Sanitation Partnerships Harnessing Potential (BPD) - The Water ...

BPD SANITATION SERIESSanitation partnerships:Harnessing their potential for urban on-site sanitationDavid Schaub-Jones, Kathy Eales & Linda TyersFebruary 2006Building Partnerships for Developmentwww.bpdws.org

Building Partnerships for Developmentin Water and SanitationThe ChallengeThe numbers are well known – too many poor people still lack access to basicwater and sanitation services in the developing world. Factors that prohibitaccess are numerous. Prohibitive connection charges and tariffs, high technologystandards, and uncoordinated and non-inclusive decision-making all complicatethe provision of sustainable water and sanitation services in poor communities.Multi-Sector PartnershipsMulti-sector partnerships between public, private, civil society and donororganisations designed around specific projects or aimed at more systemicchange provide an increasingly important tool to overcome these failures. Suchpartnerships foster innovation and promote greater accountability by improvingthe understanding and capacity that make projects more appropriate andeffective.BPDBPD Water and Sanitation is an international multi-sector learning networkfocused on improving access to safe water and effective sanitation in poorcommunities. BPD's primary aims are: To understand more concretely how partnerships can contribute to meetingthe water and sanitation needs of poor communities; To provide direct support to innovative partnership approaches that aim toprovide water and sanitation to the poor; and To disseminate findings through training activities and constructive dialoguearound water and sanitation issues affecting poor communities.Based in London, BPD has a small Secretariat that reports to an internationalmulti-sector Board of Directors. BPD is a registered charity in the UnitedKingdom. Though institutionally autonomous, BPD is grateful to WaterAid forhosting the Secretariat.Building Partnerships for Developmentin Water and Sanitation2 nd floor, 47-49 Durham StreetLondon SE11 5JDUnited KingdomTel: +44 (0) 207 793 4557, Fax: +44 (0) 207 582 0963info@bpdws.org, www.bpdws.org

Sanitation partnerships:Harnessing their potential for urban on-sitesanitationDavid Schaub-Jones, Kathy Eales & Linda TyersFebruary 2006ContentsSECTION 1 – Setting the Scene 2SECTION 2 – Emerging Themes 4Theme One: Which rung on the “sanitation ladder”? 5Theme Two: Sanitation implications of growing tenancy 8Theme Three: Beyond storage 10Theme Four: Sanitation’s unique challenges 12SECTION 3 – What role for partnerships in sanitation? 16Partnership Role A: Improving the customer relationship andencouraging better transactions 16Partnership Role B: Translating dignity and comfort into health andenvironmental protection 20Partnership Role C: Overcoming fragmentation 24SECTION 4 – Conclusions 27SECTION 5 – Scope for further work 30 AcknowledgementsWe would like to warmly thank all those who have a played a role in enlightening, supporting and reviewingthis work. Particular thanks are due to the numerous people we interviewed across the five country casestudies, all of whom were happy to share insights and perspectives on the challenge of working in, or tryingto set up, sanitation partnerships. We are especially grateful to those who played de facto host to us onthese trips, including Mamonaheng Ramonaheng of UDS Lesotho, Madhu Gudka and the staff of Kentainers,Jasper Kirango of Citiwater in Tanzania, Ned Breslin of WaterAid and the staff of ADASBU in Maputo, andPeter Davis and Neil McLeod of eThekweni Municipality in South Africa.This document would not have been possible without funding from DGIS Netherlands and the significant andvalued case study contributions from Gaye Thompson, Esperança Rui and Jaap Rijnsberger. Thank you toWASTE and Arnold van den Klundert for their financial and organisational support with the Dar es Salaamcase study. Two workshops greatly refined our thinking during the project – we greatly appreciate DaveRamsay of the City of Cape Town and Alan Gilbert of University College London for kindly hosting them, aswell as all those who took part in the debates and discussion.Sincere gratitude to the many people who helped peer review the Sanitation Partnership Series, who werevery generous in sharing their time and expertise. Their input was matched by those who helped shape thestudy at the outset, including Barbara Evans, Teddy Gounden, Barry Jackson, Christophe le Jalle, PeteKolsky, Jon Lane, Eddy Perez and Darren Saywell. Many others helped us find case studies, passed ontheir contacts and gave sound advice on how to proceed, for which we are grateful.Finally special thanks to Ken Caplan and Tracey Keatman of BPD for mentoring the work and tirelesslyworking to improve the final product. Without them it certainly would not have happened!Published by BPD Water and SanitationCopyright © BPD Water and SanitationISBN # 0-9551073-3-4

PAGE 2 – BPD WATER AND SANITATIONSANITATION PARTNERSHIPS – HARNESSING POTENTIALSanitation partnerships:Harnessing their potential for urban on-site sanitationSECTION 1 – Setting the Scene ! ! " # $ ! ! ! % &' () $ $ " $ * (! $ "+ $ $% % !' ($$ $( , " $* $ %! ! "!# - ". $/ ! ! 0 1 2 !$ " %! % !( ( !! ( !!! !" !$3 "" " ! "* "" - $ $ 423- 2!3 - "5 6 $ % 7 " (- 6- # # 1 1 %$ "( % !""" $ "% Defining Partnership ! " # $ % & # '( # # ) * $ & $ !* ' & # (+ # 1 Available funding constrained the work’s scope to Eastern and Southern Africa. Should further fundingbecome available, BPD would also like to look at and draw comparisons with the many good examples ofinnovative sanitation programmes in Asia.

BPD WATER AND SANITATION – PAGE 3SANITATION PARTNERSHIPS – HARNESSING POTENTIALFive East and Southern African Case Studies ! $!,(! " !! $ % "$! 6 ! %! $6(6 $ 6 0 $" 8- 6- # # 1 2 1 " 9# $ " ( """" $ ! ! ! "! ! $ !$ "23- % !( "! $$ % " " $" $8! ! " : +!: % $! :!$!: %!": ! : 2 Landlord ortenant? Theimportance ofrentalrelationships topoor communitysanitation in 3African countriesBeyond storage:On-sitesanitation as anurban systemA roundtable:The relevance oftenancy tosanitation in poorcommunities! $ (! ! " ! 23- 66 ! 7% 7" ! ;! $ "" $% !( $( 7%% $ " %! , 8SanitationPartnerships:Harnessingtheir potentialfor urban onsitesanitationDar esSalaamDurbanMaputoMaseruNairobi6 ! the relationship between tenancy andsanitation (for which the seriesincludes a paper and ‘roundtablereport’); how urban contexts mean that wasteis rarely treated in situ, and thus onsitesanitation partnerships mustoften go ‘beyond storage’ of humanexcreta (explored in a separatepaper).%!(23- !$ !$ $ % $2 More details on the individual case studies can be found in boxes throughout this paper and atwww.bpdws.org.

PAGE 4 – BPD WATER AND SANITATIONSANITATION PARTNERSHIPS – HARNESSING POTENTIAL$! "" % !$ ! !!"" ! $% " 3 SECTION 2 – Emerging Themes< ! !$ "" , $& )$$ $ 4 "$* %" $ ,!! "! != " "7 =$ $ % ! %= $ $ * $ $ ! " ">$ !"< " $ "5 !$ & !) ,$ $ % $?$!, % " $$ " $ 2" %" !$! ! %! =% %! $ ! " " !(6 ,$ , % !$ , * $ $ ! !! !( $% !$$,! ! "$ ( ! (3 Technology and design are clearly fundamental issues and to ensure that perspectives were not lost, the teamthat visited all five case studies was multi-disciplinary. A common template was used; this encouraged the teamto analyse which stakeholders were active within poor communities and what roles they played across aspectrum of on-site sanitation activities.4 This is a tool used in many contexts, often to outline the choices available to individual households (for anexample see http://www.flowman.nl/ahead18.jpg). It shows how households can upgrade over time from basiclatrines to improved versions, then to an indoor toilet and possibly sewerage connection.

BPD WATER AND SANITATION – PAGE 5SANITATION PARTNERSHIPS – HARNESSING POTENTIAL ! % ! $ "$! "! % ! , $ $ $ " !$ ! " ! " $""$! :%!% !!! % , " ! +* " ! 0 !;! "! "" $ $ % (" $ " Theme One: Which rung on the “sanitation ladder”?5 !!! $ ";% " !45 & )46" 7 !"$ 42 $%!23- ! "8 a household facility, where each individual household has a facility; a shared facility, where a small defined group of households share a facility; and a communal facility, open to a broad community or all-comers, often on a pay-perusebasis. , 5 $ " " (@ 3( @ 3 $" "" %" $ % 8 " " " !$ "$ $ ! $$ ! $ $!- $! $ ' $! " $ 5 ' $, ! " % %! 23- $%! $ 7!=7!7 "!7 " !5 Some have referred to these rungs as different “levels of service”, mimicking the categorisation often used forwater supply (differentiating for instance between a standpipe, a yardtap and an in-house connection). Yet forsanitation the term “service” is here somewhat inappropriate as the levels refer more to facilities than anongoing service provided by a supplier. Contrast for instance manual pit emptying, which as a service mayneed to be performed on a fairly regular basis, with latrine construction, which may only be done once in the lifeof a household. The spoke paper “Beyond storage” explores this important distinction in more detail.

PAGE 6 – BPD WATER AND SANITATIONSANITATION PARTNERSHIPS – HARNESSING POTENTIAL< < $$ $ " ," = " !$ "$6 " " (!=3 "% $/2' "1 . ' $ " 5 " "$ "$" $ ! 6 A household facility. "" "$ $ " " ! "! !$ A " !$ ,$ $!" 5 !$ $ - $! $ ! "$! $$ % !"%$,"," $ < ""$"! " , !!! 0 $! $ % ! $! $! ! : "," $! $!7! !! %$A shared facility $ @ 3 "$ $$ %$ " !!$! ! "! $ " "! % !$ < " " " %B! % $+ !! ! % $! !6 Some NGOs can import resources and thus subsidise the system, but they will only ever be able to do this to alimited scale and with a concurrent threat to the sustainability of the system.

BPD WATER AND SANITATION – PAGE 7SANITATION PARTNERSHIPS – HARNESSING POTENTIAL" "! !"$A!! " " ;$!! " $ ;( A communal facility ( ) *!$ " $ ! !% ! % $ . ,, $ "0 !%" !!! % !$ $ ! $" , $! !$ %!% ' !! $" % $ ; C1 +D/$ !! ! ! %"/ $"" " $$ !"/" "$ $ ;$ % $ !$! ! $ $ $ < ""!$ $! ! , $!! " !! $! !" ! $ " !"$&) !$$$( ( ! %$! !$ $" " # $ %&' !$!$ "$ " % %$ %" ! ! % ! /%""! ! $ ! 3 $ " ! ! "7 $ ! !$! ( $ %$ : % $ "$

PAGE 8 – BPD WATER AND SANITATIONSANITATION PARTNERSHIPS – HARNESSING POTENTIAL "$ An urban “sanitation ladder”& ) 8 !: ! ! " ?% ! $ ! 2 "4,$ ;3 ! ",! % !$3 % $ ", !$ " $ ! "$""$ ! " ! "!"$ Theme Two: Sanitation implications of growing tenancyReversing the gains of earlier decadesE ! ! $!0 $ "! $"FGHFGG ! " ! $ $ " " ; $%$ $ ! $ ;$, "!! $ $ " Case Study 1 – The changing sanitation context of Maseru- . # / + 0 / + 0 # " 1 23 $ $ $ / + 0# 4 0 . 4 0 $ 0 " 1 1 5 $ " % $3 3 3 - 4 0 / + 0 # 6 $ - 7 3 3 $3 3 3 *" 1 23 8 ) # # + * 9,$:* ; / + < " 7 / + < % = 0 $ ) $/ + 0 # & $ - * * / + 0 $ ) # & *

BPD WATER AND SANITATION – PAGE 9SANITATION PARTNERSHIPS – HARNESSING POTENTIALCase Study 2 – The impact of renting onsanitation provision in Nairobi0> $? $ & ? 6 $ $ @ ; $ $- A ))$ > ? 0 > 8 B @ B # * # > 8 B # @ B $ # # ? 8 , - $ $ $ : . & > 8 B 0 8 $ @ B # = 3 ? C @ B D ; # 0& & $ # @ $ # - * > 8 B $ > 8 B ? @ 6 $ > @ @ # 0 & ? # & # ? $ & $ * > 8 B $ . # # $ $ $ $, " !!! 7 !3 $$ !! "!1 . ' /2' ! " %! 2 1 . ' /2' $ " # I 1 $ !7 " " A " I 7 1 . ' =! "$"The need for new approaches,( " !!%"! ( $ ( "! " $ $ , "$"" ;$ $"; ! " ! % ! !"" 1 % %!$! !" $ , " $ $! $ ! " % !!!"! "" "!" $ ( 7+ " , - .* '" " /" '" - , " " - - - . 0 better- , " .%/ 1 2

PAGE 10 – BPD WATER AND SANITATIONSANITATION PARTNERSHIPS – HARNESSING POTENTIALTheme Three: Beyond storageThinking beyond the provision of toilets' ( $$ !" % # - ". # - . J " $! ! 2 = $ $ 4 8 # % " ! $%! " " The need for pit de-sludging in dense settlements , $ "$ "6(! $"", !5 $ ! ( ?! !!% A " ! "! A !$ ! ! (!! ! $ % 3 ! < $ ! $ ( %!"/;$ ( !$! ! 9 3 " $ :; $ %$ !?! "( ! $ $=, $ ""8 Getting the waste out of the latrine and transporting it offsite; Removing the waste to a treatment works or disposal site(which often sees it stored first in an interim collectingfacility); and Receiving and treating the waste at the treatment works.3 '" " !- " - / % " ,% '4!8 Pit latrines are not the only form of on-site sanitation but do outnumber other options in poor urban contexts.BPD has thus focussed on these as they are by far the most likely solution to poor urban dwellers’ needs overthe medium term.9 Alternating pit approaches and Eco-San both try to address the treatment aspect differently. Yet alternatingpits in urban areas struggle to cope with high loading, while the commitment to source separation and reuse ofsolids and liquids that Eco-San needs can prove elusive. The spoke “Sanitation Partnerships: Beyond Storage”explores such distinctions more thoroughly, suggesting that Eco-San is unlikely to substitute for the collectionand transfer of waste, but has useful elements that could be integrated into household waste management.

BPD WATER AND SANITATION – PAGE 11SANITATION PARTNERSHIPS – HARNESSING POTENTIALCase Study 3 – Learning from solid waste management inDar es Salaam + E * )0 " 1 1 3 $ > 8 B # A + D + $# - D - D $ # C $- D + * $ + + + + + $ $ *# 0 > 8 B # $ + # D *+ $ * # * # 0& $ 6 $ $@ B * @ $ * "!!$ $! %"% ! $ % $ ! $$$ : $ "$%"$! 6!$(% @ !2 " $ $ $ " !"% # (% "! $$ ! !(!%! %5 $Learning from the “business model” of solid waste management!$ !="= $ ! ! !%! " %! 3 $%! $ $ 6 ; % $ ", ! ( ; ( " < " %!( " - /# % 5$ %&!< != ! ! "$ ! " ! # * !!!$ "!" " !, " " " " % $ - +!$

PAGE 12 – BPD WATER AND SANITATIONSANITATION PARTNERSHIPS – HARNESSING POTENTIAL%$ ! " ($! + !!"$($! " " 3 !"B $6 " " " $ %!$$ $ $ ( " ; "! $ $ !! " " "$!< "!!$7! ! ! "!! $! 8$! ," !: ! " "! ! $ $! ($! " " $" $ " "" ! " % " "!! !! !!! " ! " 3 " !$! Final waste disposal!! $ % " "" $ 6! $ " $! $ $ % , * ! %! %$% " !! !, ,5 # $!" $ ! "! " # % 5$ %&!Theme Four: Sanitation’s unique challenges# % "" $ $ % " " !FF !5 " " 0 ! " ! !! "5 "23- 7%$ 8

BPD WATER AND SANITATION – PAGE 13SANITATION PARTNERSHIPS – HARNESSING POTENTIALKey Contrast 1. Sanitation is ‘infrastructure heavy’ at household level $ " $ "" ( ""$, "6% % " ! ""< (! "$ %$" $2 /! % ! " ;, $ " $ "$ < "% " $ 7!! "!$$ !!$A " $ !" " ! !% !$ !

PAGE 14 – BPD WATER AND SANITATIONSANITATION PARTNERSHIPS – HARNESSING POTENTIAL# " = " $$( 3$% "" $ " ' $! " " !$!* 7!$ ! " ! $$% 5 """( ! !$" 6& )% Case Study 4 – Linkages within an urban system of onsitesanitation0- $/ + 0:/ + 0 2:# # 0 $# $ C / + 0 : # : 0* # $ 0 & # 6 # $ A # $ !& F G$ $ & # & A & $C D $; & $ + $ # & ' 2$% " " 8 % 7 $ $ 2 !!! " % " $ !! !Key Contrast 3. A different cost burden' ;(! "$$!! !, "2!7! " !, $% , ! ! !$" < ( !, < " $, ! $ ! $!/ ," !$ !! ! $5 " " ! = ($!$3 $!# # $ "( % " $! " ;$$5 $$ $ $ %$ $< $($ " $ ! =!($; !$ $! ; "$ " $ ; % $!" $$ % " " %$

BPD WATER AND SANITATION – PAGE 15SANITATION PARTNERSHIPS – HARNESSING POTENTIAL!$" $ $ /!! "! !$!! $ = ; $ % %! " " %( !!7 " "$!! ! $ Key Contrast 4. Grievance mechanisms are harder to establish " % $8 "% " $$3$! " %!"$" $ $ A " 8 " 7$! $ !! $ 7! $C5 - "E 9D " $% " " 7"$ !! $ !" ( 3 "" $=$. "( 0 $7"$% " The analytical framework from the 2004 World DevelopmentReport: “'Making Services Work for Poor People”, only works sowell for on-site sanitation. The service is segmented and citizenscan be landlords or tenants. Politicians may be indifferent whilstpolicymakers are numerous. Sanitation partnerships are thusparticularly complex.

PAGE 16 – BPD WATER AND SANITATIONSANITATION PARTNERSHIPS – HARNESSING POTENTIALSECTION 3 – What role for partnerships in sanitation? %6" (" $5 "8 different rungs on the urban on-site sanitation ladder (differing levels of facilities)suggest different forms of stakeholder relations; while the household is a key component of the sanitation delivery chain,practitioners must understand the household dynamics, for instance by examiningthe crucial distinction between tenants and landlords (or for that matter, betweenmen, women and children); 10 the “urban sanitation system” is segmented into access, emptying and removal, andtreatment stages. To attain the broader public good, all stages need to functionwell; sanitation in poor communities contrasts in significant ways with water and solidwaste. This has important implications for the applicability of partnershipapproaches and the relevance of cross-sectoral learning.6F !" $(% $! $, * %23- " 7 ! ! " $!! "" 5 $ %!,! " !A $ !! ( " ! ($ ! ! %! % " "Partnership Role A: Improving the customer relationship and encouraging bettertransactions5 !7 ! ! $ , " " " ! ( 5 ! , ! $ % %$% " A < ($$ $ " < " " 8$"$

BPD WATER AND SANITATION – PAGE 17SANITATION PARTNERSHIPS – HARNESSING POTENTIAL " ! $ " $ 5 4 !% ! " $ " % ( ( " % " ! $((! % ! "%! "$! ' !! !$ "" * " %!= # I % ! !3 "" %- 6% %< $ $ $" " " ? $$ " :! :! / $$ " +%,* ( 7 : !! "! 5 7$! 7 %=" ! $$ %! ;# , " /- " , ," . ) *!Moving from infrequent,unpredictable transactions to acustomer relationship ) $ A $ & H ; $* * # $ ; $ & 9, $ 9 , !( !$ !! " " ! ! ! ! 6%! %! ! " !!"7 % ;$ $ %$ 8 % %$ !$ "

PAGE 18 – BPD WATER AND SANITATIONSANITATION PARTNERSHIPS – HARNESSING POTENTIAL* $$$8$ " %!3 % $% 3 $ $!+ $ $!" ! "!" $5 " ! 4 !! " "! ! , % $7 %Partnerships can stimulate and aggregate demand' %! "" % !"" $ "% $!"$!! %"6 !!$ " K ! !,! 3 !!! ! ! !,$,!/2' 1 . ' $ $ %! - 620 # ,' ,!, $ !" "A " !$ "!* ! % A!$!! " $ !$," %$! !! ! " !! ! % " $"3 $ ! $ " " ;A $ $ - 620 !,!!! 0 BLM" !3 " % "$ 5 " $ !$ ! " " " ! $ ( $!! !!$ * $! $ !&) " $!%!" $!,, !$ $ $ $ " $ " % ! " !( $ > $ $

BPD WATER AND SANITATION – PAGE 19SANITATION PARTNERSHIPS – HARNESSING POTENTIAL $!! !!$ 2 $!! !!3 $%! $,! ""(%!Partnerships can broaden the supply options available or tackle barriers to theviability of existing service providers%$ ! %!, % $5 $ $ " " %" $$ $!" $# - , , !% $$ ! %!%$! 7 " ' ! (" ! %$2! % $" ! !$ $ "$" $! " !! %! "! "!!! " % (A "$" ! $" "! "! $, ! ! "$!! %;2$ %! $ "! $$% $ !: !""!! " !3 " "! %! !! ! $ " " ' " % !!! " " !! ("$ ,! %%! " "!

PAGE 20 – BPD WATER AND SANITATIONSANITATION PARTNERSHIPS – HARNESSING POTENTIALPartnership Role B: Translating dignity and comfort into health and environmentalprotection5 " !$ ! ! ! !! ! 5 " $ " !!" $ ! , $ ! " "$ ,* ! !$ ! " " $ $" !5 " " " !$" " !;$! " " !$$ " 5 !$! % "$ % " !4 Partnerships can encourage sanitation transactions to be broader- ! $! $8 ! ! ! % $ $ % $!C/ FGGD " " !, !! $ / $ $" 7 %", , ! $!" " "! ! %7 ! !FJ < $! " "!" ! , !6$$! $$ % ! $$ $ !! $$ "$" ! . " , % $" !4Partnerships can promote demand for behaviour change at scale5 " 7!$ " $

BPD WATER AND SANITATION – PAGE 21SANITATION PARTNERSHIPS – HARNESSING POTENTIAL ";$ " ! !"$, ! "! ! ; "=" ! , " !, $(" ! ! 6 A - N 11 3 " !" ! ", % ! ! " $ !$! "! ! !," !%! % $ " !Case Study 5 – Challenges to the viabilityof mechanical emptying services0 - E ; $ - ) 9 , 0 / E I J $ > 8 B - K C - + C A # @ B $ + / $ # @ B $ - @ @ $ $ - & : & A # > 8 B @ B * $ & * $ + / $ - @ & + / , * # $ # B * # - 0 . # $ + ; # & 9 , # $ $ ; , # 0 ? $> $ # > 8 B L E # L $ !%$ (! " "1 $!$ !" !! !" !""< , $! "% " !A $"?0 6 ! 3 $ $!$ $%!%!, ! " $!, A ! ! $ ! !$$ " %$ !' 23- % !$$!! $% ! $ C6I 9D$ $ " A - $("11 This sort of mass movement for sanitation was not seen in the five BPD case studies, but has beendocumented elsewhere in Africa, and especially in Asia. See www.wsp.org for details.

PAGE 22 – BPD WATER AND SANITATIONSANITATION PARTNERSHIPS – HARNESSING POTENTIAL , ! ,"$ " ! "!J Partnerships can harness providers to protect the environment5 $ ! " $ $ " " F ,# "$! " "$ - 620 / 2' %!!% (( ! , "! " !"( " * "$ " ! ! " $" $! " %$ ! " %5 $"$ ! " " !!! % ! " ( ' ! % $ $ - $ !"$ " " $ !!!! " 13 3 ! " ":%!$ " %! ,! " $$% # $- 6 Case Study 6 – A municipal approach totackling full latrine pits0 $+ $ # - * * + * * D ) # * $ $ # $ @ ? , : # * $ $ $ $ ) $ # $ $ # * & $ * , $ - - ) # $ $ $ $ $ $ # , * ) D ) 0 & $ ; > # 12 Accountability has been interpreted (see www.accountability.org.uk) to suggest that it is based onresponsiveness, transparency and compliance. Here we are referring principally to compliance (and regulation)rather than the other two aspects.13 Where this interface is dysfunctional, waste is dumped into the environment, providers go out of business, orthe service to the household becomes unaffordable and they resort to less satisfactory solutions. None of thisdelivers the broader public good. Where public authorities support providers, helping them improve theirfinancial viability and political and social acceptability, they can not only help deliver the provider’s good, butalso improve the likelihood that waste does get treated, the environment is protected and that providers play arole in encouraging behaviour change.

BPD WATER AND SANITATION – PAGE 23SANITATION PARTNERSHIPS – HARNESSING POTENTIAL* - " # ( ! ) *!- " !!! !$ $ !"$ " !" ! " !"!7( $ ( ! $$! $" !( !("$!! !Partnerships can harness providers to promote good hygiene' ! !! ! ! ""! % ! ,! / !,! " " $E ! $% ! $ " "$ ( ! $ !$ "" ! !,! " ! !$!! %$ ; ! $$ 1 . ' % % " 5 " ( !$ " ! " ,$ " $ % " $" ! " "' ! ( " ( $( $% " (( !" $ 4 $ !" !" "$$ $ " ! "' !! ' ! " Public subsidies % " $ # $ # 0 $ $ $ A + @ # # # + A # !A $D $ A / + $'F? G

PAGE 24 – BPD WATER AND SANITATIONSANITATION PARTNERSHIPS – HARNESSING POTENTIAL $ ! !" $ ! + !2$ !! !" $ " % "$ !, $!! ! = $$ !$" !! " "$! " " ! " ! "! " % "& %) "!" %!"" $ Partnership Role C: Overcoming fragmentation" $( !$ $ !8 ! " " " $" " $$ !"% !" * " $ ! ! $"< (" $!! ! ! "%( " " $3 2 $ !" $8!! !! $!%+ " %! " ! !$* " ! ! !($%( ! % !"$ !! ! ! %( " !! " $" A 4 , Partnerships can link a fragmented system$ $( ! "! " "" "" % " $$ % !; % * " $ !!- ! ,, ! $!%!( !

BPD WATER AND SANITATION – PAGE 25SANITATION PARTNERSHIPS – HARNESSING POTENTIAL < ,$" B $! %!!< !$ ! %! !$$ ! = " " " !! " !7$ "$ (!,? ! $0 6 % !% !( %!!( , %!0 6 !$ %! $ $! !$ !$! % # $ $$ ,%!% $ $," ! !$6 $$ " " %! / $ !%!! $ !! !%," ! $ ;$! "$ "!$ $ ! $ $$! "# " $:! $ ! ! " ""$$! " 6 ! $ ! " $ ! % !" !' " ! !($ " ! !! 5 " $!"" % " ! Partnerships can harness institutional diversity through collaboration # ," ! # ;" $ (! %# $!" "$ "$ $ ! 7! " ("23- ,$ !$ ;$!" ! ! !"" 7!

PAGE 26 – BPD WATER AND SANITATIONSANITATION PARTNERSHIPS – HARNESSING POTENTIAL$ % ( $% !" $ "7! " / " 6 # "" 3 "6%" "(% ( $%! " % " " $ " !$%!!6 - 5 < $$7 !$ E ! !!$ $7 % ! $ & !)& ) (5 $ !" % !" " / 2' 1 . ' " " %& ) 14 / " " !8 ! $ "" $ ("(% ""$ $ ! ! !$$ !$% $=!"" " ! ""+ ! &!):% ! !" (%! " : % $"! $ " ;$ !, !2$ $ %! " ! $! ( $ % " " !< , "! 1 . ' !" (!$ " ! " $" !! !!%! "$"$!( " 14 This works especially where there is an agreed platform for co-ordinating the various departments andexternal stakeholders. Champions outside government also benefit when they can get backing from a powerfulsponsor within government, whether policymaker or politician. One advantage is that sanitation is often a keypriority for these champions, rather than being an under-resourced subset of a wider responsibility.Case Study 7 – ShiftingResponsibilities in Lesotho0 . $ 6 $ / + 0 $ - 0 ; 6 . 8 $ B $/ + 0 , $ - $ $ - > H - ) 4 0 $ * & * : * : *" 113 * - 6 > H - $ * $ $

BPD WATER AND SANITATION – PAGE 27SANITATION PARTNERSHIPS – HARNESSING POTENTIALCase Study 8 – The role ofintermediaries in Kenya0 ? $ > 8 B ) # - A )) * $ $ $ @ ? ! ' $ 1 $ F A % 3 3 = G!% " "!! ! " !$ : $ ""$ %! $ ! 1 . ' " " :$ "$ %! % % $! " " ! ! ; ! " F " ! ! ! %' $ !" !$(% " " $7( $" !! " $ "3+ I $ 16 ! " " 2 ! / $$ "< $%!( %$ !6$ !! !" $ ! %!! E / $" ! ! ! ! %!! "$! %! SECTION 4 – Conclusions3 !! ! %, !! ! "( ! ! ( , ( ! " ! %!! 15 Pilot experiences pioneered by champions and intermediaries may also be necessary to bring about neededpolicy and regulatory change for on-site sanitation.16 Here agreements between intermediaries and communities are important (formal written documents, as wellas informal contracts), as are their relationships to existing community structures and local politicians. Whenengaging the other stakeholders, functions can include cajoling for common policy positions or supportingassociations of small-scale providers.

PAGE 28 – BPD WATER AND SANITATIONSANITATION PARTNERSHIPS – HARNESSING POTENTIAL!! $ % "!23- %!! $ 8(, ! ! ! $ " +" %! ,!! + $6% $ ! !! "$6 !$! 8! $ * " !;% ! $"! 3 " !, $= % !, , $$"$ " " =( , ; %!( ! 23- "! ! %$% ( "$ " !! ! 7 " ! $"" " $ $ " % $" " $" 3 $ ( / " "!"; $ !"!", $!" 8 ! +"A +7 ":$ 7 " =!! !!! ! !&($) $ $( ( ! "$( ! ! "" $!""$%! ( " " "" $$ " % % ! " !! !(! , / " $ !" "4'

BPD WATER AND SANITATION – PAGE 29SANITATION PARTNERSHIPS – HARNESSING POTENTIAL$ % !$" $ 423- , $ 2% "; " 8$% 1 " 23- % ! ($!! $ ,! " ! ",! " " ! !$ !$/ ! $ 2$ %! ! ,!/ 2' !1 . ' " ! "$!! ! $ $ " " 2$ %! !,! " " " ! ! " $ % " "$3 $ !$ ,( "$" ! "" 3 % !$ $ ,! $!$ " !! ! "( < $ " ! " " !!! " $ !! $ " ! $ !" $ ( "" $2$! ! " !!$$! " " $" $! 7!" " +$ 23- !! ! "( 6 4"!! " (A " ! !!""/ $3 "$ % %$% !! ( "" $,! $ " " $ , !$ % $ E $!" " " $ $% $ !!$ %

PAGE 30 – BPD WATER AND SANITATIONSANITATION PARTNERSHIPS – HARNESSING POTENTIALSECTION 5 – Scope for further work23- $ "" !! " " $< $ "$! ( $ !6$ % " % !!" "($ $% "5 % $ ! ( ! $8 A better understanding of which rung on the sanitation ladder (household,compound, communal) is appropriate in which circumstances, how outsideorganisations can best engage with each, and how they can be blended into acoherent neighbourhood package. Piloting of delivery models that “start with the end in mind” (i.e. where in-situtreatment is not achievable, the removal and treatment of waste from poor urbanhouseholds), and work back from there to promote better access to sanitationservices (and accompany it with hygiene education). Investigation into links between the mode and frequency of pit emptying andinnovation in the facilities used to access sanitation (e.g. the use of smaller vaultlatrines to foster and sustain a viable, yet hygienic emptying service). Exploration of ways to aggregate the demand for sanitation services, especially pitemptying, while retaining the flexibility to cater to the diverse needs of poorcommunities. Work that looks at how household demand and community demand can be made towork in tandem to deliver better sanitation (for instance ways to combine householdlevel marketing with community-wide approaches) Clearer guidance on the importance of tenancy to modes of sanitation delivery andits consequences for recent approaches such as social marketing and communityleveltotal sanitation. A better understanding of how disease is transmitted (via the public and domesticdomains) in poor urban communities and what the most significant scenarios implyfor modes of sanitation delivery and the respective roles of households, serviceproviders and public authorities. More work on the respective role that champions, intermediaries and collaborativefora play in enhancing sanitation delivery. Application of some of the analytical tools used in the BPD work to explore sanitationpartnerships in South Asia (further exploring the relevance of the four on-sitesanitation themes , the ‘three goods’ model and the threepartnership roles ).

PAGE 31 – BPD WATER AND SANITATIONSANITATION PARTNERSHIPS – HARNESSING POTENTIALBibliography, References and Further Information2%FGG9 5 2%2!6 5 63( .2 6O 36I P ! " " O 0 B- / 6O 20 O I %$3O # ?$ FGG ! # A / I F#$% 23- / & '!5 ! !O - "/ 5 - / I O Q- & ( ) *+ !23- "29,-& )( %.1 * %0 6 0 1 # - "%< 5 6. P/- + 0 1 (A I !QO # # FGGJ $ 5 6I "I , !! )5 !- / 0 6 5 2%?Q/ 9. 0 !3 3 ! 6 R# %I P, & ( %& 5 0 $3 5 0 31 +6((&( $ %&0 " $ 6$ - O 6 EFGGH1 +!2 5 ??6(Q- ?23- " !6(Q- & (+ 2 ?23- " !6?O I 3 4 (?23- 5 2%93" &,"((!, %/56675 2%5 !(6 !# I FGGJ 8 !@ G" 0 B- 5 Q9 "(9 3 " O 0 B?-

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