Underwater Soil Cutting - Dredging Engineering Research Laboratory

Miedema, S.A., "Underwater Soil Cutting: a Study in Continuity". Dredging & Port Construction, June 1986, pp. 47-53.Underwater Soil Cutting: A Study in ContinuityThe mathematical description of dredging processes is still very young branch ofscience. In the past, models of dredging processes were often developed with the aid ofempirical and statistical methods.The dredging process starts with the excavation of sand, clay, rock or other types of soil.In order to determine the forces needed for excavation, adequate cutting theories arenecessary. Computation of the behaviour of sea-going dredging equipment also requiresa clear understanding of interactions between the soil and the excavation elements.In dredging, therefore, the cutting of compacted sand underwater is an importantprocess.In 1974 Joankecht 13, 14 discerned the importance of the pore pressure in the cutting process.A qualitative relation for the cutting forces was derived:Fci:: vc2i⋅ h ⋅ b(1)Meijer and van Os 22 and Meijer 23, 24 studied the process of moving slope, the stability ofwhich is also determined by the pore pressure. These can be calculated with the storageequation modified for a moving coordinate system:δ2δxp2+δ2δyp2ρ=w⋅ g ⋅ vkc⋅δeδxρw⋅ g− ⋅kδeδt(2)For a steady state process the second right hand term is zero so the problem becomes one ofboundary values. Van Os 35, 36 derived in 1977 a qualitative relation between the averagedeformation rate in the shear zone and the pore pressures when cutting densely compactedsand:vp ::c⋅ hki⋅ e(3)For the calculation of the pore pressures the storage equation for a fixed coordinate system isused:δ2δxp2+δ2δyp2ρw⋅ g= ⋅kδeδt(4)The average deformation rate has to be inserted in the right hand term of equation 4 insteadδ eof . The average deformation rate is the residual volume strain multiplied by the cuttingδtvelocity. Unfortunately, van Os does not give an indication of the size of the area in whichthe equation 4 is valid.Author: Dr.ir. S.A.MiedemaCopyright: Dr.ir. S.A. Miedema

Miedema, S.A., "Underwater Soil Cutting: a Study in Continuity". Dredging & Port Construction, June 1986, pp. 47-53.Brakel 3 tried to calculate the pore pressures in 1982. For the residual volume strain a methodwas used based on rounded grains. Van Leussen and Nieuwenhuis 21 explained the influenceof the soil mechanics aspects in the cutting process in 1984.For the residual state of the deformed sand the critical (wet) density was found. The area ofthe shear zone is given while outside the shear zone the porosity is assumed to be constant.The undisturbed sand has a porosity of n i while the disturbed sand has a porosity of n cr .This implies that the right hand term of equation 4 is zero outside the shear zone in the modelof van Leussen and Nieuwenhuis.In 1982 Miedema 27, 31 combined the qualitative relations of Joanknecht 13, 14 and van Os 35, 36 ,which led to the following equation:Fciρ::w⋅ g ⋅ vc⋅ hkm2i⋅ b ⋅ e(5)In this model the average deformation rate is not inserted into the storage equation(Miedema 31 ). The deformation rate is modelled as a boundary condition in the shear zone,35, 36while the shear zone is modelled as a straight line instead of as an area as with van Osand van Leussen and Nieuwenhuis 21 .Steeghs 42 presented in 1985 a cutting force model based upon a dilatancy angel theory. Themodel is not based on continuous shearing as in Miedema 31 but on periodic shearing, so thatthe dynamic aspects of the cutting process are taken into consideration.In 1985 Miedema 32, 33 presented a theoretical cutting force model based on the assumptionsof 1982 27 and 1984 31 . In this model only the influence of the pore pressures on the cuttingforces was taken into account. This model was verified by model and prototype laboratorytests in the Technology of Soil Movement laboratory of the Delft University of Technology.32, 33This article is a combination of the two Miedema articles inConstruction, extended to include:Dredging + Port(1) inertial forces, according to Wismer and Luth 47(2) gravitational forces, adhesion and cohesion, according to Coulomb 45(3) under pressure behind the blade according to measurements carried out in theTechnology of Soil Movement laboratory(4) flow resistance as an added mass in the equation for the inertial forcesA large amount of interest was shown in the previous two Miedema articles 32, 33 and thisarticle should serve to increase reader understanding still further.Under pressure determination in the sand layerThe cutting process can be modelled as a plane strain process where a straight blade cuts alayer of sand (Figure 1). The layer of sand is deformed in the shear zone. During thisdeformation the volume of the sand changes as a result of the shear stresses in the shear zone(=deformation zone, =dilatation zone). This phenomenon is known as dilatation.Author: Dr.ir. S.A.MiedemaCopyright: Dr.ir. S.A. Miedema

Miedema, S.A., "Underwater Soil Cutting: a Study in Continuity". Dredging & Port Construction, June 1986, pp. 47-53.Figure 1: Diagram of the cutting processIn compacted sand the pore volume is increased as a result of the shear stresses in thedeformation zone. This increase is thought to be concentrated in the deformation zone whilethe latter is modelled as a straight line. Water will flow through the sand to the dilatation zoneto fill the increase in the pore volume.As a result of this flow the pore pressures in the sand decrease. This under pressure in thesand causes an increase in the grain stresses so that the forces needed for cutting are mainlydetermined by the dilatational properties of the sand.At low cutting velocities the cutting forces are also determined by the gravitational forces, thecohesion of the sand and the adhesion between the sand and the blade. At high cuttingvelocities the cutting forces are affected to a considerable extent by the inertial forces.With a steady state process the flow of water can be described in a moving coordinate systemwhich moves with the blade. The problem is limited to one of mixed boundary values. Thepotential theory can be used to describe the flow of water through the pores.For the calculation of the pore pressures it is necessary to have a proper formulation of theboundary condition in the shear zone.Miedema 31, 32 derived in 1984 a formula for the boundary condition in the shear zone.Outside the deformation zone the storage equation is valid:δ2δxp2+δ2δyp2= 0(6)The boundary condition in the deformation zone is in fact a specific flow rate (Figure 2)which can be determined from the following hypothesis.Author: Dr.ir. S.A.MiedemaCopyright: Dr.ir. S.A. Miedema

Miedema, S.A., "Underwater Soil Cutting: a Study in Continuity". Dredging & Port Construction, June 1986, pp. 47-53.For a sand element in the deformation zone the following increase in volume per unit of bladelength is valid:δ V = e⋅δA= e⋅δx⋅δhi = e⋅δx⋅ δl⋅ sin( β)(7)In which:en max − ni= (8)1 − nmaxThe flow rate to the sand element is:δ V δ xδ Q = = e ⋅ ⋅ δ l ⋅ sin( β ) = e ⋅ v c ⋅ δ l ⋅ sin( β )(9)δ t δ tWith the aid of Darcy’s law the following differential equation can be derived for the specificflow rate:qδ Qk i δ p k max δ p= = q 1 + q 2 = ⋅ + ⋅ = e ⋅ v c ⋅ sin( β ) (10)δ lρ ⋅ g δ n ρ ⋅ g δ nw1w2δpThe partial derivative is the derivative of the pore pressure perpendicular to a boundaryδn(in this case to the deformation zone). Figure 2 shows the partial derivatives of the boundariesof the pore pressure calculations. The boundaries where the pressure is hydrostatic (zero inthe calculation) are also shown.When distances are normalized by the thickness of the layer cut equation 10 can be writtenas:kkimaxδ pδ pρ⋅ g ⋅ v⋅ e ⋅ h⋅ sin( β )w c i⋅ + =with n’=δ n '1δ n '2k maxnh i(11)This equation can be made dimensionless by:δ pδ'pδ n '=(12)δ n ρ ⋅ g ⋅ v ⋅ e ⋅ h / kwcimaxAuthor: Dr.ir. S.A.MiedemaCopyright: Dr.ir. S.A. Miedema

Miedema, S.A., "Underwater Soil Cutting: a Study in Continuity". Dredging & Port Construction, June 1986, pp. 47-53.Figure 2: Boundary conditionThe prime of the partial derivative means that the derivative is dimensionless. The followingdimensionless equation is now valid as the boundary condition is the deformation zone:kkimax''δ p δ p⋅ + = sin( β )(13)δ n δ n12With the aid of the storage equation and the boundary conditions, the distribution of the porepressures in the sand around the blade can be determined. The finite element method(Segal 40 ) was used to calculate the dimensionless pore pressures.Figure 3 shows a possible mesh while figure 4 gives the distribution of the pore pressuresaround the blade (equipotential lines). The real pore pressures can be calculated byintegrating the derivative of the pore pressures over a streamline according to the nextsequence of equations:pcalculated'δ p= ∫ ⋅ ⋅ ds ' over a streamline s’s'(14)δ sBecause the pore pressure calculations are dimensionless the following transformation has tobe performed:prealδ pρ w ⋅ g ⋅ v c ⋅ e ⋅ h i δ p= ∫ ⋅ ⋅ ds = ⋅⋅ .ds 's s s'∫(15)δkδ smax'Author: Dr.ir. S.A.MiedemaCopyright: Dr.ir. S.A. Miedema

Miedema, S.A., "Underwater Soil Cutting: a Study in Continuity". Dredging & Port Construction, June 1986, pp. 47-53.With: s’= hsThis gives for the real pore pressures:prealρ⋅ g ⋅ v⋅ e ⋅ hw c i= ⋅ p calculated(16)k maxThis is illustrated in Figure 5.In the Technology of Soil Movement laboratory 80 cutting tests were carried out with bladeson which pore pressure transducers were mounted (Figure 1). The cutting experiments wereundertaken with blade angels of 30 deg., 45 deg. and 60 deg. at cutting velocities of 0.05 –2.0 m/sec, with cut layer thickness 25 – 180 mm and with sharp and worn edges.Figure 7 shows the dimensionless under pressure distribution on a blade with a blade angel of30 deg., a cut layer thickness of 50 mm and various cutting velocities. The under pressuremeasured shows a good correlation with those obtained from calculations. Figure 8 shows aregistration of the under pressures and the cutting forces during one of the tests. Thevariations of the under pressures are 20 – 50 per cent of average under pressures.Figure 3: Mesh for finite element calculationsAuthor: Dr.ir. S.A.MiedemaCopyright: Dr.ir. S.A. Miedema

Miedema, S.A., "Underwater Soil Cutting: a Study in Continuity". Dredging & Port Construction, June 1986, pp. 47-53.Figure 4: Result of finite element calculationsFigure 5: StreamlinesAuthor: Dr.ir. S.A.MiedemaCopyright: Dr.ir. S.A. Miedema

Miedema, S.A., "Underwater Soil Cutting: a Study in Continuity". Dredging & Port Construction, June 1986, pp. 47-53.Figure 8: Time registration of a testThe balance of forcesFor the calculation of the forces of the Coulomb method, in a generalized form, was used(Verruyt 45 ). This method is suitable when a straight shear plane is used. Figure 9 shows theforces which were brought to bear on the slice of sand in front of the blade. These forces are:- the force resulting from the under pressure in the shear zone :W 1- the force normal to the shear zone resulting from the grain stresses :N 1- the force parallel to the shear zone resulting from the shear stresses :S 1- the inertial force parallel to the shear zone :T- the cohesive force parallel to the shear zone :C- the force resulting from the under pressure on the blade :W 2- the force normal to the blade resulting from the grain stresses :N 2- the force parallel to the blade resulting from soil/interface :S 2Author: Dr.ir. S.A.MiedemaCopyright: Dr.ir. S.A. Miedema

Miedema, S.A., "Underwater Soil Cutting: a Study in Continuity". Dredging & Port Construction, June 1986, pp. 47-53.- the adhesive force parallel to the blade :A- the gravitational force :GFigure 10 shows the forces which are brought to bear upon the blade. These forces are:- the force resulting from the under pressure behind the blade :W 3- the above-mentioned forces: N 2 , S 2 , W 2 and AThe forces W 1 and W 2 follow from the under pressure calculations described above throughintegration of the under pressures over the shear zone and the blade. The force W 3 followsfrom measurement. The forces S and N are related according to:2 2= N ⋅ tan( )so K = (S N )(17)S 1 1 φ1 1 +2 2= N ⋅ tan( )so K = (S N )(18)S 2 2 δ2 2 +The unknown forces K 1 and K 2 remain. These forces can be derived from the horizontal andvertical balance of forces on the slice of sand in front of the blade. From this follows:12W⋅ sin( α + β + φ ) + W ⋅ sin(sin( α + β + δ + φ )21K 2 =φ )G ⋅ sin( β + φ ) + T ⋅ cos( φ ) + C ⋅ cos( φ ) −+sin( α + β + δ + φ )A⋅ cos(α+β+φ )(19)For the forces which are brought to bear by the sand on the blade:Fh223= − W ⋅ sin( α ) + K ⋅ sin( α + δ ) + A ⋅ cos( α ) + W ⋅ sin( α )(20)F v223= − W ⋅ cos( α ) + K ⋅ cos( α + δ ) − A ⋅ sin( α ) + W ⋅ cos( α ) (21)If no cavitation occurs W 1 and W 2 can be given as:W1P1mean⋅ v c ⋅ e ⋅ h i ⋅ b ⋅ ρ w ⋅ g= (22)(a ⋅ k + a ⋅ k ) ⋅ sin( β )1i22maxand:W2P2 mean ⋅ v c ⋅ e ⋅ h i ⋅ h b ⋅ b ⋅ ρ w ⋅ g= (23)(a ⋅ k + a ⋅ k ) ⋅ sin( α )1i2maxW 3 is about 30 – 60 per cent of W 2 . A limiting factor here is the situation in which cavitationoccurs throughout the entire sand mass around the blade. For the forces:W= ρ ⋅ g ⋅ ( z + 10 ) ⋅ h ⋅ b / sin( )(24)1 wi βAuthor: Dr.ir. S.A.MiedemaCopyright: Dr.ir. S.A. Miedema

Miedema, S.A., "Underwater Soil Cutting: a Study in Continuity". Dredging & Port Construction, June 1986, pp. 47-53.and:W= ρ ⋅ g ⋅ ( z + 10 ) ⋅ h ⋅ b / sin( )(25)2 wb αare then valid. The effect of cavitation on the under pressure behind the blade is stillunknown. The effect of the inertial forces has been investigated by Wismer and Luth 47 in1972. The following equation is derived:T' 2 sin( α )= ρ g ⋅ v c ⋅⋅ h i ⋅ b(26)sin( α + β )The cohesion and adhesion can be determined from soil mechanics tests. For the cohesiveand adhesive forces the following equations are valid:C = c ⋅ h i ⋅ b / sin( β )(27)A = a ⋅ h b ⋅ b / sin( α )(28)The gravitational force follows from:G⋅⎡⎢⎣=( ρ − ρ )⋅ g ⋅ hsin( α + β )⋅ b ⋅sin( β )( h + h ⋅ sin( α )) ( h ⋅ cos( α + β )) ⎤⎥⎦bsiwsin( α )i+i2 ⋅ sin(β )(29)This is in accordance with the area of the sand layer in Figure 9. The flow resistance which isnot explicit in this model can be seen as an added mass in equation 26:'gg( 1 + a )ρ = ρ ⋅(30)3Author: Dr.ir. S.A.MiedemaCopyright: Dr.ir. S.A. Miedema

Miedema, S.A., "Underwater Soil Cutting: a Study in Continuity". Dredging & Port Construction, June 1986, pp. 47-53.Figure 9: Balance of forces on layer cutFigure 10: Balance of forces on the bladeThe value of α, v c , h i , h b , b, ρ w , ρ s , ρ g and g are known or follow the geometry of the cuttingprocess. The value of δ, φ, n max , n i , k max and k i follow from investigation into the soil (vanLeussen and Nieuwenhuis 21 ). The value of the shear angel β is known. There are two basichypotheses concerning the determination of the shear angel. The Coulomb method for thecalculation of the cutting forces involves choosing a shear angel at which the total cuttingforces is at minimum (Lambe & Whitman 19 ). Hettiaratchi and Reece 8 use a logarithmic spiralfor the shear plane where the centre of the spiral is determined by the minimum total cuttingforce. The first method can be used for static cases of earth retaining structures.When cutting soil there is a continuous process of deformation and failure of the sand in frontof the blade. A criterion for the determination of the shear angel has to be chosen based onthe dynamic aspects of the cutting process. The shear angel is chosen at the level at which thechange in the energy, absorbed in the sand due to volume changes and transformed into heat,Author: Dr.ir. S.A.MiedemaCopyright: Dr.ir. S.A. Miedema

Miedema, S.A., "Underwater Soil Cutting: a Study in Continuity". Dredging & Port Construction, June 1986, pp. 47-53.is minimized. This is also postulated by Rowe 39 for the determination of slip lines. Thisenergy is equal to the product of the horizontal cutting force and the cutting velocity when theinertial forces are not taken into account.Because the vertical cutting force is small compared with the horizontal cutting force the twomethods will give approximately the same result. Steegh 42 opted for the second hypothesis.With the aid of the second hypothesis the shear angel can be determined as a function of α, δ,h bφ and . When the shear angel is known the forces Fh and F v can be calculated for differenthik iratios .kmaxFigure 11: Horizontal force as a function of the permeabilityAuthor: Dr.ir. S.A.MiedemaCopyright: Dr.ir. S.A. Miedema

Miedema, S.A., "Underwater Soil Cutting: a Study in Continuity". Dredging & Port Construction, June 1986, pp. 47-53.Figure 11 shows the horizontal cutting force as a function ofkthat the inverse of the horizontal cutting force is linear withkequation:kkimaximax. This figure also showsaccording to the following1Fhki= a + b ⋅(31)k maxThus:a b= 1 a + andba b= 2 a +(32)bThe cutting force model is verified by the cutting tests which were carried out. There is agood correlation between the measured and the calculated forces, as is shown is Figure 12.The forces is this are scaled to a cut layer thickness of 100mm and the blade width of 1m.The shaded parts indicate the distribution of the measured force while the effect of cavitationhas not been taken into account in this figure. The shear angels calculated also agree closelywith the shear angels observed in the video recordings, especially when the effects ofgravitational and inertial forces are taken into consideration.Figure 12: Measured versus calculated forceConclusionThe cutting force model presented here correlates closely with the measured under pressure,cutting forces and shear angels. However, the tests were carried out in one type of sand, so averification of the model in other types of sand is necessary.The limit situation where cavitation is reached did not occur in the tests. There is animprovement in the correlation between measured and calculated forces compared withAuthor: Dr.ir. S.A.MiedemaCopyright: Dr.ir. S.A. Miedema

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Miedema, S.A., "Underwater Soil Cutting: a Study in Continuity". Dredging & Port Construction, June 1986, pp. 47-53.(21) Lessuen, W van & Nieuwenhuis, J D, “Soil Mechanics Aspects of Dredging”.Geotechnique 34, No 3, pp 359 – 381(22) Meijer, K L & Os, A G van, “Pore Pressures Near Moving Underwater Slope”.Geotech, Engng Div ASCE 102, No GT4, pp 361 – 372(23) Meijer, K L, “Berekening Van Spanningen En Deformaties In VerzadigdeGrond”. Rapport R 914, deel 1, Waterloopkundig Laboratorium, 1981(24) Meijer, K L, “Computation of Stress and Strain in Saturated Soil”. Proef SchriftTH Delft, 1985(25) Miedema, S A, “De Grondreactiekrachten op een Kroonsnijkop die via eenLadder is Opgehangen in een Deiningscompensator”. LaO/81/97, TH Delft, 1981(26) Miedema, S A, “Computerprogramma ter Bepaling van de Reactiekrachten op deSnijkop, als Gevolg van de Bewegingen van de Snijkop”. StagerapportWaterloopkundig Laboratorium, Delft, 1981(27) Miedema, S A, “De Modellering van de Grondreacties op een Snijkop en hetOperationeel Maken van het Computerprogramma”. DREDMO. CO/82/125, THDelft, 1982(28) Miedema, S A, “De Interactie Tussen Snijkop en Grond in Zeegang”. ProcBaggerdag 19/11/1982, TH Delft, 1982(29) Miedema, S A, “Computersimulatie Bagger-Schepen”. De Ingenieur, Dec 1983(Kivi/Misset)(30) Miedema, S A, “Mathematische Modelvorming t.a.v. een Snijkopzuiger inZeegang”. TH Delft, 1984 (Kivi September 1984)(31) Miedema, S A, “The Cutting of Densely Compacted Sand Under Water”. Terra etAqua No 28, October 1984, pp 4 – 10(32) Miedema, S A, “Mathematical Modelling of the Cutting of Densely CompactedSand Under Water”. Dredging & Port Construction, July 1985, pp 22 – 26(33) Miedema, S A, “Derivation of the Differential Equation for Sand Pore Pressures”.Dredging & Port Construction, September 1985, pp 35(34) Nieuwenhuis, J D, “Failure of Sands in Plane Strain Tests”, LGM – Mededelingendeel XXI, No 2 1980, pp 171 – 177(35) Os, A G van, “Behaviour of Soil when Excavated Under Water”. InternationalCourse Modern Dredging. June 1977, The Hague(36) Os, A G van, “Snelle Deformatie van Korrelvormig Materiaal Onder Water”. Pt-p31 (1976) No 12, pp 735 – 741. Pt-p 32 (1977) No 8, pp 461 – 467(37) Osman, M S, “The Mechanics of Soil Cutting Blades”. JAER 9 (4) pp 313 – 328,1964(38) Reece, A R, “The Fundamental Equation of Earth Moving Machinery”. ProcSymp Earth Moving Machinery, Enst of Mech Eng, London, 1965(39) Rowe, P W, “The Stress Dilatancy Relation for Static Equilibrium of an Assemblyof Particles in Contact”. Proc Roy Soc A269, pp 500 – 527, 1962(40) Segal, G, “Sepra Analysis, Programmers Guide, Standard Problems and UserManual”. Ingenieurs Bureau Sepra, Leischendam, 1984(41) Sohne, W, “Some Basic Considerations of Soil Mechanics as Applied toAgricultural Engineering”. Grundlagen der Landtechnik (7), 11 – 27, 1956(42) Steeghs, H, “Snijden van Zand Onder Water (I & II)”. Ports & Dredging No 121June 1985, Ports & Dredging No 123 November 1985(43) Terzaghi, K and Peck, R B, “Soil Mechanics in Engineering Practice”. John Wiley& Sons, Inc, 1967Author: Dr.ir. S.A.MiedemaCopyright: Dr.ir. S.A. Miedema

Miedema, S.A., "Underwater Soil Cutting: a Study in Continuity". Dredging & Port Construction, June 1986, pp. 47-53.(44) Vermeer, P A, “Materiaalmodellen in de Grondmechanica”. TH Delft, 1983(collegedictaat)(45) Verruyt, A, “Grondmechanica”. Delftse uitgevers maatschappij, Nederland, 1983(46) Wismer, R D & Luth, H J, “Performance of Plane Soil Cutting Blades in Sand”.Trans ASEA No 69 – 115, 1969(47) Wismer, R D & Luth, H J, “Rate Effects in Soil Cutting”. Journal ofTerramechanics, Vol 8, No 3, pp 11 – 21, 1972Author: Dr.ir. S.A.MiedemaCopyright: Dr.ir. S.A. Miedema

Bibliography Dr.ir. S.A. Miedema 1980-20101. Koert, P. & Miedema, S.A., "Report on the field excursion to the USA April 1981"(PDF in Dutch 27.2 MB). Delft University of Technology, 1981, 48 pages.2. Miedema, S.A., "The flow of dredged slurry in and out hoppers and the settlementprocess in hoppers" (PDF in Dutch 37 MB). ScO/81/105, Delft University ofTechnology, 1981, 147 pages.3. Miedema, S.A., "The soil reaction forces on a crown cutterhead on a swellcompensated ladder" (PDF in Dutch 19 MB). LaO/81/97, Delft University ofTechnology, 1981, 36 pages.4. Miedema, S.A., "Computer program for the determination of the reaction forces on acutterhead, resulting from the motions of the cutterhead" (PDF in Dutch 11 MB).Delft Hydraulics, 1981, 82 pages.5. Miedema, S.A. "The mathematical modeling of the soil reaction forces on acutterhead and the development of the computer program DREDMO" (PDF in Dutch25 MB). CO/82/125, Delft University of Technology, 1982, with appendices 600pages.6. Miedema, S.A.,"The Interaction between Cutterhead and Soil at Sea" (In Dutch).Proc. Dredging Day November 19th, Delft University of Technology 1982.7. Miedema, S.A., "A comparison of an underwater centrifugal pump and an ejectorpump" (PDF in Dutch 3.2 MB). Delft University of Technology, 1982, 18 pages.8. Miedema, S.A., "Computer simulation of Dredging Vessels" (In Dutch). DeIngenieur, Dec. 1983. (Kivi/Misset).9. Koning, J. de, Miedema, S.A., & Zwartbol, A., "Soil/Cutterhead Interaction underWave Conditions (Adobe Acrobat PDF-File 1 MB)". Proc. WODCON X, Singapore1983.10. Miedema, S.A. "Basic design of a swell compensated cutter suction dredge with axialand radial compensation on the cutterhead" (PDF in Dutch 20 MB). CO/82/134, DelftUniversity of Technology, 1983, 64 pages.11. Miedema, S.A., "Design of a seagoing cutter suction dredge with a swell compensatedladder" (PDF in Dutch 27 MB). IO/83/107, Delft University of Technology, 1983, 51pages.12. Miedema, S.A., "Mathematical Modeling of a Seagoing Cutter Suction Dredge" (InDutch). Published: The Hague, 18-9-1984, KIVI Lectures, Section Under WaterTechnology.13. Miedema, S.A., "The Cutting of Densely Compacted Sand under Water (AdobeAcrobat PDF-File 575 kB)". Terra et Aqua No. 28, October 1984 pp. 4-10.14. Miedema, S.A., "Longitudinal and Transverse Swell Compensation of a CutterSuction Dredge" (In Dutch). Proc. Dredging Day November 9th 1984, DelftUniversity of Technology 1984.15. Miedema, S.A., "Compensation of Velocity Variations". Patent application no.8403418, Hydromeer B.V. Oosterhout, 1984.16. Miedema, S.A., "Mathematical Modeling of the Cutting of Densely Compacted SandUnder Water". Dredging & Port Construction, July 1985, pp. 22-26.17. Miedema, S.A., "Derivation of the Differential Equation for Sand Pore Pressures".Dredging & Port Construction, September 1985, pp. 35.18. Miedema, S.A., "The Application of a Cutting Theory on a Dredging Wheel (AdobeAcrobat 4.0 PDF-File 745 kB)". Proc. WODCON XI, Brighton 1986.19. Miedema, S.A., "Underwater Soil Cutting: a Study in Continuity". Dredging & PortConstruction, June 1986, pp. 47-53.

20. Miedema, S.A., "The cutting of water saturated sand, laboratory research" (In Dutch).Delft University of Technology, 1986, 17 pages.21. Miedema, S.A., "The forces on a trenching wheel, a feasibility study" (In Dutch).Delft, 1986, 57 pages + software.22. Miedema, S.A., "The translation and restructuring of the computer programDREDMO from ALGOL to FORTRAN" (In Dutch). Delft Hydraulics, 1986, 150pages + software.23. Miedema, S.A., "Calculation of the Cutting Forces when Cutting Water SaturatedSand (Adobe Acrobat 4.0 PDF-File 16 MB)". Basic Theory and Applications for 3-DBlade Movements and Periodically Varying Velocities for, in Dredging Commonlyused Excavating Means. Ph.D. Thesis, Delft University of Technology, September15th 1987.24. Bakker, A. & Miedema, S.A., "The Specific Energy of the Dredging Process of aGrab Dredge". Delft University of Technology, 1988, 30 pages.25. Miedema, S.A., "On the Cutting Forces in Saturated Sand of a Seagoing CutterSuction Dredge (Adobe Acrobat 4.0 PDF-File 1.5 MB)". Proc. WODCON XII,Orlando, Florida, USA, April 1989. This paper was given the IADC Award for thebest technical paper on the subject of dredging in 1989.26. Miedema, S.A., "The development of equipment for the determination of the wear onpick-points" (In Dutch). Delft University of Technology, 1990, 30 pages(90.3.GV.2749, BAGT 462).27. Miedema, S.A., "Excavating Bulk Materials" (In Dutch). Syllabus PATO course,1989 & 1991, PATO The Hague, The Netherlands.28. Miedema, S.A., "On the Cutting Forces in Saturated Sand of a Seagoing CutterSuction Dredge (Adobe Acrobat 4.0 PDF-File 1.5 MB)". Terra et Aqua No. 41,December 1989, Elseviers Scientific Publishers.29. Miedema, S.A., "New Developments of Cutting Theories with respect to Dredging,the Cutting of Clay (Adobe Acrobat 4.0 PDF-File 640 kB)". Proc. WODCON XIII,Bombay, India, 1992.30. Davids, S.W. & Koning, J. de & Miedema, S.A. & Rosenbrand, W.F.,"Encapsulation: A New Method for the Disposal of Contaminated Sediment, aFeasibility Study (Adobe Acrobat 4.0 PDF-File 3MB)". Proc. WODCON XIII,Bombay, India, 1992.31. Miedema, S.A. & Journee, J.M.J. & Schuurmans, S., "On the Motions of a SeagoingCutter Dredge, a Study in Continuity (Adobe Acrobat 4.0 PDF-File 396 kB)". Proc.WODCON XIII, Bombay, India, 1992.32. Becker, S. & Miedema, S.A. & Jong, P.S. de & Wittekoek, S., "On the ClosingProcess of Clamshell Dredges in Water Saturated Sand (Adobe Acrobat 4.0 PDF-File1 MB)". Proc. WODCON XIII, Bombay, India, 1992. This paper was given the IADCAward for the best technical paper on the subject of dredging in 1992.33. Becker, S. & Miedema, S.A. & Jong, P.S. de & Wittekoek, S., "The Closing Processof Clamshell Dredges in Water Saturated Sand (Adobe Acrobat 4.0 PDF-File 1 MB)".Terra et Aqua No. 49, September 1992, IADC, The Hague.34. Miedema, S.A., "Modeling and Simulation of Dredging Processes and Systems".Symposium "Zicht op Baggerprocessen", Delft University of Technology, Delft, TheNetherlands, 29 October 1992.35. Miedema, S.A., "Dredmo User Interface, Operators Manual". Report: 92.3.GV.2995.Delft University of Technology, 1992, 77 pages.36. Miedema, S.A., "Inleiding Mechatronica, college WBM202" Delft University ofTechnology, 1992.

37. Miedema, S.A. & Becker, S., "The Use of Modeling and Simulation in the DredgingIndustry, in Particular the Closing Process of Clamshell Dredges", CEDA DredgingDays 1993, Amsterdam, Holland, 1993.38. Miedema, S.A., "On the Snow-Plough Effect when Cutting Water Saturated Sandwith Inclined Straight Blades (Adobe Acrobat 4.0 PDF-File 503 kB)". ASCE Proc.Dredging 94, Orlando, Florida, USA, November 1994.Additional Measurement Graphs. (Adobe Acrobat 4.0 PDF-File 209 kB).39. Riet, E. van, Matousek, V. & Miedema, S.A., "A Reconstruction of and SensitivityAnalysis on the Wilson Model for Hydraulic Particle Transport (Adobe Acrobat 4.0PDF-File 50 kB)". Proc. 8th Int. Conf. on Transport and Sedimentation of SolidParticles, 24-26 January 1995, Prague, Czech Republic.40. Vlasblom, W.J. & Miedema, S.A., "A Theory for Determining Sedimentation andOverflow Losses in Hoppers (Adobe Acrobat 4.0 PDF-File 304 kB)". Proc.WODCON IV, November 1995, Amsterdam, The Netherlands 1995.41. Miedema, S.A., "Production Estimation Based on Cutting Theories for Cutting WaterSaturated Sand (Adobe Acrobat 4.0 PDF-File 423 kB)". Proc. WODCON IV,November 1995, Amsterdam, The Netherlands 1995.Additional Specific Energy and Production Graphs. (Adobe Acrobat 4.0 PDF-File 145kB).42. Riet, E.J. van, Matousek, V. & Miedema, S.A., "A Theoretical Description andNumerical Sensitivity Analysis on Wilson's Model for Hydraulic Transport inPipelines (Adobe Acrobat 4.0 PDF-File 50 kB)". Journal of Hydrology &Hydromechanics, Slovak Ac. of Science, Bratislava, June 1996.43. Miedema, S.A. & Vlasblom, W.J., "Theory for Hopper Sedimentation (AdobeAcrobat 4.0 PDF-File 304 kB)". 29th Annual Texas A&M Dredging Seminar. NewOrleans, June 1996.44. Miedema, S.A., "Modeling and Simulation of the Dynamic Behavior of aPump/Pipeline System (Adobe Acrobat 4.0 PDF-File 318 kB)". 17th Annual Meeting& Technical Conference of the Western Dredging Association. New Orleans, June1996.45. Miedema, S.A., "Education of Mechanical Engineering, an Integral Vision". FacultyO.C.P., Delft University of Technology, 1997 (in Dutch).46. Miedema, S.A., "Educational Policy and Implementation 1998-2003 (versions 1998,1999 and 2000) (Adobe Acrobat 4.0 PDF_File 195 kB)". Faculty O.C.P., DelftUniversity of Technology, 1998, 1999 and 2000 (in Dutch).47. Keulen, H. van & Miedema, S.A. & Werff, K. van der, "Redesigning the curriculumof the first three years of the mechanical engineering curriculum". Proceedings of theInternational Seminar on Design in Engineering Education, SEFI-Document no.21,page 122, ISBN 2-87352-024-8, Editors: V. John & K. Lassithiotakis, Odense, 22-24October 1998.48. Miedema, S.A. & Klein Woud, H.K.W. & van Bemmel, N.J. & Nijveld, D., "SelfAssesment Educational Programme Mechanical Engineering (Adobe Acrobat 4.0PDF-File 400 kB)". Faculty O.C.P., Delft University of Technology, 1999.49. Van Dijk, J.A. & Miedema, S.A. & Bout, G., "Curriculum Development MechanicalEngineering". MHO 5/CTU/DUT/Civil Engineering. Cantho University Vietnam,CICAT Delft, April 1999.50. Miedema, S.A., "Considerations in building and using dredge simulators (AdobeAcrobat 4.0 PDF-File 296 kB)". Texas A&M 31st Annual Dredging Seminar.Louisville Kentucky, May 16-18, 1999.

51. Miedema, S.A., "Considerations on limits of dredging processes (Adobe Acrobat 4.0PDF-File 523 kB)". 19th Annual Meeting & Technical Conference of the WesternDredging Association. Louisville Kentucky, May 16-18, 1999.52. Miedema, S.A. & Ruijtenbeek, M.G. v.d., "Quality management in reality","Kwaliteitszorg in de praktijk". AKO conference on quality management ineducation. Delft University of Technology, November 3rd 1999.53. Miedema, S.A., "Curriculum Development Mechanical Engineering (Adobe Acrobat4.0 PDF-File 4 MB)". MHO 5-6/CTU/DUT. Cantho University Vietnam, CICATDelft, Mission October 1999.54. Vlasblom, W.J., Miedema, S.A., Ni, F., "Course Development on Topic 5: DredgingTechnology, Dredging Equipment and Dredging Processes". Delft University ofTechnology and CICAT, Delft July 2000.55. Miedema, S.A., Vlasblom, W.J., Bian, X., "Course Development on Topic 5:Dredging Technology, Power Drives, Instrumentation and Automation". DelftUniversity of Technology and CICAT, Delft July 2000.56. Randall, R. & Jong, P. de & Miedema, S.A., "Experience with cutter suction dredgesimulator training (Adobe Acrobat 4.0 PDF-File 1.1 MB)". Texas A&M 32nd AnnualDredging Seminar. Warwick, Rhode Island, June 25-28, 2000.57. Miedema, S.A., "The modelling of the swing winches of a cutter dredge in relationwith simulators (Adobe Acrobat 4.0 PDF-File 814 kB)". Texas A&M 32nd AnnualDredging Seminar. Warwick, Rhode Island, June 25-28, 2000.58. Hofstra, C. & Hemmen, A. van & Miedema, S.A. & Hulsteyn, J. van, "Describing theposition of backhoe dredges (Adobe Acrobat 4.0 PDF-File 257 kB)". Texas A&M32nd Annual Dredging Seminar. Warwick, Rhode Island, June 25-28, 2000.59. Miedema, S.A., "Automation of a Cutter Dredge, Applied to the Dynamic Behaviourof a Pump/Pipeline System (Adobe Acrobat 4.0 PDF-File 254 kB)". Proc. WODCONVI, April 2001, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 2001.60. Heggeler, O.W.J. ten, Vercruysse, P.M., Miedema, S.A., "On the Motions of SuctionPipe Constructions a Dynamic Analysis (Adobe Acrobat 4.0 PDF-File 110 kB)".Proc. WODCON VI, April 2001, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 2001.61. Miedema, S.A. & Zhao Yi, "An Analytical Method of Pore Pressure Calculationswhen Cutting Water Saturated Sand (Adobe Acrobat PDF-File 2.2 MB)". TexasA&M 33nd Annual Dredging Seminar, June 2001, Houston, USA 2001.62. Miedema, S.A., "A Numerical Method of Calculating the Dynamic Behaviour ofHydraulic Transport (Adobe Acrobat PDF-File 246 kB)". 21st Annual Meeting &Technical Conference of the Western Dredging Association, June 2001, Houston,USA 2001.63. Zhao Yi, & Miedema, S.A., "Finite Element Calculations To Determine The PorePressures When Cutting Water Saturated Sand At Large Cutting Angles (AdobeAcrobat PDF-File 4.8 MB)". CEDA Dredging Day 2001, November 2001,Amsterdam, The Netherlands.64. Miedema, S.A., "Mission Report Cantho University". MHO5/6, Phase Two, Missionto Vietnam by Dr.ir. S.A. Miedema DUT/OCP Project Supervisor, 27 September-8October 2001, Delft University/CICAT.65. (Zhao Yi), & (Miedema, S.A.),""(Finite Element Calculations To Determine The Pore Pressures When Cutting Water

Saturated Sand At Large Cutting Angles (Adobe Acrobat PDF-File 4.8 MB))". To bepublished in 2002.66. Miedema, S.A., & Riet, E.J. van, & Matousek, V., "Theoretical Description AndNumerical Sensitivity Analysis On Wilson Model For Hydraulic Transport Of SolidsIn Pipelines (Adobe Acrobat PDF-File 147 kB)". WEDA Journal of DredgingEngineering, March 2002.67. Miedema, S.A., & Ma, Y., "The Cutting of Water Saturated Sand at Large CuttingAngles (Adobe Acrobat PDF-File 3.6 MB)". Proc. Dredging02, May 5-8, Orlando,Florida, USA.68. Miedema, S.A., & Lu, Z., "The Dynamic Behavior of a Diesel Engine (AdobeAcrobat PDF-File 363 kB)". Proc. WEDA XXII Technical Conference & 34th TexasA&M Dredging Seminar, June 12-15, Denver, Colorado, USA.69. Miedema, S.A., & He, Y., "The Existance of Kinematic Wedges at Large CuttingAngles (Adobe Acrobat PDF-File 4 MB)". Proc. WEDA XXII Technical Conference& 34th Texas A&M Dredging Seminar, June 12-15, Denver, Colorado, USA.70. Ma, Y., Vlasblom, W.J., Miedema, S.A., Matousek, V., "Measurement of Density andVelocity in Hydraulic Transport using Tomography". Dredging Days 2002, Dredgingwithout boundaries, Casablanca, Morocco, V64-V73, 22-24 October 2002.71. Ma, Y., Miedema, S.A., Vlasblom, W.J., "Theoretical Simulation of theMeasurements Process of Electrical Impedance Tomography". Asian SimulationConference/5th International Conference on System Simulation and ScientificComputing, Shanghai, 3-6 November 2002, p. 261-265, ISBN 7-5062-5571-5/TP.75.72. Thanh, N.Q., & Miedema, S.A., "Automotive Electricity and Electronics". DelftUniversity of Technology and CICAT, Delft December 2002.73. Miedema, S.A., Willemse, H.R., "Report on MHO5/6 Mission to Vietnam". DelftUniversity of Technology and CICAT, Delft Januari 2003.74. Ma, Y., Miedema, S.A., Matousek, V., Vlasblom, W.J., "Tomography as aMeasurement Method for Density and Velocity Distributions". 23rd WEDATechnical Conference & 35th TAMU Dredging Seminar, Chicago, USA, june 2003.75. Miedema, S.A., Lu, Z., Matousek, V., "Numerical Simulation of a Development of aDensity Wave in a Long Slurry Pipeline". 23rd WEDA Technical Conference & 35thTAMU Dredging Seminar, Chicago, USA, june 2003.76. Miedema, S.A., Lu, Z., Matousek, V., "Numerical simulation of the development ofdensity waves in a long pipeline and the dynamic system behavior". Terra et Aqua,No. 93, p. 11-23.77. Miedema, S.A., Frijters, D., "The Mechanism of Kinematic Wedges at Large CuttingAngles - Velocity and Friction Measurements". 23rd WEDA Technical Conference& 35th TAMU Dredging Seminar, Chicago, USA, june 2003.78. Tri, Nguyen Van, Miedema, S.A., Heijer, J. den, "Machine ManufacturingTechnology". Lecture notes, Delft University of Technology, Cicat and CanthoUniversity Vietnam, August 2003.79. Miedema, S.A., "MHO5/6 Phase Two Mission Report". Report on a mission toCantho University Vietnam October 2003. Delft University of Technology andCICAT, November 2003.80. Zwanenburg, M., Holstein, J.D., Miedema, S.A., Vlasblom, W.J., "The Exploitationof Cockle Shells". CEDA Dredging Days 2003, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,November 2003.81. Zhi, L., Miedema, S.A., Vlasblom, W.J., Verheul, C.H., "Modeling and Simulation ofthe Dynamic Behaviour of TSHD's Suction Pipe System by using Adams". CHIDADredging Days, Shanghai, China, november 2003.

82. Miedema, S.A., "The Existence of Kinematic Wedges at Large Cutting Angles".CHIDA Dredging Days, Shanghai, China, november 2003.83. Miedema, S.A., Lu, Z., Matousek, V., "Numerical Simulation of the Development ofDensity Waves in a Long Pipeline and the Dynamic System Behaviour". Terra etAqua 93, December 2003.84. Miedema, S.A. & Frijters, D.D.J., "The wedge mechanism for cutting of watersaturated sand at large cutting angles". WODCON XVII, September 2004, HamburgGermany.85. Verheul, O. & Vercruijsse, P.M. & Miedema, S.A., "The development of a conceptfor accurate and efficient dredging at great water depths". WODCON XVII,September 2004, Hamburg Germany.86. Miedema, S.A., "THE CUTTING MECHANISMS OF WATER SATURATEDSAND AT SMALL AND LARGE CUTTING ANGLES". International Conferenceon Coastal Infrastructure Development - Challenges in the 21st Century. HongKong,november 2004.87. Ir. M. Zwanenburg , Dr. Ir. S.A. Miedema , Ir J.D. Holstein , Prof.ir. W.J.Vlasblom,"REDUCING THE DAMAGE TO THE SEA FLOOR WHEN DREDGINGCOCKLE SHELLS". WEDAXXIV & TAMU36, Orlando, Florida, USA, July 2004.88. Verheul, O. & Vercruijsse, P.M. & Miedema, S.A., "A new concept for accurate andefficient dredging in deep water". Ports & Dredging, IHC, 2005, E163.89. Miedema, S.A., "Scrapped?". Dredging & Port Construction, September 2005.90. Miedema, S.A. & Vlasblom, W.J., " Bureaustudie Overvloeiverliezen". In opdrachtvan Havenbedrijf Rotterdam, September 2005, Confidential.91. He, J., Miedema, S.A. & Vlasblom, W.J., "FEM Analyses Of Cutting Of AnisotropicDensely Compacted and Saturated Sand", WEDAXXV & TAMU37, New Orleans,USA, June 2005.92. Miedema, S.A., "The Cutting of Water Saturated Sand, the FINAL Solution".WEDAXXV & TAMU37, New Orleans, USA, June 2005.93. Miedema, S.A. & Massie, W., "Selfassesment MSc Offshore Engineering", DelftUniversity of Technology, October 2005.94. Miedema, S.A., "THE CUTTING OF WATER SATURATED SAND, THESOLUTION". CEDA African Section: Dredging Days 2006 - Protection of thecoastline, dredging sustainable development, Nov. 1-3, Tangiers, Morocco.95. Miedema, S.A., "La solution de prélèvement par désagrégation du sable saturé eneau". CEDA African Section: Dredging Days 2006 - Protection of the coastline,dredging sustainable development, Nov. 1-3, Tangiers, Morocco.96. Miedema, S.A. & Vlasblom, W.J., "THE CLOSING PROCESS OF CLAMSHELLDREDGES IN WATER-SATURATED SAND". CEDA African Section: DredgingDays 2006 - Protection of the coastline, dredging sustainable development, Nov. 1-3,Tangiers, Morocco.97. Miedema, S.A. & Vlasblom, W.J., "Le processus de fermeture des dragues à bennepreneuse en sable saturé". CEDA African Section: Dredging Days 2006 - Protectionof the coastline, dredging sustainable development, Nov. 1-3, Tangiers, Morocco.98. Miedema, S.A. "THE CUTTING OF WATER SATURATED SAND, THESOLUTION". The 2nd China Dredging Association International Conference &Exhibition, themed 'Dredging and Sustainable Development' and in Guangzhou,China, May 17-18 2006.99. Ma, Y, Ni, F. & Miedema, S.A., "Calculation of the Blade Cutting Force for smallCutting Angles based on MATLAB". The 2nd China Dredging Association

International Conference & Exhibition, themed 'Dredging and SustainableDevelopment' and in Guangzhou, China, May 17-18 2006.100. ,"" (download). The 2nd China DredgingAssociation International Conference & Exhibition, themed 'Dredging andSustainable Development' and in Guangzhou, China, May 17-18 2006.101. Miedema, S.A. , Kerkvliet, J., Strijbis, D., Jonkman, B., Hatert, M. v/d, "THEDIGGING AND HOLDING CAPACITY OF ANCHORS". WEDA XXVI ANDTAMU 38, San Diego, California, June 25-28, 2006.102. Schols, V., Klaver, Th., Pettitt, M., Ubuan, Chr., Miedema, S.A., Hemmes, K.& Vlasblom, W.J., "A FEASIBILITY STUDY ON THE APPLICATION OF FUELCELLS IN OIL AND GAS SURFACE PRODUCTION FACILITIES". Proceedingsof FUELCELL2006, The 4th International Conference on FUEL CELL SCIENCE,ENGINEERING and TECHNOLOGY, June 19-21, 2006, Irvine, CA.103. Miedema, S.A., "Polytechnisch Zakboek 51 ste druk, Hoofdstuk G:Werktuigbouwkunde", pG1-G88, Reed Business Information, ISBN-10:90.6228.613.5, ISBN-13: 978.90.6228.613.3. Redactie: Fortuin, J.B., van Herwijnen,F., Leijendeckers, P.H.H., de Roeck, G. & Schwippert, G.A.104. MA Ya-sheng, NI Fu-sheng, S.A. Miedema, "Mechanical Model of WaterSaturated Sand Cutting at Blade Large Cutting Angles", Journal of Hohai UniversityChangzhou, ISSN 1009-1130, CN 32-1591, 2006.绞 刀 片 大 角 度 切 削 水 饱 和 沙 的 力 学 模 型 , 马 亚 生 [1] 倪 福 生 [1] S.A.Miedema[2],《 河 海 大 学 常 州 分 校 学 报 》-2006 年 20 卷 3 期 -59-61 页105. Miedema, S.A., Lager, G.H.G., Kerkvliet, J., “An Overview of DragEmbedded Anchor Holding Capacity for Dredging and Offshore Applications”.WODCON, Orlando, USA, 2007.106. Miedema, S.A., Rhee, C. van, “A SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS ON THEEFFECTS OF DIMENSIONS AND GEOMETRY OF TRAILING SUCTIONHOPPER DREDGES”. WODCON ORLANDO, USA, 2007.107. Miedema, S.A., Bookreview: Useless arithmetic, why environmental scientistscan't predict the future, by Orrin H. Pilkey & Linda Pilkey-Jarvis. Terra et Aqua 108,September 2007, IADC, The Hague, Netherlands.108. Miedema, S.A., Bookreview: The rock manual: The use of rock in hydraulicengineering, by CIRIA, CUR, CETMEF. Terra et Aqua 110, March 2008, IADC, TheHague, Netherlands.109. Miedema, S.A., "An Analytical Method To Determine Scour". WEDAXXVIII & Texas A&M 39. St. Louis, USA, June 8-11, 2008.110. Miedema, S.A., "A Sensitivity Analysis Of The Production Of Clamshells".WEDA XXVIII & Texas A&M 39. St. Louis, USA, June 8-11, 2008.111. Miedema, S.A., "An Analytical Approach To The Sedimentation Process InTrailing Suction Hopper Dredgers". Terra et Aqua 112, September 2008, IADC, TheHague, Netherlands.112. Hofstra, C.F., & Rhee, C. van, & Miedema, S.A. & Talmon, A.M., "On TheParticle Trajectories In Dredge Pump Impellers". 14th International ConferenceTransport & Sedimentation Of Solid Particles. June 23-27 2008, St. Petersburg,Russia.113. Miedema, S.A., "A Sensitivity Analysis Of The Production Of Clamshells".WEDA Journal of Dredging Engineering, December 2008.

114. Miedema, S.A., "New Developments Of Cutting Theories With Respect ToDredging, The Cutting Of Clay And Rock". WEDA XXIX & Texas A&M 40.Phoenix Arizona, USA, June 14-17 2009.115. Miedema, S.A., "A Sensitivity Analysis Of The Scaling Of TSHD's". WEDAXXIX & Texas A&M 40. Phoenix Arizona, USA, June 14-17 2009.116. Liu, Z., Ni, F., Miedema, S.A., “Optimized design method for TSHD’s swellcompensator, basing on modelling and simulation”. International Conference onIndustrial Mechatronics and Automation, pp. 48-52. Chengdu, China, May 15-16,2009.117. Miedema, S.A., "The effect of the bed rise velocity on the sedimentationprocess in hopper dredges". Journal of Dredging Engineering, Vol. 10, No. 1 , 10-31,2009.118. Miedema, S.A., “New developments of cutting theories with respect tooffshore applications, the cutting of sand, clay and rock”. ISOPE 2010, Beijing China,June 2010.119. Miedema, S.A., “The influence of the strain rate on cutting processes”. ISOPE2010, Beijing China, June 2010.120. Ramsdell, R.C., Miedema, S.A., “Hydraulic transport of sand/shell mixtures”.WODCON XIX, Beijing China, September 2010.121. Abdeli, M., Miedema, S.A., Schott, D., Alvarez Grima, M., “The applicationof discrete element modeling in dredging”. WODCON XIX, Beijing China,September 2010.122. Hofstra, C.F., Miedema, S.A., Rhee, C. van, “Particle trajectories nearimpeller blades in centrifugal pumps. WODCON XIX, Beijing China, September2010.123. Miedema, S.A., “Constructing the Shields curve, a new theoretical approachand its applications”. WODCON XIX, Beijing China, September 2010.124. Miedema, S.A., “The effect of the bed rise velocity on the sedimentationprocess in hopper dredges”. WODCON XIX, Beijing China, September 2010.