes.6. There are more than 20,000 illegal connection, distribution pipes/valves are veryold and often leaking, public stand post are often without tap, wastages arereported in water supply supply. There is a 25 to 30% loss in distribution and nonrevenuewater is around 38.39 % of total supply.7. The domestic connection are not metered therefore consumers do not value thetrue price of water.8. There is no active maintenance system, maps of all distribution lines are notavailable, bulk management meters are yet to be stalled, city not yet sub-dividedat operational level in district metered zones, consumer confidence in watersupply delivery is abysmally low. There is a lack of clear strategy in WaterDemand Management and dissemination of information for water conservationthrough IEC which is yet to be properly defined and made operational.Some steps have been taken by IMC with the help of U.N. Habitat, Asian DevelopmentBank and JNNRUM for improving the water security and water supply delivery systemas given under :12.2 Augmentation of supplies:Narmada Phase III Water supply project being funded by ADB, aims at supplyingadditional 360 MLD water in 2010-11. Yeshwant Sagar Augmentation project will alsoaugment the water supply from present 27 MLD to 45 MLD in Phase I. The Bilawaliaugmentation project envisages restoring its original water supply of 4.5 MLD. Due tothese augmentation Project, Indore will stand getting much more than the 135 LCPD(minimum recommended by CPEHD) in the year 2010-2011. The work on these projectmust be expedited and some interim benefits from above projects should be madeavailable to mitigate the present shortages in the system.12.3 Improvement in delivery network:The delivery network is 400 Km.in length,and is needed to cover complete municipalarea. Old pipes in delivery system are being replaced and 82 Km. of feeder mains underNarmada Phase-III are being laid. 20 kms. of feeder from Bilawali tank is being laid 30Nos. of overhead service reservoir with 90 MLD capacities are being constructed. With35

this total capacity of service reservoir will increase to 164 MLD. Delivery network needfurther strengthening if 83.75% of population is to be covered for piped water supply fora minimum of 8 hours daily supply.12.4 Meeting emergency situation through interlinking of sourceIndore receives major portion of its supplies from Narmada river which is a pumpedwater scheme. In addition, separate area is served by Yeshwant Sagar and Bilawali tank.There are 7 Nos. trunks main including 1 lift from Jalud and 6 gravity main and city isdivided into 12 zones with separate inlets. There could be situations when emergencyhappening may demand shutting of complete Narmada Water scheme or any trunk. Thereare situations when complete western city does not receive supplies due to drying up ofYeshwant Sagar. In such scenarios following interlinking proposal are recommended :–Yeshwant Sagar to main Trunk gravity of Narmada main to take care of completewater requirement of Narmada Water Scheme for a few days of emergencies.All trunk areas should be so interlinked that in case of emergency any distributionnetwork is served by another trunk.Similarly the areas served by supplies from Bilawali and Yeshwant Sagar shouldbe interlinked to supplies from Narmada Water Scheme.Efficiency improvement in water supplyBesides interlinking of all sources of water, augmentation of water supplies andimprovement in water supply particularly in transmission and distribution should beachieved by non-structural means by adopting a proper water demand managementstrategy. The metering of connections, installation of Bulk Management Meters, mappingof the system, active maintenance to prevent water losses, proper education of consumer& operational staff through Information, Education and Communication (IEC) programs,using advance technology like GIS for maintenance and regularizing the illegalconnections and increasing the coverage of piped water supply would be the part of theWDM strategy to improve the efficiency of present system.12.5 Strategy for maintaining water supply during flood situations30% of households in Indore mostly along the banks of nallahs and river are affectedannually by flooding details of which has already been brought out earlier. Strategy formaintaining supplies during floods will be different for two different groups of personsimpacted differently given as under:There are some areas which are evacuated due to floods and whose residents arehoused in makeshift camps. Such camps should be identified beforehand andarrangement of water supply for drinking/washing etc. should be made prior toevery monsoon.Certain areas where houses are not affected due to flooding but are remainedwaterlogged for couple of days or hours, the distribution lines in these areasshould be properly maintained by making pre-monsoon active inspection andurgent action should be taken for replacing leaking pipes, valves and retrofitting.People in slum have to depend on community stand post for water supply, suchstand post which gets submerged or water logged should be relocated to higherareas or their approach be improved and properly maintained. Providingbottles/cans of drinking water during flood can also be better option.36

Advance warning system for impending flood through SMS / TV/loudspeakersmust be put in place.37

13 COMPONENT 9: ASSESSING THE WAYS AND IDENTIFICATION OFMEDIUM FOR INFORMATION, EDUCATION & COMMUNICATIONPROGRAM FOR AWARENESS GENERATION IN WATERCONSERVATIONThe awareness on water conservation in Indore needs to be increased the need for whichhas been stressed earlier in the report. Steps are needed to enhance the trust of consumersin water delivery system of IMC so as to increase the level of cooperation. Education andthe involvement of the general consumers is also an important aspect of any WDMstrategy. A component of IEC (Information, Education and Communication) as a part ofreform would motivate users to conserve water. The ultimate aim should be to buildconsensus among all stakeholders, organizations, experts and the media so as to create anunderstanding about the economic cost of water and increase willingness to pay inparticular and play active role on reform package in general.Following are the important messages which a IEC program should disseminate:Key issues impacting water supply services and need for reformsWater stress in the country and need for conservationRainwater harvesting need & approachNeed for metering and procedure involvedelimination of illegal connectionsWater conservation by the end userAvoiding water leakages before and after the property line.IEC strategy should necessary look at informing various sets of consumers and bringabout a behavioral change towards water demand management. A step to step approach toIEC has been suggested in the WDM strategy by UN-habitatas given as under:-Step 1- Inform and build consensus among the IMC employees on the need forreforms & feed back.Step 2- Identify and map various stake holders such as RWAs, NGOs, academic,researches media etc. and to inform about the program throughworkshops/stakeholder consultations. Step 3- Modify the strategy incorporating the suggestions received in step 1 & 2above.Step 4- Design IEC program for general public. It is suggested that a two prongedapproach is adopted for such a campaign involving the use of mass media toolson one hand and a direct interaction with the community groups throughinvolvement of NGO’s to inform the community on various aspects of WDM.Exhibitions, documents, pamphlets, banners etc. may also be developed for IEC.In addition it is also recommended that RWA and municipal councilors bemotivated to act as ambassadors for WDM.Step5 - roll out IEC campaign in a phased manner.Obstacles in implementation may be due to the low level of present awareness. This maypose problems in selecting most appropriate media for dissemination of information,38

ing different stake holders on a common platform will also be a challengingassignment.39

14 COMPONENT 10:ADAPTATION PLANS FOR WATER SECURITYThe water security of poor and weaker sections of population residing in Indore is likelyto be adversely affected in future in the years of severe droughts and heavy floods.Severity and frequency of these extreme events would also increase due to impact ofclimate change. In order to provide them adequate safe water for drinking purposes andfor other uses during above eventualities and also during years of water scarcity, suitableadaptations plans are required to be devised for implementation. These plans should beimplemented with active participation of poor and weaker section. Suggested adaptationplans are based on the conclusions drawn in the study for short term, medium term andlong term as given below. The objective of these plans is to use available waterjudiciously so as to provide at least minimum requirement of water to all citizen ofIndore.14.1 Short term adaptation plan:-Following major steps are needed to be taken and implemented within a period of 2-3years:1. Carrying out leak detection studies in identified potential areas. Prioritizing ofreplacement of distribution pipeline, changing all leaking valves.2. Zone wise maintenance team should be established and their mobile number beflashed on local cable channel, advertized in News papers and painted onpermanent hoarding on vintage locations.3. Public should be made aware of economic price of water through IEC programs.Public should be encouraged to take active part in conservation of water andreducing wastage of water in their daily usage. Certain measures like joining ofbathroom waste water outlet to the kitchen Garden, not throwing stored drinkingwater every day, reducing shower bath time, retrofitting can save significantamount of water.4. Other key issues like identification and regularization of illegal connections mustbe addressed. Some telephone lines should be earmarked for receiving complaintsof illegal connections and leakage in the vicinity of the complainant.5. Water conservation efforts through rain water harvesting of rooftop and openareas with pubic participation should be encouraged. People should be properlyeducated about the technical issues involved in water recharging and precautionsfor maintaining good quality of ground water. NGOS, schools, social workersshould be encouraged to form focused community groups.6. Special training program for motivating the operation and maintenance staff ofMunicipal Corporation should be arranged.7. There should be a ban on further drilling of tube wells in city area except forconstruction activities because ban in this sector affects the poor people verybadly due to loss of jobs.8. Special measures to provide safe drinking water in the areas affected by floodsshould be taken. Flood warning system involving SMS, public announcementsystem should be activated. Regular testing of water sample in such areas shouldbe carried out.40

9. As water in many areas are being supplied under low pressure, the practice ofillegal pumping directly from the pipeline should be discouraged and evenelectrical supplies should be shutdown during period of direct supply.10. Some pilot projects may be initiated viz.(i) use of domestic meter in limited areas(ii) pressure monitoring in potential area of heavy leakages (iii) mapping ofdistribution line in a limited area (iv) people’s response in the event of 8 hour and24 hour supply (v) use of water for various purposes by people in different incomesegment etc(vi) to study the reuse of treated waste water(vii) component ofadvanced warning system. the results from these pilot project will be useful formedium term & long term.11. Project preparation for interlinking of various water supply projects should also bestarted.12. Some interim benefits from the ongoing water supply project viz. (i) Narmadawater supply and (ii) Yeshwant Sagar augmentation project should be plannedand provided.13. The ongoing works on Narmada water supply project and Yeshwant sagaraugmentation project should be completed as per schedule.14. Tankers supply is costing the Corporation annually an amount of Rs. 2.80 to 3.5Crores. On the other hand 30% water is lost in transmission /distribution theeconomic cost of which is about 20 Crores. A paltry sum of Rs. 3.50 Crore isspent on maintenance of distribution lines. If the amount spent on water tankers isspent on setting up active maintenance team and leakages are immediatelyrepaired then each 5% reduction in distribution losses will amount to saving ofRs. 3.3 Crores.14.2 Medium term plan for water securityThe plans will be based on the outcome of various pilot project undertaken earlier andwill place the water supply infrastructure on sound management practices. The netavailability of water for Indore city will be as per CPHEO norms and the Narmada watersupply project phase III would have made available more than the adequate amount ofdrinking water. The medium term plan is for the period ending 2024 and variousadaptation strategies are given as under:1. Additional 400 Km or more distribution pipes should be laid to cover completemunicipal area. Plan for laying additional distribution pipes should be kept readyto take care of additional areas coming under Municipal Corporation.2. The 23 overhead water tanks under construction would have completed therebybringing the total capacity of overhead service reservoirs to 153 MLD. Morestorage tanks/sumps would be needed to supply water under adequate pressure.The service network should be designed on the basis of sound hydraulicengineering centered around overhead reservoirs.3. District metered zoning to be achieved for whole city and each zone should bearound a overhead tank and should serve 2000-4000 people.4. Bulk meters should be installed at feasible location in the network like before inletof district metered zone, inlet & outlet of all purification works.5. Bulk Revenue meters should be installed at the inlet of top consumers.41

6. To make people pay for water they use and to discourage them from wastingwater, all residential connections would have to be installed with meters. Therecommendations on completion of pilot project on domestic metering would betaken as guideline in this regard.7. Unaccounted for water or non revenue water would be monitored and water auditwould be carried out once the bulk meters are installed. All illegal connectionsshould be regularized or eliminated.8. Adequate numbers of active maintenance teams should be set up and pipereplacement should be prioritized using GIS. Pressure monitoring of importantpoints should be started.9. All the distribution network would have been mapped and a control room be setup to monitor those areas witnessing reduction in pressure.10. At least 20% of open space in Indore should have facilities for rain waterharvesting and intermediate zones should be recharged. Similarly, the rechargearea of confined aquifers should also not be urbanised or unnecessarily paved.Ground water survey may be carried out to locate the confined aquifers and theirrecharge area. 50% of ground water recharge should only be utilized so that overthe years, the water table rises to its historical levels.11. Energy audit would suggest that first the other surface water sources likeChoral/Yeshwant Sagar/Ground water/treated waste water should be utilized sothat less Narmada water is pumped which will help in reducing the electricity bill.12. The water supply system should run on commercial lines and steps would betaken to reduce financial losses to IMC on account of electricity consumption inpumping, inefficiency of the network, high percentage of Non Revenue Water(NRW).13. Efforts would be made to make Ground water as emergency water bank byartificial recharging it.14. The design floods of Yeshwant Sagar spillway would be reviewed for safety ofthe structure and water security.15. Security towers would be established to keep watch over reservoir water not beingused for irrigation purposes.16. Phase II of Yeshwant Sagar increasing capacity to 54 MLD corresponding to EL525 of reservoir would be completed. Affected people will be given adequate andsatisfactory compensation.17. The Narmada water supply project phase III would achieve its designed additionalcapacity of 360 MLD after completion of Maheshwar Hydel Project.18. With the expansion of sewerage network and construction of 335 MLD sewagetreatment plant, city would have increased availability from 90 to 335 MLD oftreated water and public would deliberate how to use it. The water would be usedfor irrigation, industry and remaining water would be let out in khan river forUjjain. It can be pumped back to Khan River in city and khan river can bedeveloped as recreation spot.19. Flood warning system, permanent flood relief camps would be set up to warn theflood zone people and shift them to relief camps. During flood bottled water of 542

lit. per person would be provided. Flood water in Khan shall be used forrecreation purpose.20. The activity of Project preparation of bringing water from Choral and Mahishould also be started.14.3 Long term planThe long term plans would be for the period beginning year 2024 when the populationwould have surpassed the designed population for part I of Narmada project phase III andwork on phase II to bring another 360 MLD water would be started.1. The plan for this period will be after adequate measure have already been takenfor improving efficiency, implementation of WDM strategies, lay out of sewerlines and distribution line, planned maintenance, operation of water distributionnetwork on commercial lines under medium term adaptation plan. The city wouldhave been divided into metered zones and charging tariff on volumetric basis willbe started.2. Work should be started immediately after year 2024 to complete the part II ofNarmada project or alternate resources as suggested in this study may beimplemented after taking up in depth studies.3. However after 2050, it might not be possible to draw more water from Narmadaand the whole water distribution planning will have to be redone for increaseddemand.4. Area uncovered by distribution lines should be provided with distribution pipes.5. Steps at the around 2030 should be taken to interlink Choral, Mahi with YeshwantSagar. So that in case of water scarcity, adequate water is available.6. Water supply through two different color distribution pipe lines can be provided.Fresh Narmada water for drinking & higher purposes would be provided throughone pipe line ,another pipe line would supply treated water from sewage treatmentplant which will be used for gardening, washing, car washing, cloth washing etc.7. Alternatively, drinking water will be sold /separately provided in exact quantityby IMC and piped water supply will be from treated waste water to be used forpurpose other then drinking etc..14.4 Resource PlanningA separate study may be needed to do even primary resource planning forimplementation of adaptation plans. Suffice to say that all activities involving exorbitantcapital expenditure will require funding from ADB, JNNRUM, state and centralgovernments. These activities are Narmada water supply, Mahi and Choral water supplyprojects, interlinking of various water supply schemes, laying of distribution lines ,layingof sewerage and construction of Sewage treatment plants and their re usage scheme.All other activities under above adaptation plans will have to be funded by IMC bymaking suitable provision in the budget.43

ANNEX (A) : Discharge data at Mandleshwar (1980-2008)Sl.No.YearRunoff(MCM)1 July 1980-June 1981 333022 81-82 249813 82-83 193574 83-84 317645 1984-85 363546 85-86 233377 86-87 403978 87-88 145749 88-89 3203510 89-90 2034411 1990-91 4758312 91-92 2540413 92-93 2248914 93-94 3774115 94-95 7335016 95-96 2590017 96-97 2385118 97-98 3612519 98-99 3351820 99-2000 5797621 2000-2001 1504522 01-02 2311423 02-03 2309124 03-04 3622125 04-05 2459726 05-06 4522127 2007-08 2913444

ANNEX (B) : Yashwant Sagar Dam (Rainfall V/S Runoff)Sl.No.Year Weighted Rainfall(mm)Runoff(MCM)1. 1970-71 1072.35 66.252. 1971-72 965.79 66.283. 1972-73 669.18 27.174 1973-74 2089.13 460.515 1974-75 803.76 61.616 1975-76 1258.96 125.057 1976-77 1238.87 121.088 1977-78 945.27 95.729 1978-79 796.83 74.3710 1979-80 666.42 97.2111 1980-81 958.57 67.4412 1981-82 961.76 210.3513 1982-83 616.57 19.7514 1983-84 1058.84 78.1915 1984-85 911.49 113.0516 1985-86 518.22 10.0017 1986-87 791.43 118.2518 1987-88 560.64 18.3019 1988-89 959.12 87.6520 1989-90 722.55 14.141990-91 1189.49 74.652122 1991-92 728.24 34.8423 1992-93 826.13 5.4824 1993-94 1228.96 68.5325 1994-95 876.47 242.4126 1995-96 1080.87 120.0127 1996-97 1133.32 212.8328 1997-98 1028.38 152.5729 1998-99 1146.27 89.5430 1999-2000 942.47 94.9645

Annexure ( C) Primary Water Balance SummaryCubic MetersBilled Authorised Consumption 44,973,128Billed Metered Consumption 2,998,128Billed Unmetered Consumption 41,975,000Unbilled Authorised Consumption 5,734,241Unbilled Metered ConsumptionUnbilled Unmetered Consumption 5,734,241Apparent Losses 3,983,125.33Unauthorised Use 3,650,000Consumption Meter Error 333,125.33Total System input 73,000,000Water Losses 22,292,631Apparent Losses 3,983,125.33Real Losses 18,309,505.67Bulk Storage Leakage and OverflowRevenue Water 44,973,128Non-Revenue Water 28,026,87246

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