Strength of Giant Resonances

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Limit on strength for each multipole.Electromagnetic Operator Q L =∑ i r iLY LM (θ i )Y LM is a spherical harmonicfor multipole L, magnetic substate M.∑ n E n || 2 = S LEnergy Weighted Sum Ruleif there are no velocity dependent forces.E n is excitation energy of state|0> represents wave function of ground state“Giant Resonance”Contains ~90-99% of this strengthRest of strength in low lying states of nucleus.
1970: Only Dipole had been observed.Theorists: Came up with reasons why others weren’tthere!1971:Graduate Student: Ranier PitthanAdvisor: Thomas WalcherElectron scattering off of Ce, La, Pr targetsDarmstadt, GermanyElectrons interact only with the protons(no nuclear force)Excite Isoscalar and Isovector states ~ same.
Page 1 and 2: Giant ResonancesFirst Experiments:G
Page 3: Shape Oscillations“Giant Resonanc
Page 9 and 10: One in particular:Isoscalar Giant M
Page 11: Use an alpha particle beam to excit
Page 14 and 15: Monopole Enhanced at 0 o .0.30 o Cr
Page 16 and 17: Measure over the minimum in the mon
Page 19: Built:New cyclotron - higher energy
Page 24 and 25: E GMR =ħ(K A /m) 1/2: mean square
Page 26: Nuclear Matter Equation of StateA p
Page 29 and 30: Inelastic Scattering to Giant Reson
Page 31 and 32: To study GMR in 27 Si6LiStops in ta
Page 33 and 34: Other Monopole ThingsFraction E0 EW
Page 35: Nuclear equation of state influence

Strength of Giant Resonances

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