Technology Cooperation and Capacity Building - CommDev

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TECHNOLOGY COOPERATION AND CAPACITY BUILDINGSetting the Scene▼For more than 100 years, the oil and gasindustry has worked with the peoplesand institutions of nations around theworld to discover, develop, process andmarket oil and gas resources for mutualadvantage. Over the years, partnershipshave progressively developed toencompass the full range of activitiesnow referred to as ‘technologycooperation’ and ‘capacity building’.Partnerships have evolved from theCapacity buildingA process of constructive interactionbetween countries and the private sectordesigned to develop the capability and skillsto achieve environmentally-sound forms ofeconomic development through the use ofmodern technologies and managementsystems, a competent workforceand appropriate lawsand regulations.role in promoting the concept ofsustainable development as the way theglobal community should manage theEarth’s resources to meet the needs ofcurrent and future generations.The Conference also broadcastanother equally important message:that sustainable development of ourbiological resource base will beachieved only if all nations and allsectors of society find effective meansnarrowly-focused ones developedduring the early search for anddevelopment of crude oil resources, topartnerships that are today contributingtowards sustainable development.These may involve cooperativeagreements for exploration andproduction of oil and gas, and fortheir processing, distribution and salein the market place. The mostimportant partnerships have beensignificant contributors to manyTechnology cooperationA process of constructive interactionwith local, national and internationalpartners to select and apply appropriatetechnology systems to achieveenvironmentally-sound forms ofeconomic development.nations’ efforts to develop theirnatural resources, improve theircommunication, transport and healthservices, and create advanced nationaleducational institutions, from whichhas sprung a skilled work force,supporting industries and localentrepreneurial activity.The Earth SummitThe United Nations Conference onEnvironment and Development(UNCED) held in Rio de Janeiro inJune 1992 focused world attention onthe close links that exist between theenvironment and socio-economicdevelopment. The Summit resulted intwo Conventions (the FrameworkConvention on Climate Change and theConvention on Biological Diversity),the Rio Declaration and Agenda 21—plan of action. UNCED played a keyof working together—in partnerships.This theme of cross-sectorpartnerships is one of the centralmessages of Agenda 21. This plan ofaction gives an overview of the widerangingsocio-economic andenvironmental challenges facing theworld community and offersrecommendations for tackling them. Itplaces great emphasis on increasedcooperation between different sectorsand on strengthening the role of majorSustainable developmentis the form of development or progressthat ‘meets the needs of the presentwithout compromising the ability of futuregenerations to meet their own needs’.Gro Harlem Brundtland‘In order to achieve sustainable development,environmental protection shall constitute anintegral part of the development processand cannot be consideredin isolation from it.’Rio Declaration, Principal 44
TECHNOLOGY COOPERATION AND CAPACITY BUILDING… Setting the SceneAGENDA 21‘There is a need for favourableaccess to and transfer ofenvironmentally-soundtechnologies, in particular todeveloping countries, throughsupportive measures that promotetechnology cooperation and thatshould enable transfer of necessarytechnological know-how as well asbuilding up of economic, technicaland managerial capabilities forthe efficient use and furtherdevelopment of transferredtechnology. Technology cooperationinvolves joint efforts by enterprisesand Governments, both suppliersof technology and its recipients.Therefore, such cooperation entailsan interactive process involvinggovernment, the private sector,and research and developmentfacilities to ensure the best possibleresults from transfer oftechnology. Successful long-termpartnerships in technologycooperation necessarily requirecontinuing systematic trainingand capacity building at all levelsover an extended period of time.’Chapter 34, Agenda 21, United NationsConference on Environment andDevelopment, Rio de Janeiro, June 1992groups, which are identified as:workers and trade unions; localauthorities; the scientific andtechnology community; farmers; nongovernmentalorganizations (NGOs);indigenous people and theircommunities; women; children andyouth; and business and industry.Key strategic issuesOil, gas and coal represent about 90 percent of the commercial energy usedworldwide. Reserves of oil, gas and coalare estimated to last for at least twocenturies at today’s consumption rates.Although advances in renewable energytechnologies will continue to play a rolein determining the world’s energy mix,the global community will rely heavily onWorld total primary energy demand (growth rates per annum)growth rates (% per anum)6543210-1-2-3OECDformer Soviet Union,Central and Eastern Europethe use of fossil fuels for the foreseeablefuture. This will be particularlyimportant in developing economieswhich represent some 60 per cent ofannual growth in energy demand.In meeting this growing demand,the challenge for the petroleumindustry is to develop and provide theglobal market place with affordablepetroleum products while ensuringenvironmental quality.The activities involved have apotential impact on the environment.For upstream and downstream activities,the environmental issues that theThe graph below shows historical and projectedgrowth rates in energy demand. The data aretaken from a study in the OECD/IEA WorldEnergy Outlook.rest of world1971–92 1992–2000 2000–2010totalSource: © OECD 1995, World Energy Outlook. Reproduced by permission of OECD5
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