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axiomatic assumptions. As you logical positivists yourselveshave so often insisted, in defense of Russell, of theViennese pathology, and of similar cult doctrines, the factthat you have assumed ontologically self-evident discretenessas the most fundamental axiom of arithmetic, meansthat wherever you naively interpret reality by means ofyour own algebraic constructions, you are able to adducemathematical proof of the existence of entities whichoften, in fact, have no real existence, even as the discretemanifold of visible space."This same problem has a simple demonstration in economics."Mr. Accountant, please inform us how youcalculate depreciation for today on one of the pharaonicpyramids of Egypt." The historical cost of an object is notdetermination of its proper depreciation value today. It isthe cost of replacing a functional equivalent in terms ofthe costs determined by modern technology. If our accountantattempts to develop an historically based depreciationvalue he would probably be very much pleasedwith his own accomplishment if he conducted the followingfoolish exercise.He would normalize ancient Egypt's prices to today's bycomparing market-baskets of labor costs then and now.With aid of such "constant dollar" calculations, he wouldarrive at a "constant dollar" capital valuation for each ofthe pyramids. He would have ignored entirely the truedifferences in productivity of labor, the differences inpotential relative population-density of the two societies.One can not proceed from historical accounting valuationsfor depreciation to determine the "energetics" ofan economy or section of an economy. Nor, in a saneeconomy, do we expend funds to simply replace thebricks and machinery of yesterday's investments. Rather,in a sane economy, we run old industries into salvage andscrap, and replace old machinery with modern, technologicallyadvanced machinery. It is the ratio of "freeenergy" to "energy of the system" expressed by currentoutput relations which determines values—and propereconomic policies—including maintenance and investmentpolicies. It is the negentropy of the system, not itsaverage "energy of the system" levels, which determineseconomic values and proper maintenance and investmentpolicies. In a sane economy, we do not maintain productioncapacities to resupply obsolescent forms of capitalgoods. We learn such sanity from the practice of theComposer of the continuing, negentropic creation we callthe universe."Energy" must nonetheless be the appearance of themost important of all of the phenomena of the visiblemanifold. Energy reflects, in apparent terms of the thermodynamicstate of the existing system, the negentropicprinciple underlying all action in the continuous manifold.It is the lawful unfolding of the negentropic continuousmanifold, in terms of negentropic action which is theorigin of all action in the universe, which obliges us tointerpret all lawful features of the universe, including theappearances of the visible manifold, in terms of negentropy.Hence, thermodynamics, properly understood, isphysics, and the theory of functions of a multiply con-24 November 1982 FUSIONFred J Maroon"Mr. Accountant, please inform us how you calculatedepreciation for today on one of the pyramids of Egypt."nected continuous manifold, as a theory of negentropicthermodynamics, must be the only valid form of physicstoday.Correspondingly, as mankind increases its mastery ofthe universe, as measured in terms of potential relativepopulation-density, man's progress is in the form of increasesof negentropy of human practice. It is onlythrough that ordered process of successive discoveries,through which the potential relative population-densityof society is maintained and advanced, that man proves acorrespondence between the ordering of his discoveriesand the lawful ordering of the universe, for which theempirical proof is man's increased power over the universe.The universe is therefore proven to be negentropicallyordered.Disproof of the "Second Law"The Second Law of Thermodynamics pertains to a kindof imaginary universe which could not exist. The personwho defends the assertion of such a "law of universalentropy" is saying, implicitly, "Ignore what I say, since ifyou believe what I say, neither you nor I believe thateither of us exists." That is key to the true meaning ofLeibniz's "This is the best of all possible worlds," in whichan evil Voltaire could actually exist to circulate wickedfalsehoods about that statement. It is not necessary that aVoltaire know and accept negentropy in order that aVoltaire might exist to babble nonsense, any more than adog or a bacterium needs to know science truthfully inorder to exist.Naturally, some will retort angrily, "I can prove theSecond Law!" It is amusing to hear that persons todaytake pride in proving that they themselves do not exist toprove such things.Admittedly, we are rubbing salt into intellectualwounds. Even numerous among those who share to somedegree our hatred against Malthusian arguments for genocide,will imagine themselves to be angered by such

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