Software Design 2e - DIM

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383Object-Oriented designFigure 16.14The Fusion analysis and design process.Step 2 (analysis): Determine the system interface This step extends the (essentially)static model developed in the first step to describe the dynamic behaviour of the systemas a whole. In so doing, it also clarifies the system bounds by determining what isor is not included in the system itself. The designer is therefore encouraged to consider:
384<strong>Design</strong>ing with objectsnnhow is the system to respond to external input events?what events are the system to generate when inputs are processed?The process suggested for this is to identify a set of scenarios of system use (these canbe depicted using timeline diagrams). The concept of the scenario is an important one,which we touched upon in Section 7.2.6 when discussing the role of use cases withinUML. Each timeline diagram (similar in form to message sequence diagrams) can onlybe used to represent a single scenario so, where there are optional paths through a usecase, these need to be described by using a set of such diagrams.A further effect of this step is to extend the data dictionary to include descriptionsof both events (and the agents which instigate them) and also system operations.Step 3 (analysis): Development of the interface model There are two elements to thisstep, with one providing assistance with the development of the second.The first element involves constructing a ‘life-cycle’ model containing what areeffectively use cases that generalize the scenarios produced in the previous step. (InFusion these are termed life-cycle expressions.)The second element is the ‘operation model’ that defines the semantics (meaning)for each system operation in terms of informal pre-condition and post-conditionspecifications, and hence can be considered as providing a functional description of thesystem. These can (in part at least) be created by considering the effect of the life-cyclemodel upon the system. The outcome from this is of course a new set of entries in thedata dictionary that describe the operations and their contexts.Step 4 (analysis): Check the analysis models The purpose of this step is to ensurecompleteness and consistency in the analysis model, rather than to extend the modelin any way, preliminary to beginning the white box design tasks.An assessment of completeness is largely a matter of cross-referencing with therequirements specification, to determine whether there are any aspects of this that havenot been covered by the black box model produced from the previous three steps.(Since requirements specifications are not necessarily complete in themselves, thecomparisons may of course identify gaps either in the specification or in the analysismodel.) The primary concerns here are to check the completeness of the set of scenarios(life-cycles) and operations, and to ensure that all invariants have been recognizedand included.Assessing consistency is really a process of ensuring that the different viewpointmodels developed in the previous three steps form projections from the same overalldesign model. The constructional, behavioural and functional models (and the invariants)need to be checked against each other. Techniques that can be used include usingscenarios to aid tracing of event paths through objects.As always in designing, there will be iterations of the above steps, but one role ofthis fourth step is to try to ensure that these are performed on a reasonably systematicbasis.Step 5 (design): Develop object interaction graphs These are used to describe thedesigner’s intentions concerning how the objects will interact at run-time in order to
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Software Design
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Software DesignDavid Budgen
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viContentsChapter 4 Design Qualitie
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viiiContentsChapter 16 Designing wi
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xPreface to the second editiondescr
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xiiPreface to the First EditionWhy
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xivPreface to the first editionto t
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xviPublisher’s AcknowledgementsWe
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chapter 13The Nature of the Design
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Design is just as important with so
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Initialobservations7More systematic
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development. However, it should als
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From this relatively simple case st
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nnWhere possible, the panels used i
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It might well be argued that while
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system being developed. Clearly, in
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case study, the outline plan on squ
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nnnWicked problems do not have an e
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on to Pittsburgh. Airline B is the
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262.1 What is software?The software
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28nChangeability. Software suffers
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30The software design processFigure
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32The software design processthat a
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38The software design processproces
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40The software design processform p
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44The software design process2.3 De
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463.1 A context for designDesign in
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48Design in the software developmen
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54A personal itchDesign in the soft
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60nthe associated role of requireme
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chapter 463Design Qualities4.1 The
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is virtually impossible to modify i
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measurable characteristic that can
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69Assessing design qualityFigure 4.
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nnnnreliabilityefficiencymaintainab
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Table 4.1The cognitive dimensions73
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system. The results of this study u
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nnnmodules are easy to replace;each
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Table 4.3The principal forms of coh
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Identifying attributes that are the
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Our study of the nature of the desi
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nTechnical design reviews can provi
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chapter 589Describing a Design Solu
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91Figure 5.1Example of a ‘physica
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term is used to describe ‘stakeho
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95Design viewpoints for softwareFig
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nnof mark-up languages such as HTML
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nnntextdiagramsmathematical express
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happens with pioneering ideas, it h
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I have termed ‘derived viewpoints
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1066.1 The need to share knowledgeT
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108Transferring design knowledge6.1
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110then briefly consider how the co
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112Transferring design knowledgethe
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114Transferring design knowledge6.2
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116mainTransferring design knowledg
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118Transferring design knowledgennn
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120Transferring design knowledgeOne
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1226.5 A unified interpretation?Tra
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124Transferring design knowledgeA s
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chapter 7127Some Design Representat
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Table 7.1The selection of black box
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131Black box notationsFigure 7.1A f
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133Black box notationsFigure 7.3mac
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135Black box notationsFigure 7.4A
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nattributes are classes of values t
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The ERD viewpointERDs are purely an
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7.2.4 The StatechartLike the STD th
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145Black box notationsFigure 7.13St
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7.2.5 The Jackson Structure Diagram
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149Black box notationsFigure 7.17 A
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153Figure 7.21The UML class notatio
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155Use case (title indicates the ac
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157cardrejectedprocesscardcard acce
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159White box notationsFigure 7.27A
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only the presence of the latter is
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In its most simple form, such a com
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NarrativeUser starts web browserUse
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If anything, pseudocode is used rat
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Many notations can be conveniently
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171Developing a diagramFigure 7.38E
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Stevens P. with Pooley R. (2000). U
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chapter 8175The Rationale for Metho
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provide a methodological analysis o
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179Figure 8.2nnSome properties of f
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ones that may be usefully supported
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183Figure 8.3The use of virtual mac
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In particular, the use of a design
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need to be recognized. Unfortunatel
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A somewhat different approach to cl
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Exercises1918.1 How would you class
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1949.1 The role of strategy in meth
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196Design processes and design stra
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212ExercisesDesign processes and de
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21410.1 Design by template and desi
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216Design patternspatterns for obje
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218Design patternsFigure 10.1A simp
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220Design patternsnnnnnnnnnnnName u
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222Design patternsFigure 10.3The pr
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224ClientRequesthandlerDesign patte
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226Design patternsout how to produc
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2281Design patternsRequirementsPatt
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230Design patternsThe patterns comm
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chapter 11233Stepwise Refinement11.
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2. The degree of modularity resulti
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compiler237lexical analysisFigure 1
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Further reading239Wirth N. (1971).
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24212.1 Black box to white box in s
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244well be to deliver a solution on
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246Incremental designpossible model
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248Incremental designnnthe roles, r
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250Incremental designFunctionalityT
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252Incremental designBusinessstudyF
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254Incremental designalthough it ma
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256ExercisesIncremental design12.1
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25813.1 Origins, development and ph
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260Structured systems analysis and
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288ExercisesStructured systems anal
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29014.1 Some background to JSPJacks
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292Jackson Structured Programming (
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chapter 15315Jackson System Develop
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317The JSD modelFigure 15.1Top-leve
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319Figure 15.3Generic form of ESD.t
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321Figure 15.6Process 1.The SSD for
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323The JSD processFigure 15.9 The J
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Entity analysis (the entity-action
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327The JSD processFigure 15.13The J
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329The JSD processFigure 15.14 The
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331The JSD processFigure 15.15 The
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Page 419 and 420: 40217.1 The component conceptCompon
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Page 437 and 438: 42018.1 The case for rigourA formal
Page 439 and 440: 422A formal approach to designmight
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Page 443 and 444: 426A formal approach to design18.2.
Page 445 and 446: 428 Table 18.1 Set operations used
Page 447 and 448: 430A formal approach to designClear
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434A formal approach to designFigur
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436A formal approach to designFigur
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438A formal approach to designThis
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44018.2 Write simple Z specificatio
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44219.1 What is software now?Whithe
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444Whither software design?Figure 1
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446Whither software design?Figure 1
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448Whither software design?Another
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451BibliographyAbbott R.J. (1983).
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Buxton J. and McDermid J. (1992). H
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Guindon R. (1990). Designing the de
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Perry D.E. and Wolf A.L. (1992). Fo
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Ward P.T. and Mellor S.J. (1985). S
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462IndexCcall and return (architect
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464Indexgraphical user interface (G
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466Indexprogram design 290program i
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468WYIndexwalkthrough 81waterfall m
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