Basic English Grammar with Exercises - MEK

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Table of ContentsSuggested Answers and Hints 313Chapter 1 313Chapter 2 327Chapter 3 329Chapter 4 346Chapter 5 364Chapter 6 376Chapter 7 396Chapter 8 413Glossary 431Bibliography 455Index 456x
Chapter 1Grammatical Foundations:Words1 Language, Grammar and Linguistic TheoryThis book attempts to describe some of the basic grammatical characteristics of theEnglish language in a way accessible to most students of English. For this reason westart at the beginning and take as little as possible for granted. Definitions are given forgrammatical concepts when they are first used and there is a glossary at the back of thebook to remind the reader of these as he or she works through it. At the end of eachchapter there are an extensive set of exercises which the student is encouraged toconsider and work through either in class or alone. For those students working alone,we have also provided model answers for the exercises. These are for the student tocheck their understanding of the material supported by the exercises and to offerobservations that the student may have missed.The uninitiated student might be surprised to find that there are many ways todescribe language, not all compatible with each other. In this book we make use of aparticular system of grammatical description based mainly on Government andBinding theory, though it is not our aim to teach this theory and we will very rarelyrefer to it directly. We use the theory to offer a description of English, rather thanusing English to demonstrate the theory. We will spend a short amount of time at thebeginning of the book to state our reasons for choosing this theory, as opposed to anyother, to base our descriptions.Whatever else language might be (e.g. a method of communicating, something toaid thought, a form of entertainment or of aesthetic appreciation) it is first andforemost a system that enables people who speak it to produce and understandlinguistic expressions. The nature of this system is what linguistics aims to discover.But where do we look for this system? It is a common sense point of view thatlanguage exists in people’s heads. After all, we talk of knowing and learninglanguages. This also happens to be the belief of the kind of linguistics that this bookaims to introduce: in a nutshell, the linguistic system that enables us to ‘speak’ and‘understand’ a language is a body of knowledge which all speakers of a particularlanguage have come to acquire.If this is true, then our means for investigating language are fairly limited – wecannot, for instance, subject it to direct investigation, as delving around in someone’sbrain is not only an ethical minefield, but unlikely to tell us very much given ourcurrent level of understanding of how the mind is instantiated in the brain. We are left,therefore, with only indirect ways of investigating language. Usually this works in thefollowing way: we study what the linguistic system produces (grammatical sentenceswhich have certain meanings) and we try to guess what it is that must be going on in
Page 1 and 2: Basic English Syntaxwith ExercisesM
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Page 8 and 9: PrefaceThe target audience for the
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Page 16 and 17: 2 Word Categories2.1 The LexiconCha
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Chapter 1 - Grammatical Foundations
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Chapter 3Basic Concepts of Syntacti
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X-bar TheoryNote that the X'and the
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X-bar Theoryunderstood in this sent
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X-bar Theory(19) XPYPX'VYPfallThese
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X-bar Theory1.4 SpecifiersSo far we
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X-bar Theorynoun, we conclude that
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X-bar Theory(40) NPNPRelSNP RelS wh
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Theoretical Aspects of MovementThe
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Theoretical Aspects of MovementFina
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Theoretical Aspects of Movement(61)
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Theoretical Aspects of Movementassi
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Theoretical Aspects of MovementThe
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Theoretical Aspects of Movementmorp
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Theoretical Aspects of Movementposs
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Theoretical Aspects of MovementAs t
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Theoretical Aspects of MovementTher
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Theoretical Aspects of Movement(105
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Test your knowledge6 Explain the di
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Test your knowledge Exercise 3Decid
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Test your knowledge Exercise 9Ident
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Test your knowledge Exercise 17Why
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Chapter 4 - The Determiner PhraseTh
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Chapter 4 - The Determiner Phrase(1
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Chapter 4 - The Determiner PhraseOf
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Chapter 4 - The Determiner PhraseTh
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Chapter 4 - The Determiner Phrasepr
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Chapter 4 - The Determiner PhraseOf
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Chapter 5Verb PhrasesIn this chapte
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Event Structure and Aspectsome othe
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Verb Types(10) a there arrived a le
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Verb TypesThe position to which the
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Verb TypesThe thematic relationship
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Verb Types(39) a I broke the window
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Verb Types(48) a Mike made the ball
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Verb Types(54) a elmozdította a do
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Verb Typesconstruction in their ‘
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Verb Typesassumption of a position
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Verb Types(73) vPDPv'Pete v VPe DP
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Verb Types(78) vPDPv'Pete v VPagent
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Verb Typesand that these are passed
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Verb Types(90) e = e 1 : e 1 = ‘F
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Verb TypesbvPDPv'Ursula v vPv 2 e D
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Verb Types(102) vPDPv'Sam v VPsmile
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Verb Types(111) a Porter put the bo
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Verb Typeswhich the main verb moves
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Verb Types(125) a he lived right ne
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Verb TypesIn this structure, presum
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Verb Typesvery difficult problems f
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Verb TypesIn this, the verb moves f
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Aspectual Auxiliary Verbs2.9 Summar
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Aspectual Auxiliary Verbs(158) a di
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Aspectual Auxiliary Verbsevent (the
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Adverbs, PPs and Clausal modifiers4
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Adverbs, PPs and Clausal modifiers(
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Adverbs, PPs and Clausal modifiersW
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Conclusion(186) a vPDPv'Harry v' Sv
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Test your knowledge Exercise 2Deter
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Chapter 6Inflectional PhrasesIn the
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The structure of IPIn the previous
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The structure of IPInflections also
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The syntax of inflection(17) repres
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The syntax of inflection(20) IP- I'
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The syntax of inflection(27) IP- I'
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The syntax of inflectionBesides the
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The syntax of inflectionverb cannot
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The syntax of inflection(44) a I th
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The syntax of inflection(53) a I qu
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3 Movement to Spec IPMovement to Sp
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Movement to Spec IP(60) vPDPv'they
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Movement to Spec IP(66) an element
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Conclusion(71) IPDPI'API'IvPvv'vPNo
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Test your knowledge Exercise 4Give
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Chapter 7 - Complementiser PhrasesI
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2 The Clause as CPChapter 7 - Compl
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3 Interrogative CPs3.1 Basic positi
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Chapter 7 - Complementiser Phrases3
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Chapter 7 - Complementiser PhrasesT
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Chapter 7 - Complementiser Phrasese
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Chapter 7 - Complementiser Phrases(
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Chapter 7 - Complementiser Phrasesa
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Chapter 7 - Complementiser Phrasesa
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Chapter 7 - Complementiser PhrasesT
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Chapter 7 - Complementiser Phrases
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Chapter 8 - The Syntax of Non-Finit
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Check questionsChapter 8 - The Synt
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Suggested Answers and HintsChapter
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Exercise 2 Exercise 2A given verb m
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Exercise 4 Exercise 4 Exercise 5a J
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Exercise 7un+happi+estThis word con
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Exercise 10(9) a In the present sit
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Exercise 11Degree adverbsa cverydmo
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Exercise 13f Jane broke the vase.Th
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Check QuestionsChapter 2 Check Ques
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Check questionsChapter 3 Check ques
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Exercise 1 Exercise 1Possible confi
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Exercise 9will category: [+F, -N, +
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Exercise 11(2) VPVPYPV' adjunctV 0X
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Exercise 13(iii) In sentence (3a) b
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Exercise 14The adjunct PP is merged
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Exercise 15d) DPD'DaNPN'APN'tall AP
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Exercise 16g) NNNNorangeN cocktailj
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Exercise 18b) Predicate: thinkThema
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Check Questionsindefinite. Again, t
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Suggested answer forExercise 1(1) b
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Suggested answer forExercise 1(1) d
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Suggested answer forExercise 1(1) f
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Exercise 4 Exercise 4(1) DPDPD'the
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Exercise 4(3) DPD'DtheNPN'APN'most
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Exercise 5 Exercise 5In the Italian
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Exercise 8DPD'DNPanN'NPPanalysisP'P
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Exercise 9bDPD'D 0NPe AP N'one N 0
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Check Questionscontribute to the me
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Exercise 2Multiple complement verbs
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Exercise 2f Kevin killed Karen.agen
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Exercise 2k The window opened.theme
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Exercise 3 Exercise 3Verb Tense Asp
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Exercise 6(1) h Reorganisation of a
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Check Questionsoccur in embedded co
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Exercise 2I. Bill gets accusative C
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Exercise 4 Exercise 4a) In the sent
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Exercise 4c) The sentence David rol
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Exercise 4e) The verb sink is an er
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Exercise 4g) In the sentence Bill c
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Exercise 4i) The verb cough in the
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Exercise 4In our sentence, this pos
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Exercise 4m) In the sentence Jim to
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Exercise 4CP 3C'CIPthat DP I'Jim I
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Check QuesionsQ2 Main clauses in En
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Check Quesionsstructurally from the
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Exercise 3 Exercise 3e Has John eve
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Exercise 4(1) b raisingThe verb see
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Exercise 5 Exercise 5(1) a Which bo
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Exercise 6It is assumed that the su
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Exercise 7(6) a John -s like whob W
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Exercise 8As the grammaticality in
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Check QuestionsChapter 8 Check Ques
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Exercise 1 Exercise 1a- adjective,
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Exercise 4possible antecedent in th
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Exercise 6(v) In sentence (1e) ther
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Exercise 9 Exercise 9f [PRO] To err
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Exercise 9IPt 2I'IvPv'vvPtov'vvPhav
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Exercise 9IPt 4I'IvPv'vvPtov'vvPbe
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Exercise 9In sentence (1d) the main
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Exercise 9CP 7C'CIPPRO 8I'IvPv'vvPt
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Glossaryadjunction: a type of movem
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Glossarybase-generate: to insert co
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Glossarywhere for is used not as a
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Glossaryby a wh-element. The meanin
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Glossaryfinite verb form: a verb fo
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Glossarypresent approach, however,
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Glossarymorphological case: there i
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GlossaryGeneralisation), so the DP
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Glossarypronominal: those DPs that
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Glossaryspecifier rule: one of the
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Glossarytrace: moved constituents l
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Glossarywh-relative: a relative cla
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IndexA.adjacency 221adjective 11, 1
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IndexD.dative alternate see dative
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Indexmorphology 31, 33, 43, 75, 76,
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Indexmissing subject 100, 190, 225,
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