Towards A Unified Zakat System

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One of the problems associated with postal questionnairesis that people simply enter replies in wrong boxes. Humanerror could easily go uncorrected when the respondent isalone (Mann, 1985).It is also true that, in some cases, the investigator isunsure as to who has completed postal questionnaires, orwhether they have been treated seriously and objectively(Hague, 1993).There are also problems associated with poor overseas mailservices in the study area, hence it was easier and moreassured for the researcher to deliver the questionnairespersonally to all the respondents.Under the Self-administered technique, the questionnaire ispresented to the respondents with explanation of thepurpose of the inquiry, and then the respondent is leftalone to complete the questionnaire and for it to be pickedup later (Oppenheim, 1992).Having recognised the advantages of the self-administeredquestionnaire, it was felt that this method be used tocollect data for this study. It has also been widelyacknowledged that when an investigator is required to cover186
a wide geographical area, involving four neighbouringcountries.Both postal and self-administrated questionnaires aredesigned to include open- and closed-ended questions. Theresearcher has designed closed-ended rather than open-endedquestions. The advantage of closed-ended questions arethat they can be administered with little directconfrontation (Hague, 1993) and the respondent can performwith greater reliability the task of answering thequestions when response alternatives are given (Fowler,1993). Close-ended questions are also easier andrelatively quicker to answer. In fact, they require nowriting and quantification is straightforward; in otherwords, questions can be answered within a short time(Oppenheim, 1992).5.3.2 Design of the questionnaireThe questionnaire was divided into five parts which coveredthe topics of respondent profile, investment background,<strong>Zakat</strong> reporting and <strong>Zakat</strong> harmonisation. The purpose of thefirst part was to collect demographic data on somecharacteristics of each respondent. This part consisted offive questions, including age, nationality, educational187
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Towardsa unified system ofZakat acc
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSIN THE NAME OF ALLA
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PAGINATION ERROR INORIGINALTHESIS
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ContentsPageDeclarationiDedicationi
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4.4.1.1 Zakat on pastoral animals 1
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6.2.5 The percentage of Zakat thats
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List of tablesPageTable 2.1 Economi
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GLOSSARY OF TERMSFai property acqui
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ChapteroneIntroduction
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interest investment model, where th
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egulating Zakat has been employed a
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four countries due to the limitatio
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Co-operation Council, location, cli
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Chapter seven summarises thefinding
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ChaptertwoGeneral background to the
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in the following section, various f
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have an oil-based economy. Its oil
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anking and investment institutions
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2.1.2 KuwaitKuwait is situated at t
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2.1.2.2 Social, Cultural and politi
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Saudi Arabia is a monarchy, with st
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In addition, Saudi Arabia is also p
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important to the everyday life of S
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and the city of Abu Dhabi is the ce
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2.1.4.2 Social, Cultural and politi
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The Omani economy mainly depends on
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In recent years, the government has
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sv2ýJbbQr N m N n O h CC o O n h O
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11 percent in 1995. In Kuwait, the
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general. All countries, except Qata
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with, they all share the same faith
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" Agreement on linking the electric
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2.4 An example of Zakat regulationA
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offices throughout the Saudi Kingdo
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future is uncertain. In trying to s
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ChapterthreePrinciples of Islamic E
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and equitable distribution of incom
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has two main sources: primary and s
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Although various Islamic schools an
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Muslim countries such as Pakistan a
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This definition also suffers from s
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elationship that a human being must
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The search for lawful wealth is reg
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from place to place and from time t
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Movement towards greater economic a
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3.4.5 Freedom of ownership and acti
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Public ownership is also recognised
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ates in his Code and suggested the
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These last verses clearly show that
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orrower for the period of time the
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choose and what maximises their uti
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eliminated at the outset in Islam.
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aspect of self-interest he or she s
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it can be said that an Islamic gove
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certain circumstances not. to cance
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3.9 Islamic Economics in Practice.A
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deficit for many years. Pakistan an
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It was argued that the goal of well
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economic activities, social and eco
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ChapterfourZakat and its position i
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Although these methods are currentl
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4.1.1 Goals of ZakatMany Muslim sch
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them to contribute positively to th
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een distributed to non-profit Musli
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sectors of the Sunni Islamic sect,
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4.3.2 WealthThe teachings of the pr
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Islam without regard to any debt on
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4.3.2.4 The passage of a yearThe pa
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oken bones, or gouged eyes (Joan, 1
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the total amount becomes due. The d
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example,today is the date that Zaka
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this item should be considered as p
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Prophet's obligations. The amount o
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4.4.4.2 Starting point of Zakat dut
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such as income earned from practisi
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There is a widely known view of Mal
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amount (2.5 percent). In Saudi Arab
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Page 159 and 160: year. Zakat is payable on both the
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Page 167 and 168: Balance Sheet 31-12-19X230-12-XXX13
Page 169 and 170: literature behind the selection of
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Page 173 and 174: ChapterfiveResearchmethodology5.0 I
Page 175 and 176: 5.2 Research questions5.2.1 Zakat p
Page 177 and 178: distribution to those deserving it
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Page 181 and 182: 5.2.5 Zakat regulationRegulating Za
Page 183 and 184: capital owners (Article 70).The mea
Page 185 and 186: authorities and securities regulato
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Page 189 and 190: applicability to part of the capita
Page 191 and 192: then they must be discounted since
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Page 203 and 204: eing to make it Islamic, strong, gr
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Page 211 and 212: academics, government officials, in
Page 213 and 214: Kuwait. Some individual investors c
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Page 221 and 222: ChaptersixStatisticalanalysisofthes
Page 223 and 224: analysis of respondents background
Page 225 and 226: Education and age are not the only
Page 227 and 228: years. Twenty-three percent reveale
Page 229 and 230: 6.2 Major results6.2.1 Zakat paymen
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Page 233 and 234: Department of Zakat, but not to the
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Page 239 and 240: difference in means is highly insig
Page 241 and 242: collect and distribute only 1.25 pe
Page 243 and 244: The ranking of institutions' means
Page 245 and 246: Firstly, occupation seems to affect
Page 247 and 248: It was, however, roughly find two f
Page 249 and 250: collection), as the chi-square stat
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espondentsseem to share some doubt
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score to themselves on the suggesti
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statistics were not significant at
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Secondly, Gulf countries have not y
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Table 6.13(b)Reasons behind low lev
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Alms (Zakat) are for the poor, the
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Table 6.14(b) Appointment and pay f
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five out of seven items, suggesting
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discussed earlier remains unchanged
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4.61. The opinion of accounting fir
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6.5 SummaryThis chapter has empiric
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ChaptersevenSummaries,conclusionand
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7.1.2 Chapter twoThis chapter provi
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(profit) with the borrower. Any dea
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countries, Zakat is paid by all tho
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Another advantage is the accumulati
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This survey reveals that almost 40
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of the total Zakat amount due. Over
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Most respondents prefer a partnersh
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measurement and disclosure of Zakat
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measurement be re-defined in such a
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" Non-monetary elements, which incl
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Table 7.1A sample of the recommende
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7.3.2.2 AllowancesThe treatment of
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Zakat at 1.5 percent of the base ra
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Traditionally, Zakat was paid to th
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eason why the survey study covered
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should be set up to at least discus
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BIBLIOGRAPHYAbbas, F. 1988. "Anivar
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Al-Shafi'i,al-Imam, 1987. al-Shafii
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Gambling T. and Abdel Karim, R. 199
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Kuran, T. 1992. The Economic system
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Taylor, T. W., and Evans, J. W. 198
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CARDIFF BUSINESS SCHOOLDirectorProf
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S2. If the answer to question 1 is
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2. To what extent do you agree or d
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i" iii. 5. ijp'ji ý)ij;; -iK.d. 9.
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cycL. oll o: ri >ý_='°9 tMýa5l1
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G, i7'1 °ßi1 5'° C, .. c ýSý y
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e:;.-. roUS pL Ll LLAI L; 111 CIA:
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" Royal Decrees and Orders "
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ZAKAT REGULATIONS (1)Article I: The
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7- For those who do not keep reliab
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No: 17/2/28/8799(»Date: 8/9/1370 H
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No. 1 7/2/28/577Date: 14/3/1376 H19
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Royal OrderTo: Mohammed Sorour -Riy
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No. 6115/1(1)Date: 5/1/1383 H.With
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'Zakat & Income Tax Department Bran
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Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.Ministry of
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Ministry of Finance & National Econ
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