Guidance on VOC reduction

<strong>Guidance</strong> 2Publication rotogravure printingContent1 Introduction ............................................................................... 32 Summary of VOC substitution/reduction ................................... 43 Description of the activity and related industry sector ............... 54 Technical process description................................................... 54.1 Process flow and relevant associated VOC emissions.............. 64.2 Process description ................................................................... 74.3 Inks ............................................................................................ 74.4 Cleaning system ........................................................................ 85 Solvent use, emissions and environmental impact.................... 85.1 Solvents used ............................................................................ 85.2 Solvent consumption and emission levels ................................. 85.3 Key environmental and health issues ........................................ 96 VOC substitution ..................................................................... 106.1 VOC-free systems ................................................................... 106.2 VOC-reduced systems............................................................. 107 Other VOC emission prevention measures and abatementtechniques............................................................................... 117.1 Process improvements ............................................................ 117.2 Waste gas abatement.............................................................. 128 Summary of VOC emission reduction measures..................... 149 Good practice examples ......................................................... 1510 Emerging techniques and substitutes under development...... 1511 Information sources................................................................. 16March 2009 2/17

<strong>Guidance</strong> 2Publication rotogravure printing1 IntroductionThis guidance addresses publication rotogravure printing and the relatedcleaning of equipment, presenting options to substitute or reduce the use ofVOC and its resulting emissions.Table: 1: Scope definition of the VOC Solvent Emission Directive (SE Directive)SE Directive – Scope definitions (Annex I)Printing is defined by the Directive as ‘any reproduction activity of text and/or imagesin which, with the use of an image carrier, ink is transferred onto whatevertype of surface. It includes associated varnishing, coating and laminating techniques.’Rotogravure is defined as ‘a printing activity using a cylindrical image carrier inwhich the printing area is below the non-printing area, using liquid inks which drythrough evaporation. The recesses are filled with ink and the surplus is cleaned offthe non-printing area before the surface to be printed contacts the cylinder and liftsthe ink from the recesses.’Publication rotogravure is defined as ‘a rotogravure printing activity used for printingpaper for magazines, brochures, catalogues or similar products, using toluenebasedinks.’The following printing activities, covered by the SE Directive, are addressedin separate guidance documents: heatset web offset printing (guidance 1),packaging rotogravure printing, flexography printing and rotary screen printing(guidance 3).The SE Directive lays down the following activity specific emission limitvalues for publication rotogravure printing:Table: 2: Emission limit values of the SE DirectiveSE Directive – Emission limit values (ELVs)(Annex II A – activity No. 2)ActivityPublicationrotogravureSolventconsumptionthreshold[tonnes/year]ELVsin waste gases[mg C/Nm 3 ]Fugitiveemission values[% of solvent input]New Existing 1> 25 75 10 15THE SE DIRECTIVEAPPLIES TO PUBLI-CATION ROTOGRA-VURE IF A SOLVENTCONSUMPTION OF25 TONS PER YEARIS EXCEEDED.Instead of complying with the above ELVs, operators may choose to use areduction scheme, following the specifications of Annex II (B) of the SEDirective.1Existing installation shall mean an installation in operation or, in accordance with legislation existingbefore the date on which this Directive is brought into effect, an installation which is authorised or registeredor, in the view of the competent authority, the subject of a full request for authorisation, providedthat the installation is put into operation no later than one year after the date on which this Directive isbrought into effect [SE Directive, Article 2 No. 2]March 2009 3/17

<strong>Guidance</strong> 2Publication rotogravure printing3 Description of the activity and relatedindustry sectorPublication rotogravure printing is used in most countries of Europe. Asshown in Table 3, 232 machines were installed in 2003 in EU 15 [EGTEI2003]. For 2004, twelve out of EU 15 Member States reported a total of 44existing and 7 new installations 5 [Implementation 2006].Table 3: Number of publication rotogravure machines and related cylinder widthCylinder min.width [mm]Cylinder max.width [mm]Numberof machines900 1999 632000 2449 392450 2749 772750 3179 253180 4320 28Total 232[EGTEI 2003]Compared with other printing techniques, publication rotogravure isassociated with the highest investment costs for machinery and the highestcosts of producing the image carrier. Therefore, publication rotogravureprinting is generally used by large companies, sometimes also operatingheatset web offset in the same plant to be able to print different runs.About 60 % of all magazines and 50 % of all catalogues are printed usingthe publication rotogravure technique, the remainder are produced withheatset web offset printing [ERA 2008].Products printed with publication rotogravure have a circulation of at least200,000 copies, substantiating the extra costs of making rotogravurecylinders over those of making printing plates for heatset web offset printing[BREF STS 2007, FGI 2007]. Most runs are of more than 500,000 copies.A cylinder can print more than 10 million copies without quality loss.Publication rotogravure generally prints on paper. Compared with heatsetweb offset, publication rotogravure can also print with very good results onpartially coated or non-coated paper surfaces. [BREF STS 2007]MORE THAN HALFOF ALL MAGAZINESAND CATALOGUESARE PRINTED WITHPUBLICATIONROTOGRAVURE4 Technical process descriptionPublication rotogravure printing is characterized by the use of engravedcylinders, toluene based inks and a solvent recovery system for toluene inthe waste gas.The printing technique works with the highest production speed of thesector (~ 15 m/s). It uses the longest cylinders (max. 4.32 m) and istherefore able to print the widest paper web.5 No data from Italy and Sweden, and no specific data on publication rotogravure from France.March 2009 5/17

<strong>Guidance</strong> 2Publication rotogravure printingInstallations for publication rotogravure printing consist mainly of• Printing units (ink fountain, gravure cylinder, impression roller)• Drying units (operating at ~ 35° - 40°C)• Air extraction system with solvent recovery units (activated carbon).4.1 Process flow and relevant associated VOC emissionsFigure 1 shows the main relevant solvent inputs and VOC outputs(arrows indicate the relevance of the VOC amount). [BREF STS 2007][Ökopol 2008]PaperVOC inputInk solvents(toluene)34 %Printingmachine0.4 %VOC outputVOC waste(toluene)withVOC inputInk dilutionsolvents(toluenefromrecovery)66 %dryers89 %Recoverysystemfortoluene66 %23 %VOC outputSolventrecoveryfor saleVOC outputSolventrecoveryfor re-use0.04 %VOC outputVOC inwaste gas(toluene)0.4 %Finishedproduct10 % VOC outputFugitiveemissions(toluene)0.4 %Figure 1: Main VOC input and output of publication rotogravure printingMarch 2009 6/17

<strong>Guidance</strong> 2Publication rotogravure printing4.2 Process descriptionPublication rotogravure machines use cylinders consisting of a steel basewith a copper surface. The image is engraved into the copper layer, mainlyby digital laser-engraving, less frequently with electromechanical engraving.To resist long runs, the image is protected by electroplating a thin layer ofchromium onto the cylinder surface.For printing, the circulating cyclinder is first flooded with ink, afterwards thesurface is scrapped clean with a ‘blade’ to leave ink only in the engravedareas for its transport onto the paper. The image transfer takes place whenthe transpassing paper is pressed between the gravure cyclinder (imagecarrier) and the impression roller.The amount of ink transferred to the paper is controlled by variation of thedepth and size of the recessed cells ('dots'). The ink is transferred via aprocess of pressure, osmosis, and electrostatic pull.Publication rotogravure machines print on both sides in one run, using thefour standard inks: black, blue, yellow and magenta. Only a few machinesare equipped with an additional ink unit for customer specific colours. Eachprinting unit is followed by a dryer.After printing one colour, the paper web is transferred into the dryer toevaporate ink solvent (toluene) before entering the next colour unit. Thedrying usually takes place without heating the air flow to prevent dimensionchanges of the paper web.Sufficient air must be introduced into the work place to avoid toluene concentrationsexceeding 50 % of the lower explosion limit. For this purposesolvent concentration measurements are executed at least at the outlet tothe solvent recovery system. To optimise acclimatisation of the work place,additional measurements can be executed near the machine.[CITEPA 2003] [UK 2004] [BREF STS 2007] [Siegwerk 2008] [KBA 2008]PUBLICATIONROTOGRAVUREPRINTING IS DONEWITH FOURSTANDARD INKS4.3 InksInks for publication rotogravure are all based on toluene. Toluene basedinks have a very low viscosity, allowing a fast ink transfer from theengraved cells onto the paper.Publication rotogravure inks usually contain ~ 50 - 55 % toluene. Theviscosity of the inks is adapted inside the ink reservoirs of the machines,which are equipped with mixers. For printing, the toluene content isadjusted to ~ 70 – 75 %.Most of the toluene content of the inks evaporates in the dryer and is routedto the solvent recovery system. Recovery is realised with adsorption onseveral activated carbon units (e.g. during 70 min), desorption of toluene bypassing hot steam (~45 min) and carbon drying with extracted air (1-7 min).Hot steam is cooled, advantageously with heat exchange, and toluene – asit is lighter than water – can be separated in a gravitational separation system.Recovered toluene is partly used for dissolving inks in the plant, partly soldto the ink manufacturer. [German EPA 2003-2] [UK 2004] [Siegwerk 2008]FOR PRINTING,PUBLICATIONROTOGRAVUREINKS CONTAIN70 – 75 % OFTOLUENEMarch 2009 7/17

<strong>Guidance</strong> 2Publication rotogravure printing4.4 Cleaning systemAs the majority of printed products are produced with the three standardcolours and black, cleaning of reservoirs is only necessary during routinemachine cleaning.Once dried inside the machine, inks can be dissolved with toluene again.Therefore toluene is the major solvent used for machinery cleaning (e.g.printing cylinders, impression rollers and ink reservoirs). Additionally,acetone may be used.[German EPA 2003-1] [BREF STS 2007]TOLUENE IS THEMAJOR CLEANINGAGENT USED INPUBLICATIONROTOGRAVURE5 Solvent use, emissions and environmentalimpact5.1 Solvents usedToluene is the major solvent used for publication rotogravure printing. Forcleaning, in rare cases, acetone is used.5.2 Solvent consumption and emission levelsFor printing one part of solids, about four parts of toluene are used. Table 4shows the average ink and solvent consumption associated with differentcylinder widths of publication rotogravure printing:Table 4: Ink and solvent consumption of different publication rotogravure cylindersCylinder min.width [mm]Cylinder max.width [mm]Ink consumption*[t/y]Average tolueneinput [t/y]900 1999 430 8602000 2449 640 12802450 2749 920 18402750 3179 1130 22603180 4320 1330 2660* Inks non diluted (50 wt.-% solvent content) as delivered to the printing plant[EGTEI 2003]The solvent consumption of publication rotogravure printing generally exceedsthe SE Directive solvent consumption threshold of 25 tonnes peryear and the capacity of the installations usually also exceeds the solventconsumption capacity threshold of 200 tonnes per year of the IPPC Directive2008/1/EC. [Ökopol 2008]As investment costs are high, machines are often operated for 3 shifts/dayand at least 6 days/week. [Ökopol 2008]The application of best available techniques is associated with a VOCemission of 4 – 5 % for new plants and 5 – 7 % for existing plants, relatedto the total solvent input [BREF STS 2007, p. 575]. Some installations havebeen able to achieve even less than 2 % VOC emissions related to the solventinput (tables 5 and 6). [Ökopol 2008].TOTAL VOC EMIS-SIONS OF LESSTHAN 2 % OF THESOLVENT INPUTCAN BE ACHIEVEDMarch 2009 8/17

<strong>Guidance</strong> 2Publication rotogravure printingTable 5: Total emission levels of three German publication rotogravure printinginstallations using solvent recovery systemsUnit Installation 1 Installation 2 Installation 32003 [%] 2.7 1.8 2.42004 [%] 2.3 3.9 1.62005 [%] 1.7 2.1 1.12005 [%] 1.9 1.6 -[BURDA 2006] [PRINOVIS-1 2007] [PRINOVIS-2 2007]Table 6: Specific emission levels of three German publication rotogravure printinginstallations using solvent recovery systemsUnit Installation 1 Installation 2 Installation 32003 [mg/m 2 ] 71 39 592004 [mg/m 2 ] 63 80 372005 [mg/m 2 ] 46 43 252006 [mg/m 2 ] 51 28 -[BURDA 2006] [PRINOVIS-1 2007] [PRINOVIS-2 2007]Best performing solvent recovery systems within the sector achieve yearlyaverage emission levels of < 15 mgC/m 3 . [Schott 2008]Toluene emissions from the final product are about 0.5% of toluene input or300 mg per kilogramme of printed product. 6 Best operating installationsachieve emission levels below both values. [Germany 2003] [KBA 2008][Ökopol 2008]BEST PERFORMINGSOLVENT RECO-VERY SYSTEMSACHIEVE EMISSIONVALUES OF LESSTHAN 15 MGC/M35.3 Key environmental and health issuesIn publication rotogravure printing toluene is used as solvent for inks andfor cleaning.Process emissions of solvents, together with NOx emissions, are precursorsof ground level ozone formation in the presence of sunlight.Emissions of VOC to air may occur from:- the printing process and its cleaning operations,- the solvent recovery system,- the printed product.The process generates very little waste containing solvents that needs tobe disposed in a way that emissions to air, soil and groundwater are preventedor limited.Toluene is irritating to the skin. Vapours may cause drowsiness and dizziness.Toluene is classified with the risk phrases R40 (“possible risk of cancer”)and R63 (“possible risk of harm to unborn child”). Therefore the workstation has to be well ventilated to ensure workplace safety. Existing occupationalworkplace limits have to be taken into consideration.OCCUPATIONALWORK PLACELIMITS HAVE TOBE TAKEN INTOCONSIDERATION6 Measurement can be done following the Danish method COWI No 2March 2009 9/17

<strong>Guidance</strong> 2Publication rotogravure printing6 VOC substitutionThe following two sections describe potential substitutes for VOC (VOCfreesystems and reduced-VOC systems). There are also descriptions ofthe application technologies or special conditions needed.6.1 VOC-free systemsIt is not possible to run publication rotogravure printing with VOC-free inksystems. VOC-free systems can only be applied for cleaning because dueto their high production speed rotogravure printing machines need inks withlow viscosity and fast drying properties. This is difficult to achieve with othersolvents or with water-based inks (see chapter 10 on emerging techniques).CO 2 (‘dry ice’) can be used for regular machine cleaning. Pellets of dry iceare blown, with pressurized air, at about 300 m/s onto the surface to becleaned. A high degree of cleanliness is achievable and no residue is left.VOC-FREECLEANING SYS-TEMS CAN BEUSED FOR REGU-LAR MACHINECLEANINGCleaning machines cost about 9,000 to 14,000 € and the dry ice about0.6 €/kg. Dry ice consumption is about 30 - 50 kg/h. If dry ice use exceeds~60,000 t per year it is economic to rent a pelletizing machine at a cost ofabout 900 €/month. [ASCO 2008]Cross-media effectsNoise and dust protection of operators has to be assured. As high carbondioxide concentrations are a health risk, sufficient ventilation is needed atclosed workplaces to maintain workplace safety.6.2 VOC-reduced systemsAs complete substitution of organic solvents is impossible in publicationrotogravure, the use of systems described in this section can decreaseemissions.6.2.1 Retention ink systemsRetention inks have been developed to reduce emissions from the finalproduct (outside of the installation), aiming at a toluene content of < 300 mgper kilogramme of printed matter.The ink system differs from conventional inks by forming a dried film surfacelater than conventional inks do. This effect enables higher evaporationrates of ink solvents inside the plant (recovered by the adsorption system).As a result the toluene content in the final product is lower and accordinglyfugitive VOC emissions are reduced.RETENTION INKSREDUCE TOLUENECONTENT IN THEFINAL PRODUCT,REDUCING TOTALVOC EMISSION BYABOUT 15 %Compared with conventional inks, 30 – 50 % toluene emission from thefinal products can be reduced with retention inks. If the total emission fromMarch 2009 10/17

<strong>Guidance</strong> 2Publication rotogravure printingproducts is ~ 1 % of the solvent input with conventional inks, total emissionsof < 0.5 % can be achieved by using retention inks.Assuming total VOC emissions of about 5 – 7 % of the solvent input, retentioninks can reduce total emissions by about 10 %.Economic and cross-media impactsLess ink is needed if retention inks are used [BREF STS 2007]. Retentioninks have the same price as conventional inks [BREF STS 2007] [GermanEPA 2003-1].Greater toluene emission inside the plant necessitates more efficient adsorptionto prevent increasing emissions at the stack. Higher adsorption oftoluene requires more energy for desorption, but leads to increased benefitsfrom sale or reuse of recovered solvents. [BREF STS 2007]7 Other VOC emission prevention measuresand abatement techniquesPreventive measures, process improvements and abatement techniquescan be used to reduce VOC emissions in addition to VOC substitution asdescribed in section 6. The following measures can be applied for publicationrotogravure.7.1 Process improvements7.1.1 Increased length of the dryerBy increasing the length of the dryer, a prolonged retention time of the webfor toluene evaporation is achieved. This is only applicable to newinstallations as retrofitting is not possible. [BREF STS 2007]INCREASED DRYERLENGTH REDUCESEMISSIONS TO AIREconomic and cross-media impactsAdditional energy is needed for increased dryer capacity. Higher tolueneemissions will need more energy for desorption but will lead to economicbenefits from increased toluene recovery.7.1.2 Installation of storage places with extraction systemsSeparate storage places for rags and waste inks inside the workplace canbe equipped with efficient hood extraction, connected with the solvent recoverysystem. This prevents air emissions when handling toluene loadedcleaning rags and ink waste. [German EPA 1999]AIR EXTRACTIONAT STORAGE OFRAGS AND WASTEINKS CAN REDUCEAIR EMISSIONSEconomic and cross-media impactsSufficient ventilation at separate storage places is needed to maintainworkplace safety. Greater toluene emission inside the plant necessitatesmore efficient adsorption to prevent increasing emissions at the stack.March 2009 11/17

<strong>Guidance</strong> 2Publication rotogravure printingHigher adsorption of toluene requires more energy for desorption, but leadsto increased benefits from sale or reuse of recovered solvents. [BREF STS2007]7.1.3 Continuous air extraction from machines and dryersContinuous air extraction from the machines and the dryers provides extractionnot only during production times but also when machines arestopped for preparation, maintenance or cleaning.Continuous air extraction systems are able to constantly maintain negativepressure at inlet and outlet of the paper web. With this measure, VOCemissions from ink reservoirs and cylinders are reduced.[BREF STS 2007]7.1.4 Continuous air extraction from machines, dryers and pressroomAdditional VOC emission reduction can be achieved if air is not only extractedfrom the enclosed machine and the dryer but also for the entirepress room. By routing press room air to the adsorption system, the toluenecontent is recovered. [BREF STS 2007]This system needs an adaptation of the activated carbon system to be ableto adsorb and desorb lower toluene concentrations effectively.CONTINUOUS AIREXTRACTION FROMALL VOC RELEVANTAREAS LEADS TOADDITIONALEMISSIONREDUCTIONEconomic and cross-media impactsDesorption of activated carbon is less effective (more energy intensive)because low waste gas concentrations cannot achieve the same loading.7.2 Waste gas abatement7.2.1 Efficient adsorption and desorptionA high level of adsorption of toluene sent to solvent recovery can beachieved. The most efficient abatement techniques for recovering toluenefrom publication rotogravure printing recover > 98 % of incoming tolueneand about > 96 % of the solvent input. Annual average emission levels

<strong>Guidance</strong> 2Publication rotogravure printingBoth input and output monitoring of the adsorption unit can also be used forcontrolling adsorption capacity and determining the moment when extractionair should be routed to another adsorption unit.Economic and cross-media impactsDesorption of activated carbon is energy intensive. Although efficientsystems lead to higher toluene recycling rates and less emissions, energyeffort to achieve this (and its related environmental impact) has to bebalanced with the benefits of increased recovery efficiency.7.2.2 Capturing of air emissions during drying of activated carbonafter desorptionWhen desorption of VOC from activated carbon takes place, the activatedcarbon becomes wet and needs about 30 – 60 seconds drying time to recoverits adsorption capacity.During this time, extraction air from the installation is routed through theadsorption system for carbon drying.To avoid toluene emissions during drying time, emissions from the dryingrecovery unit can be routed back into the installation until the activated carbonhas recovered its full adsorption capacity.[Germany 2003] [BREF STS 2007]7.2.3 Closed-loop systemThe cleaned air outlet of the adsorption system can be re-circulated into theinstallation to further reduce emissions to ambient air.The system needs high capacity of the solvent recovery system to obtainlow VOC concentration in re-circulated air. This can be achieved with moreactivated carbon and/or more frequent desorption cycles.The system is only applicable to new presses in combination with a newsolvent recovery system. Additional investment costs of closed loop recoverysystem are about 5 million EUR for a press with cylinders of 3 meters.[Germany 2003] [BREF STS 2007]Economic and cross-media impactsMore frequent desorption creates more waste water and requires moreenergy. Additional energy is also needed because of increased adsorptioncapacity. Benefits can be obtained if cooling energy is generated fromwaste heat, e.g. from a combined heat and power generation on site.Workplace limit values have to be taken into account if routing air emissionsfrom the recovery system back into the installation.March 2009 13/17

<strong>Guidance</strong> 2Publication rotogravure printing8 Summary of VOC emission reductionmeasuresTable 7 summarizes the various approaches to substitute or reduce VOCemissions as described in chapters 6 and 7:Table 7: Measures for VOC substitution and VOC reduction in publication rotogravureprintingObjectivesDescriptionVOC-free systems VOC-free cleaners Use of dry ice cleaningVOC-reducedsystemsProcess improvementAbatementtechnologiesRetention ink systemsIncreased dryer lengthStorage placesContinuous air extractionfrom machines anddryersContinuous air extractionfrom machines,dryers and press roomEfficient adsorptionCapturing of air emissionsduring drying ofactivated carbonClosed-loop systemUse of inks with later film formingpropertiesLonger drying time for increasedtoluene emission in the plantSeparate storage places with airextraction for cleaning ragsSeparate storage places with airextraction for waste inksExtraction also during stop of machinesExtraction also from areas with lesstoluene concentrationInstallation of sufficient adsorptioncapacity, efficient desorption intervals,input/output measurementAir emissions are routed back intothe installation until activated carbonhas recovered its capacityClean air from adsorption outlet isrouted back into the installationMarch 2009 14/17

<strong>Guidance</strong> 2Publication rotogravure printing9 Good practice examplesA publication rotogravure printing company produces magazines,catalogues, brochures and advertising.The printing house uses a gas turbine for electricity and heat production,converting part of the heat into cooling. Hot steam from the turbine is usedfor toluene recovery from activated carbon. When steam is produced inexcess by the gas turbine, more frequent desorption of toluene fromactivated carbon devices is realised.After adsorption, cleaned air is routed back into the printing room (closedloopsystem).With the closed loop system, toluene emission levels < 3 % have beenachieved, resulting in specific toluene emissions of 25 – 60 mg/m 2 ofprinted product.The lowest values reported in 2005 were related to more frequentdesorptions realised with excess turbine steam.[BURDA 2006]HOT STEAM FORTOLUENE RECOVERYIS PRODUCED BYA GAS TURBINE10 Emerging techniques and substitutes underdevelopment10.1.1 VOC-free ink systemsTests have been undertaken with water-based inks for publication rotogravureprinting, but have not been successful because the relatively high viscosityof these ink systems is not appropriate for high-speed printing.Besides quality deterioration and 30 % reduced productivity, water-basedinks showed disadvantages because of increased energy need for drying,higher waste generation and more difficulties to de-ink the printed paper.[BREF STS 2007]WATER-BASED INKSHAVE NOT BEENDEVELOPEDSUCCESSFULLY10.1.2 Increased temperature in the press roomBy increasing the temperature in the press room (e.g. from 40° to 90°C),more toluene evaporates from residues in the printed product. Therebymore toluene is released and recovered inside the plant and not emitted toambient air. [BREF STS 2007]With this measure toluene emissions from products were expected to bereduced by about 1 % of the total solvent input, but test applications inEurope have not achieved this level. [BREF STS 2007]INCREASED TEMPERA-TURE OF THE PRESSROOM HAS NOT BEENIMPLEMENTED SUC-CESSFULLY IN EUROPEEconomic and cross-media impactsA significant amount of additional energy is needed to increase press roomtemperatures. Higher toluene emissions will need more energy fordesorption but will lead to economic benefits from increased toluenerecovery.March 2009 15/17

<strong>Guidance</strong> 2Publication rotogravure printing11 Information sources[ASCO 2008]ASCOJET Dry Ice blasting – Trockeneisstrahl-Technologie, personal communication, 2008.http://www.ascojet.com/[SE Directive 1999]Council Directive 1999/13/EC of 11 March 1999 on the limitation of emissions of volatileorganic compounds due to the use of organic solvents in certain activities and installations.[BREF STS 2007]EU Commission: Reference Document on Best Available Techniques on Surface Treatmentusing organic solvents, European Commission, August 2007.ftp://ftp.jrc.es/pub/eippcb/doc/sts_bref_0807.pdf[BURDA 2006]Umwelterklärung (environmental statement) 2006, Burda GmbH, Offenburg/Germany 2007.http://www.burda.de/hps/upload/hxmedia/hbmi/HB8qGyvT.pdf[EGTEI 2003]CITEPA, Final background document on sector publication rotogravure, prepared in theframework of EGTEI, Paris, 2003.http://www.citepa.org/forums/egtei/packaging_160603.pdf[EGTEI 2005]CITEPA, Flexography and Rotogravure in the Packaging, synopsis sheet, prepared in theframework of EGTEI, Paris, 2005.http://www.citepa.org/forums/egtei/36-Synopsis-sheet-packaging-30-09-05.pdf[ERA 2008]European Rotogravure Association, homepage information http://www.era.eu.org, 2008.[FGI 2007]Rehmann, E.: Die neu belebte Rivalität zweier Druckverfahren - High-Volume-Akzidenzoffsetoder Illustrationstiefdruck (Renewed rivalry between two processes, High-volumecommercial offset or publication rotogravure), Fachhefte Grafische Industrie, 1/2007.http://www.kba-print.de/uk/headlines/news.html?newsfocus=nxps%3A%2F%2Fkba%2Fnews%2F2006-09-14%2F%3Flanguage%3Den%26pool%3Dkba-uk[German EPA 1999]Jepsen/Grauer/Tebert (Ökopol), Assessment of Best Available Techniques and VOC EmissionReduction Potential in Printing Houses (Ermittlung des Standes der Technik und Emissionsminderungspotenzialezur Senkung von VOC-Emissionen aus Druckereien), commissionedby Umweltbundesamt (German Federal Environmental Protection Agency), Berlin,1999.http://www.energy-germany.de/treffer.php?c_id=25&lang=de&cattype=cpg[German EPA 2003-1]Jepsen/Tebert (Ökopol), Integrierter Umweltschutz bei bestimmten industriellen Tätigkeiten–Bedrucken (Integrated Environmental Protection at certain industrial activities – printing),subcontract of BiPRO, commissioned by Umweltbundesamt (German Federal EnvironmentalProtection Agency), Dessau, 2003http://www.umweltbundesamt.de/uba-info-medien/mysql_medien.php?anfrage=Kennummer&Suchwort=2463[German EPA 2003-2]Jepsen/Tebert (Ökopol), Best available techniques in the Printing Industry, German backgroundpaper for the BAT-Technical Working Group ‘Surface treatment using organic solvents’organised by the European IPPC Bureau. Umweltbundesamt (German Federal EnvironmentalProtection Agency), Dessau, 2003.http://ec.europa.eu/environment/air/pollutants/stationary/solvents/activities/pdf/d025_uba_part2_printing.pdf[KBA 2008]Renewed rivalry between two processes, High-volume commercial offset or publicationrotogravure, KBA News, KBA website, 14.9.2006.http://www.kba-print.de/uk/headlines/akzidenz-tiefdruck.htmlMarch 2009 16/17

<strong>Guidance</strong> 2Publication rotogravure printing[IMPEL 2000]Good Practice Fact Sheet - Printers, IMPEL Network, European Union Network for the Implementationand Enforcement of Environmental Law, 2000.http://ec.europa.eu/environment/impel/pdf/printers.pdf[Implementation 2006]European Commission, DG Environment, Analyses of the reports submitted by MemberStates on the implementation of Directive 1999/13/EC, ENTEC UK Limited, 2006.[ÖKOPOL 2008]Ökopol GmbH, Printing industry data base from company consultancy (not public), 2008.[PRINOVIS-1 2007]Umwelterklärung (environmental statement) Ahrensburg 2007, Prinovis Ltd & Co KG,Hamburg 2008.http://www.prinovis.com/downloads/umwelt/PRI_Umwelt_Update_AH_2007.pdf[PRINOVIS-2 2007]Umwelterklärung (environmental statement) Darmstadt 2007, Prinovis Ltd & Co KG,Hamburg 2008.http://www.prinovis.com/downloads/umwelt/PRI_Umwelt_Update_DA_2007.pdf[Schott 2008]Umwelterklärung (Environmental statement) 2008, Schott Gruppe, 2008.http://www.schlottgruppe.de/schlottprint/de/ueberuns-umwelterklaerungen.html[Siegwerk 2008]Dr Müller-Starke, research and development, personal information, Siegwerk, 2008.[UK 2004]Secretary of State's <strong>Guidance</strong> for Printing, Process <strong>Guidance</strong> Note 6/16(04), Department forEnvironment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA), London, 2004.http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/ppc/localauth/pubs/guidance/notes/pgnotes/pdf/pg6-16.pdf[UK 2008]Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control, Secretary of State’s <strong>Guidance</strong> for the A2 SurfaceTreatment using Solvents Sector, Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs(DEFRA), London, March 2008.http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/ppc/localauth/pubs/guidance/notes/sgnotes/pdf/sg6.pdfMarch 2009 17/17