Coastal fisheries of Latin America and the Caribbean

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4Coastal fisheries of Latin America and the CaribbeanThe major contribution to the region’s total landings comes from pelagicspecies landed by industrial fisheries. For example, the fluctuations in landings,such as the sharp rises in 1970, 1994 and 2000 and the declines in 1972, 1983 and1994 were due largely to fluctuations on landings from purse seine fisheries inPeru and Chile. Also, high squid landings in these two countries in recent yearscontributed significantly to the total increase. Similar to Peru and Chile, catchesfrom Mexico come mainly from purse seines (about 42% in 2004). On the otherhand, in Argentina and Brazil, the majority of the landings come from trawling(about 72% and 50% of total country landings in 2004, respectively).If we focus on coastal landings, by excluding from the data catches from gearsoperating mostly in offshore areas (i.e. bottom trawls, midwater trawls and purseseines), the contributions from Peru and Chile are reduced from 84% to about44% of the total within our reference group of 14 countries. While this does notchange the top five countries in Table 1, in terms of total landings, the importanceof coastal fisheries becomes evident in countries like the Dominican Republic,Grenada, Puerto Rico, and Trinidad and Tobago, in each of which landings fromgears used mostly in coastal waters exceed 50% of the total landings for thatcountry (Table 1). Peru and Chile, on the other hand, provide far less of theircatches from coastal fisheries, with landings from this sector contributing onlyabout 2% and 9% respectively to the total for each country. Incidentally, theseproportions are the lowest among the LAC countries examined here.Mexico and most countries in Central America have fleets both on the Pacificand Caribbean coasts, and they are highly dependent on coastal fisheries, especiallyas a source of jobs and food. Reports by FAO (2000) for these countries indicatethat catches appear to be higher on the Pacific than on the Caribbean coasts in mostcases. In the latter, a lower volume seems to be compensated for by the capture ofprofitable species like conch, lobster and shrimp, among others, which contributesignificant foreign currency to these countries. Total export of catches in the LACregion (excluding aquaculture) by the year 2001 was close to US$7 million; fivecountries made up 73% of this contribution (Agüero and Claverí, 2007).Accurate figures on fishing effort in coastal fisheries of the LAC region aregenerally not available, and when they do exist there is typically a shortage ofconsistent information. Even though catch records began in the 1950s in somecountries, information on fishing effort started to be collected much later. Suchdata are important in the evaluation of fishing capacity and labour capacityrelative to catch trends. In general, the number of people involved in fishing andfish farming has more than doubled in the last three decades (FAO, 2006a; Salaset al., 2007), with many of these people entering the coastal fisheries industry. Incontrast to global trends (Figure 1), it is evident when evaluating landings onlyfrom coastal fisheries that between the early 1970s and the mid-1990s there wasan increasing trend in catches in South America, with a declining trend after thisperiod (Figure 2). In the Caribbean, the trend has been generally upward for threedecades, afterward a sharp decline has changed the general trend.
Coastal fisheries of Latin America and the Caribbean region: issues and trends 5TABLE 1Catches for those countries included in this document plus Peru and Chile in 2004. Totallandings integrate catches from all gears 1 and landings from ‘coastal gears’ 2 include allgears except bottom trawl, mid-water trawl and purse seinesCountryTotal landingsfor all gears(‘000 tonnes)% of total landingsof all listedcountriesLandings from‘coastal gears’only (tonnes)% of coastallandings intotal for thecountryPeru 9 611.94 52.68 151.27 1.57Chile 5 317.31 29.14 492.18 9.26Mexico 1 286.57 7.06 134.60 10.46Argentina 945.94 5.18 187.36 19.81Brazil 746.21 4.09 130.66 17.51Colombia 124.95 0.68 13.82 11.06Uruguay 122.98 0.67 15.38 12.51Cuba 36.14 0.20 16.21 44.85Costa Rica 20.85 0.11 3.64 17.46Dominican Republic 14.22 0.08 7.28 51.20Trinidad and Tobago 1 10.03 0.06 5.10 50.84Puerto Rico 6.12 0.03 3.50 57.18Barbados 1 2.14 0.01 0.92 43.00Grenada 1 2.03 0.01 1.80 89.00Source: 1 FAO (2004: http://www.fao.org/fishery/geoinfo/en); 2 data from Sea Around Us, 2004 (www.Seaaroundus.org)adapting FAO data.As in other parts of the world, the expansion in catches in the LAC region hasbeen due to technological development and an increase in the size of the fleet,an expansion of the fishery workforce, exploration of new fishing grounds, andrelated impacts of government financial transfers (FAO, 2006a; OECD, 2006;Gréboval, 2007). In the last decade, in many of these countries the most importantresources are considered to be at their maximum level of exploitation (WorldBank, 2004; FAO, 2006b; Agüero and Claverí, 2007). Despite this situation, thestatus of many fisheries in the region is poorly known. Agüero (1992) states thatone of the problems these countries face has been the lack of consistency in theway catches have been recorded and fisheries analysed. Fisheries institutes inmany of these countries were created in the 1960s to conduct research, but theyhave not achieved sufficient technical capacity (human and logistic) due to limitedfinancial support (Agüero and Claverí, 2007).
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1557. Coastal fisheries of CubaSERV
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Coastal fisheries of Cuba 157FIGURE
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Coastal fisheries of Cuba 165produc
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Coastal fisheries of Cuba 169and co
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Coastal fisheries of Cuba 173Garcí
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1758. Coastal fisheries of theDomin
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Coastal fisheries of Mexico 255(v)
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