Evolution of SAR Satellite for Agriculture Applications - APRSAF

APRSAF-18Evolution of SAR Satellite forAgriculture ApplicationsHiroyuki Inahata and Hiroshi KoyamaMitsubishi Electric Corporation7 December, 2011

Table of Contents1. Company Profile2. MELCO Capability in Earth Observation Field3. SAR Applications for Agriculture4. SAR Sensor Hardware5. Conclusions2

OsakaConsolidated Net SalesJPY 3,645 billion(US$43.9B)Employee114,4431. Company ProfileSpace Related Facilities in JapanMELCO’s FacilityJAXA FacilityCommunication Systems Center(Ground Segment)TokyoHead OfficeOsakaSagamiharaAdvanced TechnologyR&D CenterTanegasimaOfunaKamakura KamakuraSagami Plantunder Kamakura Works(Composite Material)JAXATanegashima Space CenterInformation TechnologyR&D CenterKamakura Works(Space Segment)Satellite Operation Center(at Kamakura Works)3

1. Company ProfileHeritages in Past Space ProgramParticipated in over 450 satellites worldwideAs of August. 2011 Over 50 primecontracts including2009- 21 communicationsatellites- 25 observationsatellites4

Weight4.0 t2. MELCO Capability in Earth Observation FieldMELCO heritages in Earth Observation Satellite• MELCO has experiences to develop & integrated various kinds of observation satellitessuch as large multi-mission platform(ADEOS1/2), high-resolution imaging satellite(ALOS-2:Synthetic Aperture Radar、ALOS-3:Optical).1990 ~ 2000~ 2010 ~Under Development3.0 t2.0 tADEOS(1996) ADEOS-II(2002) MTSAT-2(2006)©JAXA©JAXAMulti mission Multi missionMeteorologicalLEOGEOHimawari-8 (2014) Himawari-9 (2016)MeteorologicalALOS-2(2013)L-band SAR©JAXA1.0 t0.5tJERS-1(1992)SOLAR-B(2006) GOSAT(2009)©JAXA/METI©JAXA©JAXAL-band SAR Science Green House GasALOS-3 ©JAXA(under planning)OpticalSLATS(2013)Space Environment & Optical5

2. MELCO Capability in Earth Observation FieldMELCO heritages in Observation Sensors• MELCO has been developing earth observation sensors such as high-resolution &multi band imaging sensor (Synthetic Aperture Radar, Optical)Passivetotal 11OpticalActive1990 ~ 2000~ 2010 ~Under Development©JAXA©METI/JAROS©NAOJ/JAXA©JAXA©JAXAAVNIR ASTER/SWIR AVNIR-2 Solar Telescope CIRC(IR) OPS(planned)ADEOS(1996) EOS-AM1(1999) ALOS(2006) (MDS-2) SOLAR-B(2006) ALOS-3(Planned)ALOS-3(2014) GOSAT-2(TBD)GEOLEOtotal 3Passive©JAXAELISEOptical Data Relay &Tracking equipmentother optical equipment(TBD)RFtotal 6Activetotal 7©JAXA©JAXA©JAXA©JAXAAMSR AMSR-E SMILES AMSR2JERS-1(1992) ADEOS-II(2002) EOS-PM1(2002) ALOS(2006) HTV/JEM(2009) GCOM-W(2011) ALOS-2(2013)SAR ©JAXASAR ©JAXA/METI PALSAR ©JAXA/METI SAR©JAXA6

3. SAR Application for AgricultureSAR Application Area• Followings are SAR application area for agriculture and requiredcharacteristics to extract information used for agriculture.Agricultural Applications• Cropping area of rice field• Growth of rice crop• Clustering of crops• Clustering of usage of farmland• Farming area• Growth of forest trees and biomassRequired SAR characteristics• Wider swath• Higher spatial resolution• Higher S/N• Full polarimetry• Longer wave length• Higher time resolution• Quick and wide scan• Orbit repeatability7

3. SAR Application for AgricultureSAR Application Area• Investigation of cropping area of rice field• Cropping area of rice field can be extracted by monitoring the changeof surface reflectivity• Requirements for SAR sensor- High resolution < 5m- Wide are coverage > 50km- Quick and wide scanDuring rice planting season,there is water in the rice fieldplantingLow reflectivitywaterHigh reflectivitywatervegetativeDuring harvest season,there is no water in the rice field(Ishizuka, ALOS-2/3 workshop, 2010,http://www.eorc.jaxa.jp/ALOS/conf/workshop/jprog_2_3ws_2010mar.htm)8

3. SAR Application for AgricultureSAR Application Area• Investigation of growth of rice crop• Growth process of rice crop can be extracted by analyzing “MultipleScattering Mechanisms(Single Bounce, Double Bounce)”.• Requirements for SAR sensor- High resolution < 5m- Wide are coverage > 50km- Quick andwide scanGrowth Process for Rice Crop(1)Before plantingno bounce‣Surface‣No randomnesssingle bouncedouble bounce(3)Harvest season‣Volume‣High randomness(2)Growing phase‣Double bounce‣Low randomness9

• Clustering of crops3. SAR Application for AgricultureSAR Application Area•Clustering of crops can be possible by evaluating difference of“Polarimetric” data.•Requirements for SAR sensor- Full polarimetry HH, HV, VV, VH- polarization isolation > 30dB- High S/N(Signal to Noise ratio) < -25dB *(*Noise equivalent sigma-naught)- Quick and wide scanConeGrassVerticalRefectionHorizontalTransparentHHHVVVVHPotatoOthersBeetRadish(Ishizuka, ALOS-2/3 workshop, 2010,http://www.eorc.jaxa.jp/ALOS/conf/workshop/jprog_2_3ws_2010mar.htm)10

3. SAR Application for AgricultureSAR Application Area• Clustering of usage of farmland•Clustering of usage of farmland is possible by evaluating combination of“Backscattering” and “Full Polarimetric” data.•Requirements for SAR sensor-L-band- Wide area coverage > 50km- Quick and wide scanAgricultureForestAgricultureForestClearcutClearcutL-band is highly permeable andreflects from trunk and groundArii, ALOS-2/3 workshop, 2010, http://www.eorc.jaxa.jp/ALOS/conf/workshop/alos2_ws2/2-5-7_arii.pdf11

• Investigation of farming area3. SAR Application for AgricultureSAR Application Area•3 dimensional mapping data for base map of farming area can begenerated by using “Interferometry Data”.•Requirements for SAR sensor- High S/N(Signal to Noise ratio) < -25dB *- Orbit repeatability < 500m(*Noise equivalent sigma-naught)terraced farm areaOkada et.al. Proceedings of IGARSS2009,12

3. SAR Application for AgricultureSAR Application Area• Investigation of growth of forest trees, biomass•Height of trees and biomass can be extracted by analyzing “PolarimetoricInterferometry SAR” data.•Requirements for SAR sensor- L-band- Polarization isolation> 30dB- Quick and wide scaninterferometry usingpolarimetiric data suchas HH, VV.TANDEM-L: A MISSION PROPOSAL FOR MONITORING DYNAMIC EARTH PROCESSESProceedings of IGARSS2011, Moreira et. al. 2011,13

3. SAR Application for AgricultureOther Application Field by ALOS –PALSAR (L-band)Flood DetectionFlood area(blue)BeforeAfterDetected flooded areaFlood Monitoring in Myanmar (Typhoon in 2008)http://www.eorc.jaxa.jp/imgdata/practical/natural/flood.html14

3. SAR Application for AgricultureOther Application Field by ALOS –PALSAR (L-band)Surface Movement by EarthquakeForest MonitoringOil Spill MonitoringSurface Movement after the great eastJapan earthquake 2011Oil spill by the accident of tanker in Korea 2011http://www.eorc.jaxa.jp/imgdata/practical/natural.htmlhttp://www.iges.or.jp/en/fc/pdf/20080324reed/10.Isoguchi.pdf15

4. SAR Sensor HardwareOverview of ALOS-2 SAR Sensor• ALOS-2(Advanced Land Observing Satellite-2) is a successorof earth observation satellite “Daichi” (ALOS).• ALOS-2 has L-band synthetic aperture radar (SAR) system,based on Active Phased Array Antenna (APAA) technology.Data Relay SatelliteCommunication AntennaL-band SAR Antenna©JAXADirect Transmission Antenna“Development of Active Phased Array Antenna for ALOS-2”, 2011 Thailand-Japan MicroWave(TJMW2011),2011, Takehito IGUCHI, Yuji OSAWA and et al.16

4. SAR Sensor HardwareALOS-2 SAR Sensor Characteristics• ALOS-2 has improved performance compared with PALSAR of ALOS.ResolutionSwathItemSpecificationBasic Observation Mode 3mWide Area Observation Mode 100mHigh Resolution Mode 1-3mBasic Observation Mode 50kmWide Area Observation Mode 350kmHigh Resolution Mode 25kmFrequencyL-band(1.2GHz)Data Amount240M-1Gbps(after compression)observation duty average observation duty: >30%Pointingright-and-left lookingPolarizationSingle / Dual / Quad(Full) polarimetry17

4. SAR Sensor HardwareOverview of ALOS-2 SAR Sensor• ALOS-2 has following capability that is enough for agricultural monitoring.Requirements ALOS-2 Performance• Wider swath> 50km> 50km Basic Obs. Mode> 350/490km Wide Area Obs. Mode> 25km High Res. Mode• Higher spatial resolution• Full polarimetry• Longer wave length• Higher polarization isolation• Higher S/N ratio• Quick Scan• Orbit Repeatability< 5mHH,VV, HV, VHL-band>30dB< -25dBPhased Array< 500m< 3m Basic Obs. Mode< 100m Wide Area Obs. Mode< 1-3m High Res. ModeHH,VV, HV, VHL-band>30dB< -25dBPhased Array< 500m18

4. SAR Sensor HardwareConfiguration of ALOS-2 SAR System• ALOS-2 capability is achieved by following SAR system.• ELU controls all SAR signal generations and beam management.SAR Antenna (SAR-ANT)Electric Unit (ELU)IF-UNITFoldedconfigurationRXTXEXSCEXRXDPSCTXDeployedconfiguration“Development of Active Phased Array Antenna for ALOS-2”, 2011 Thailand-Japan MicroWave(TJMW2011),2011, Takehito IGUCHI, Yuji OSAWA and et al.19

4. SAR Sensor HardwareALOS-2 SAR Antenna Performance• ALOS-2 SAR Antenna has following performance.ItemPerformanceAntenna typeActive Phased Array AntennaAperture size2.9m(EL) x 9.9m(AZ)Beam steering angle θAZ:±3.5deg、 θEL:±30degPolarization TX H,V,45deg,CircularRX H,V,HV dualFoldedconfigurationθEL:±30degDeployedconfigurationθAZ:±3.5deg“Development of Active Phased Array Antenna for ALOS-2”, 2011 Thailand-Japan MicroWave(TJMW2011),2011, Takehito IGUCHI, Yuji OSAWA and et al.20

4. SAR Sensor HardwareALOS-2 SAR Antenna Configuration• ALOS-2 SAR antenna is consists from “Radiating Elements” and“RF Modules”.• As “Radiating Elements”, sub-array antenna is adopted.• For “RF Modules”, GaN device is partly used for the high power amplifier.AELTSub-array antenna : AELTRadiatingElements“Development of Active Phased Array Antenna for ALOS-2”, 2011 Thailand-Japan MicroWave(TJMW2011),2011, Takehito IGUCHI, Yuji OSAWA and et al.21

5. Conclusions• MELCO has been involved in the government observation satelliteprograms for over 30 years as system prime contractor and has manyheritage of LEO observation platform and components.• MELCO is now developing ALOS-2 to be launched in 2013.• ALOS-2 has state-of-the-art L-band SAR sensor that has high resolution,polarimetry(HH/VV/HV/VH) and PAA capability. ALOS-2 can contribute tovarious applications for agricultural monitoring.• MELCO would like to contribute to SAR applications for various fieldsand is ready to make detailed discussions for future cooperation andcontributions.22