Gasifier Experimenters Kit - Pole Shift Survival Information

Gasifier Experimenters KitALL Power Labs: Tools for Power HackingGasification Home:The BasicsThe Science of BiomassGasificationGasifier TypesHow to Build a GasifierGasifier Experimenters Kit(GEK)Quadrafier (4 in 1)Gas-can-o-fireCigifierGMC truckoverview - gallery - reactor options - manfacturing -FAQ - test reports - downloads - purchaseThe Gasifier ExperimentersKit (aka: the Lego gasifier)The Gasifier Experimenters Kit (GEK) offers beginnersthrough experts an easy way build, compare andcustomize a wide variety of gasifier reactor types andconfigurations. Whether you're a DIY enthusiast or auniversity researcher, the GEK will get you over thestarting hurdles of biomass gasification, and on to themore rewarding work of refining specific architectures,testing fuels, and making power.http://www.allpowerlabs.org/gasification/gek/index.html?gclid=CJb0zZu0mpYCFQL8iAod8EbG7g (1 of 4) [10/9/2008 07:59:52]

Gasifier Experimenters KitOther Designs OnlineGasifier SystemComponentsTechnical ResourcesGasification Worshop (June,08)The GEK kit is designed in a modular fashion whichallows for easy switching between common reactor typesand operating regimes. Each "reactor type" is a separateassembly that bolts into a common "gas cowling and ashhandling" base. See here for the full list of planned GEKreactors. Within each reactor type, relevant variables areeasily adjusted and sub-assemblies are simply replacedvia standardized "bolt to" flanges.The result is a Lego system of gasification- a motivatedand flexible building system enabling you to run,compare and share results over a wide range ofarchitectures and commonly discussed --but rarelyimplemented-- "expert configurations".Getting Started in DowndraftGasificationThe default reactor offered for the GEK system is anozzle and constriction (Imbert type) downdraft reactor.An Imbert downdraft is the usual starting point forgenerating low tar wood gas to power internalcombustion engines. The GEK version combines allcommon Imbert type variations into a single configurablereactor, with easy adjustability of all critical dimensions.Here's what it can do:●●●●●●●variable combustion / reduction zone size andshape (tube, bell, inverted V, hourglass)variable air nozzle position and sizeair preheating (or lack there of)active tar recycling into incoming airvariable air injection architecture (air from top,bottom, or side annular ring)"monorator" type condensing hopperrotary grates/stirrer additionsThe GEK Imbert reactor is delivered with a defaultconfiguration known to produce clean syngas whenoperated by a knowledgeable enthusiast. This defaulthttp://www.allpowerlabs.org/gasification/gek/index.html?gclid=CJb0zZu0mpYCFQL8iAod8EbG7g (2 of 4) [10/9/2008 07:59:52]

Gasifier Experimenters Kitconfiguration will run 5-20hp engines. Other GEKconfigurations will support up to 50hp engines. (typicaldisclaimers apply, given the variability of fuels andhuman operators)●●Pictures of fully assembled GEK with downdraftreactorGEK reactor dimensions, general gasifier sizingcharts, and other resourcesPerformanceTo be clear, the GEK is not a turnkey wood gasificationunit. It does not guarantee 24/7 hands free operation rightout of the box. Such is usually a dubious claim anyways,given the fuel sensitivity and use variability of all smallscalegasifiers. What the GEK does promise is a highlymotivated building and configuration system, enablingyou to build, run and test all the best ideas in small scalebiomass gasfication. In the hands of a knowledgableoperator, the GEK will produce excellent results. Andonce you do achieve your performance goals, the GEKmanufacturing scenario gives you an easy to way to setup formal manufacturing of your solution in your localarea.GEK CommunityThe expertise to support the GEK is the responsibilityand opportunity of its community of users. Weencourage the growth of specific set up suggestions, usereports, and quantative data via the project wiki andgeneral community collaboration. A basicinstrumentation set comes with the full GEK kit, so youwill be able to share quantative data with others- mabyeeven help advance the general state of gasification.The GEK design partculars and manufacturing techniqueare open source and well documented (see the downloadspage for details). You are welcome to use this commonhttp://www.allpowerlabs.org/gasification/gek/index.html?gclid=CJb0zZu0mpYCFQL8iAod8EbG7g (3 of 4) [10/9/2008 07:59:52]

Gasifier Experimenters Kitbase "operating system" to build new "applications","widgits" or other customizations- whether open sourceor proprietary. Or to put it in gearhead terms, the GEK isthe proposed "small block chevy" of gasification. It isnow your job to build the better cams, carbs, cranks, andmanifolds to make it go faster. . .We invite you to join the GEK community ofcollaborative science and open source engineering.Questions? Contact: gek_at_allpowerlabs_dot_orghttp://www.allpowerlabs.org/gasification/gek/index.html?gclid=CJb0zZu0mpYCFQL8iAod8EbG7g (4 of 4) [10/9/2008 07:59:52]

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Gasifier Experimenters KitALL Power Labs: Tools for Power HackingGasification Home:The BasicsThe Science of BiomassGasificationGasifier TypesHow to Build a GasifierGasifier Experimenters Kit(GEK)Quadrafier (4 in 1)Gas-can-o-fireCigifierGMC truckforward to Gasfier Experimenters KitGasificationGasification is the use of heat to tranform solid biomass,or other carbonaceous solids, into a synthetic "natural gaslike" flammable fuel. There are a wide variety ofprocesses which fall under this general term- but allshare the characteristic of transforming solidhydrocarbon material into simple hydrocarbon gases.The resulting gaseous fuel is usually called: "syngas","woodgas", "producer gas", "generator gas" or "suctiongas".Through gasification, we can convert nearly any solidwaste biomass into a clean burning, carbon neutral,http://www.allpowerlabs.org/gasification/index.html (1 of 3) [10/9/2008 08:00:04]

Gasifier Experimenters KitOther Designs OnlineGasifier SystemComponentsTechnical ResourcesGasification Worshop (June,08)gaseous fuel. Whether starting with wood chips or coffeegrounds, municipal trash or agricultrual waste, the endproduct is a flexible gaseous fuel you can burn in yourinternal combustion engine, cooking stove, heatingfurnace and/or flamethrower. Upmigration to liquid fuelsis also possible with some additional effort and commoncatalysts.Sound impossible?Well, over one million vehicles in Europe ran onboardgasifiers during WWII to make fuel from wood andcharcoal, as gasoline and diesel were rationed and/orunavailable. Long before there was biodiesel andethanol, we actually succeeded in a large-scale,alternative fuels redeployment-- and one which curiouslyused only cellulosic biomass, not the oil and sugar basedbiofuel sources which famously compete with food.This redeployment was made possible by the gasificationof waste biomass, using simple gasifiers about ascomplex as a traditional wood stove. These small-scalegasifiers are easily reproduced (and improved) today byDIY enthusiasts using simple hammer and wrenchtechnology. The same principles are applied at muchlarger scale and complexity to recover a wide variety ofmunicipal, agricultural, construction, forestry andindustrial waste to energy, soil amendments and otheruseful end products.ALL Power Labs now offers the Gasifier ExperimentersKit (GEK) to help you get starts in the biomass thermalconversion arts and sciences.Questions? Contact: gek_at_allpowerlabs_dot_orghttp://www.allpowerlabs.org/gasification/index.html (2 of 3) [10/9/2008 08:00:04]

Gasifier Experimenters Kithttp://www.allpowerlabs.org/gasification/index.html (3 of 3) [10/9/2008 08:00:04]

QuadrafierTheQuadrafierGasifier:A learning gasifierrig of updraft,downdraft,crossdraft, andfluidized bed on asingle frame.Jim Mason.Jan/Feb 2007Sept, 08. See updatedgasifier at: GasifierExperimenters Kit (GEK)Recetly I tired of my ever growing notebook of complex gasifier designs, allunbuilt, and decided to just get started building some simple and quick ones. Itseemed far more would be learned by building multiple ones in quick iteration,using readiliy obtainable obtainium, than trying to straight out build theimagined "perfect" one. The process turned out to be vastly more educationalthan I ever imagined.I decided to build one of each of the 4 main types of gaifiers (updraft,downdraft, cross-draft and fluidized bed) on the same frame and at the samesize, allowing for easy comparisons between types. (ok, maybe I will eventuallyneed a TLUD and a cyclonic one too, but for now, a 4 in 1 covers my maininterests.)To make it interesting (and fast and cheap), I decided that I could only buildwith junk i had lying around the shop, and a few home depot parts. Purposelyhttp://whatiamupto.com/gasification/quadrafier/index.html (1 of 6) [10/9/2008 08:00:07]

Quadrafierquick and crude and without any specialized parts. While learning, I was alsocurious to see how absolutely simple and hammer and wrench fab tech thesecan be made with. Expensive McMasterCarr orders and complicated heatrecycling and embedded processor temp and mixture sensing/control will comelater.The result is the "Quadrafier Gasifier "V1.0: Updraftall updraft pictures are temporarily hereOn New Year's Eve 06/07, several friends and I built our first gasifier using anold 2x tank air compressor set. I was a bit stunned how easy it is to build andget basic gas, as well as how flexible it was on fuels (which I later learned wasonly the case with updraft designs). Of course this was tarry and wet gas, but itburned clean as nat gas on your stove. even running coal. clean coal is not amyth . . . ;-)The pictures at the link above show a short chemistry lesson on what ishappening to educate the locals. welding and plumbing. then coffee drying onthe wood stove, then filing the coffee grounds into the unit. set up of unit inyard. various lighting attempts, with success after awhile. then some poofs on acombined fuel of coffee and wood. then the hot tub and champagne rewardafterwards. (we were trying for midnight new years eve, but didn't actually get itfired until 1am.)http://whatiamupto.com/gasification/quadrafier/index.html (2 of 6) [10/9/2008 08:00:07]

QuadrafierWe ran it on sawdust, cubed wood, coffee grounds and coal dust. all workedfine, but the coffee grounds were very difficult to get to light. though once lit,they burned fine. it should really run on any biomass that is reasonably dry anddense.The tank we used is 6" in diameter and about two feet long. I put an angle fillpipe about 2/3 of the way up. the gas outlet is an existing 1/2" pipe fitting in thetank. The distance difference between fill point and gas outlet was toencourage dust settling, and used a gravity loop for the air in at the bottom.As i have been long confused about the grates, and didn't have anything to usethat was fine enough or heat resistant enough, i decided that a pipe protrudingto the center of the tank in the base, and then curved upward outside the tank,would allow air in and not allow fuel out. my other main reason for this was thati wanted to be able to run dusts, like coal dust and coffee grounds, whichseemed like a difficult proposition for grates. so gravity was engaged, andgravity proved to work rather well.V2.0: Open Hopper Stratified Downdraftall stratified downdraft pictures are temporarily hereThe stratified downdraft was built from the same 2x air compressor tank asused for the first updraft. as for fuel, we ran: pellet wood, sawdust, coffeegrounds, coal dust, coal chunks, pizza crusts, pistachio nut shells andcardboard. the pellets ran well, as did chunk coal, but the granular and loosepaper fuels packed up more than in the updraft. makes sense, as in an updraft,http://whatiamupto.com/gasification/quadrafier/index.html (3 of 6) [10/9/2008 08:00:07]

Quadrafierthe draft is working against gravity. but not yet a fluidized bed.tar seemed modest, but it was difficult to really tell, as much time was spentstarting and stopping and getting fuels packed in it, during which the coolrunning would produce tar. but once hot, things seemed ok, though i don't havehave a tar testing rig set up.we piped the gas into a 5kw genset, a typical 10hp briggs and stratten generactype. using a ball valve and some pipes, we made a wood gas "carburetor",retaining the original carburetor butterfly as the throttle. then we started theengine on gasoline. turned the gasoline off, fiddled with the air/woodgasmixture, and it continued to run just fine. we were all a bit stunned. soon wewere making sparks with the power out of the generator.V3.0: Crossdraft Gas-Can-i-FierThe crossdraft unit was built from a 5 gal jerry type metal gas can. the existingfuel bung was piped with 2" black pipe for the gas exit, using some stainlesssteel mesh for the grate. The air inlet is movable so the distance between airinlet and grate can be varied for different load conditions. plumbing reducercouplings on the end of the air inlet allow for easy changing of air inlet volumes.I did not allow myself to use the welder for this version. The only power toolused in the making was a drill and an angle grinder with a cut off wheel to makethe fuel loading hopper. The fuel hopper doesn't even have a hinge other thanbending the metal back to fill it. It doesn't get much easier that this. Build time:4 hours.We are running wood pellets in the pictures below. The first run melted thesealtite electrical flex conduit i was testing, so i went back to the flexibleexhaust pipe and aluminum tape.The sealed hopper proved to be much more sensitive to fuel moisture thaneither the open hopper stratified downdraft, or the updraft. On the first real run,it started strong, but was quickly overwhelmed by steam from the drying fuelinside the gasifier. Seeing the increased sensitivity to fuel moisture with thesealed hopper design was rather interesting. The argument for an open hopperor monorator type design clear.http://whatiamupto.com/gasification/quadrafier/index.html (4 of 6) [10/9/2008 08:00:07]

Quadrafierhttp://whatiamupto.com/gasification/quadrafier/index.html (5 of 6) [10/9/2008 08:00:07]

Quadrafierhttp://whatiamupto.com/gasification/quadrafier/index.html (6 of 6) [10/9/2008 08:00:07]

http://whatiamupto.com/gasification/cigifier/index.htmThe gasifier in your shirt pocket (aka: the cigarette)Packing cigarettes into a 1.5" black pipe "gasifier". 120 cigarettes (six packs). Aluminum foil is a poor attempt at insulation.Cigifier cart and lighting the flareCigifier running a 10hp, 5kw generac generator (but not for very long), before ungasified cigarettes attempt immaculatepassage through engine (unsuccessfully).Sept, 08. See our current gasifier at: Gasifier Experimenters Kit(GEK)http://whatiamupto.com/gasification/cigifier/index.htm [10/9/2008 08:00:09]

Woodgas truckHomeThe BasicsHow it worksHistory (andFuture)Biomass as SolarEnergyPathways ofBiomassConversionThe MechabolicHypothesisThe Science ofGasificationFour CoreSept, 08. See updated gasifier at: Gasifier Experimenters Kit (GEK)Woodgas Pickup TruckFor the first "Power Exchange" workshop in March 07, our project wasto convert a 1975 GMC pickup truck to woodgas operation. And do assuch in one weekend. We didn't quite make the "one weekend" goal, butat some point the following week we did find ourselves with a workinggasifier unit, driving around West Oakland and Berkeley, on nothing butwood pellets and grins.The weekend workshop started Friday night with a not-so-short lecture,by me, on the technology, history and future opportunities ofgasification. I smoked cigarettes (a readymade gasifier), heated steelpipes full of coffee grounds to make pyrolysis gas, and ran my littledemo Quadrafier into a typical Home Depot 5kw generator. Saturdayand Sunday was building, noon to nine each day, with about 15 peopletotal. The names of all participants are at the bottom of this page.http://whatiamupto.com/gasification/woodgastruck.html (1 of 5) [10/9/2008 08:00:11]

Woodgas truckProcessesHow a Match BurnsProduct Gas/CharVariabilityBiomass FuelVariabilityTerra PretaGasifier Types4 Problems, 1000SolutionsUpdraftDowndraftCrossdraftFluidized BedTop Lit Updraft(TLUD)Entrained FlowKalleMasonI purposely did not preacquire any materials for the workshop, or evenreally settle on any particular design or sizing before the weekend. I wasinterested in what we could do starting with nothing. Well, nothing ontop of full fab and machine shop with lots of junk lying around, and ayear plus of reading about eveything "gasifier". So not really "nothing",but nothing purchased directly in preparation to do this. We tried to useonly things readily available in most junkyards.The finished rig is admitedly a bit of a carnival of gasification. Noattempt was made to have it small, tight and discrete. On the contrary,the goal was to have all the systems exposed and exploded for easyteaching and demostration. It is likely a beauty that only a gasificationgeek can appreciate. And maybe John Rinaldi too (aka: Chicken), thetruck's current owner..Pictures of the "finished" truck are below.Demos andExperimentsQuadrafier (4 in 1)Gas-can-o-fireCigifierToiletGMC truckHow to Build aGasifierOne MinuteDesignsOne Hour DesignsOne Day DesignsOne WeekendDesignsDesign Your OwnSizing CalculatorOther Designshttp://whatiamupto.com/gasification/woodgastruck.html (2 of 5) [10/9/2008 08:00:11]

Woodgas truckOnlineFull GasifierSystemsWhat is NeededParticulate FilteringCoolers/RadiatorsCarburetorsPlumbingEngineModificationsFuel Pre-processingTechnicalResourcesGas ChartsFlow and SizingTablesCommonConversionsSizing CalculatorTest EquipmentetcetcLinksPictures of the construction process are at the following links.Les Young picturesPhil Glau picturesJessica Hobbs pictures (first firing attempt)http://whatiamupto.com/gasification/woodgastruck.html (3 of 5) [10/9/2008 08:00:11]

Woodgas truckParticipants in Workshop and FabricationJim Mason, Jessica Hobbs, Chicken John, Phil Glau, Alec Plauche, LesYoung, Bruce Arneson, Steve Nelson, Roger Carr, Eric L. Forsman,Kiko Almund, Dov Jelen, Caroline Miller, Chris Schardt, PatrickBuckley, Dann Davis, Darrel Licks,Notes on ConstructionWe decided to start with the most simple type of downdraft gasfier: thestratified downdraft, based on the Reed/LaFontaine design in the FEMA,Building a Simplified Downdraft Gasifier book.Our main variation on standard construction was to make the firetubeeasily replaceable. In fact, in the end our "gasifier" tank is really only agas cowling and ash catcher. Firetubes or any other gasifier hearth centerdesign can eaily slide into the center and bolt down. This easy changeout of the critical hearth/firetube section makes experimentation mucheasier, as well as adjustment of the gasifier size to match gas flow needs.Running all the "tubes within tubes" at the same time, down to thedesired smallest one for fire, also creates excellent insulation of theoperating firetube. We can restart the gasifier without a match after a fullnight of rest. The heat retention is exceptionally good with essentially athree or four wall tank.Here's what we used in construction.- a 25 gal propane tank, 14" in diameter, is the starting fire tube, with a50 gal vehicular propane tank making the external gas cowling.- inside this cowling, we can insert 12, 10, and 8 inch firetubes at themoment. more variations to come soon.- the cyclone is made from a 8" diameter welding bottle with hvacreducers press fit inside to establish the needed taper.- the radiator is 4" square tubing for tanks, with 3/4" emt conduit as thetubes, with the galvanizing removed in acid before welding.- the dry filter is a shop vac filter in a 5 gal bucket- the carburetor is a pipe T at the stock air cleaner inlet, with a butterflyvalve on the air side. the buterfly in the stock carburetor is the throttle,as usual. gas is shut off to the carburetor to change over to woodgas.both woodgas and air pass through the stock air filter.- plumbing is shop vac hose after the radiator. before the radiator is allsteel drain piping, hard welded.http://whatiamupto.com/gasification/woodgastruck.html (4 of 5) [10/9/2008 08:00:11]

Woodgas truckmore details coming soon.http://whatiamupto.com/gasification/woodgastruck.html (5 of 5) [10/9/2008 08:00:11]

Gasifier Experimenters KitALL Power Labs: Tools for Power HackingGasification Home:The BasicsThe Science of GasificationGasifier TypesHow to Build a GasifierGasifier Experimenters Kit (GEK)Quadrafier (4 in 1)Gas-can-o-fireCigifierGMC truckOther Designs Onlineoverview - gallery - reactor options - manfacturing - FAQ -test reports - downloads - purchaseGEK: Gallery of GEK VersionsGEK V1.0 - V1.1: July/August, 2008Full kit: Downdraft reactor, gas cowling, hopper, cyclone, filter,vac/blower, burner, plumbing, instrumentationGasifier System ComponentsTechnical ResourcesGasification Worshop (June, 08)http://www.allpowerlabs.org/gasification/gek/gallery.html (1 of 11) [10/9/2008 08:00:19]

Gasifier Experimenters Kithttp://www.allpowerlabs.org/gasification/gek/gallery.html (2 of 11) [10/9/2008 08:00:19]

Gasifier Experimenters KitAir preheating / syngas cooling stainless steel heat exchangerhttp://www.allpowerlabs.org/gasification/gek/gallery.html (3 of 11) [10/9/2008 08:00:19]

Gasifier Experimenters KitPlumbing and Instrumentationhttp://www.allpowerlabs.org/gasification/gek/gallery.html (4 of 11) [10/9/2008 08:00:19]

Gasifier Experimenters KitHigh vac centrifugal blowerhttp://www.allpowerlabs.org/gasification/gek/gallery.html (5 of 11) [10/9/2008 08:00:19]

Gasifier Experimenters KitRotary ash grate, gas cowling and swirl burnerGEK kit at various levels of part count, welded state, andassembly/disassemblyhttp://www.allpowerlabs.org/gasification/gek/gallery.html (6 of 11) [10/9/2008 08:00:19]

Gasifier Experimenters KitGEK V0.9: June 18, 2008Full GEK kit assembled, including temp and vac instrumentationhttp://www.allpowerlabs.org/gasification/gek/gallery.html (7 of 11) [10/9/2008 08:00:19]

Gasifier Experimenters KitNewly combined cyclone and packed bed filterStainless steel air preheating tubes after runninghttp://www.allpowerlabs.org/gasification/gek/gallery.html (8 of 11) [10/9/2008 08:00:19]

Gasifier Experimenters KitGEK V0.8: May, 2008http://www.allpowerlabs.org/gasification/gek/gallery.html (9 of 11) [10/9/2008 08:00:19]

Gasifier Experimenters Kithttp://www.allpowerlabs.org/gasification/gek/gallery.html (10 of 11) [10/9/2008 08:00:19]

Gasifier Experimenters KitGEK V0.7: March, 2008External Gallery: http://theshipyard.org/gek/index.htmlhttp://www.allpowerlabs.org/gasification/gek/gallery.html (11 of 11) [10/9/2008 08:00:19]

Gasifier Experimenters KitALL Power Labs: Tools for Power Hackinghttp://www.allpowerlabs.org/gasification/gek/reactor.html (1 of 3) [10/9/2008 08:00:20]

Gasifier Experimenters KitGasification Home:The BasicsThe Science of GasificationGasifier TypesHow to Build a GasifierGasifier Experimenters Kit (GEK)Quadrafier (4 in 1)Gas-can-o-fireCigifierGMC wood gas truckOther Designs OnlineGasifier System ComponentsTechnical ResourcesGasification Worshop (June, 08)overview - gallery - reactor options -manfacturing - FAQ - test reports - downloads -purchaseGEK: Reactor OptionsBelow is the full list of planned separate bolt-inreactors for the GEK system. We are starting withthe nozzle and constriction (Imbert) downdraft type,as this is the usual desired starting point. Later in2008 we plan to introduce a reactor to supportcommon open core / stratified downdraft and multipointair injection types, then followed by anotherreactor to support common pyrolysis designs forcontrolled biochar production. Later in this processwe will introduce more complex reactors likefluidized beds and cyclonic types. Later still, maybeit will be you who offers the microwave or plasmaarc bolt in reactor for the GEK . . .List of planned GEK reactors1. Downdraft (nozzle and constriction / "Imbert")pictures in gallery2. Downdraft (open core / stratified downdraft,multi-point air injection)3. Pyrolyser (direct and retort, batch and continuousrotary/auger)4. Updraft and TLUD (top lit updraft / invertedstratified downdraft)5. Crossdraft and Kalle6. Fluidized Bed (bubbling and circulating)7. Cyclonic/Vortex/Swirlhttp://www.allpowerlabs.org/gasification/gek/reactor.html (2 of 3) [10/9/2008 08:00:20]

Gasifier Experimenters Kithttp://www.allpowerlabs.org/gasification/gek/reactor.html (3 of 3) [10/9/2008 08:00:20]

Gasifier Experimenters KitALL Power Labs: Tools for Power Hackinghttp://www.allpowerlabs.org/gasification/gek/manufacturing.html (1 of 6) [10/9/2008 08:00:23]

Gasifier Experimenters KitGasification Home:The BasicsThe Science of GasificationGasifier TypesHow to Build a GasifierGasifier Experimenters Kit (GEK)Quadrafier (4 in 1)Gas-can-o-fireCigifierGMC wood gas truckOther Designs OnlineGasifier System Componentsoverview - gallery - reactor options -manfacturing - FAQ - test reports -downloads - purchaseGasifier Experimenters Kit:Manufacturing StrategyThe GEK is easily manufactured at small or largescale using standard sheet steel. No dimensionedmetal or other specialized shapes are required.The sheet steel is cut into three basic part types:vessel tubes, flange rings, and end plates. Here arethe CAD drawings for all parts to form the hopper,gas cowling, downdraft reactor (nozzle andconstriction type) cyclone and swirl burner:Technical ResourcesGasification Worshop (June, 08)The resulting parts are pictured below. (left toright: hopper, gas cowling, downdraft reactor andinsulation tube, cyclone, and swirl burner)http://www.allpowerlabs.org/gasification/gek/manufacturing.html (2 of 6) [10/9/2008 08:00:23]

Gasifier Experimenters Kitmore picturesThe full set of vessel tubes is cut from one sheet of4' x 8' mild steel (1/16" thick). A typical threewheel manual roller forms the flat parts intocylinders. All the flanges and end plates are cutfrom one third of a 4' x 8' sheet mild steel (1/8"thick).Below is the layout pattern for the 1/16" and 1/8"sheets. Note the nesting of "rings within rings" forthe flange rings and end plates. The width of aplasma cut is about equal to the 1/16" vessel tubethickness. Therefore the offset between the outerand inner cut parts corresponds nicely with theouter and inner diameter of the related vessel tube.This layout method minimizes wasted materialand cut time, while insuring a perfect "ondimension" fit. The flange rings and end platesalso second as the the "jig" to final form the tubeshttp://www.allpowerlabs.org/gasification/gek/manufacturing.html (3 of 6) [10/9/2008 08:00:23]

Gasifier Experimenters Kitto true round before welding the tube seams.The ALL Power Labs shop cuts these part with aCNC plasma table that achieves 0.05" accuracy tothe CAD drawings. The parts can also be cut byhand with a handheld plasma torch and ahomemade protractor to guide the torch around thecircles. For larger production runs, the piecescould be punched, likely also with a reduction inmetal thickness. We are using metal that is thickerthan necessary as it easier for the end user to weldand modify.http://www.allpowerlabs.org/gasification/gek/manufacturing.html (4 of 6) [10/9/2008 08:00:23]

Gasifier Experimenters KitTo simplify shipping, the kit is designed so vesseltubes nest inside each other like a "Russian Doll".Flange rings and end plates similarly bunch into athin pancake. Total package dimension: 24" x 17".The weight is below 150lbs, so it can ship UPSground, avoiding the hassles of freight shipment.The tube pieces can also be left unrolled and theentire kit shipped as a flat package.http://www.allpowerlabs.org/gasification/gek/manufacturing.html (5 of 6) [10/9/2008 08:00:23]

Gasifier Experimenters KitHere are pictures of a fully assembled GEK unitbuilt from scrap tanks and manufactured plates.All GEK parts and assemblies are built on locationat the ALL Power Labs shop in Berkeley, CA,USA.http://www.allpowerlabs.org/gasification/gek/manufacturing.html (6 of 6) [10/9/2008 08:00:23]

Gasifier Experimenters KitALL Power Labs: Tools for Power HackingGasification Home:The BasicsThe Science of BiomassGasificationGasifier TypesHow to Build a GasifierGasifier Experimenters Kit (GEK)Quadrafier (4 in 1)Gas-can-o-fireCigifierGMC wood gas truckOther Designs Onlineoverview - gallery - reactor options -manfacturing - FAQ - test reports - downloads -purchaseGEK: Frequently AskedQuestionssorry, still in progress . . .http://www.allpowerlabs.org/gasification/gek/faq.html (1 of 2) [10/9/2008 08:00:24]

Gasifier Experimenters KitGasifier System ComponentsTechnical ResourcesGasification Worshop (June, 08)http://www.allpowerlabs.org/gasification/gek/faq.html (2 of 2) [10/9/2008 08:00:24]

Gasifier Experimenters KitALL Power Labs: Tools for Power HackingGasification Home:The BasicsThe Science of GasificationGasifier Typesoverview - gallery - reactor options -manfacturing - FAQ - test reports -downloads - purchaseGEK Report IndexHow to Build a GasifierGasifier Experimenters Kit (GEK)Quadrafier (4 in 1)Gas-can-o-fireCigifierGMC truckOther Designs Onlinehttp://www.allpowerlabs.org/gasification/gek/gekreports/gekreports.html (1 of 3) [10/9/2008 08:00:25]

Gasifier Experimenters KitGasifier System ComponentsTechnical ResourcesGasification Worshop (June, 08)GEK Report #1:Air Preheating Tubes: Zero Tar GasGEK Report #2:Soot Deposition on Air PreheatingTubesGEK Report#3: Temperature Profile Data forAir Preheating /Syngas Coolinghttp://www.allpowerlabs.org/gasification/gek/gekreports/gekreports.html (2 of 3) [10/9/2008 08:00:25]

Gasifier Experimenters Kithttp://www.allpowerlabs.org/gasification/gek/gekreports/gekreports.html (3 of 3) [10/9/2008 08:00:25]

Gasifier Experimenters KitALL Power Labs: Tools for Power HackingGasification Home:The BasicsThe Science of Biomass GasificationGasifier TypesHow to Build a GasifierGasifier Experimenters Kit (GEK)Quadrafier (4 in 1)Gas-can-o-fireCigifierGMC wood gas truckOther Designs Onlineoverview - gallery - reactor options -manfacturing - FAQ - test reports -downloads - purchaseGEK: DownloadsHere are the various dimension, documentationand instruction files for building the GEK. Thefiles are version controlled so make sure you areworking with the most recent version. G-codefiles and/or tool path corrected .dxf files for CNCplasma cutting are also available on request.In addition to the sheetmetal parts descibed in theCAD drawings, you will also need the followingplumbing and auxillary parts to assemble the unit.http://www.allpowerlabs.org/gasification/gek/downloads.html (1 of 5) [10/9/2008 08:00:27]

Gasifier Experimenters KitGasifier System ComponentsTechnical ResourcesGasification Worshop (June, 08)Sizing info for downdrafts and otherconfiguration info is on the resources pageAll the below material is open source and activelysupported by ALL Power Labs. You are welcometo use it for any personal or non-commercialfabrication. We request you acknowledge thesource and similarly post documentation forupdates and/or new additions you come up withfor the GEK.Using these materials for commericalmanufacturing requires a licensing agreementwith ALL Power Labs. The licensing fee is asimple 10% on retail sales. If you are going in thisdirection, please contact Jim Mason at"gek_(at)_allpowerlabs_(dot)_org for moredetails.(Note: The formal building instructions are still inprogress. In the interim, look at the pictures in thegallery to understand how the pieces in thedrawings below fit together. It is really verysimple- just flange rings and end plates welded onvessel tubes. All vessels are made with the samemethod.)V1.0 CAD FilesAll Flange Rings and End Plates:http://www.allpowerlabs.org/gasification/gek/downloads.html (2 of 5) [10/9/2008 08:00:27]

Gasifier Experimenters Kit.jpg, .pdf, .dxfAll Vessel Tubes: .jpg, .pdf, .dxfIndividual Component Drawings.pdf, .dxfHopper: .jpg,.pdf, .dxfGas Cowling: .jpg,http://www.allpowerlabs.org/gasification/gek/downloads.html (3 of 5) [10/9/2008 08:00:27]

Gasifier Experimenters KitDowndraftReactor: .jpg, .pdf, .dxfDowndraft Reactor Sizing Charts.dxfCyclone: .jpg, .pdf,.jpg, .pdf, .dxfPacked Bed Filter :http://www.allpowerlabs.org/gasification/gek/downloads.html (4 of 5) [10/9/2008 08:00:27]

Gasifier Experimenters Kit.pdf, .dxfVac/Blower: .jpg,.pdf, .dxfSwirl Burner : .jpg,http://www.allpowerlabs.org/gasification/gek/downloads.html (5 of 5) [10/9/2008 08:00:27]

Gasifier Experimenters KitALL Power Labs: Tools for Power HackingGasification Home:The BasicsThe Science of BiomassGasificationGasifier TypesHow to Build a GasifierGasifier Experimenters Kit (GEK)Quadrafier (4 in 1)Gas-can-o-fireCigifierGMC woodgas truckOther Designs OnlineGasifier System ComponentsTechnical ResourcesGasification Worshop (June, 08)overview - gallery - reactor options - manfacturing - FAQ - test reports - downloads - purchaseGEK: Purchase Options (Note: as of September 2008, we're now delivering the GEK v2.0)ALL Power Labs offers the GEK kit at a variety of part counts and states of assembly. From "You build it from scratch" to "We deliver itcomplete"; you decide the relative amount of "effort vs cost" you want to invest towards your finished unit.All GEK kits include relevant parts for a full gasifier system-- not just the raw gas making reactor. Most builders quickly learn that a wood gas unitis as much as filtering, cooling, vac/blower, burner and fuel feed system, as it is the core gas making reactor. Do not underestimate the challenges ofthese other upstream and downstream components. The GEK kit is honest about the full range of challenges, and doesn't leave you to discover theserealities later on your own. Every GEK kit addresses the following components:- fuel hopper- reactor- gas/ash cowling- cyclone- packed bed filter- vac/blower- burnerWhat varies between different kit "levels" is how many parts we include (i.e. how many we leave you to buy/source), and how much fabrication wecontribute towards the final integrated unit. The end GEK is the same whichever route you choose to realize it. Thus all GEKs are comparable andsolutions shareable between different users.Kit Levels and CostParts Includedhttp://www.allpowerlabs.org/gasification/gek/purchase.html (1 of 6) [10/9/2008 08:00:29]

Gasifier Experimenters KitLevel I: $350Scrap Tank KitFlanges and End Plates. No vessel tubes (You provide scrap tanks)You can build your GEK for minimum money (and maximum effort) from scrap tanks and the above flange andend plate kit. GEK vessel dimensions are based on common propane and air tanks found in North America, so thesame flanges and end plates will work for an "obtainium" build as our purpose manufactured vessel tubesdescribed in Level II-IV.For the "build it from junk" route, you will need scrap tanks of 10", 12" and 14.75" diameters. 10" is typical forhand held air transfer tanks and some truck pony tanks. 12" is typical for 5 and 10 gal propane tanks. 14.75" istypical for a 100lb/25gal propane tank. (Warning: There's a surprising amount dimensional variation on"standardized tanks" between different tank manufacturers. This can complicate the fit of flanges and end platesto the scrap tanks.)You fight the grease, rusted in valves, and smelly impregnated gas, then cut the tanks apart (taking care to avoidunwanted internal combustion), and weld on the above flanges and end plates. You will still have to improvisefor the cyclone, filter, blower, burner and hopper.Full dimensions and instructions are findable on the download page here.Level II: $695All SheetmetalAll the above + Vessel TubesWe enourage you to resist the temptations of the "build it from junk" route, and at least start with a full CNCplasma cut sheetmetal vessel kit. The full sheetmetal kit greatly simplifies the building process, while increasingthe accuracy and impress of the finished product. The Level II kit gives you all the tubes, flanges and end platesyou need to build all component vessels --clean, accurate and ready-to-weld together-- delivered right to yourdoor.You will still have to source all the plumbing parts, gaskets, motor, fasteners, instruments, etc to build it. The listof additional needed parts is here. Sourcing these remaining parts will likely cost you more in money andcertainly more time in hassle than just gettting it all together as a Level III or IV kit. But some like to do it thehard way, thus we continue to offer the Level I and II kits. For everyone else, we encourage you to choose theLevel III or Level IV kit below.http://www.allpowerlabs.org/gasification/gek/purchase.html (2 of 6) [10/9/2008 08:00:29]

Gasifier Experimenters KitLevel III: $1395All Parts, no weldingAll above + plumbing, hoses, blower/vac, instrumentation, and other details.This is the "Everything down to the last nut and bolt" kit. Well, everything that is, except welding and painting(which is the Level IV kit). The Level III kit includes many accessary parts past the obvious plumbing needs. Seelist below. We also include good temperature and pressure instruments so you can explore what is happening inyour GEK, and share the knowledge with others.Plumbing and Accessories:- plumbing to make air inlets and nozzles- stainless steel air preheating / gas cooling tubes. 6' long.- ash handling mechanical parts- gas cowling legs- output gas plumbing- cyclone and filter plumbing- centrifugal vac/blower and motor- 10' soft hose to burner- burner nozzle and plumbing- hose clamps- filter packing- gasket material- pipe tape- nuts and bolts- etc etc.Instrumentation:- two channel digital thermocouple reader (type K)- two type K soft thermocouples, each 40" long- one type K hard probe of 24" length, with handle (good Omega instrument)- low pressure inches of H2O vacuum gauge.See here for the fabrication instructions.http://www.allpowerlabs.org/gasification/gek/purchase.html (3 of 6) [10/9/2008 08:00:29]

Gasifier Experimenters KitLevel IV:Everything Complete,Not Painted: $1995Everything Completeand Painted: $2145Complete unit. All welding and metal fab completed. Minor Assembly Required.Can't weld? Then maybe the "All parts, we weld, you assemble" option is what you need. This means we weld allvessel tubes, flanges and endplates, as well as weld plumbing and fixture fittings into appropriate locations. Youreceive an expert and accurate fabrication of all component units. You complete the final assembly details. TheLevel IV kit includes the same "Everything down to the last nut and bolt" parts set as the Level III kit.Assembly is simple, requiring only basic wrench turning and painting (if you choose the no paint option). Aboutthe same difficulty as an IKEA bookcase or Christmas morning toy assembly.Assembly and First Firing instructions are here. If you get confused, you can call Jim Mason with questions.Individual Components and Partshttp://www.allpowerlabs.org/gasification/gek/purchase.html (4 of 6) [10/9/2008 08:00:29]

Gasifier Experimenters KitFan Kit:Raw sheetmetal pieces,no motor, $49Raw sheetmetal pieces,motor included, $79Welded sheetmetal,no motor, $99Welded sheetmetal,motor included, $129The vac/blower is a long-standing difficulty for the DIY gasifier builder. There is no good equivalent from otherindustries that shows up as obtainium. Thus we built one and now offer the same to you in a variety of states ofassembly.This vac/blower kit is a proper high rpm centrifugal fan that will generate the needed 5-10 inches of h20 vacuum(a typical squirrel cage will only generate 1" of h20 vac). All metal construction will take the heat. No moremelting shop vacs and/or mom's hairdryer. The motor shaft is well protected and sealed to avoid tar fouling.The intake is 3" in diamter. The output is a 2" sch 40 pipe nipple, threaded. The rotor is 7.5" in diameter, with a5/16" shaft collar to accept the motor. The internals are configured so that gas can pass through the fan housingwithout constriction when the fan is not running. Thus you can put it inline with your gas piping and avoid theseparate valved branch circuit. See more detailed pictures in the gallery.The optional motor is a 12vdc three speed motor (2800, 4000 and 7500rpm).Cyclone Kit:Rolled sheetmetal pieces,no welding, $79Welded and painted, $149This is the standard 5" diameter cyclone from the GEK kit. It comes with a 2" box flange attachment at the inlet,and a 2" threaded NPT nipple for the outlet. A glass Mason jar and adapter is included for theparticulate/condensate/tar catch.(Note: picture has 2" NPT nipple with union at the inlet. This method was replaced at v2.0 with a squaresheetmetal tube and flange plate. No picture yet.)PaymentOrders can be placed using the "buy now" buttons above, or via check to:ALL Power Labs1010 Murray StreetBerkeley, CA 94710http://www.allpowerlabs.org/gasification/gek/purchase.html (5 of 6) [10/9/2008 08:00:29]

Gasifier Experimenters KitAll prices are freight on board, Berkeley, CA, 94710. California sales tax of 8.75% applies to all domestic US orders.Questions? Contact: gek_at_allpowerlabs_dot_orgShippingDomestic shipping is charged at real UPS ground rates, to the best approximation we can manage. For international shipping, write us beforeordering so we can figure out a specific method and quote. GEK units can also be picked up at the shop in Berkeley, California.All sheetmetal vessel tubes "Russian Doll" for ease of shipping. Level III and Level IV kits are shipped in two boxes to stay below the UPS 150lbweight limit.The weight for each kit level is appoximately as follows:Level I: 50 lbsLevel II: 100lbsLevel III: 170lbsLevel IV: 180lbshttp://www.allpowerlabs.org/gasification/gek/purchase.html (6 of 6) [10/9/2008 08:00:29]

Gasifier Experimenters KitALL Power Labs: Tools for Power HackingGasification Home:The BasicsThe Science of GasificationGasifier TypesHow to Build a GasifierGasifier Experimenters Kit (GEK)Quadrafier (4 in 1)Gas-can-o-fireCigifierGMC truckOther Designs OnlineGasifier System Componentsoverview - gallery - reactor options -manfacturing - FAQ - test reports - downloads -purchaseGasification Workshop #2:GEK Building and HondaAccord conversionGasification Lecture and Demo:Thurs, June 12, 7:30-9:30PMBuild Days: 4 Saturdays (June 14,21, 28 and July 5), 11am - 7pmhttp://www.allpowerlabs.org/gasification/gek/powerexchange3.html (1 of 3) [10/9/2008 08:00:29]

Gasifier Experimenters KitTechnical ResourcesGasification Worshop (June, 08)Cost: $350 (or free with purchase of a GEK kit, LevelII or higher)The recently lauched Gasifier Experimenters Kit(GEK) grew out of the first Gasification Workshop,held at the Shipyard in Spring in 07. See here forpictures and report.Now that we have an easy to assemble and wellperforming kit, the next Gasification Workshopwill focus on building these kits and documentingtheir performance over various configurations, fuelsand use scenarios. We will be using our new 6 gassensing rig (see below), tar tester, thermocouples,moisture meters and other instrumentation togenerate quantitative run data and resultingrefinements.The main group project will be using the GEK kitto convert a Honda Accord to run on walnut shells.The goal is a polished and automated installationthat is acceptable as a daily driver. Maybe evensomething that's more interesting to look at than theprevious effort . Towards this goal, we will bedeveloping air/syngas mixture automationmechatronics, condensate/steam reinjection systemsand other automated sensing and control devices.http://www.allpowerlabs.org/gasification/gek/powerexchange3.html (2 of 3) [10/9/2008 08:00:29]

Gasifier Experimenters KitAlong side the Honda Accord project, participantsare encouraged to build their own GEK for personalprojects. Maybe you want to convert a vehicle,generator, forge, lawnmover, hot water heater, orfire art project. Or maybe a racer for the Escapefrom Berkeley (by any non-petroleum means) rally.Now's your chance. All tools and help needed toassemble the kits will be provided during theweekend build days. You will need to buy at leastthe Level II form of the kit, but not any of theassemly options. The workshop is FREE for anyonewho purchases the material kit.The workshop begins with an evening talk anddiscussion on the science of gasification a survey ofits design and social history. Both beginning andexpert reactor assemblies will be presented, withpointers to further reading and current issues andopportunities in the field. Also included is a basicintroduction to biochar / Terra Preta and the relatedpyrolysis reactors.http://www.allpowerlabs.org/gasification/gek/powerexchange3.html (3 of 3) [10/9/2008 08:00:29]

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Gasifier Experimenters KitALL Power Labs: Tools for Power HackingGasification:The BasicsThe Science of GasificationGasifier TypesHow to Build a GasifierGasifier Experimenters Kit(GEK)Quadrafier (4 in 1)Gas-can-o-fireCigifierGMC truckOther Designs Onlineback to Gasfier Experimenters KitResources for GasificationDowndraft Gasifier Typeshttp://www.allpowerlabs.org/gasification/resources/index.html (1 of 7) [10/9/2008 08:00:33]

Gasifier Experimenters KitGasifier System ComponentsTechnical ResourcesGasification Worshop (June,08)Downdraft Gasifier SizingHere's some rough equivalencies, approximations andrules of thumb to understand downdraft gasifier gas flowneeds, HP equivalencies and reactor sizing. For engineapplicatons, I find it easier to size by actual HP needed,not by swept volume x RPM. Seldom is an engine runningat wide open throttle, as such calculations suggest.In general, size your gasifier for typical power needs, notthe rare max rates. If in doubt, err on the size of too smallto lessen tar risks from too low of temps.Here's how to approximate the relationships of liquidfuel to HP to KWe in your vehicle or genset:1 gal of gasoline or diesel produces about 15HPmechanical for one hour, or 10kwh electricity in a genset.How much HP is your vehicle using at cruise?60MPG = 1gal/hr or 15HP for one hour30MPG = 2gal/hr or 30HP for one hour15MPG = 4gal/hr or 60HP for one hourSolid biomass to syngas to power:http://www.allpowerlabs.org/gasification/resources/index.html (2 of 7) [10/9/2008 08:00:33]

Gasifier Experimenters KitThe best figures on Syngas - HP - KW equivalencies arefound in the Fluidyne engine tables athttp://www.fluidynenz.250x.com. Here's some importantexcerpts, with minor additions by me. Thank you goes toDoug Williams for authoring these numbers.(Note: If confused, ignore these details and skip to therule of thumb at the end of the section)1kg of wood 15% moisture content produces 2.185 cubicmetres of gasor 3.165kW heat from burning gas director 0.837kW of shaft power (i.e engine)or 1.12HP of shaft power (i.e. engine)or 0.754kW of electric power generated1lb of wood at 15% moisture content produces 35 cubicfeet of gasor 4,900 BTU heat from burning the gas director 0.51 HP of shaft power (i.e engine)or 0.342kW of electric power generated1HP = 1.95 cubic meters of gas per hour5HP = 9.75 m3/h10HP = 19.5 m3/h50HP = 90.75 m3/h100HP = 195 m3/hThus, the main rule of thumb to remember:2 lbs biomass ~ 1 kg of biomass ~ 2 m3/h ofgas ~ 1HPNozzle and Constriction (Imbert) typesizing chartsOnce you convert your HP needs to gas flow rates, use thefollowing charts to determine starting dimensions for yourreactor (hearth, restriction, reduction bell, nozzles, etc).http://www.allpowerlabs.org/gasification/resources/index.html (3 of 7) [10/9/2008 08:00:33]

Gasifier Experimenters KitStratified Downdraft type sizing charthttp://www.allpowerlabs.org/gasification/resources/index.html (4 of 7) [10/9/2008 08:00:33]

Gasifier Experimenters KitFuel Combustion CharacteristicsBooks of InterestHandbook of Biomass Downdraft GasificationThomas Reed and Agua Das, SERI/SP-271-3022,DE88001135, March 1988.(available in print from BEF athttp://woodgas.com/bookstore.htm. please support BEF.the entire BEF library is fabulous. buy the whole thing.)FAO 72: Wood Gas as Engine Fuelhttp://www.allpowerlabs.org/gasification/resources/index.html (5 of 7) [10/9/2008 08:00:33]

Gasifier Experimenters KitISBN92-5-02436-7, UN Food and AgriculturalOrganization, 1986FEMA Manual- Constructing a Simplified Wood GasGenerator for Fueling Internal Combustion Engines in aPetroleum EmergencyHenry LaFontaine, F.P. Zimmerman, March 1989(available in print fromhttp://woodgas.com/bookstore.htm. please support BEF.the entire BEF library is fabulous. buy the whole thing)Biomass Gasifier "Tars": Their Nature, Formation andConversionT.A. Milne, R.J. Evans, N. Abatzoglou, NREL,November 1998(available in print fromhttp://woodgas.com/bookstore.htm. please support BEF.the entire BEF library is fabulous. buy the whole thing)Papers of InterestSuperficial Velocity- The Key to Downdraft GasificationT. B. Reed, R. Walt, S. Ellis, A. Das, S. Deutch.Presented at 4th Biomass Conference of the Americas;Oakland, CA, 8/29/99(mirrored from Biomass Energy Foundation,www.woodgas.net)Monorator- Gasifier for Damp FuelHarald Kyrklund, Teknisk Tidskrift, July 21 1945.(Translation 2000, Joacim Persson )(mirrored from: http://www.hotel.ymex.net/~s-20222/gengas/)Lutz: German Ideas on Improvements of Wood GasifiersSummary in Teknisk Tidskrift of a thesis by H. Lutz,published in ATZ. Ed CVNordenswan, Sept. 1941.(Translation to English, 2000, Joacim Persson).(mirrored from: http://www.hotel.ymex.net/~s-20222/gengas/)http://www.allpowerlabs.org/gasification/resources/index.html (6 of 7) [10/9/2008 08:00:33]

Gasifier Experimenters KitComments on Lutz paper: Gasifier EfficiencyE. Hubendick, Teknisk Tidskrift, Dec, 1941(Translation to English, 2000, Joacim Persson)(mirrored from: http://www.hotel.ymex.net/~s-20222/gengas/)The Making of the Kalle GasifierTorsten Kalle, January-February 1942.(Translation to English, 2000, Joacim Persson)(mirrored from: http://www.hotel.ymex.net/~s-20222/gengas/)Modelling for Control of a Biomass GasifierDorus van der Hoeven, Thesis 0474218, TechnischeUniversiteit Eindhoven, January 2005Questions? Contact: gek_at_allpowerlabs_dot_orghttp://www.allpowerlabs.org/gasification/resources/index.html (7 of 7) [10/9/2008 08:00:33]

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gek - Page 1Gasifier Experimenters Kit●● 1● 2● NextA Lego Set forExperimentationhttp://theshipyard.org/gek/index.html (1 of 2) [10/9/2008 08:02:38]

gek - Page 1© Jim Masonhttp://theshipyard.org/gek/index.html (2 of 2) [10/9/2008 08:02:38]

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gek - IMG_0528Gasifier Experimenters Kit● Index● Previous● 15 of 37● Next© JimMasonhttp://theshipyard.org/gek/large-15.html [10/9/2008 08:03:56]

Gasifier Experimenters KitALL Power Labs: Tools for Power HackingAboutGasificationBiocharAlgaeEventsPeopleContactForward to Gasifier Experimenters Kit (GEK)GasificationGasification is the use of heat to tranform solid biomass, or othercarbonaceous solids, into a synthetic "natural gas like" flammablefuel. There are a wide variety of processes which fall under thisgeneral term- but all share the characteristic of transforming solidhydrocarbon material into simple hydrocarbon gases. Theresulting gaseous fuel is usually called: "syngas", "woodgas","producer gas", "generator gas" or "suction gas".Through gasification, we can convert nearly any solid wastebiomass into a clean burning, carbon neutral, gaseous fuel.Whether starting with wood chips or coffee grounds, municipaltrash or agricultrual waste, the end product is a flexible gaseoushttp://www.allpowerlabs.org/index.html (1 of 3) [10/9/2008 08:03:56]

Gasifier Experimenters Kitfuel you can burn in your internal combustion engine, cookingstove, heating furnace and/or flamethrower. Upmigration to liquidfuels is also possible with some additional effort and commoncatalysts.Sound impossible?Well, over one million vehicles in Europe ran onboard gasifiersduring WWII to make fuel from wood and charcoal, as gasolineand diesel were rationed and/or unavailable. Long before therewas biodiesel and ethanol, we actually succeeded in a large-scale,alternative fuels redeployment-- and one which curiously usedonly cellulosic biomass, not the oil and sugar based biofuelsources which famously compete with food.This redeployment was made possible by the gasification of wastebiomass, using simple gasifiers about as complex as a traditionalwood stove. These small-scale gasifiers are easily reproduced (andimproved) today by DIY enthusiasts using simple hammer andwrench technology. The same principles are applied at muchlarger scale and complexity to recover a wide variety ofmunicipal, agricultural, construction, forestry and industrial wasteto energy, soil amendments and other useful end products.ALL Power Labs now offers the Gasifier Experimenters Kit(GEK) to help you get started in the biomass thermal conversionarts and sciences.Questions? Contact: gek_at_allpowerlabs_dot_orghttp://www.allpowerlabs.org/index.html (2 of 3) [10/9/2008 08:03:56]

Gasifier Experimenters Kithttp://www.allpowerlabs.org/index.html (3 of 3) [10/9/2008 08:03:56]

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gekparts - Page 1Gasifier Experimenters Kit●●VesselTubes,Flanges,& EndPlatesAll Vessel Tubes, Flanges and End Plates All Vessel Tubes, Flanges and End Plates All Vessel Tubes, Flanges and End PlatesHopper Tube and Flanges Gas Cowling Tube, Flange, and End Plate Downdraft Reactor Tubes, Flanges, End Plates, andReduction Bell Weld Ringshttp://theshipyard.org/gekparts/index.html (1 of 2) [10/9/2008 08:04:14]

gekparts - Page 1All Vessel TubesCyclone Tube and End PlateSwirl Burner Tube and End PlateAll Flanges and end Plates© ALL Power Labshttp://theshipyard.org/gekparts/index.html (2 of 2) [10/9/2008 08:04:14]

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Gasifier Experimenters KitALL Power Labs: Tools for Power HackingGasification Home:The BasicsThe Science of GasificationGasifier TypesHow to Build a GasifierGasifier Experimenters Kit (GEK)Quadrafier (4 in 1)Gas-can-o-fireCigifierGMC truckOther Designs Onlineoverview - gallery - reactor options- manfacturing - FAQ - test reports- downloads - purchaseGEK Test Report#1: Air PreheatingConfiguration (ZeroTar)http://www.allpowerlabs.org/gasification/gek/gekreports/report1/report1.html (1 of 9) [10/9/2008 08:04:35]

Gasifier Experimenters KitGasifier System ComponentsTechnical ResourcesGasification Worshop (June, 08)The above pictures show a newair preheating scenario for theGEK nozzle and constriction(Imbert) type downdraft reactor.We ran this configuration at theMaker's Faire in San Mateo, CA,May 4-5 to drive a Lister 6/1 dieselgenset in dual fuel mode. Thehttp://www.allpowerlabs.org/gasification/gek/gekreports/report1/report1.html (2 of 9) [10/9/2008 08:04:35]

Gasifier Experimenters Kitresult was a tar free gas overabout 10 hours of operation. Thefuel was walnut shells at 15%moisture content.This air preheating system usesheat exchange tubes in the form ofstainless steel natural gas lines,48" in length, 5/8" ID, spiralwrapped around the reactor.When the reactor is bolted downinto the gas cowling, these heatexchange tubes fill the circularvolume where the product gasrises upwads towards the outlet.The heat exchange tubes aremostly perpendicular to thedirection of gas flow, unlike theprevious "J tube" scheme. SSnatural gas lines are welloptimized for repuposing as heatexchange tubes. They are thin andcorregated (thus lots of surfacearea), easy to bend, non-corrosiveand cheap.Somewhat to our surprise, thisaggressive air preheating systemresulted in a gas that appearedcompletely tar free. This is likelythe result of higher combustionand reduction zone temps andthus improved tar consumptionand conversion. Condensate toowas significantly decreased, owingto increased H2O conversion inthe reduction zone from the highertemps.Below you can see the clear gashoses we use for the product gaspiping. After one hour of running,there was absolutely no brown orhttp://www.allpowerlabs.org/gasification/gek/gekreports/report1/report1.html (3 of 9) [10/9/2008 08:04:35]

Gasifier Experimenters Kitblack discoloration in the tube. Idid not have a paper tar test filterrig hooked up at the Faire, butfrom experience I know this lack ofdeposition in the clear gas tubeequates with a tar level belowmeasurement for typical sampletimes with the paper filter. Theonly liquid visible is the typicalwater condensation, alsocompletely clear.http://www.allpowerlabs.org/gasification/gek/gekreports/report1/report1.html (4 of 9) [10/9/2008 08:04:35]

Gasifier Experimenters Kit(With the GEK I try to use cleargas tubes, filters, condensatevessels and hoppers whereverpossible so as to be moretransparent and honest about realworld performance, and make theprocesses more visible forlearning.)The product gas "smoke" wassimilarly nearly transparent, withonly a slight white coloration.Nothing like the usual creamcolored smoke. After a full day ofrunning at 1-2" water vac, therewas a slight brown tinge in thetubing, but nothing like the usualblack stains and soot.The swirl burner similarly showedan unusually clean gas signature.After half of day of running, theburner had zero soot deposition.The inside of the burner stilllooked identical to the original rawsteel.http://www.allpowerlabs.org/gasification/gek/gekreports/report1/report1.html (5 of 9) [10/9/2008 08:04:35]

Gasifier Experimenters Kithttp://www.allpowerlabs.org/gasification/gek/gekreports/report1/report1.html (6 of 9) [10/9/2008 08:04:35]

Gasifier Experimenters KitIn addition to preheating the air,the heat exchange tubes also coolthe product gas. I was surprised tosee gas exiting the top of the gascowling at 150-210F. Yes that iscorrect, 100C or less. Comparewith typical no air preheating orgas cooling configurations whichhave gas exit temps in the 200-400C range. Hot gas is muchmore difficult to processdownstream than cool gas.Cyclones, filters, plumbing andpumps are all complicated by hightemp gas.This success of this "gas coolingvia air preheating" suggests thepotential of eliminating the radiatorall together. In the next run I'mgoing to double the length of theair preheating lines, put fins on thecyclone, increase the size of thegranular filter, and see if we cando without the radiator (or in otherwords, incorporate the radiatorinto the gasifier). Efficiency willhttp://www.allpowerlabs.org/gasification/gek/gekreports/report1/report1.html (7 of 9) [10/9/2008 08:04:35]

Gasifier Experimenters Kitalso continue to increase the morewe recycle this "waste" heat backinto the gasifier.The internal geometry for this runwas the "textbook" dimensions forSweedish inverted V hearthdesigns for a 2.5" reductionconstriction. This is a very smallconstriction, intended for enginesaround 5-10hp. I did not do anyspecial nozzle burn path tests orother diagnostic configurations, soi'm sure what I had could beimproved upon. The fuel waswalnut shells in 1/4 - 1/2 shellform. Moisture was measured at15%.http://www.allpowerlabs.org/gasification/gek/gekreports/report1/report1.html (8 of 9) [10/9/2008 08:04:35]

Gasifier Experimenters KitIn the drawing above you will alsosee an ejector venturi based tarrecycling system. This is built intothe GEK downdraft nozzle andconstriction reactor, but we werenot using it during the current test.The inlets in the pyrolysis zonewere capped off so we could testthe air preheating alone. A run inthe near future will explore anddocument this tar recyclingsystem.http://www.allpowerlabs.org/gasification/gek/gekreports/report1/report1.html (9 of 9) [10/9/2008 08:04:35]

Gasifier Experimenters KitALL Power Labs: Tools for Power HackingGasificationHome:The BasicsThe Science ofGasificationGasifier TypesHow to Build a GasifierGasifier ExperimentersKit (GEK)Quadrafier (4 in 1)Gas-can-o-fireCigifieroverview - gallery - reactor options - manfacturing -FAQ - test reports - downloads - purchaseGEK Report #2: Soot on AirPreheating TubesHere are pictures of the air preheating tubes after 15hours ofoperation. The air preheating tubes are made from 4' lenghtsof 5/8" corregated stainless steel natural gas lines. (Detailsare in GEK Report #1). The fuel was halved walnut shells atapproximately 15% moisture content.I was very pleased the relative lack of deposition on thetubes. This is a gasifier afterall. Internals are always messy.Here the soot is surprisingly light, and easy to brush off withhttp://www.allpowerlabs.org/gasification/gek/gekreports/report2/report2.html (1 of 5) [10/9/2008 08:04:37]

Gasifier Experimenters KitGMC truckOther Designs OnlineGasifier SystemComponentsTechnical ResourcesGasification Worshop(June, 08)your hand. The soot is not the oft encountered tarry blackglue. I expected much greater soot and tar deposits given thetemp differential between the hot gas exterior and the coldair interior.Lower parts of the tubes have more particulate deposits. Theupper parts are without such, as the long gas rising pathwaystends to settle out the particles.Next task is to run thermocouples down the tubes to get thetemperature profile along the whole path.http://www.allpowerlabs.org/gasification/gek/gekreports/report2/report2.html (2 of 5) [10/9/2008 08:04:37]



Gasifier Experimenters KitMore pictures in the gallery under GEK v0.9 .http://www.allpowerlabs.org/gasification/gek/gekreports/report2/report2.html (5 of 5) [10/9/2008 08:04:37]

Gasifier Experimenters KitALL Power Labs: Tools for Power HackingGasification Home:The BasicsThe Science of GasificationGasifier TypesHow to Build a GasifierGasifier Experimenters Kit (GEK)Quadrafier (4 in 1)Gas-can-o-fireCigifierGMC truckOther Designs Onlineoverview - gallery - reactor options -manfacturing - FAQ - test reports -downloads - purchaseGEK Report #3:Temperature Profile Data for AirPreheating / Syngas CoolingData is finally in for GEK v0.9 internalreactor temperatures during normal runconditions. The graphics below give measuredtemps at all critical locations relevant to airpreheating, combustion and reduction zones,and syngas cooling. The graphics index thesetemps to pictures of the GEK reactor, as wellas CAD drawings of the same. I suggest youhttp://www.allpowerlabs.org/gasification/gek/gekreports/report3/report3.html (1 of 10) [10/9/2008 08:04:38]

Gasifier Experimenters KitGasifier System Componentsopen both graphics to follow the comments.Technical ResourcesGasification Worshop (June, 08)Summary:The GEK v0.9 air preheating / gas coolingarchitecture is raising 25C atmospheric air to@600C by the time the air reaches the nozzlesat the combustion zone. In the oppositedirection, the incoming air cools the outputsyngas to 100-175C before it exits the gascowling.Preaheating the air to 600C significantlyreduces thermal load on the combustion zone,which would otherwise have to do the samehttp://www.allpowerlabs.org/gasification/gek/gekreports/report3/report3.html (2 of 10) [10/9/2008 08:04:38]

Gasifier Experimenters Kitair "preheating" before oxidation reactionscan begin. 600C is above the auto-ignitiontemperature of most components of pyrolysisgas, so the air entering the combustion zone isalready at reaction temperatures without heatinput from existing combustion.Eliminating the thermal drag of coolincoming air results in higher temps in thecombustion zone, greater tolerance tomoisture in the fuel, greater tolerance to highair humidity, and/or increased turndownratio. It also increases combustion rate, whichin the current test resulted in combustionfinishing well before the reductionconstriction-- suggesting we need to lower thenozzle height from the typical "textbook"dimensions.Using the incoming air to internally cool thesyngas greatly reduces the need for postgasifiercooling. In our case, we've eliminatedthe external radiator entirely. Thecyclone,packed bed filter and blower provideenough extra cooling to drop the final outputsyngas temp to 50-75C.Full Report:This data was collected and averaged overthree separate run sessions of 2-3 hours each,in June and July 2008. The fuel was halvedwalnut shells at approximately 15% moisturecontent. The GEK was set up as an inverted V-hearth reduction bell, with 2.5" constriction.The heat exchange lines are 5/8" corregatedSS lines of 4' length. More details on the heatexchange architecture is here: GEK Report#1.http://www.allpowerlabs.org/gasification/gek/gekreports/report3/report3.html (3 of 10) [10/9/2008 08:04:38]

Gasifier Experimenters KitThe reactor was pulled at a flow rate thatexperience suggests is about its mid range ofoperation. This corresponds to 1-1.5" of H2Ovacuum across the reactor (before the cycloneand filter). We cannot yet quantify this flowrate in volumetric terms, but in experience ithas corresponded to running a gasoline gensetat around 2kwe. (Apologies for annoyingvagueness, we're still trying to acquire a fullinstrumentation suite)We hard installed 6 type K thermocouplesinto the GEK to generate the temp data. Wewere careful to keep TCs in the actual gasstreams and not touching pipe or vessel walls.We also tried to weigh the reactor duringrunning so as to measure fuel consumption,but alas, success eluded us.Here's some pictures of the process, alongwith the locals mulling over the situation(Bear Kaufmann, Charlie Sellers and Dennis).http://www.allpowerlabs.org/gasification/gek/gekreports/report3/report3.html (4 of 10) [10/9/2008 08:04:38]


Gasifier Experimenters KitHere's what we found . . .Air In: Atmosphere to Nozzles:The air preheating lines are raising theincoming air to 450-500C by the point wherethe air lines penetrate the bottom of thereactor and head upwards to the nozzles. Thisis adjacent to the base of the reduction bell,where the syngas exiting temp is 600-650C.This is around a 150C temp differential,which is likely about as good as we can hopefor in a winding gas-to-gas heat exchanger.The air temp raises another 100C or sobetween the reactor bottom and the insides ofthe nozzles. We measured 550-625C insidehttp://www.allpowerlabs.org/gasification/gek/gekreports/report3/report3.html (6 of 10) [10/9/2008 08:04:38]

Gasifier Experimenters Kitthe nozzles. The highest peak was 650C. Thistemp increase is from heat contributed by thechar and ash insulation around the reductionand combustion zones. I'm not clear thedegree to which this heat input is an addeddrag on the combustion and reduction zones,or if it is mostly recovered heat already lost tothe insulation. We'll have to measure theinsulation temp around the air inlets to figureit out.Remember, the point of this heat exchangearchitecture is to start mining heat from thesyngas immediately after the reduction zone,only after all thermo-chemical work iscompleted. Mining heat from the combustionand reduction zone may sproduce a net zerosum heat budget in the end, but it could stillreduce max temps achieved along the path,and thus impact tar conversion. Maintainingacceptable max temps is ultimately morecritical than efficiency, given the extreme"inefficiencies" of tar in an engine . . .Combustion Zone:Combustion zone temps wandered in the 1000-1250C range. At other times i've seen it dropto 800C and rise to 1300C with extreme pullrates or fuel moisture variations. The moistureof the fuel actually seems to have moreimpact on combustion zone temp variationsthan the pull rate (within reasonable limits).Reduction Zone:The temp drop between the top and bottom ofthe reduction bell is not as great as I expected.The constriction at the top of the reductionbell runs around 700-800C. This suggests thecombustion has already finished before thehttp://www.allpowerlabs.org/gasification/gek/gekreports/report3/report3.html (7 of 10) [10/9/2008 08:04:38]

Gasifier Experimenters Kitconstriction and reduction has been underwayfor some time. This suggests the significantlypreheated air is increasing the combustion rateso the "normal" distance from the nozzles tothe reduction constriction for combustion tocomplete is now too long. Or in other words,we need to lower the nozzles to again placethe finish of combustion right at theconstriction of the reduction bell. (note theconfiguration help a simple TC provides).The bottom of the reduction bell isconsistently 600-650C. I was very surprised tosee this temp stay steady across a very largerange of pull rates. The only way I could getthe bottom of the reduction bell above thistemp was to overpull the reactor, which pulledthe reduction down onto the grate and axiallyoutward, typically burning off the gas cowlingpaint. I was baffled until I pulled out theBoudouard equilibrium reaction chart anddiscovered a "knee" in the graph right wheremy temp was stuck. 600-650C is "knee" in theboudouard reaction rate change, below whichthe reduction of co2 to co slows to at pointwhich is not terribly relevant.Clearly there is a wealth of configurationoptimization and gas flow rate limits that canbe derived simply from knowing the top andbottom temps of the reduction bell. More onthis in the next report.Grate to Gas Exit:The syngas loses about 200-300C from thebottom of the reduction bell to the edge of thegrate at the gas cowling. Temps here at thewall before the gas rises up the gas cowlingwandered between 350-450C. I was surprisedto see this significant of drop just from thereduction bell to the edge of the grate, as thishttp://www.allpowerlabs.org/gasification/gek/gekreports/report3/report3.html (8 of 10) [10/9/2008 08:04:38]

Gasifier Experimenters Kitis all of about 5" of travel. Another 200-250Cor so is lost on the rise up to the gas outlet,resulting in 100-175C at the gas cowlingoutlet. (Post reactor cooling in the cyclone,filter and blower bring the final temp down to50-75C, but none of this heat is recoveredback into the system).The air inlet temps show nearly the samechanges but in the opposite direction. 25C atthe air inlet. 300-350 at the bottom of the heatexchange tube spirals, where the grateintersects the gas cowling. 450-500C at theinner grate, next to the reduction bell wherethe air tubes turn up to penetrate the reactorbottom and go to the nozzles. And again, 550-625C at the nozzles.Through the entire air in and syngas out path,the differential temp seems to hover around150C. This does not suggest the heat in thesyngas is equal to the thermal sink of theincoming air. I seem to remember the syngasout has about 40% more heat capacity thanthe incoming air, due mostly to volumedifferences (can someone clarify the specificshere?). This suggests the syngas is a better airpreheater than the incoming air is a syngascooler. The only reason the syngas out gets ascool as it does is from the added heat lost tothe surrounding gas cowling and othersurfaces.This excess of sensible heat in the syngas outvs the air in also suggests the heat exchangesystem will be relatively tolerant of less-thanoptimaldesigns, and still result in near maxpossible air temps at the nozzles. To thedegree the heat exchange efficiency isimproved, there is additional capacity we canuse to do other heating work, while stillending at the same temps at the nozzles, andalso further cooling the output gas.http://www.allpowerlabs.org/gasification/gek/gekreports/report3/report3.html (9 of 10) [10/9/2008 08:04:38]

Gasifier Experimenters KitWhat's Next:I'm interested in using this excess heatexchange capacity to support the addition ofwater/steam, and/or IC exhaust to theincoming air. To the degree we can add h20or co2 to the incoming air (while maintainingacceptable temps to consume tars in thecombustion zone) our gas quality will go up,while our biomass fuel consumption will godown. Gas will come out slightly cooler too.Thus starting with the v1.0 GEK, I increasedthe SS lines from 4' to 6'-- even though the 4'length as tested seemed to already produce themax incoming air temps one could expectacross a small gas-to-gas heat exchanger. Thev2.0 run will similarly have 6' heat exchangelines, along with an improved spiralconfiguration at the bottom of the reactor.http://www.allpowerlabs.org/gasification/gek/gekreports/report3/report3.html (10 of 10) [10/9/2008 08:04:38]

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gek - IMG_0457Gasifier Experimenters Kit● Index● Previous● 2 of 37● Next© Jim Masonhttp://theshipyard.org/gek/large-2.html [10/9/2008 08:06:40]

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Escape From Berkeley (by any non-petroleum mean necessary)BlogAboutFAQVehiclesRouteJudgesPressSupportSponsorsRace Kick-off and Vehicle Show Case October 10th, 2008, 8 to Midnight0 Comments Published October 8th, 2008 in UncategorizedEscape from Berkeley, Kick-off party and Vehicle Showcase, at the Shipyard Labs 1010 Murray Street in Berkeley, CA. Entry is a slidingscale five to fifteen, with all proceeds going to the race.The night before the Escape from Berkeley rally commences come gawk and meet the Racers. Lay down your bets, who will win and whowill be voted sexiest vehicle. Enjoy, Fired Scottish whiskey by Jon Sarriagarte, Orations and evocations by non-other than Dr. Hal and JohnHell, and a surprise libation from Flash.The next morning, Saturday, Oct 11, 2008 at 9:30 we begin the Escape. All are welcome to join the as we hold a formal Rally startcomplete with the singing of the National Anthem by racer Paul J. Travitzky.of the Alabama Green Team.Or join us Along the route.Saturday:Day 1 CheckpointsFirst – The Warehouse @ Port Costa Bayfront5 Canyon Lake Drive, Port Costa, CASecond –Moccasin PowerhouseAddress: 1 Lakeshore Dr, MoccasinDay 1 CampsiteYosemite Pines RV ResortDay 2 CheckpointsFirst – Tioga Gas Mart22 Vista Point Rd, Lee Vining, CASecond – Keough’s Hot SpringsResort Address: 800 Keough Hot Springs Rd, BishopDay 2 CampsiteThe Lone Pine campsite701 S Main St. Lone Pine, CA 93545Day 3 CheckpointsFirst – Furnace Creek Steam Engine190 Highway, Death Valley, CASecond – Amargosa Opera HouseAddress: 608 Death Valley Junction, Death Valley, CADay 3 Hotel – Sahara Hotel and Casino, Las VegasSahara Hotel and Casino2535 Las Vegas Blvd. SouthLas Vegas, NV 89109More info on the race events: http://www.escapefromberkeley.com.See you at the races (by any non-petroleum means).http://www.escapefromberkeley.com/ (1 of 6) [10/9/2008 08:06:58]

Escape From Berkeley (by any non-petroleum mean necessary)Join us along the route0 Comments Published October 5th, 2008 in UncategorizedNot racing but still want to be a part of the adventure? Come join us along the route.Click here for details.James Watt Memorial VIP Dinner - Friday October 10th - SOLD OUT0 Comments Published October 1st, 2008 in UncategorizedIn the spirit of innovation, Shipyard Labs is hosting an honorary dinner for race participants and VIP benefactors. James Watt was theScottish inventor who improved the Newcomen steam engine to create the key machine used to jump-start the Industrial Revolution. Thisdinner is a chance to meet with the rally participants and talk with them one-on-one about their alternative energy exploits. The dinnerbegins at 5pm and runs until 8. You may purchase a VIP ticket to the dinner via Paypal for $50.The dinner will be followed by the vehicle showcase and send-off party beginning at 8pm. The party is open to the public. Shipyard Labsinvites you to come and enjoy an exciting evening with the variety of alternative vehicles before they make the mad dash to escape fromBerkeley on Saturday morning at 10am.Vehicle Showcase Party - (10/10/08) - Shipyard Labs - 1010 Murray St, Berkeley, CA, 94710 - $5 suggested donation.Rally Start (10/11/08) - Shipyard Labs - 9am sharp - free and open to the publicA 3 Day Competition for Alternatively Fueled Vehicles0 Comments Published September 30th, 2008 in UncategorizedLatest Press Release:A 3 Day Competition for Alternatively Fueled VehiclesEscape From Berkeley - a Road Rally from Berkeley to Las VegasBerkeley, CA - (September 25, 2008) – Shipyard Labs is sponsoring an event to “Escape from Berkeley (by any non-petroleum meansnecessary)”, a road rally of alternatively powered vehicles from Berkeley, California to Las Vegas, Nevada. The rally challenges contestantsto start their engines on anything other than petroleum, and by any means necessary, having the vehicles show up at the Sahara in LasVegas three days later using only fuels and power scavenged along the route.Contestants cannot begin with more than the equivalent of a gallon of fuel, nor purchase it along the way. Rally organizers expect a mashupof “Mad Max meets the DARPA Grand Challenge.” Cash prizes and awards for a variety of areas: the rally time winner, most difficulthttp://www.escapefromberkeley.com/ (2 of 6) [10/9/2008 08:06:58]

Escape From Berkeley (by any non-petroleum mean necessary)engineering problem attempted, worst idea actually made to kind of work, sexiest vehicle on the road, and smallest carbon footprintbetween Berkeley and VegasCurrently, Racers David Bransby and Wayne Keith of Springville, Ala., are on a nationwide tour in their Dodge Dakota bio-truck to raisepublic awareness about renewable energy. For more information about this team and the other racers visit the main event sitewww.escapefromberkeley.com.The rally kicks-off the festivities with a VIP dinner and vehicle showcase October 10th 5pm to 12am at Shipyard Labs, 1010 Murray Street,in Berkeley, CA. Teams will show case their vehicles to the public. The rally starts October 11th at 10 am with a National Anthem sendoffby Racer Paul J. Travitzky. The event will culminate with an awards ceremony in Las Vegas, NV October 13th. A panel of Judges, whichincludes Burning Man organizer Michael Michael, futurist Paul Saffo, Internet Archive founder Brewster Kahle, and senior editor at Reasonmagazine Brian Doherty, will judge who gets the top prize.For more information about Escape from Berkeley contact Jessica Hobbs jess@escapefromberkeley.com.###The Green Team in the News0 Comments Published September 24th, 2008 in UncategorizedT-CO Alternative Fuels has featured Green Team members Wayne Keith and David Bransby in their latest newscast. Read the story hereto learn more about the history of Wayne’s bio-truck. Be sure to watch the video where Wayne and David explain the mechanics of thetruck and give a tour of the gasifier. Also read about them on Auburn University Newsmakers.Prisoners Of Petroleum - Mother Earth News Blog0 Comments Published September 24th, 2008 in Uncategorizedhttp://www.escapefromberkeley.com/ (3 of 6) [10/9/2008 08:06:58]

Escape From Berkeley (by any non-petroleum mean necessary)Contestant Jack McCornack has written about the rally in his blog for Mother Earth News in Oregon. Jack will be racing a likeness of theLotus Seven featured in the ’60’s TV show “The Prisoner.” Read the whole blog post here. Stayed tuned for more updates.Vehicle Showcase & Send-off Party OCTOBER 10th0 Comments Published September 21st, 2008 in UncategorizedThe night before the rally begins, October 10th, Shipyard Labs will be hosting a vehicle showcase and party that is open to the public. Allthe vehicles in the rally will be present and gearing up for the race, so this is a great time to experience a piece of the event withouttraveling the route. Party starts at 8pm and goes until 12. Directions hereThe Route0 Comments Published September 19th, 2008 in UncategorizedClick here to view a scrollable and sizable Google map of the route.Interested in being part of this unique event?0 Comments Published September 18th, 2008 in UncategorizedVolunteer for Escape From Berkeley!We are looking for volunteers to help us in all areas of the race events:Pre Race-Friday October 10th - Vehicle Showcase & Send-off Party 8-12pm at Shipyard Labs-Saturday October 11th: Race Starting Ceremony 10am at Shipyard LabsOn the road – Experience the Race while it happens-Checkpoint monitors-Camp hosts-Road support-Las Vegas-Reception committeehttp://www.escapefromberkeley.com/ (4 of 6) [10/9/2008 08:06:58]

Escape From Berkeley (by any non-petroleum mean necessary)-Awards ceremonyAll enthusiasts’ welcome.Contact:Jessjess@jesshobbs.comJakejake@escapefromberkeley.comShipyard Labs Open Shop Weekends-September 20&21st-September 27&28thThe next two weekends will be open shop weekends at Shipyard Labs. The rally is coming up quickly so the shop should be very active.These are excellent times to drop by if you are interested in volunteering. Come on over to learn more about the race.Also visit the Volunteer page for information about campsites and checkpoints along the route.Escape From Berkeley at “How Berkeley Can You Be” Festival0 Comments Published September 17th, 2008 in EventsCome drop by and visit us at the upcoming How Berkeley Can You BeFestival on September 28th. Its “the worlds zaniest parade followed by anall-day festival in the park.” It promises to be a good time. Come and learnmore about road rallies and alternative energy in the context of a Berkeleywidegreen event. Click here for directions and more information.« Previous EntriesSearch BlogMeta●●●LoginValid XHTMLValid CSS● WordPress 2.3.3●Blogroll❍❍❍ShipyardLabsShipyardLabs YouTubeWhat I am uptoCategories● Events (1)● Monthly Open Shop(4)● Uncategorized (14)LatestPostsRSS● Race Kickoffand VehicleShow CaseOctober 10th,2008, 8 toMidnight● Join usalong theroute● James WattMemorial VIPDinner - Fridayhttp://www.escapefromberkeley.com/ (5 of 6) [10/9/2008 08:06:58]

Escape From Berkeley (by any non-petroleum mean necessary)October 10th -SOLD OUT● A 3 DayCompetitionforAlternativelyFueledVehicles● The GreenTeam in theNews● Prisoners OfPetroleum -Mother EarthNews Blog● VehicleShowcase &Send-off PartyOCTOBER 10th●The Route● Interestedin being partof this uniqueevent?● EscapeFrom Berkeleyat “HowBerkeley CanYou Be”FestivalPowered by WordPress 2.3.3, K2 Beta Two r167 and Black Minimalism ThemeRSS Entries and RSS Commentshttp://www.escapefromberkeley.com/ (6 of 6) [10/9/2008 08:06:58]

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The Algae LabHomeIt's a fact. Food, fuel, fertilizer, fresh water, and arable land-- all arerunning out.But there is a crop that can grow in salt water, on true waste land,creating all the products we need by eating greenhouse gases andwater water. And can grow 100x faster than conventional crops.Algae! A truly green crop for a sustainable future.We are the Shipyard algae lab community.We have created the world's first community algae labfor the development of open-source, DIY-oriented algaetechnology, to facilitate the co-operative pursuit of this new form ofagriculture -- and we invite you to come learn how to raise algaeand transform them into exciting products!Hands-on Weekend Algaculture WorkshopOctober 18-19, 2008Video from ourAugust 10th Lab Opening!Whether you are looking for a job in the exploding algae biofuelsfield, or thinking about creating your own farm, we can help youget up to speed!We have created an independent, non-profit algae laboratory forteaching and research using low-cost, widely-available materials,and we would love to teach you how! Get on board with thisexciting, expanding field that's truly "green"!http://algaelab.org/ [10/9/2008 08:14:02]


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gasifierv1_0 - Page 1Gasification NYE 2006●● 1● 2● 3● Nextgasifierv1.0© Jess Hobbs 2006http://www.jesshobbs.com/gasifier1.0/ [10/9/2008 08:16:20]

First FiringSept, 08. See updated gasifier at: Gasifier Experimenters Kit (GEK)Gasified 5kw generator: coffee, sawdust, wood pellets, cardboard and other solid biomass to electricity.The photos below are of the V2.0 gasifier I made from an junk air compressor double tank, and a variety of other obtainium around the shop. I am using this as a learning rig,with no intended end use other than learning about gasifiers through building them.The plan is to build small versions of each of the main 4 types of gasifiers on the same frame, of approximately the same size, allowing for easy comparison between the types.Currently there is an updraft gasifier on the left (grateless design) and a stratified downdraft on the right. In the coming weeks there wil be a cross-draft and fluidized bed addedto the same fame. In these pictures, we are running the downdraft version on the right. Pictures from the previous updraft one (V1.0) are findable here. The previous onegenerated gas for an air burst type flamethower.The goal with these units is very quick iterative building, using only junk at hand and a few readily findable parts at home depot. My rule was i could only use things i alreadyhad around the shop, or could expect to find at the local auto junkyard, or on the shelves of home depot. No McMaster Carr orders. No fully integrated heat recycling embeddedprocessor temp and O2 sensor metering and and feedback modulation. That will come later . . .Thus I started with a junk 2x air compressor tank and welded various plumbing fittings into it for the gas inlets and outlets. The grate in the downdraft is cut from a chappatiflipper stainless steel spatula I bought at local Indian spice store (that was cheating, i know, but it was perfect).The "cyclone" is a 10 gal metal bucket that was borrowed from the local gas station. I've used a hammer smashed flex exhaust pipe to try to get a little cyclone circulation withouthaving to fabricate the taper. The filter in the top is from a shop vac.The cooler/condensor is a car radiator.The piping is a combination of flex exhaust pipe, hydralic hose, home vacuum tubing, and duct tape.The fan is a small shop vac run on a variac (light dimmer) so i can alter the gas flow to see the related effects.The generator is a standard generac type 5kw briggs and stratten type gas generator. The grinder in the pictures below is running off it while on woodgas.The woodgas carb is the existing briggs and stratton carburetor, with a ball valve restrictor added to the air intake of the carburetor. Adjusting the resistance on the air intakeallows varying the vacuum on the gasifier and thus gas:air mixture until it is proper (about 1:1). The existing butterfly plate in the carburetor continues to be the throttle, with theexisting generator governor controlling engine speed.The unit is started on gasoline with the regular carburetor, then the fuel cock is shut off. As the engine runs out of gas, the air restrictor ball valve is adjusted to start pulling gasfrom the gasifier. The transition is fast and a little rough, but can be smoothed out by keeping the choke about half way shut..The gasifier is prestarted and wamed up with the shop vac.These are pictures are not great, but there will be more soon.Pictures from V1.0, which was run on NYE 06/07, are findable here.http://whatiamupto.com/gasification/firstfiring.htm (1 of 16) [10/9/2008 08:16:23]

First FiringJim Mason 1/27/07http://whatiamupto.com/gasification/firstfiring.htm (2 of 16) [10/9/2008 08:16:23]

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OverviewHomeThe BasicsHow it worksHistory (and Future)Biomass as SolarEnergyPathways of BiomassConversionWorkshopsThe MechabolicHypothesisThe Science ofGasificationFour Core ProcessesHow a Match BurnsProduct Gas/CharVariabilitySept, 08. See updated gasifier at: Gasifier Experimenters Kit(GEK)Fuel from Waste Biomass:Experiments in Pyrolysis, Gasificationand CombustionGasification is the general term used for processes where heat isused to tranform solid biomass into a "natural gas like" flammablefuel. Through gasification, we can take nearly any solid biomasswaste and convert it into a clean burning, carbon neutral, gaseousfuel. Whether starting with wood scraps or coffee grounds,municipal trash or junk tires, the end product is a flexible gaseousfuel you can burn in your gasoline engine, cooking stove, heatingfurnace and/or flamethrower. Apply a little additional effort andvarious liquid and solid fuels are possible too.Sound impossible?http://whatiamupto.com/gasification/index.html (1 of 4) [10/9/2008 08:16:55]

OverviewBiomass FuelVariabilityTerra PretaGasifier Types4 Problems, 1000SolutionsUpdraftDowndraftCrossdraftFluidized BedTop Lit Updraft(TLUD)Entrained FlowKalleMasonDemos andExperimentsQuadrafier (4 in 1)Gas-can-o-fireCigifierToiletGMC truckHow to Build aGasifierOne Minute DesignsOne Hour DesignsOne Day DesignsOne Weekend DesignsDesign Your OwnSizing CalculatorOther Designs OnlineWell, over one million vehicles in Europe ran onboard gasifiersduring WWII to make fuel from wood and charcoal, as gasoline anddiesel were rationed and/or unavailable. Long before there wasbiodiesel and ethanol, we actually succeeded in a large-scale,alternative fuels redeployment. That redeployment was madepossible by the gasification of waste biomass, using simple gasifiersabout as complex as a traditional wood stove.Gasifiers are easily reproduced (and improved) today by DIYenthusiasts, using simple hammer and wrench technology. The goalof this site is to show you how to do it.But a small warning before you start. . .Those who venture into the realms of pyrolysis, gasification andcombustion, seldom re-emerge unscathered (if they ever re-emergeat all). For soon after the heat is applied, the LEGO box of organicchemistry always unwraps itself, and pieces start falling out all overthe floor. Through we are given only three easy pieces with whichto work, (carbon, hydrogen and oxygen), the potential "solutions" tothe puzzle are near limitless. Most soon find themselves deep inwondering about the elegance of the carbon based energy system, aswell as the many ways in which a gasifier can be designed totransact the puzzle pieces towards a multitude of desired endproducts.May the reassembly be for you, as deeply revealing of the largerbiological and energy systems around us, as it has been for me.Full Gasifier SystemsWhat is NeededParticulate FilteringCoolers/Radiatorshttp://whatiamupto.com/gasification/index.html (2 of 4) [10/9/2008 08:16:55]

OverviewCarburetorsPlumbingEngine ModificationsFuel Pre-processingTechnical ResourcesGas ChartsFlow and SizingTablesCommon ConversionsSizing CalculatorTest EquipmentetcetcLinkshttp://whatiamupto.com/gasification/index.html (3 of 4) [10/9/2008 08:16:55]

Overviewhttp://whatiamupto.com/gasification/index.html (4 of 4) [10/9/2008 08:16:55]

Untitled DocumentHomeProject DescriptionOverviewTechnologyPhysical SpecificsDrawingsPeopleWorkshopsPhilosophyMotivationMechabolic HypothesisLogisticsBudgetSafetyTimelineClean UpContactThe Mechabolic Hypothesis: Cyborg Speculations in Machine Metabolism(the mechabolic hypothesis started from a series of email exchanges in the fall and winter of 06. excerpts from the conversationare copied below.)Sent: 9/21/06From jim masonTo: xxxxxxxSubject: a thesis?. . . which begs a thesis i have been playing with for a couple months.i think you might find it curious. here's the gist.the more i play with all the biomass based fuel things and theirrelated combustion machines, the more i'm realizing all this as thethird leg of the grand artificial life project of replicatingourselves: the other two being mechanical robotics and AI as digitalmachine intelligence/cognition.this bio immitative metabolic project is seldom called out as such,but it is the core project of the history of development of heatengines, and the various fuels that have been used to power them. allof which are ultimately solar radiation endothermically sprung intocabrohydrates/hydrocarbons, which are then unspring exothermicallythrough oxidation back to heat and co2. which then is restructuredback into biomass again through photosynthesis.http://whatiamupto.com/mechabolic/mechabolicthesis.html (1 of 9) [10/9/2008 08:16:56]

Untitled Documentwhether food or fuel, animals or engines, it is the same chemicalprocess, partaking of the same inputs, exhaling the same exhausts.fuel, machines and fire as the synthetic forms of food, body andrespiration. hmmm . . . sounds like an up and coming burning mantheme, minus the green-meanie thing . . .oddly, the early part of the history of immitating the animalrespiration with mechanical heat engines was fed with mostly biomasssources- from whale oil to veg oil to wood manufactured gaseous fuelsto sweage digested methane. only very late in the project didunderground petro based stuff become viable and so densely sourcedthat all the rest was soon forgotten, and its bio immitative originsconcealed. which oddly, is all that is reappearing currently as wehave found various issues with petro sourced hydrocarbons and areworking to reorient our machines of artifical respiration towardsother sources of oxidation ready input.so somewhere in all of this, the project to save the world seems to besome sort of artistic mashup of the man/machine metabolic/pyro soupwith the general aesthetic and pleasures of 50/60s gearhead hotrodculture. and big fire art of course, fed with esoteric organic fuels.biotech not as a medical idiom or project of physical flesh synarchitecture, but as a play and creative engagement with the sensualpleasures of mechanical metabolism, fire and noise, as manifestedthrough the v-8 and its fuel/food preps.all in all, this alt energy thing really shouldn't be a hippieludditite green narrative of sin and renunciation of consumption, butrather a geek hack project of manipulating artificial life machinesand their variable bio/syn fuels. a lego code hack of organicchemistry. ingesting municipal trash, tires, wood waste andagricultural debris to produce the usual heat to mechanical energy toelectrical energy that has fueled most of the gig for the lastcentury, but mostly invisibly, and without much concern for the largercycles in which this energy exchange partakes.i'm finding the positive artificial life play with the wild diversityof carbon transactions, reckoned through big machines and fire, to bevastly more interesting than any environmental narrative of guilt andsin i've yet to hear. that all this should be drag racing and opensource code hacking in the service of creative play, self-expressionand general competitive customization, done in social ground uphttp://whatiamupto.com/mechabolic/mechabolicthesis.html (2 of 9) [10/9/2008 08:16:56]

Untitled Documentcollaboration, rather that all that it is currently.thus the all power network and a gasifier fueled edsel bonneville landspeed record attempt and 1600gal of matthew barney vasoline powering acontainer camp squat art space in berkeley.you see anything here?do you think any of this has legs?j--------------------------------------------------------------------9.21.06later restatement of the abovei'm starting to see all this alt fuel thing as really an artificiallife endeavor. the third leg of the grand arc engineering project ofreplicating and elaborating the human animal. but a third leg we oddlynever call out as such.mechanical engineering has broadly been the replication and expansionof the physical body. artificial intelligence the replication andexpansion of cognition. with both now together as robotics. seemsthat heat engines and their varied fuel preparations are the artificalmetabolic system that powers all this. without metabolism throughoxidative respiration, there is no life. nor is there heat tomechanical energy to electrical energy, which powers all industrialprocess. this oxidative metabolism is what powers all bio physicaland cognitive entities. but the synthetic forms of this metabolismare largely ignored as a major challenge of artificial life endeavors.i'm starting to see power engineering as nothing other than thereplication and expansion of the organic chemistry of life. allbiomass based energy work is immitative of the natural transactionsaround carbon and hydrogen, ultimately fueled by solar radiation.petroleum was an easy to way to ignore it and just input ready madeproducts from ancient and dense underground sources (which were atone time solar energy packed and stored into the form ofcarbohydrates). sustainable biomass sources require engagement withhttp://whatiamupto.com/mechabolic/mechabolicthesis.html (3 of 9) [10/9/2008 08:16:56]

Untitled Documentcontemporary carbon and solar transactions- whether through theirforms of photosynthesis to carbohydrates to animal respiration, orthrough the gasifier/digestor preparations of hydrocarbons tocombustion to mechanical energy to electrical energy.somehow i think there is art here. but haven't quite figured it outyet. though i think it looks somehting like this . . .here's a musing from the shipyard list today about such that i thoughyou might enjoy.----------------------------------------------------------------------from the shipyard list:subject: scented fuelsdate: todaycontinuing on the idea of "fuel is food" for the metabolic needs ofour artifical life machines. injesting the samehydrocarbons/carbohydrates that we do, exhaling the same co2 and h2oas we do. all of which goes round and round in the fabulous organicchemistry of life. with solar radiation providing the power toendothermically restructure the C and H into better sprung forms, sowe can "burn" it again, exhaling heat and co2 and h2o again. remindingus yet again that the world is on fire. and man and machine burnthrough largely the same respiratory process, through largely the samechemical transformations. (the gasifier being the stomach in allthis. the v-8 being the lungs and blood.)but as we don't treat our "energy needs" as a raw energy problem, butrather as the creative idiom of "cuisine" in all its forms, whereby wefind sensual pleasure, sociality, relationship to land and distantcultures, etc etc, it seems that we should show our machines the samerespect, and enjoy the pleasures of better fuels with them, instead ofsuffering with the junk we usually feed them. that as we powerourselves with pleasure, we should also power our machines withpleasure. we could all eat gruel and live. but who does? no one.therefore it seems there is an opportunity in the biodiesel industryto sell scented fules. fuel alcohols as well.http://whatiamupto.com/mechabolic/mechabolicthesis.html (4 of 9) [10/9/2008 08:16:56]

Untitled Documentimagine that when you were buying your biodiesel, you had a choice of"indian", "thai", "italian", "sushi", etc. that you could choose theoil base of the fuel you were buying, and have to pay differentlydepending on what it was, and how pleasant it is to smell while youare driving. instead of different octane grades, you have choices ofsmell. with all the jokes and play that follows.smell is one of the few direct sensory returns from fuel, other thanones in the imagination (which maybe are mostly of interest to me), sosmell seems the place to differentiate them.the smell industry is giant. the car customization industry is giant.as soon as there is opportunity for vanity and distinguishing oneselfthrough customization, people will pay. and in doing so often pursuethings of greater quality and creativity in the process.which is the critical turn we need to make with fuels.fuel should not be an invisible need fulfillment problem. a zero sumgame of solving a problem so we can forget about it, only concernedwith economic optimization. but rather relearning it as an expressivemedium, whereby we can get past zero and into other areas of interestwith it. pleasure, play, learning, humor, community, etc.and thereby release fuels from their raw btu/$ calculus, and open theminto a realm where much more than btus are being transacted. when wasthe last time you saw food in the market costed by the calorie? i'venever seen a food label that said, "these noodles are 10cal/cent."which is essentially how we label the food for our mechanical animals.it seems to me that the personal meaning and opportunities of fuel forour machines are as rich as food for ourselves- which long ago leftthe realm of raw starch and burned meat.but currently there is no where to buy such "otherwise" distinguishedfuels. hmmm . . .j---------------------------------------------------------------------------http://whatiamupto.com/mechabolic/mechabolicthesis.html (5 of 9) [10/9/2008 08:16:56]

Untitled DocumentSent: 12/20From: Nesdon boothSubject: Re: the mechabolic projectMaybe it will need to be scaled back, but I really think the idea of trying to make energy policy more comprehensible bymodeling it as metabolism is truely inspired. I look at the way we cut our power consumption in the yard when the pEEfomaticwas installed, and how that feedback of systems that we normally keep invisible is a powerful interpretive tool to understandand control them. And this project which models machine energy conversion as biologic metabolism anabolism and catabolismis jsut such a tool.. . .It is Gaia theory that I imagine in all this. Gaia gets a bit of a bum rap from the scientific community as it was so quickly takenup by the oobie dooers, and Lovelock hit the metaphor of one global cell a bit too hard. But his idea for Gaia came out of hiswork for the Viking Mars Landers. He worked on ways to distinguish between biological and geological chemical processes. Itis interesting that the results from Viking are still ambiguous.His central epiphany was the our atmosphere is extremely unstable chemically, and by all rights should have evolved to verystable atmosheres like mars and venus both have. But ice cores and other data all suggest that our atmosphere has beenincredibly stable over a very long periods, in fact more stable than many of the important inputs, such as insolance, which varyin both short and long term trends would suggest. His inevitable and I think correct conclusion was that collectively, life onearth has coevolved with the soil and the atmosphere to form a homeostatic system whereby crucial compounds are maintainedat optimum levels for the continuation of life. This is surprisingly analogous to what living things in fact do within their tissues.It does look very much like the global ecosystem functions in many ways like a single large organism.He suggested a thought experiment he called Daisy World, whereby populations of daisies (good old asteraceas) with white andblack indviuals might evolve to vary the proportion of white to black to compensate for the historic change in insolence (a star'soutput grows steadily over time, up to a point) by altering the albedo (more black and more heat is absorbed, more white andmore heat is reflected) and thereby maintaining a constant pro-daisy local temperature.In unfathomably complex ways we all collaborate (I think the soil bacteria and phytoplankton still have a little edge on us, butnot for long) to make this world inhabitable. All of the engines we have built, we have built essentially as cyborgs, to augmentour natual human functions. Since they are all conceived in this anthropomorphic process, and then must function within thislifelike global ecosystem, they are fairly literally part of the metabolic functions of Gaia.That's why I think this Mech-A-Bolic thing is such a damned good idea. I'm not sure how to make it doable. I will certianly putmy rhetorical shoulder against the Bmorg wheel and help however else I can.Nesdonhttp://whatiamupto.com/mechabolic/mechabolicthesis.html (6 of 9) [10/9/2008 08:16:56]

Untitled Document---------------------------------------------------------Sent: 12/20/06From: jim masonSubject: the cyborg gaia ideaalso remember, the system being suggested in all this is not really asingle animal organism, but the larger marco-metabolism of solarenergy and co2 through photosynthesis to carbohydrates to heat, motionand exhalation of co2 back into the atmosphere, so that solarradiation can start it again. a giant planetary system of powerconversion, driven by the sun.that is the larger metabolism of interest here. with our industrialmachines and fuel preps, we are still rather fragmented in all this.we have the respiration part down near perfect. but ourcarbohydrate/hydrocarbon preps are a complete mess, as in we take themout of the ground, and don't deal with any contemporaryphotosynthesis.and to the degree that we are trying to harvest solar to run thissynthetic macro-metabolic machine, we are trying to use pv, which isequally fragmenting of hte larger system. yes, pv is great, but ithas little imaginative potential when trying to get our minds aroundthe larger system.and in absolute terms, the more i read on this, the more i see thatthe biomass based inputs into our existing MASSIVE infrastructure ofsynthetic respiratory machines, is what is going to make the biggestdent in all this. not the silver bullet. but likely the mostimportant comonent that can change. well, that and nuclear. allprojections for pv are not impressive. about 90% of current energyuse on the planet is petro based. yes, even hydro and nuclear is thatsmall. all this petro fuel is burned in machines of syntheticrespiration that can already use biofuels with very minormodifications.-------------------------------------------------------------------1.27.06From: jim masonhttp://whatiamupto.com/mechabolic/mechabolicthesis.html (7 of 9) [10/9/2008 08:16:56]

Untitled DocumentSubject: GMOthe more i listen to the energy debate, the more i heartwo strains of cultural bias. one is "go back to nature", which allthe associated ludditeism and wishes for a non-consumist, non-stuffbased life, and the other is "go forward to artificial life", which isarguing the good of GMO, active hacking of the biosphere, and generaltechincal solutions.nesdon's previous post about the corallary of the gaia hypothesis,that we are collaborators in the atmosphere, and it has evolved withus. not just humans. but all life. all organic life is part of thelarger biosphere organism.it seems to me that humans, as fundamentally tool making creatures,have made synthetic metabolic machines of such size at this point thatwe have injected a new type of species into this biosphere. i don'tthink we can go back to a pre mechanized time. our machines are us.and as we had the power to mess up the atmosphere through them, wealso have the power to fix the problems with them. but NOT byreturning it to how it was. but rather, by hacking to get to thedesired end state.i'm starting to called this the "mechabolic hypotheis". that globalmetabolism is now primarily a cyborg entity, as we need to morethoughfully operate our machines of mechanical metabolism within it.given thus, we should look around for greenhouse gas mitigatinggestures. the one i'm seeing as the biggest lever is methane.methane is like 4x or 5x the effect as co2. if we could reducemethane faster than we are adding problematic co2 from noncontemporary sources, we could get to a statis we like better.the biggest source of methane is all the rotting stuff on the planet,made worse by biodegrable consumer products, and worse of all, hippiescomposting things. all organic matter put into the ground in thesemanners, rots and produces large amounts of methane (ch4).it would be vastly better if we collected up all the waste biomass and"burned" it through thoughtful gasification, mining its energy as itis returning back to the atmostphere as co2, all the while generatinga high carbon ash that is a vastly better fertilizer than just organichttp://whatiamupto.com/mechabolic/mechabolicthesis.html (8 of 9) [10/9/2008 08:16:56]

Untitled Documentmulch. this is the terra preta soils in the aztec amazon.charcoalized soils. also why things grow so well on volcanos inhawaii.interestingly, such a char/ash out of gasifiers would allow us to usean already existing global infrasture for carbon sequestration. it iscalled agriculture.redistribute the char/ash as fertilizer, burying it in the ground,where it is now out of the atmosphere.there would be some balance in here where you are reutrning enoughbetter char/ash as fertilizer to replenish the soil, while mining allof its energy that wouldl have otherwise been lost when it just rottedinto the ground.given all this, i believe i can make a sound argument that a systemicapproach to gasification is a carbon NEGATIVE energy system. and onethat produces heat, power, fuels and fertilizer in the process.is this bullshit? i think this argument is correct.can someone help me see where it is wrong?jhttp://whatiamupto.com/mechabolic/mechabolicthesis.html (9 of 9) [10/9/2008 08:16:56]



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Flickr: wuonm's PhotostreamYou aren't signed in Sign In Help●●●●HomeThe TourSign UpExplore MoreoptionsExplore Page Last 7 Days Interesting Popular Tags Calendar Most Recent UploadsVideo on Flickr Explore Analog World Map Places The Commons Creative CommonsFlickrBlog code.flickr Flickr Services Do More, Order Prints Camera Finder●Search MoreoptionEveryone'sUploadsGroupsFlickrMembersFor aLocation ·wuonm'sPhotostreamwuonm's photostreamSets Tags Archives Favorites Profilepretty lat/longdelicious.errorYahoo effect?All rights reservedUploaded on Dec 14, 20052 commentsSubscribe to wuonm's photostream – Latest | geoFeed | KMLSubscribetoaYou Sign in | Create Your Free AccountfeedExplore Places | Last 7 Days | This Month | Popular Tags | The Commons | Creative Commons | SearchofHelp Community Guidelines | The Help Forum | FAQ | Sitemap | Help by EmailstuffonSave to Deliciousthispage...http://flickr.com/photos/album (1 of 2) [10/9/2008 08:17:29]

Flickr: wuonm's PhotostreamFlickr Blog | About Flickr | Terms of Use | Your Privacy | Copyright/IP Policy | Report Abuse| Deutsch | English | Español | Français | | Italiano | Português Copyright © 2008 Yahoo! Inc. All rights reserved.http://flickr.com/photos/album (2 of 2) [10/9/2008 08:17:29]

Flickr: Filmo's stuff tagged with gasifierYou aren't signed in Sign In Help●●●●HomeThe TourSign UpExplore MoreoptionsExplore Page Last 7 Days Interesting Popular Tags Calendar Most RecentUploads Video on Flickr Explore Analog World Map Places The CommonsCreative Commons FlickrBlog code.flickr Flickr Services Do More, Order PrintsCamera Finder●Search MoreoptionEveryone'sUploadsGroupsFlickrMembersFor aLocation ·Filmo'sPhotostreamFilmo's photostream / Tags / gasifierSee all public content tagged with gasifierSlideshowWhat are tags?You can give your uploads a "tag", which is like akeyword. Tags help you find things which havesomething in common. You can assign up to 75 tags toeach photo or video.http://flickr.com/photos/filmo/tags/gasifier/ (1 of 3) [10/9/2008 08:17:32]

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Flickr: Filmo's stuff tagged with gasifier< Prev 1 2 3 4 5 6 Next >(112 uploads)Subscribe to Filmo's stuff tagged with gasifier – Latest | geoFeed | KMLSubscribetoaYou Sign in | Create Your Free AccountfeedExplore Places | Last 7 Days | This Month | Popular Tags | The Commons | Creative Commons | SearchofHelp Community Guidelines | The Help Forum | FAQ | Sitemap | Help by EmailstuffonSave to Deliciousthispage...Flickr Blog | About Flickr | Terms of Use | Your Privacy | Copyright/IP Policy | Report Abuse| Deutsch | English | Español | Français | | Italiano | Português Copyright © 2008 Yahoo! Inc. All rights reserved.http://flickr.com/photos/filmo/tags/gasifier/ (3 of 3) [10/9/2008 08:17:32]

truck_1 - Page 1This is a low density gas it won't explode●● 1● 2● Nexthttp://www.jesshobbs.com/truck/index.html (1 of 2) [10/9/2008 08:17:34]

truck_1 - Page 1© jess hobbs 2007http://www.jesshobbs.com/truck/index.html (2 of 2) [10/9/2008 08:17:34]

The Gengas Pageand F. P. Zimmerman, Oak Ridge National laboratory, EnergyDivision FEMA lnteragency Agreement Number: EMW-84-E-1737 Work Unit: 3521 Dfor:Federal Emergency Management Agency Washington, D.C. 20472"This report has been reviewed in the Federal EmergencyManagement Agency and approved for publication. Approval doesnot signify that the contents necessarily reflect the views andpolicies of the Federal Emergency Management Agency." DatePublished: March 1989 APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE:DISTRIBUTION UNLIMITEDPrepared by:Oak Ridge National laboratory Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6285for the U.S. Department of Energy[Introduction][Contents]Maila Markus Almroth.tel: 060-61 88 85gsm: 070-310 17 70fax: 070-612 56 07http://www.gengas.nu/byggbes/index.shtml (2 of 2) [10/9/2008 08:17:37]

WorkshopsHomeThe BasicsHow it worksHistory (andFuture)Biomass as SolarEnergyPathways ofBiomassConversionWorkshopsThe MechabolicHypothesisSept, 08. See updated gasifier at: Gasifier Experimenters Kit (GEK)Power Exchange GasificationWorkshopsNext workshop: Friday and Saturday,May 4 and 5Gasification Lecture and Demo: Friday 7:30-9Build Day: Saturday 10am - 6pmCost: $50-100 (sliding scale)The Science ofGasificationhttp://whatiamupto.com/gasification/workshops.html (1 of 4) [10/9/2008 08:17:53]

WorkshopsFour CoreProcessesHow a Match BurnsProduct Gas/CharVariabilityBiomass FuelVariabilityTerra PretaGasifier Types4 Problems, 1000SolutionsUpdraftDowndraftCrossdraftFluidized BedTop Lit Updraft(TLUD)Entrained FlowKalleMasonDemos andExperimentsQuadrafier (4 in 1)Gas-can-o-fireCigifierToiletGMC truckWe are holding a series of workshops this spring and summer toexperiment with DIY gasification. The workshops are formally insupport of the Mechabolic art project for Burnig Man 07(http://whatiamupto.com/mechabolic/index.html ), but we invite anyonewith interest in pyrolysis and gasification to join us. The workshops startwith a talk presenting the science behind gasification, along with asummary of its design and social history: past, present and future. Thefollowing day is a 8 hour build day to convert a vehicle or othercombustion device to woodgas operation. We welcome your vehicle,lawnmover, generator, etc for conversion.The pictures and report from the first gasification workshop are here:http://whatiamupto.com/gasification/woodgastruck.htmlThe workshops intend to enable the conversion to woodgas of variousartcars and fire effects for the Burning Man event, with fuel beingprocessed and distributed by the Mechabolic installation. Out goal is 10-20 vehicles running woodgas in one place, fed by fuelstocks preparedfrom various wastes at the event. Our feedstock will be primarily coffeegrounds, dpw waste wood, cafe paper cups, non-white paper trash,junkartwood, etc. A parallel terra preta biochar agricultural effort locallyto Gerlach, Nevada will sequester some amount of carbon and ash fromthe proceedings as fertilizer, for an ultimately carbon negative systemintervention.So if you are interested in converting a vehicle, generator, pulsejet,flamethrower or other combustion based device to run on solid wastebiomass, and leave less greenhouse gas airborne at the end than whenyou started, we have the workshop for you.Here are the dates for upcoming workshops.How to Build aGasifierOne MinuteDesignsOne Hour DesignsOne Day DesignsOne WeekendDesignsDesign Your OwnSizing Calculatormay 5thmay 26thjune 16thjune 30thParticipants in workshop #1.Jim Mason, Jessica Hobbs, Chicken John, Phil Glau, Alec Plauche, LesYoung, Bruce Arneson, Steve Nelson, Roger Carr, Eric L. Forsman,http://whatiamupto.com/gasification/workshops.html (2 of 4) [10/9/2008 08:17:53]

WorkshopsOther DesignsOnlineKiko Almund, Dov Jelen, Caroline Miller, Chris Schardt, PatrickBuckley, Dann Davis, Darrel Licks,Full GasifierSystemsWhat is NeededParticulate FilteringCoolers/RadiatorsCarburetorsPlumbingEngineModificationsFuel Pre-processingTechnicalResourcesGas ChartsFlow and SizingTablesCommonConversionsSizing CalculatorTest EquipmentetcetcLinkshttp://whatiamupto.com/gasification/workshops.html (3 of 4) [10/9/2008 08:17:53]

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Untitled DocumentHomeProject DescriptionOverviewTechnologyPhysical SpecificsDrawingsPeopleWorkshopsThe Mechabolic:Cyborg Speculations in Machine MetabolismA large-scale installation exploring the bio-imitative nature of oursynthetic "metabolic machines", and their related hydrocarbon based fuels/foodsPhilosophyMotivationMechabolic HypothesisLogisticsBudgetSafetyTimelineClean UpContactPrincipals:Jim Mason, Chicken John, Dann Davis, Michael ChristianMain Collaborators and Sub-Project Leaders:Dov Jelen, Kiko Almund, Jess Hobbs, Brandi Hugo,Peef Sadow, Darrel Licks, Peter Durand, Jae Rhim Leehttp://whatiamupto.com/mechabolic/index.html (1 of 2) [10/9/2008 08:18:02]Project Management:Babalou

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OverviewThe Mechabolic: OverviewHomeProject DescriptionOverviewTechnologyPhysical SpecificsDrawingsPeopleWorkshopsPhilosophyMotivationMechabolic HypothesisLogisticsBudgetSafetyTimelineClean UpContactThe sculpture:The Mechabolic project is a large-scale bio-imitative installation of hydrocarbon based fuelproduction, transformation and consumption. Our goal is to create a fantastical, bio-machinehybrid environment --a burlesque of the "synthetic metabolism" of machines-- recastinginternal combustion engines and petroleum fuels as their parallel animal organs and plantgenerated carbohydrate foods.As a physical sculpture, the Mechabolic will take the form of an exploded assembly ofdigestive and respiratory organs, laid out across the desert floor, and mashed up with theirassociated mechanical metabolic machines (i.e. internal combustion engines, refining gasifiers,anerobic digesters, liquefiers, process tanks, condensation towers, etc.). All features andfunctions will be rendered in the aesthetics of human anatomical illustration meets blown V-8hot rod fetishism.The Mechabolic will encase these hybrid bio-machine organs in a giant "dinosaur slug" trashscavenging creature- a creature which slithers across the desert in search of waste biomasstrash to feed/fuel itself. All ingested trash will be converted to clean biomass foods/fuels usingthe simple technologies of gasification, anerobic digestion and Fischer Tropsch liquification.The Mechabolic will re-ingest the resulting foods/fuels to power its own locomotion as well asas a variety of high altitude fire effects.Interactivity:http://whatiamupto.com/mechabolic/overview.html (1 of 3) [10/9/2008 08:18:02]The Mechabolic invites participants to walk through the innards of an exploded metabolicanimal and contribute their waste paper, wood, coffee grounds and food compost to the fuel

Overviewmaking effort. Participants can watch all fuel/food processing through transparent processtanks and plumbing, as well as handle the feed and fuels at various points in the "refining"process. All in all, a fun house walk-through journey of machine digestion and respiration --from mouth to anus, oil well to gas tank, trash dumpster to carburetor plenum-- with all theinterstitial fun and mysteries of organic chemistry implied therein.The Mechabolic creature will also function as an odd sort of biological "gas station" in themiddle of the desert, collecting, processing and dispensing biomass fuels to power "woodgas"converted art cars. The proposed project includes a series of monthly workshops this springand summer to convert vehicle engines and generators to "woodgas" operation. These "PowerExchange" workshops will teach the building of simplified downdraft gasifiers, as recentlydemonstrated at the Shipyard, which produce a synthetic "natural gas-like" fuel from any solidwaste biomass- a gaseous fuel that will run in any gas or diesel engine.As such, the Mechabolic intends to become a future vision of the ubiquitous "pump n' munch"road side gas station/diner. But in this iteration, a fuel/food stop where artcars congregate to fillup on coffee grounds, chipped wood and pelletized trash, while people stroll through fuelmaking biological organs, and lounge in a rather unlikely V-8 powered, fire spewing, carbonsequestering, lung shaped terrarium- filled with orchids, ferns, terra preta bio-char, and you.The Mechabolic Hypothesis:http://whatiamupto.com/mechabolic/overview.html (2 of 3) [10/9/2008 08:18:02]Our intention with the Mechabolic is recast combustion machines and their related petroleumfuels --the foundations of our industrial energy economy-- as somewhat of a veiled project ofartificial life. Where usually a dry technical problem is seen, we want to suggest that what isreally at issue here is the the "third leg" of the grand human engineering project of replicatingourselves.Artificial life is usually reckoned as a problem with two basic challenges- one physical and onecognitive. Mechanical engineering has broadly been the replication and expansion of thecapabilities of the physical body. Computer science and AI the replication and expansion ofour perceptual and cognitive abilities. What usually goes unmentioned is the similarly bioimitativeenergy systems we synthesize to power our synthetic creatures. This metabolicartificial life project is seldom called out as such, but it is the core endeavor in the history ofheat engine development, as well as the many fuels that have been refined and fought over topower them.The biological metabolism of life is symbiotic relationship between sun, plants, animals, andatmosphere, with all combined together in a virtuous circle of photosynthesis and oxidativerespiration. Curiously, 90% of the human produced energy on the planet follows from a similarbio-imitative project of metabolic artificial life, using synthetically refined "solar energy"

Overviewhydrocarbons and various forms of heat engines to respirate them. Our current problem followslargely from feeding our mechanical animals with foods/fuels derived from the prehistoricsolar energy (petroleum products), and not their contemporary sun derived parallels (terrestrialbiomass).The evolution of our artificial life machines, and particularly synthetic metabolic systems, hasnow progressed to a point where they are no longer trivial participants in the larger biosphereand atmosphere. Though Gaia has really been a cyborg entity since the beginnings of widespread human agriculture, the fundamental cyborg nature of Gaia can no longer be ignored. Weare not likely to go backwards to a light food/fuel footprint. Rather, we are likely to go forwardwith more thoughtful forms of synthetic metabolism- ones which more reasonably collaboratewith and positively contribute to a progressively cyborg earth/atmosphere system.This bio-imitative nature of our industrial metabolic machines, as well their intimateparticipation in the macro-carbon cycle of biological life, we are terming the "MechabolicHypothesis". We hope that recasting the energy economy in the terms of biological metabolismwill highlight its systemic nature, as well as the great flexibility available in nearly all parts ofthe system.http://whatiamupto.com/mechabolic/overview.html (3 of 3) [10/9/2008 08:18:02]

Untitled DocumentHomeProject DescriptionOverviewTechnologyPhysical SpecificsDrawingsPeopleWorkshopsPhilosophyMotivationMechabolic HypothesisLogisticsBudgetSafetyTimelineClean UpContactThe Mechabolic: Technology of GasificationGasification is the general term used for processes where heat is applied to transform solidbiomass into a "natural gas like" gaseous fuel. Through gasification, we can take nearly any solidbiomass waste and convert it into a clean burning, carbon neutral, flammable fuel. Whetherstarting with wood scraps or coffee grounds, municipal trash or junk tires, pistachio nut shells oravocado pits, the end product is a flexible gaseous fuel you can burn in your gasoline engine,cooking stove, heating furnace and/or flamethrower. Apply a little additional effort throughliquefaction technologies like Fischer-Trospch or other catalyst based processes, and methanol,ethelyene, and diesel are possible too a modest complexity.Sound impossible?Well, over 1,000,000 vehicles in Europe ran onboard gasifiers during WWII to make fuel fromwood, as gasoline and diesel were rationed and/or unavailable. Long before there was biodieseland SVO, we actually succeeded in a large-scale, alternative fuels redeployment. Thatredeployment was made possible by the gasification of waste biomass, using simple gasifiersabout as complex as a traditional wood stove. Gasifiers are easily reproduced (and improved)today by DIY enthusiasts, using simple hammer and wrench technology. (see www.woodgas.comand http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasification for more background info).The Mechabolic project intends to reintroduce this technology for contemporary DIY enthusiasts,with improvements in design following from the many sensing and embedded control potentialsthat were not available during the previous "woodgas" deployment. We intend for this "artisticdeployment" to seque into a growing collection of usable wood gas converted cars and othermachines for off playa purposes. In fact, we are currently in the process of converting Ritual Caféon Valencia street to run entirely on its own coffee grounds waste. Coffee in: electricity, heat andgaseous fuel out. (our current DIY gasification efforts are here and herehttp://whatiamupto.com/mechabolic/technology.html (1 of 3) [10/9/2008 08:18:03]

Untitled DocumentI started reading and experimenting in gasification a little over a year ago and have already shownthe ease with which basic units can be made to run internal combustion engines and fire effects. Inthe process, I have found gasification to be an unusually rich alt energy technology. By far themost rich and flexible in its applications that I have found to date. Its conceptual, technical, social,visual and logistical realities are nearly always expansive, evocative and strong tonics for mostimaginations that engage it.Gasification is a unique artistic opportunity for fire artists as it is really a form of partial or stagedcombustion. In gasification the usually unnoticed serial steps and kinetics of "fire" are controlledand pulled apart, revealing a multiplicity of forms and processes. Where before we just saw fineburning, a knowledge of gasification soon has one seeing the infinitely configurable LEGOsystem of organic chemistry, refereed by that hard and always unbribable taskmaster,thermodynamics.In the crucbile of fire, with the tools of gasification, we are invited to play with the raw elementsfrom which all life and natural metabolic/energy systems are made. Oddly, we are given onlythree measely pieces with which to work (C, H and O; carbon, hydrogen and oxygen). But withthis small collection of pieces, and thoughtful thermal, pressure and catalyst interventions, we canstart with nearly any organic matter, and make nearly any end hydrocarbon/carbohydrate wedesire.As such, I found gasification to be a tremendously attractive idiom and technology just beggingfor exploration and creative manifestation by our ever expanding circle of DIY junkyardfabricator pyros. Gasification is uniquely suited to the fire interests and gearhead skill setgenerally found around Burning Man. In time, I believe it will emerge as the main idiom throughwhich Burning Man can contribute something burning man related to the larger environmentalconversation."Gasification: Burning our way to a better tomorrow"After exploring nearly all the known options for power generation and conversion over the lastfive years, for me gasification has emerged as the most interesting and flexible way to "burnthings" in an environmentally thoughtful manner. And with the recent combination of gasificationwith Terra Preta Bio Char agriculture, gasification has emerged as the ONLY current alt energytechnology that can create a carbon NEGATIVE footprint. (see "Physical Specifics" section fordetails). The proposed Mechabolic project will be using gasifier based Terra Preta carbonsequestration process to fertilize the orchids and other plants in the "lung terrariums".(for a more technical discussion, see here)http://whatiamupto.com/mechabolic/technology.html (2 of 3) [10/9/2008 08:18:03]

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Untitled DocumentHomeProject DescriptionOverviewTechnologyPhysical SpecificsDrawingsPeopleWorkshopsPhilosophyMotivationMechabolic HypothesisLogisticsBudgetSafetyTimelineClean UpContactThe Mechabolic: Physical SpecificsThe Mechabolic creature will be a large sculpture of mixed materials, environments and processes.The sculpture will be much a walkthrough stage set and fun house interactive experience, as it is adiscrete object for aesthetic and sensual consideration.We expect it to measure somewhere around 120 feet in length, 20 feet in width and 15-25 feet tall.The sections of the body will be premade on skids and containerized, with the superstructureformed through a combination of hoop and stretched cloth construction, as well as transparentinflatables. Various cantankerous machines, stainless steel tank processors, clear processplumbing, V-8 dragster engines, wood chippers, fleshy surfaces, flowers, storage bladders, etc etcetc, will fill out the spaces. A weird fantastical mash up of hot rod chrome fetishism with explodedinnards, insides made outsides, fleshy biological anatomy.The current plan is to make the creature mobile, but we are also considering doing it as a stationaryinstallation. The original notion was a stationary installation, but Dann Davis and MichaelChristian, the leaders of the creature conceptualization, design and building, really want to make itmove. This does make sense, of course, as scavenging animals move to their food, not have theirfood brought to them. Details on the locomotion scenario are a the end below in a separate section.Whether we make it mobile or stationary in the end, the basic assembly of organs and materials tomake the superstructure remain the same, so we are not formally committing to one of the otherquite yet. The main difference, obviously, is that the mobile version will need a much morecomplicated floor/belly, and related locomotion system. The materials and budget items that relateto the locomotion are easily separated from the current proposal if we eventually decide against themoving version.http://whatiamupto.com/mechabolic/physpecifics.html (1 of 6) [10/9/2008 08:18:04]The creature is divided into 3 separate section, roughly cooresponding to the head/neck, chest, andabdomen. The biological organs and processes in each of these body cavities informs thearrangement of fuel processing and combustion equipment in the creature. The creature is

Untitled Documentexploring the machine parallels to BOTH digest and respiration, with some added allusions to theplant and microbial worlds that are related to each.The technologies we are engaging towards these ends are gasification, anerobic digestion and terrapreta bio char sequestration. Gasification processes the dry biomass to fuel. Digestion processesthe wet biomass to fuel. And terra preta uses the byproduct of each to sequester carbon as a soilenhancing fertilizer. The combination will allow us to convert various types of trash at the eventinto fuel for both mobility and fire effects, and do so ultimately do so in a carbon NEGATIVEfootprint. (for more information on newly developing scenarios of terra preta, see the summaryhere. A longer academic paper is here.Solid waste biomass in dry form is available on the playa as waste wood (both participant anddpw), paper trash (both participant and project), coffee grounds from the center café, and surelymore we have yet to realize. Wet waste biomass is most likely food scrap from both camps and thecommissary. We will not be digesting or contending the poo in the Johnny on the Spots. Humanmanure take about one month to digest, so it is not possible over the period of the event to do toomuch with it.Here's the specifics of the three main "cavities".1. Head: fuel/food preparation and standardization (i.e. chewing). Machines will include a woodchipper, paper shredder and pellet mill and wet food mascerator. The products of these processedwaste streams will be conveyed to the abdomen by clear transportpipes and/or conveyer belts. The chipped and pelleted dry biomass will be stored in a "fuel pile"and made available for art cars with wood gas conversions.2. Chest- The chest will re-render the "Breathing/Burning" of carbohydrates/hydrocarbons tocarbon dioxide through a double lung V-8 engine inflatable orchid terrarium, large scale verticalfire effect with V-8 driven wind slip stream, and bio char fertilizer/sequestration.The "terrariums" somewhat mix the respiration of plants, (inhaling carbon dioxide and exhalingoxygen) with animal respiration (inhaling oxygen and exhaling carbon dioxide). The lungs arewrapped around the center blown V-8 hot rod motor, with the dragster style exhaust "zoomies"wrapping around the lungs like ribs and/or blood vessels. Additional "blue blood vessels" willbranch off the ceiling in the terrariums, with the main trunk going to the intake of the V-8. Withthe exhaust zoomies in red and the intake "blood vessels" in blue, the central V-8 will "breathe"with the aesthetics of its biological parallel.The "terrariums" will be enterable environments, where participants can wander and relax,enjoying a collection of orchids and ferns, set over a floor of black biochar.http://whatiamupto.com/mechabolic/physpecifics.html (2 of 6) [10/9/2008 08:18:04]The V-8 driven propeller, cowling and wind stream will extend out the top of the creature using a

Untitled Documentsomewhat flexible steel and fabric sock. This is the "trachea", where the engine and pyro effectrespirate the made fuel into a swirling vortex of exhalation- which we might call the "throat offire". Fire effects in the throat of fire will include typical ICP-type pressurized liquidflamethrowers, and continuous and burst flow gaseous fuels.3. Abdomen- The abdomen will contain the gasification, liquefaction and digestion processors tomake fuel for both the onboard engines as well as all fire effects. The Mechabolic will only "burn"fuel it makes from trash at the event. Zero purchased petroleum products will be used.Real time gaseous fuel production for the engines and liquefaction processes will happen via adowndraft gasifier. This will be skidded with the associated cylone filter, cooling unit and dry gasfilter.A second and much larger updraft gasifier will make gaseous fuel for the wind slip stream fireeffect. This will burn with a clean blue flame, in a manner similar to the images here, but at muchlarger scale.A third skid will hold various process tanks to support Fischer Tropsch liquefaction of the gasifiergas to a mixed gasoline/diesel product fuel. We are choosing to use the FT process, as do manyDIY liquefaction efforts, as it is the only liquefaction process that can operate at atmosphericpressures, thus avoiding the difficulty and safety issues of negotiating fuel transactions under bothpressure and heat.A fourth skid will hold the anerobic digester and inflatable bladder storage, wound into an intestinelike shape. Waste wet biomass food scrapes, unlike manures, allow for fast digestion processes,going from solid to methane gas in one to two days. The product gas will fuel the central fireeffects, as well as an "eternal flame" at the anus of the creature.All these components will be modular and containerized, so the resulting "sculpture" is madereasonably easy for transport and show in future venues. A major goal of this project is to exit outthe end with a collection of containerized alt fuel "demonstration untis", ready for storage,transport and "roll right off the trailer" use in future contexts, both art and engineering.Locomotion Scenarios:http://whatiamupto.com/mechabolic/physpecifics.html (3 of 6) [10/9/2008 08:18:04]Ideally we want the Mechabolic to move so as to "scavenge" for its food/fuel. Early designsconsidered building the creature as a sort of wheeled train, but the amount of axles, wheels,linkages, drive shafts, bearings, etc etc to do as such is daunting. the vehicle undercarriage alonecould easily take up too much of the project time and effort.So currently we are exploring the possibility of just giving it a flat belly and making it slither. Or in

Untitled Documentother words, drag it, REALLY really slow, using a track catepillar tractor built into the front of themechabolic animal to pull it.This would be rather interesting we think. No one has yet built anything between a stationaryinstallation and an art car on the playa to date. No really slow moving objects that are neitherstationary installation nor large rolling people conveyance, but rather a barely moving object withno visible wheels or discernable movement.It would be a tolerable amount of work to make a snake scale belly sort of thing out of tiled sheetsteel. 4' x 8' sheets, all nearly identical, each with a hole in the front and an attach pin at the back.Then lay them out tiled and and overlapped, from front to back. The lip overlap at the front of eachone, as well as the tremendously large surface area would give plenty of flotation. (see here) Or dothe belly as three larger plates, cooresponding to the three "cavities" of the creature, and form themwith radii at the joints so the creature can turn. (see here)Either form would not dig into the playa, given the huge flotation surface. The pressure on theplaya would actually be much less than wheeled vehicles. And as the floor is solid and the beast ismoving in inches per minute, not miles per hour, there would be almost zero dust. Also, steppingon and off the mechabolic would have no vertical elevation change, which would be interesting.The digestive/respirative "walk through" would be on the belly on the ground essentially.Maybe we could come up with a path for it to follow over the week. Make about one playacrossing each day, so it is "installed" somewhere different each night. Maybe do a winding pathfrom keyhole to trash fence, leaving a "slime trail" behind it, in the shape of a gigantic "smallintestine". Well actually, that wouldn't work, as the trail would disappear in minutes from foottraffic. But still, it would kinda work.I can slide a 20,000lb container building with my big forklift, riding only on sharp corners. So atracked Catepillar D-6 or so would surely pull 30,000 lbs of perfectly flat steel and sculpturalcuriosities across the playa. But quantative modeling, as well as on site testing early in the project,would surely be needed before committing to this scenario and planning/building accordingly.So in summary, it would be great if we could make it move, as animals move to scavenge for theirfood. But such is not a prerequisite for the project to be successful. The project can work well ineither a stationary or mobile form. We can discuss and develop each scenario in more detail as weprogress here.http://whatiamupto.com/mechabolic/physpecifics.html (4 of 6) [10/9/2008 08:18:04]

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Untitled DocumentHomeProject DescriptionOverviewTechnologyPhysical SpecificsDrawingsPeopleWorkshopsThe Mechabolic: DrawingsV5.0 Current DeisgnsMobile slithering version (drawings by Dann Davis)Body made from hoop and stretched cloth. Side exposed lung terrariums made from inflatables withsculptural steelsuperstructure. Articulating steel sectioned floor with integral catepillar tractor for pulling.PhilosophyMotivationMechabolic HypothesisLogisticsBudgetSafetyTimelineClean UpContactInternals of V-8 Lung Terrarium (drawings by Jess Hobbs)Drawings of the clear lung terrarium plants, fire flower sculpture and walkway. The superstructure if formed by asteel sculpture in the form of branching veins. both plants and flower fire sculptures hang from above.http://whatiamupto.com/mechabolic/drawings.html (1 of 4) [10/9/2008 08:18:07]

Untitled DocumentV4.0 Stationary installation version, now deprecated (renderings by John Devenezia)Organ body made from hoop/stretched cloth and inflatables . Side exposed lung terrariums made from inflatableswith sculptural steel superstructure. Shipping containers used for base structural and logistical unitsV3.0 First slithering design. (depracated)Tiled steel snake scale belly. Hoop and stretched cloth stucture. Exposed lung terrariums.http://whatiamupto.com/mechabolic/drawings.html (2 of 4) [10/9/2008 08:18:07]

Untitled DocumentV2.0 First mobile design. (depracated)Dinosaur slug on on multiple wheeled trailers made from shipping containers.V1.0 First renderings of bio elaborated engine and flamethrower. (depracated)Early studies for re-rendering the old ICP V40 plan as biological organs. These drawings were still working with the5 separate propeller wind pods to make a large overhead vortex. This has been abandoned in the current proposalhttp://whatiamupto.com/mechabolic/drawings.html (3 of 4) [10/9/2008 08:18:07]

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Untitled DocumentHomeProject DescriptionOverviewTechnologyPhysical SpecificsDrawingsPeopleWorkshopsPhilosophyMotivationMechabolic HypothesisLogisticsBudgetSafetyTimelineClean UpContactThe Mechabolic: PeopleThe Mechabolic is obviously a very large and ambitious project. It is Belgium waffle, Serpent Mother,or La Contessa in scale and difficulty. It is much too big for any single individual to shoulder, or reallyany single core group of people.We therefore have are conceiving of the project as having three separate fronts, each lead by a differentindividual over a different group of collaborators. A full time project manager will coordinate betweenthe three sub-groups and orchestrate all project logistics. The three areas and leaders are as follows:1. Biomass alt fuel processing and combustion technology: Jim Mason2. Creature sculpture and mobility mechanics: Dann Davis and Michael Christian3. Gasifier work shops, educational outreach, and fuel collecting on playa: Chicken JohnProject Manager: BabalouOther main collaborators to date are:Dov Jelen and Kiko Almund: Liquifaction TechJess Hobbs and Brandi Hugo: Orchid Lung TerrariumsPeef Sadow: Embedded Control and Automation of GasifiersJae Rhim Lee: DigestionDarrel Licks: FabricationPeter Durand: Regional OutreachLots of volunteer minions are already interested, and many more will be genetically engineered andgrown in large number very soon.http://whatiamupto.com/mechabolic/people.html [10/9/2008 08:18:08]

Untitled DocumentHomeProject DescriptionOverviewTechnologyPhysical SpecificsDrawingsPeopleWorkshopsThe Mechabolic: Workshopsdetails coming soon. see current info in "overview" and "physical specifics" sections.PhilosophyMotivationMechabolic HypothesisLogisticsBudgetSafetyTimelineClean UpContacthttp://whatiamupto.com/mechabolic/workshops.html [10/9/2008 08:18:09]

Untitled DocumentHomeProject DescriptionOverviewTechnologyPhysical SpecificsDrawingsPeopleWorkshopsPhilosophyMotivationMechabolic HypothesisLogisticsBudgetSafetyTimelineClean UpContactThe Mechabolic: MotivationThe Mechabolic is a broad collaborative project, bringing together a variety of local provacateurs, who share the goal ofartistically recasting the technology and cultural associations of alternative energy scenarios.Where energy has usually been assumed to be a zero sum game of background "need fulfillment", we intend to recast itas an idiom rich in opportunities for creative self-expression, social discourse, and general sensual pleasure. Wherecurrently we hear of only a massive and unyielding technological problem, a problem that seems to require nearimpossible "salvatory" gestures from centers of governmental and corporate power, we intend to show there are verycompelling human rewards and good leverage over the larger energy problem using the social strategies of participatorycreativity, diy improvisation, and general open source doing.Through the thoughtful application of "participatory creative work" to the larger energy conversation, we hope to clarifythe liabilities of the current "central broadcast and distributed consumption" model of energy, as well as demonstrate themulti-modal rewards that will flow in a world where power is reckoned over a "network" model of distributedproduction and consumption, with bi-directional exchange, learning and play.Many simple technologies are currently available to make each of us both producers and consumers of power. Thosewho set out on the path of creative power hacking, usually quickly find themselves more broadly engaged with the largerplanetary metabolism as both authors and deep readers. And in doing so, such individuals nearly always find themselvesin direct experience with and meaningful relationship to the systems and sensualities of both the natural and syntheticworld.The Mechabolic project will be exploring and exposing the problem and potentials of energy as exactly this sort ofsensual and imaginative journey.(see also, "The Mechabolic Thesis")http://whatiamupto.com/mechabolic/motivation.html (1 of 2) [10/9/2008 08:18:09]

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Untitled DocumentHomeProject DescriptionOverviewTechnologyPhysical SpecificsDrawingsPeopleWorkshopsThe Mechabolic: Budgetavailable on requestPhilosophyMotivationMechabolic HypothesisLogisticsBudgetSafetyTimelineClean UpContacthttp://whatiamupto.com/mechabolic/Budget.html [10/9/2008 08:18:10]

Untitled DocumentHomeThe Mechabolic: SafetyProject DescriptionOverviewTechnologyPhysical SpecificsDrawingsPeopleWorkshopsPhilosophyMotivationMechabolic HypothesisLogisticsBudgetSafetyTimelineClean UpContacthttp://whatiamupto.com/mechabolic/safety.html [10/9/2008 08:18:10]

Untitled DocumentHomeProject DescriptionOverviewTechnologyPhysical SpecificsDrawingsPeopleWorkshopsPhilosophyMotivationMechabolic HypothesisLogisticsBudgetSafetyTimelineClean UpContactThe Mechabolic: TimelineOctober - January: Exploration- review gasification literature in full (done)- establish relationships in DIY gasification circles (done)- start prototyping DIY gasification systems at shipyard (done)- identify potential collaborators (done)February: Project Conceptualization- finalize core collaborators for project (done)- finalize project scope and plan (done)- continue prototyping gasification systems (done)- build 1:30 (4 foot) model of the creature and experiment (second half of February)- set up project bank account and quick books accouting systemMarch: Prototyping, Research and Purchasing- build 1:6 (20 foot) model of creature and experiment- finalize design for creature- purchase and test various materials for creature and organ skins- finalize design for DIY gasification system ofr art cars- prototype Fischer Tropsch liquifaction and digestion systems- research major machine purchases (wood chipper, paper shredder, pellet mill, dragster engine, tanks,bladders)- explore different locomotion scenarios and test prototypes- make final decision on whether creature will be mobile or stationary- start weekly project meetingshttp://whatiamupto.com/mechabolic/timeline.html (1 of 3) [10/9/2008 08:18:11]

Untitled Document- start assembling wider circle of project volunteers- explore donations for all major componentsApril: Prototyping Purchasing, Construction and Workshops- finalize design for all gasification, liquifaction and digestion systems- attempt donations for all major components- purchase all major machines for creature (wood chipper, paper shredder, pellet mill, dragster engine,tanks, bladders, pyro parts)- purchase all major materials to construct creature (steel, fabrics, plumbing, hardware- start "Power Exchange" monthly workshops to build gasifiers for art cars- start construction on creature- start consturction of all gasification, digestion, and liquifaction systemsMay: Construction, Workshops and Fundraising- continue construction of creature- continue construction of all gasification, digestion, and liquifaction systems- continue "Power Exchange" monthly workshops to build gasifiers for art cars- start construction of pyro effects- start assembly of terrarium and plants- start fundraisingJune: Continue Construction, Workshops and Fundraising- continue construction of creature- continue construction of all gasification, digestion, and liquifaction systems- continue "Power Exchange" monthly workshops to build gasifiers for art cars- continue construction of pyro effects- continue assembly of terrarium and plants- continue fundraisingJuly: Finish Construction and start desert Logistics- finish construction of creature- finish construction of all digestive and respiratory systems- finish construction of pyro effects- finish assembly of terrarium and plants- organize transport to and from desert- finalize containerization of all components- continue "Power Exchange" monthly workshops to build gasifiers for art carshttp://whatiamupto.com/mechabolic/timeline.html (2 of 3) [10/9/2008 08:18:11]

Untitled DocumentAugust: Deal with Problems, Sleep, Go to Desert- continue "Power Exchange" monthly workshops to build gasifiers for art cars- fix what isn't working- break things that are working, then fix them too- make every attempt and plan so there is no binge over-the-top work marathons in august- arrive in the desert relaxed and refreshed on Sunday, August 10. go to hot springsSet up on desert- Monday, Aug 20: unload containers- Tuesday, Aug 21: set up skid floors- Wednesday, Aug 22: : install main machinery components and planter beds on skid floor- Thursday, Aug 23: erect hoop and wire mesh skin. erect terrarium sculpture and skin. this is a precut andconfigured post and cloth stretch type structure. somewhat like putting up a shade structure.- Friday, Aug 24: plumbing and wiring bundle hookup. all prepared and plug type. no onsite hard plumingor wiring.- Saturday, Aug 25: finish details.- Sunday, Aug 26: finish details.- Monday, Aug 27: open for interaction.http://whatiamupto.com/mechabolic/timeline.html (3 of 3) [10/9/2008 08:18:11]

Untitled DocumentHomeProject DescriptionOverviewTechnologyPhysical SpecificsDrawingsPeopleWorkshopsPhilosophyMotivationMechabolic HypothesisLogisticsBudgetSafetyTimelineClean UpContactThe Mechabolic: Clean Up (and its relation to set up)The Mechabolic will be a containerized installation to the greatest extent possible. We areplanning this project in a manner so that it will survive in usable forms for future contexts,Burning Man related and otherwise. We are therefore avoiding "loose part" on-site buildswherever possible.All creature organs and processes will be self-contained, modular units, either skidded oncontainer floors, or skidded on custom platforms, sized for easy fit inside a standard shippingcontainer. Similarly, all superstructure and locomotion items will be designed and fabricated foreasy containerizationl. We intend to make all Mechabolic components to fit into two 40'containers, Russian Doll style. And do so with each module still assembled, allowing for easyindividual module demonstration in future contexts, without having to rebuild the entireinstallation from scratch.This containerization strategy was the original motivation for the container based Shipyardart/build facility. Following the very painful "stuff everywhere and always in pieces" nature ofthe stock puppets, I decided that i would never build another large art project except in amanner that it could be easily stored and transported in shipping contianers. No rented boxtrucks filled to the rafters with a million loose parts, all ending up as a dusty rusty pile in yourshop the following winter. Containers allow for transport and storage in the same structure, withforklift trasfer between the two modes, no loading and unloading required.Over the ensuing years, this formula elaborated into an intention to also use the container itselfas the foundation for the artwork. The shipping container as the sculpture, as the transport, asthe storage. However, given our need for organic "non-square" shapes in the Mechabolic, Idoubt we will be able to use containers in raw form for the organs. But skidding each organ andhaving it easily fork into and out of a container, assembled and ready to go, is nearly as good.http://whatiamupto.com/mechabolic/cleanup.html (1 of 3) [10/9/2008 08:18:12]

Untitled DocumentA containerized building and transport strategy will create a desert set up involving next to zeroon site immaculate building. All components will arrive "pre-assembled" and only need to beset in place for a forklift and snap plumbed together. The superstructure will require more "bypiece" assembly of the hoops and cloth, but all these pieces just slide into fixture "poles holes"and the cloth is stretched like a shade awning.Likewise, this modular building strategy will make take down and clean up more of an effort of"truck loading" than object disassembly and loose part chasing.To expediate set up, maintenance and take down, we propose trucking the Shipyard forklift tothe desert for the combined use of the Mechabolic, Neverwas Haul and Serpent Motherprojects. The current DPW formal scheduling and "DPW only operators" make quickadjustments and fixes of unexpected problems very difficult to handle in an efficient manner. Itis difficult to schedule problems and fixes, and when clear long engagements are needed, DPWequipment is often stretched between several differnent projects and needs to break in themiddle of long projects to go tend to other needs. We therefore think it would be a goodinvestment to have our own forklift for discretionary use, 24/7. I will offer my 15,000lbcapacity forklift free of charge for use by these three projects, but request money to haul it thereand back.As for direct clean up, I believe the most important strategy is to have clear up front agreementson responsibilities, as well as publically stated "can't leave before x date" mutualunderstandings. Each sub project leader in the Mechabolic will have to agree to remain in thedesert until the entire project is back in the contianers, the site picked clean and magnetbroomed, with a final walk line survey. No individual decisions that clean up is "done", and it isok to leave now because the person is tired. All the project leaders have to stay until we can allsign off on the clean up effort together.Trash at the end should be a non-issue, as the Mechabolic eats trash for its food/fuel. The onlyreal expected "discard" is the charash byproduct of gasification, which we will use for terrapreta fertilizer in the lung terrariums. After the event, we want to leave this fertilizer for a localagricultural use, where the charash carbon will be sequestered by the plow and transformed intofuel for the next crop, not released as methane, nitrous oxide and CO2 during rotting, as wouldhave otherwise happened had the original trash just gone to the dump.Completing the biomass cycle in this manner, the Mechabolic project will operate with aquantifyable green house gas NEGATIVE footprint. The total Mechabolic effort will removemore CO2 and other greenhouse gases from the atmosphere than it will emit through poweringitself and its fire efforts. Such is the real and interesting "clean up" that the Mechabolic projectwill bring to the desert this year.http://whatiamupto.com/mechabolic/cleanup.html (2 of 3) [10/9/2008 08:18:12]

Untitled DocumentThe thoughful burning of things through gasification, is very different than the regular burningof things through open combustion.http://whatiamupto.com/mechabolic/cleanup.html (3 of 3) [10/9/2008 08:18:12]

Untitled DocumentHomeProject DescriptionOverviewTechnologyPhysical SpecificsDrawingsPeopleWorkshopsContact Info:jimmason@whatiamupto.comThe Shipyard1010 Murray StreetBerkeley, CA 94710510.812.3656PhilosophyMotivationMechabolic HypothesisLogisticsBudgetSafetyTimelineClean UpContacthttp://whatiamupto.com/mechabolic/contact.html [10/9/2008 08:18:13]

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http://www.woodgas.com/HomeBiomassEnergyGasification &ReformingLiquid FuelsWoodgasStovesEnergyRosetta StoneBookstoreAbout theBEFLinksWelcome to the Biomass Energy Foundation (BEF) website, here since 1997. Weare interested and knowledgeable about all aspects of biomass energy, butparticularly in high temperature conversion and gasification that can produce heat,power and fuels, as oil prices escalate. This site (www.woodgas.com) wasdeveloped by Dr. Tom Reed, a well-known scientist. Dr. Reed has served as aprofessor at MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) and at the Colorado Schoolof Mines. His career also includes research work with the National RenewableEnergy Lab (NREL) in Golden, Colorado.Dr. Reed now works out of several private labs, also located in Golden, which operatein part under the name of "The Biomass Energy Foundation." We have a separate websitefor the Foundation, which describes our current research projects and acceptsfinancial support through memberships. We hope you will visit that site as well, andconsider becoming a member!GREAT NEWS!Our manufacturer has nowadded a new “Big Brother”WoodGasXL stove thatburns twice as long andprovides 20% more heatwhere small size is not sohttp://www.woodgas.com/ (1 of 9) [10/9/2008 08:18:41]

http://www.woodgas.com/Become aMemberof theBiomassEnergyFoundationimportant.Learn More...It always has been, and remains, our intention to keep the prices of our merchandise as reasonable as possible. In fact, we havenot changed the prices of our books (with the exception of number 16) in several years. However, in part because we are a smallfoundation and because "nonprofit" does not mean "go broke," we are forced by increased printing costs and higher U.S. PostalService charges finally to increase our prices. So, starting May 1, 2008, most of the prices for our merchandise are slightly higher.At least one price, however, is lower!Visit our Bookstore!We have many hard-to-find books!http://www.woodgas.com/ (2 of 9) [10/9/2008 08:18:41]

http://www.woodgas.com/Now, on to Tom Reed's wildly popular and informative Woodgas site...!The World has been developing "Alternative Energy" - Solar, Wind, Geothermal etc.for 35 years since the first oil embargo. While these have niche applications, they arenot fuels. They are intermittent, costly and unlikely to replace more than 10% of ourcurrent fossil fuel needs.Alternative Energy Sources are a RED HERRING tolerated to divert our attentionfrom our real needs. Oil is a fuel and its products can be used anywhere, anytime.The era of "cheap oil" is over and now we need to find ALTERNATIVE FUELS (notalternative energy).Oil prices are rising and availability falling. I expect prices to at least double every 5years. This will make a profound difference to our Civilization. Our Earth would be farbeyond its carrying capacity for Humans if it weren't for cheap oil. We hear a lotabout substituting "alternate energy". We aren't running out of energy - we arerunning out of "cheap oil", and need to find an "alternate fuel source"...Our green earth is already covered with plants and trees busily converting sunlight tobiomass products and fuel. All we need to do is learn how to use the fuel fraction,mostly wasted today. See our page on Biomass Energy for details.While we have deplored the "hydrogen economy" as a red herring for practicalenergy, the WoodGas made by well known technology has a high concentration ofhydrogen and is VERY clean burning. So, we have been using and promoting"hydrogen rich gas" as an alternate name for the "producer gas" made from wood andcoal. We are now also involved in reforming liquid fuels to a hydrogen rich gas."Woodgas" is my nickname for the gases that can be made from wood, otherbiomass and waste for heat, power and synthesis of ammonia and fuel. (It is alsocalled "producer gas", "synthesis gas" etc.). I have worked in this field since the firsthttp://www.woodgas.com/ (3 of 9) [10/9/2008 08:18:41]

http://www.woodgas.com/OPEC oil embargo in1973 when I began experimenting with methanol as a gasolineadditive and oil supplement.Hydrogen is both the best of fuels (because it burns fast and clean) and the worst offuels (because it is difficult to ship and store, because it must be made from otherfuels, preferably at the point of use). However, it constitutes about half the fuel valueof most practical fuels, so making it from wood and biomass is a proven technology.Probably your grandmother cooked on a hydrogen rich gas stove and didn't evenknow it.Here is a greatly oversimplified animation of a wood gasification system made by mygrandson, Drew Reed (Senior at UC Santa Barbara). (If a picture is worth a thousandwords, for processes an animation is worth a thousand pictures.)http://www.woodgas.com/ (4 of 9) [10/9/2008 08:18:41]

http://www.woodgas.com/The animation above is our first attempt to show what happens inside a gasifier running an engine. The air and fuel are fed in atthe top, they meet a rising "flaming pyrolysis" flame front and are converted to gas and charcoal, which is consumed makingmore gas. The gas is sucked out at the right along with spent char-ash particles. We are working on a more detailed animation,but this gives a good general idea.http://www.woodgas.com/ (5 of 9) [10/9/2008 08:18:41]Site NewsWe are including an "Energy Rosetta Stone" that converts our obsolete energy units

http://www.woodgas.com/to a common well understood unit, the kWhr (either thermal or electrical). Now wecan compare apples and oranges on the same basis.The Energy Rosetta StoneThe Rosetta Stone enabled scholars to decipher the Hieroglyphics ofAncient Egypt into modern Greek and English.Our Rosetta Stone Energy table enables anyone to translate the obscureenergy units we now use into the commonly understood kilowatts.LIQUID FUELSThe first energy OPEC crisis of 1973 was all about oil, a source of liquid fuels. Weresponded by looking for alternate energy forms such as wind and solar, all well andgood, but not fuels. We formed a Department of Energy, DOE, but it should havebeen a Department of fuels.In 1974 I was embroiled in a controversy at MIT with the oil and motor companiesover the use of methanol as an alternative fuel. They won! As a result we have paidhigher prices for foreign oil and funded the terrorism that has taken a million lives,culminating in 9/11 in the U.S. Check it out at METHANOL.Now methanol has become even more important because one gallon of methanol canmake ten gallons of biodiesel, a superior replacement for petroleum diesel. Here atthe Biomass Energy Foundation we were the first to make and demonstrate biodieselfrom waste vegetable oil (yellow grease). If you would like to make a little biodiesel inthe kitchen, see our new recipe at Biodiesel in the Kitchen.Three billion people in the world cook slowly on smoky, inefficient woodfires. Wehave developed two novel "WoodGas CampStoves" that we believe far exceed thehttp://www.woodgas.com/ (6 of 9) [10/9/2008 08:18:41]

http://www.woodgas.com/performance of any other biomass cooking device because it first turns the wood togas, and then burns the gas with the correct amount of air. They put out up to 3 and 6kW of heat (3kW is comparable to the big element on an electric stove). They burnonly 10 and 20 g of fuel/min (40% efficient). While they can be used indoors withminimal emissions, we recommend that all cooking be done outdoors or under ahood.. We hope similar designs will be used in developing countries where the needis greater, but we are developing our product first in the U.S., so we have developeda company to manufacture, market and distribute the stove.We believe that these stoves will have a much wider application in the developingcountries of the world. See our WoodGas Stove page for other information aboutWoodGas stoves. We hope to see a billion of these stoves in use in the next the nextfew decades.We have re-issued our 3 volume "Survey of Biomass Gasification" from 1980 as aone volume "Encyclopedia of Biomass Thermal Conversion". The NationalRenewable Energy Lab, (SERI then, NREL now) commissioned it as a prerequisitefor me to build gasifiers. It contains chapters by various experts on many aspects ofthermal conversion and other aspects of biomass for energy. I wish there weresomething more current that covers all aspects of biomass, but this is the best todate. See this and our other books on gasification and biomass in the BEFBOOKSTORE.SITE OVERVIEWBiomass Energy is the oldest, most widespread and practical form of renewableenergy. The residues from agriculture and forestry could provide 20% of U.S. energy.Biomass has been a major concern of mine since 1974, the first "energy crisis". Thispage has lots of information on the properties and availability of biomass in its manyforms, particularly moisture content, fuel densities, and the biomass analyses andhttp://www.woodgas.com/ (7 of 9) [10/9/2008 08:18:41]

http://www.woodgas.com/energy content.http://www.woodgas.com/ (8 of 9) [10/9/2008 08:18:41]BIOMASS Gasification turns biomass into a more useful form, WoodGas."WoodGas" is my nickname for gas produced from biomass for heat, power andsynthetic fuel applications. During World War II, over a million vehicles, boats etc. ranon Woodgas. (See History of Woodgas). While I have written a number of articlesand books on all aspects of gasification, my specialty has been small gasifiers forpower, transportation and cooking.Liquid Fuels and chemicals can also be produced from biomass and as petroleumruns out we will increasingly turn to biomass as a renewable resource. I am chemicalengineer and have worked toward oil replacement fuels for 28 years (for the futurefuel security of my grandchildren and the rest of us.) Lots going on in this field today.Cookstoves consume most of the biomass in developing countries, often wastefullywith terrible health effects. We cook now much better with propane or natural gas, butthis requires infrastructure not available for half the world. A great deal of research isin progress to improve world stoves, see Cookstoves.Reliable BOOKS on biomass energy are difficult to find. We have written some ofthem, edited others and are choosy about what we publish. The Biomass EnergyFoundation Press publishes 20+ books on biomass energy and related subjects andyou can order them online, by mail, fax or phone. You can buy our books at ouronline BEF store.The Biomass Energy Foundation, the BEF is a 501-C-3 non-profit organization.Founded by the flamboyant and fascinating Dr. Harry LaFontaine, now deceased. It iscurrently operated by Dr. Tom Reed and his wife Vivian. Find out about the Historyand Current Research of the BEF. Finally, we have links to other sites that will giveyou more information on biomass energy.This Website combines two previous websites and has more content and advanced

http://www.woodgas.com/features. We would appreciate your comments either on the site itself or its contents.Contacts: tombreed@comcast.netweb hosting serviceproviderfree html hit counters701 Pine Ridge Road, #3Golden, CO 80403 USAE-mail:mike@befp.orgTelephone: 303-279-3707Fax: 303-279-3734http://www.woodgas.com/ (9 of 9) [10/9/2008 08:18:41]

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Biomass Energy Foundation: BiomassBIOMASS ENERGYBIOMASS - THE ONLY RENEWABLE FUELHomeBiomassEnergyGasification &ReformingLiquid FuelsWoodCookingEnergyRosetta StoneBookstoreAbout theBEFLinksThe name "Biomass" wasinvented about 1975 todescribe natural materialsused as energy sources.The Office of TechnologyAssessment (OTA)estimated in 1980 thatbiomass could potentiallysupply more than 20% ofUS energy requirements -if we were serious aboutenergy independence(we're not, since oil and oilprofits are international).Biomass now supplies 3%of US energy (see EIAand their table of biomassconsumption).While biomass is one ofthe best forms ofrenewable energy, it is nota great fuel. It occurs in awide variety of formsTruck unloading wood chipshttp://www.woodgas.com/biomass.htm (1 of 4) [10/9/2008 08:22:53]

Biomass Energy Foundation: BiomassBecome aMemberof theBiomassEnergyFoundation(wood, paper, trash, ...).This can be reduced bydensification(pelletization) to a uniformfungible fuel that can beeasily shiped, stored andused.Biomass varies widely in both mass and volume fueldensity. It varies in chemical composition and theproximate/ultimate analysis gives records this data. Itoften has high water content, and the different methodsof recording and measuring MC can be confusing.While biomass can be used directly (mostly in wood fires),it can be converted to higher forms of fuels. Biomass isconverted to various fuel forms in thermal (combustion,pyrolysis and gasification) processes and biological(fermentation and digestion) processes. Click here for aroad map to all the various biomass conversionprocesses.Probably most of you were exposed to chemistry in highschool and promptly forgot it. The chemistry of biomassand other conversion processes is very simple, involvingprimarily carbon, C, hydrogen, H and oxygen, O. A briefexplanation is given here in terms of a "Ternary diagram"of fuels which will help to keep the chemistry of fuelsstraight in your minds.Air Fuel Ratios for biomass pyrolysis, gasification andcombustion:Air is the primary requirement for these thermal reactionshttp://www.woodgas.com/biomass.htm (2 of 4) [10/9/2008 08:22:53]

Biomass Energy Foundation: Biomassof biomass, and adjusting to the correct air fuel ratio hasgiven us incredibly clean cars in the last 20 years. Thisdiagram shows the air-fuel ratios for pyrolysis,gasification and combustion of biomass.This website is devotedprimarily to biomassgasification, the primarybusiness and pleasure of TomReed over the last 3 decades.However, all combustion andgasification processes mustpass through pyrolysis at lowtemperature, so there is a lotof information here aboutpyrolysis and combustion aswell.Biomass fuels arecharacterized by what is calledthe "Proximate and Ultimateanalyses". They can be burneddirectly for heat or to makesteam for power. The"proximate" analysis givesmoisture content, volatilecontent (when heated to 950C), the free carbon remainingat that point, the ash (mineral)in the sample and the highheating value (HHV) based onthe complete combustion ofthe sample to carbon dioxideand liquid water. (The lowOne inch birch dowellpyrolysing at 600Chttp://www.woodgas.com/biomass.htm (3 of 4) [10/9/2008 08:22:53]

Biomass Energy Foundation: Biomassheating value, LHV, gives theheat released when thehydrogen is burned to gaseouswater, corresponding to mostheating applications.)The "ultimate" analysis" gives the composition of thebiomass in wt% of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen (themajor components) as well as sulfur and nitrogen (if any).The attached table of Proximate and Ultimate analysesis from Appendix A of our book1, and gives analyses ofover 140 fuels, including biomass components, naturalbiomass (woods, agricultural products), processedbiomass, other solid and liquid fuels.(1) "Thermal Data for Natural and Synthetic Fuels", S.Gaur and T. Reed, Marcel Dekker, 1998.http://www.woodgas.com/biomass.htm (4 of 4) [10/9/2008 08:22:53]

Biomass Energy Foundation: GasificationBIOMASS GASIFICATIONHomeBiomassEnergyGasification &ReformingLiquid FuelsWoodCookingEnergyRosetta StoneBookstoreAbout theBEFLinksBecome aMemberof theBiomassEnergyFoundationBiomassGasification isa very old art... and thereisn't enoughscience in it,but we'reworking onthat here atBEF and otherplaces. Visitour BiomassBooks to learnmost of whatis currentlyknown aboutabout woodand otherbiomassgasification,and what youcan do withthe gas. Lotsof practice,lots of science,some gasifierplans andother relatedsubjects there.Visit ourHistory pagefor a quickoverview ofThe animation above is our first attempt to show what happens inside a gasifier running anengine. The air and fuel are fed in at the top, they meet a rising "flaming pyrolysis" flame frontand are converted to gas and charcoal, which is consumed making more gas. The gas issucked out at the right along with spent char-ash particles. We are working on a more detailedanimation, but this gives a good general idea.http://www.woodgas.com/gasification.htm (1 of 5) [10/9/2008 08:22:53]

Biomass Energy Foundation: Gasificationgasification.Tom Reed hasbeen workingin this fieldsince the firstenergy crisisin 1974 andknows all thenames thathave beenused for thegasesproduced byvariousprocesses.However, inhis casualconversation,he calls it"WOODGAS",a term easilyunderstoodandacknowledgingthe firstrenewablesource, woodsince>100,000years ago. Sohe has chosenthis for thename of thisrenewableenergy website. Inpractice itincludes gasfromagriculturaland forestresidues andhttp://www.woodgas.com/gasification.htm (2 of 5) [10/9/2008 08:22:53]

Biomass Energy Foundation: GasificationevenMunicipalSolid Wasteas well,though thesematerials areharder togasify.Brieflybiomass canbe gasifiedpyrolytically byheating to>400 C,yielding also25% charcoaland LOTS ofcondensibles -tars). Or it canbe gasifiedwith air tomake"producer gas"(typically CO22%; H2 18%;CH4 3%, CO26% and N251%). DuringWorld War IIthere wereover a millionsmall gasifiersrunning cars,trucks, boatsand buses(seeHISTORY).OR it can begasified withoxygen tomakesynthesis gashttp://www.woodgas.com/gasification.htm (3 of 5) [10/9/2008 08:22:53]

Biomass Energy Foundation: Gasification(typically 40%CO, 40% H2,3% CH4 and17% CO2, drybasis) whichcan be used tomakemethanoI,ammonia anddiesel fuel withknowncommercialcatalyticprocesses. Iexpect thatgasificationwill be evenmore useful inthe future aswe deplete ourlow cost fossilfuels. Formore on this,visitSYNTHETICFUELS.I have beenparticularlyinterested insmallgasifiers fordistributedpower,cookstoves ortransportation.Visit that site ifyou areinterested inkW rather thanMW.Databasehttp://www.woodgas.com/gasification.htm (4 of 5) [10/9/2008 08:22:53]

Biomass Energy Foundation: GasificationThe book, "A SURVEY OF BIOMASS GASIFICATION-2001", was written forthe National Renewable Energy Laboratory, NREL by T. B. Reed and S.Gaus. It has now been published by the BEF PRESS. It contains (Chapter 2)a database of gasifiers. Please visit the DATABASE page to see largegasifier systems, small gasifiers and gasifier equipment manufacturers in thetable. The database was created in MS Access and can be downloaded andviewed there or in MS Excel or other spreadsheets.The database is included in our recent book "A Survey of BiomassGasification - 2000" (available from the Biomass Energy Press, see orderblank) which also discusses the various technologies and issues ingasification.If you wish, you can search the database for a particular item (using Control Ffor find). Or, you can download it and use it in your own computer if you willhave continual need to refer to it. (Select the table with Control-A and copywith Control-C, then insert in a spreadsheet or database with Control-V).If you are listed in the database, please examine your listing. If there is anyfactual mistake, please let Dr. Reed know at tombreed@comcast.net andhe will fix it. If you would like to be listed, send the data to Dr. Reed by Emailso he can transfer it to the database. We hope you find this informationuseful.Databasehttp://www.woodgas.com/gasification.htm (5 of 5) [10/9/2008 08:22:53]

Biomass Energy Foundation: Liquid FuelsLIQUID FUELSHomeBiomassEnergyGasification &ReformingLiquid FuelsWoodCookingEnergyRosetta StoneBookstoreAbout theBEFLinksCurrently (2002) we obtain over 80% of world energy frompetroleum, our "birthright" gift from Mother Nature.Predictions differ as to when world petroleum productionwill peak and then start to decline. Some say as early as2008; others pooh pooh this and act as if tar oil shale,sands, bitumen and other ucky stuff will prolong the oilage (but at ever increasing prices) through their lifetimesand that seems to be all they care about. If you think wehave plenty of time to develop alternate fuels, check outthe time of peak oil production and other links at "Oil".I have 4 children and 7 grandchildren (not to mention therest of you) who will also need liquid fuels, so I have beenmotivated for 25 years to find alternate, renewable fuels.Unfortunately, the oil companies are not motivated toencourage any competition from alternative fuels. Readhow they killed methanol in 1974.Some liquid fuels (ethanol) are made by biologicalprocesses, slow with lots of water. They are currently notcompetitive with oil except with subsidies. Others(synthetic methanol, Fischer Tropsch diesel) are made bygasification of organic energy sources (biomass, coaland natural and landfill gas) and conversion to liquid fuel.http://www.woodgas.com/liquidfuels.htm (1 of 3) [10/9/2008 08:22:54]

Biomass Energy Foundation: Liquid FuelsBecome aMemberof theBiomassEnergyFoundationIn 1973 (the year of the first OPEC Fuel Crisis) I begantesting methanol as an alternative fuel with great successin 10% blends with gasoline in 10 cars. I wrote an articlefor the journal Science "Methanol: A Versatile Fuel forImmediate Use" (Vol. 182, pp 1299, 1973) showing thatmethanol was the easiest alternative fuel to make bygasification and one of the best for engines and fuel cells.That article changed my life from being a material scientistat MIT to a fuel scientist at NREL, the Colorado School ofMines and now the Biomass Energy Foundation. Inaddition to methanol there are groups that promote"ecalene", a mixture of many alcohols that have moreenergy than pure methanol and are more compatible withgasoline.I have operated my own personal cars on mixtures of 10%methanol and pure methanol. Methanol is a componenttoday in making biodiesel which we also developed at theColorado School of Mines in 1990.OTHER ALCOHOLSEthanol is currently the favored alcohol fuel in the US(from corn) and Brazil (sugar cane). But there are otheralcohol choices on this page.BIODIESELBiodiesel is another alternate fuel, though it is not madeby gasification.HYDROGENHydrogen as a fuel has been much in the news lately.http://www.woodgas.com/liquidfuels.htm (2 of 3) [10/9/2008 08:22:54]

Biomass Energy Foundation: Liquid FuelsThis is a red herring. Hydrogen does not occur naturallyand must be made from other fuels and energy sources,always with some and usually considerable loss ofenergy. In my view, hydrogen is being touted either bythose who don't understand the source to applicationchain that must be in place for any new fuel to besuccessful, or by those who are cynically diverting theview from our current wasteful energy policies bypromising pie in the sky in the future. But, if you thinkhydrogen may be the answer, read an extended reviewby some responsible scientists working in the field.http://www.woodgas.com/liquidfuels.htm (3 of 3) [10/9/2008 08:22:54]

Biomass Energy Foundation: Wood CookingWOOD COOKINGHomeBiomassEnergyGasification &ReformingLiquid FuelsWoodCookingEnergyRosetta StoneBookstoreAbout theBEFLinksOne of the worst problem for 2-3billion people in the world iscooking on wood fires. Theycook slowly, the smoke causesglaucoma and lung diseases forthe women and children, thechildren get burned in the fire,and they burn much too muchfuel that must be gathered fromgreater and greater distances.Our heart bleeds for our lessfortunate cousins and we believegasification of biomass holdsa significant part of the answer.We became aware of this worldcooking problem in 1985 on atrip to South Africa, and inventeda new type of gasifier, useful forcooking and heating stoves. Onesolution to the world cookingproblem is to convert wood andother biomass to gas which canthen be burned cleanly in ahttp://www.woodgas.com/woodcooking.htm (1 of 3) [10/9/2008 08:22:56]

Biomass Energy Foundation: Wood CookingBecome aMemberof theBiomassEnergyFoundation"WoodGas Stove." After 23years of research, testing, andfinding a manufacturer, we havea WoodGas Stove that you canbuy in our store. We hope tosee a billion of these stoves inuse in the next few decades.These stoves are NOT wood stoves. They are based ongasifying the wood in the lower section with a smallamount of air and then burning the gas with about 6 timesas much air for clean combustion. They generaterespectively 3 and 6 kW of clean heat,The new WoodGas XL stove was tested by theAprovecho Research Center and found to perform verywell. They reported “The WoodGas XL stove met orexceeded all performance benchmarks and is herebycertified as seen below.”While most wood stoves burn stick wood, the wood gasstove can work on any reasonably dense biomass, suchas sticks, twigs, woodchips, wood pellets, seeds, shells,and even coal. None of these are currently used for “woodcooking”.See what people using Woodgas Stoves have tosay about them.Wood Stoves:Alas, most wood cooking is not done with gas, so will behttp://www.woodgas.com/woodcooking.htm (2 of 3) [10/9/2008 08:22:56]

Biomass Energy Foundation: Wood Cookingsmoky and less efficient. However, there has also been alot of progress in more conventional wood cookstoves, sobe sure to check on wood cookstoves. We at the BEFare peripherally involved with many groups developingthese stoves and are also interested in improving them aswell. We know a lot about simple stove fabrication andinsulation techniques. In particular, visit the Aprovechowebsite, and if you are serious, consider visiting theirworkshops for a week in Summer, or attend their annualstove event.We are currently working on developing a biomasscookstove for field kitchens for the army. We presume thatwhat works there will also work for many others. Staytuned.Questions? Contact Dr. Tom Reed attombreed@comcast.nethttp://www.woodgas.com/woodcooking.htm (3 of 3) [10/9/2008 08:22:56]

Biomass Energy Foundation: Energy Rosetta StoneEnergy Rosetta StoneHomeBiomassEnergyGasification &ReformingLiquid FuelsWoodCookingEnergyRosetta StoneBookstoreAbout theBEFLinksBecome aMemberof theBiomassEnergyFoundationFUEL OLD UNITS NEW UNITS OLD UNIT COST ENERGY COST $/kWhrConventionalkWhr Cost/UnitsionConver-Heat-¢/kWhrUnitEfficiencyFuel(dry basis)Power-¢/kWhElectricity kWhr 1 8¢ 8¢ 100% 8¢(1 AA DryCell) mAhr 0.0025 50¢ 20,000¢ 100% 20,000¢Natural Gas Therm 29 80¢ 3¢ 30% 9¢Propane gal 26 4$ 15¢ 30% 51¢Gasoline gal 35 3$ 9¢ 20% 43¢Diesel gal 41 3$ 7¢ 30% 24¢Coal ton 7033 20$ 0.3¢ 40% 0.7¢Biomass ton 4396 50$ 1.1¢ 25% 4.5¢SawdustPellets ton 4396 250$ 5.7¢ 20% 28.4¢Cordwood ton 4396 200$ 4.5¢ 15% 30.3¢Slash ton 4396 20$ 0.5¢ 20% 2.3¢Tipping ton 4396 -20$ -0.5¢ 20% -2.3¢We invite you to make your own Energy Conversion table bydownloading our Energy Rosetta Conversion spreadsheetand substituting the values applicable to your needs.If you download the table you can click on the cells with redcorners to see the assumptions used in making the table.You can then substitute values appropriate to your locationand needs.The spreadsheet table contains more columns than shownhere. It shows typical values for the energy content of eachfuel. It also shows the environmental cost of each fuel basedfor instance on a carbon dioxide credit of $30/ton. (Change tosuit your needs below) and the total local plus environmentalcosts.http://www.woodgas.com/energyrosetta.htm (1 of 2) [10/9/2008 08:22:56]

Biomass Energy Foundation: Energy Rosetta StoneElectricity is a particularly difficult energy form to evaluatesince some of it is almost free (from hydroelectric dams longsince paid for) while newer sources reflect fuel or nuclearcosts. To illustrate the range an value of electric costs I haveincluded the humble AA battery which has a cost of $200 perkWh, 2400 times what we pay on the grid. Many people donot have access to grid based power and are paying $1-$10for battery stored power or diesel generated power.We have added a number of different prices for biomass toshow the wide spread between highly processed biomass(pellets) and “junk” biomass (negative tipping fee).The Rosetta Stone enabled scholars to decipher the Hieroglyphics ofAncient Egypt into modern Greek and English.Our Rosetta Stone Energy table below enables anyone to translatethe obscure energy units we now use into the commonly understoodkilowatts.Starting with James Watt in the 18 th Century, our use and understanding ofenergy has grown up in a very useful but confusing manner. The US andEngland used British Thermal Units, BTUs, while the rest of the world usedCalories for heat. Fortunately, nowadays we can all use the kilowatt both for heatand electric energy. We have made the conversions here and show costs basedon the Denver market.http://www.woodgas.com/energyrosetta.htm (2 of 2) [10/9/2008 08:22:56]

Biomass Energy Foundation Bookstore - technical books about renewable fuels plus Woodgas camp stovesThe BEF Press BooksHomeBiomass EnergyGasification &ReformingLiquid FuelsWood CookingBookstoreAbout the BEFLinksBecome aMemberof the BiomassEnergyFoundationWelcome, BiomassEnergy Foundationsupporters!PURPOSES OF THE BIOMASS ENERGYFOUNDATION PRESS:Biomass energy and particularly biomass gasification is afield where publications are often difficult to find. Millionsof dollars of writing and research are published in runs ofa few hundred, and lost in government offices. (We wrotesome of them so we know). We republish the best ofthese on biomass energy, (sometimes updating them)and offer other books as a service to the biomasscommunity. We make available information on biomass -sometimes old, sometimes new - at reasonable prices inattractive "lie flat" bindings at 1/2 the cost from originalsources.It always has been, and remains, our intention to keep the prices of ourmerchandise as reasonable as possible. In fact, we have not changed theprices of our books (with the exception of number 16) in several years.However, in part because we are a small foundation and because "nonprofit"does not mean "go broke," we are forced by increased printing costs andhigher U.S. Postal Service charges finally to increase our prices. So,effective May 1, 2008, most of the prices for our merchandise have risenslightly. At least one price, however, is lower!http://www.woodgas.com/bookstore.htm (1 of 19) [10/9/2008 08:22:58]

Biomass Energy Foundation Bookstore - technical books about renewable fuels plus Woodgas camp stovesBEF BOOKCATALOGUEBook CategoriesClick here to returnto the BiomassEnergy Foundationsite.●●●●●●BiomassPropertiesGasificationSynthetic FuelsGasifier TarsGeneral Energy(Not Just) forKids!WoodGas CampStovesThe OriginalWoodgas CampStove provides thecleanest heat inthe remotest area,burning almost anyfuel natureprovides. Staylonger on any trip,using the stovethat doesn't requirecommercialfuel.$55 priceunchanged!The WoodGasXLCamp Stove burnshttp://www.woodgas.com/bookstore.htm (2 of 19) [10/9/2008 08:22:58]

Biomass Energy Foundation Bookstore - technical books about renewable fuels plus Woodgas camp stovesover twice as longand gives 20%more intense heat.$75Learn More...orAdd a stove tomy shoppingcart:●●OriginalWoodGasCamp StoveWoodGas XLCamp StoveBiomass propertiesENCYCLOPEDIA OF BIOMASSTHERMAL CONVERSION:PYROLYSIS, GASIFICATION ANDCOMBUSTION PRINCIPLES ANDTECHNOLOGY: First Published in1970, then republished in 1972, thismonumental work has long been out ofprint. Nevertheless, it is the mostcomplete survey of this field, written bya stable of scientists and engineers forthe new (then) Solar Energy ResearchInstitute to guide their choices ofhttp://www.woodgas.com/bookstore.htm (3 of 19) [10/9/2008 08:22:58]

Biomass Energy Foundation Bookstore - technical books about renewable fuels plus Woodgas camp stovesprograms. The facts of biomass lifedon't change, and most of them can befound here.ISBN:1-890607-20-7420 pp $60Add item #20 to my shopping cart.DENSIFIED BIOMASS: A NEW FORMOF SOLID FUEL: Tom Reed and BeckyBryant, A "State of the Art evaluation ofdensified biomass fuels" withdocumentation of processes, energybalance, economics and applications.First published in 1978, & still the best(only?) text on theory and practice.Second edition with Paper on Energy ofBiomass Densification appended.ISBN 1-890607-16-935pp $22.50Add item #10 to my shopping cart.TREE CROPS FOR ENERGY CO-PRODUCTION ON FARMS: Tom Milne(SERI 1980) Evaluation of the energypotential to grow trees for energy.ISBN 1-890607-05-3260pp $35Add item #17 to my shopping cart.http://www.woodgas.com/bookstore.htm (4 of 19) [10/9/2008 08:22:58]

Biomass Energy Foundation Bookstore - technical books about renewable fuels plus Woodgas camp stovesTREES: by Jean Giono, 1953. While westrongly support using biomass forenergy, we are also very concernedabout forest destruction. This delightfulstory says more than any sermon on thebenefits and methods of reforestation.ISBN 1-89060712-68pp $2unchanged!Add item #16 to my shopping cart.GasificationSolar power and wind are niche replacements for oil, butbiomass gasification powered the cities of Europe duringWW II and will make a major contribution to post cheap oilenergy...A SURVEY OF BIOMASSGASIFICATION 2001: T. Reed and S.Gaur have surveyed the biomassgasification scene for the NationalRenewable Energy Laboratory and theBiomass Energy Foundation. 180 pagesof large gasifiers systems, smallgasifiers and gasifier researchinstitutions with descriptions of the majortypes of gasifiers and a list of most worldgasifiers. 2nd edition.ISBN 1-890607-13-4180180pp $35http://www.woodgas.com/bookstore.htm (5 of 19) [10/9/2008 08:22:58]

Biomass Energy Foundation Bookstore - technical books about renewable fuels plus Woodgas camp stovesAdd item #1 to my shopping cart.BIOMASS DOWNDRAFT GASIFIERENGINE SYSTEMS HANDBOOK: T.Reed and A. Das, (SERI-1988) Over amillion wood gasifiers were used topower cars and trucks during World WarII. Yet, there are now only a fewcompanies manufacturing gasifiersystems. The authors, who have spentmore than 20 years working with variousgasifier systems, discuss the factors thatmust be correct to have a successful"gasifier power system." Our mostpopular book, the "new Testament" ofgasification.ISBN 1-890607-00-2140pp $35Add item #2 to my shopping cart.GENGAS: THE SWEDISH CLASSICON WOOD FUELED VEHICLES: (SERI-1979) T. Reed, D. Jantzen and A. Das,with index. This is the "Old Testament"of gasification, written Englishtranslation, of "Gen-Gas", written by theSwedish Royal Academy at the end ofWW II after successfully converting 90%of transportation of WW II Sweden towood gasifiers.ISBN 1-890607-01-0340pp $40http://www.woodgas.com/bookstore.htm (6 of 19) [10/9/2008 08:22:58]

Biomass Energy Foundation Bookstore - technical books about renewable fuels plus Woodgas camp stovesAdd item #5 to my shopping cart.PRODUCER-GAS: ANOTHER FUELFOR MOTOR TRANSPORT: Ed. NoelVietmeyer (The U.S. National Academyof Sciences-1985) A seeing-is-believingprimer with historical and modernpictures of gasifiers. An outstanding textfor any introductory program.ISBN 1-890607-02-680pp $10Add item #7 to my shopping cart.SMALL SCALE GAS PRODUCER-ENGINE SYSTEMS: A. Kaupp and J.Goss. (Veiweg,1984) Updates GENGASand contains critical engineering dataand good common sense, indispensablefor the serious gasifier project. Ali Kauppis thorough and knowledgeable.ISBN 1-890607-06-1278pp $35Add item #6 to my shopping cart.http://www.woodgas.com/bookstore.htm (7 of 19) [10/9/2008 08:22:58]

Biomass Energy Foundation Bookstore - technical books about renewable fuels plus Woodgas camp stovesFUNDAMENTALS, DEVELOPMENT,AND SCALE UP OF THE AIR-OXYGEN STRATIFIED DOWNDRAFTGASIFIER: T. Reed, M. Graboski and B.Levie (SERI 1988). In 1980 the SolarEnergy Research Institute initiated aprogram to develop an oxygen gasifierto make methanol from biomass. Anovel air/oxygen low tar gasifier wasdesigned and studied for five years atSERI at 1 ton/d and for 4 years at Syn-Gas Inc. in a 25 ton/day gasifier. Thisbook describes the theory and operationof the two gasifiers in detail and alsodiscusses the principles and applicationof gasification as learned over eightyears by the author-gasifier team.ISBN 1-890607-03-7290pp $40Add item #8 to my shopping cart.EVALUATION OF GASIFICATIONAND NOVEL THERMAL PROCESSESFO W. Niessen et al. A 1996 NRELreport by on energy conversionprocesses for MSW.ISBN 1-890607-15-0198pp $27.50Add item #9 to my shopping cart.http://www.woodgas.com/bookstore.htm (8 of 19) [10/9/2008 08:22:58]

Biomass Energy Foundation Bookstore - technical books about renewable fuels plus Woodgas camp stovesCONSTRUCTION OF A SIMPLIFIEDWOOD GAS GENERATOR: H.LaFontaine (1989) - Over 25 drawingsand photographs on building a gasifierfor fueling IC engines in a PetroleumEmergency (FEMA RR28).ISBN 1-890607-11-868pp $17.50Add item #12 to my shopping cart.DRIVING ON WOOD: THE LOST ARTOF DRIVING WITHOUT GASOLINE:3rd Edition N. Skov and M. Papworth,(1974). Description and beautifuldetailed drawings of various gasifiersand systems from World War II. In thisnew edition we have reduced Skov's 20X 30 in plans to 11 X 17 " and boundthem in the book, still very readable.The gasifier was used to drive aChecker car around campus. Nils Skovwas in the Danish Underground andwrite of his experiences in a new book,see www.kalama.com/~NASKOV/ISBN 1-890607-09-680pp $27.50Add item #14 to my shopping cart.http://www.woodgas.com/bookstore.htm (9 of 19) [10/9/2008 08:22:58]

Biomass Energy Foundation Bookstore - technical books about renewable fuels plus Woodgas camp stovesNEW/OLD: MODERN GASPRODUCERS: N. E. Rambush, themost complete collection of informationon the golden age of coal gasification,when every city had a "gasworks" . Lotsof food for thought on biomassgasification and why it’s different.ISBN 1-890607-18-5550 pp $40Add item #18 to my shopping cart.WOOD GAS GENERATORS FORVEHICLES: Nils Nygards (1973).Translation of recent results of SwedishAgricultural Testing Institute a sequel toGen-Gas.ISBN 1-890607-08-850pp $5unchanged!Add item #11 to my shopping cart.Synthetic FuelsOil is nice but getting pricey and less available. Here are afew alternatives that I have worked on. See also"Fundamental Study and Scaleup..." above.http://www.woodgas.com/bookstore.htm (10 of 19) [10/9/2008 08:22:58]

Biomass Energy Foundation Bookstore - technical books about renewable fuels plus Woodgas camp stovesBIOMASS TO METHANOLSPECIALISTS' WORKSHOP: Ed. T. Reedand M. Graboski, 1982 Expert articles onthe conversion of biomass to methanolfrom a conference in 1982 when we werestill worried about oil...ISBN 1-890607-10-X331pp $40Add item #13 to my shopping cart.BIODIESEL POWER: The Passion, thePeople, and the Politics of the NextRenewable Fuel by Lyle Estill, NewSociety Publishers, 2005. “Biodiesel hasbuzz.” So says Lyle Estill, V.P of Stuff atPiedmont Biofuels LLC in North Carolinaand author of the newest addition to our listof important and helpful books, BiodieselPower. The actress Daryl Hannah, aprominent biodiesel activist, says that Estill“has chronicled (like no other) the complexand often entertaining dynamics of theburgeoning world of biodiesel.” The bookhas occasional flashes of humor andinsight. It provides some instructions formaking and using biodiesel, and it’s a“good read.”ISBN:0865715416288pp $16.95 unchanged!Add item #25 to my shopping cart.http://www.woodgas.com/bookstore.htm (11 of 19) [10/9/2008 08:22:58]

Biomass Energy Foundation Bookstore - technical books about renewable fuels plus Woodgas camp stovesBIODIESEL: GROWING A NEWENERGY ECONOMY by Greg Pahl,Chelsea Green Press, 2005. Greg Pahlhas brought the history and technology ofbiodiesel together in this comprehensive,well written book. On pp 152-3 he recordsthe history of the invention of waste oilbiodiesel by T. Reed at the BEF, as well asall the other contributions by our friends.ISBN: 1-931498-65-2281pp $18 unchanged!Add item #23 to my shopping cart.Gasifier TarsCoal gasification is a done deal - see our "Modern GasProducers". But biomass pyrolysis produces mainlyvolatiles (tars) that can be a great nuisance unless properlymeasured and removed. Here are two books directlyaddressing that problem....REVISED: CONTAMINANT TESTINGFOR GASIFIER ENGINE SYSTEMS: A.Das (TIPI 1989, 1999). Test that gas fortar! Long engine life and reliableoperation requires a gas with less than30 mg of tar and particulates per cubicmeter (30 ppm). The simplified testmethods described here are adaptedfrom standard ASTM and EPA testprocedures for sampling and analyzinghttp://www.woodgas.com/bookstore.htm (12 of 19) [10/9/2008 08:22:58]

Biomass Energy Foundation Bookstore - technical books about renewable fuels plus Woodgas camp stoveschar, tar and ash in the gas. Suitable forraw and cleaned gas. New edition &figures.ISBN 1-890607-04-532pp $12.50Add item #3 to my shopping cart.BIOMASS GASIFIER "TARS": THEIRNATURE, FORMATION, ANDCONVERSION: T. Milne, N. Abatzoglou,& R. J. Evans. Tars are the AchillesHeel of gasification. This thorough workexplores the chemical nature of tars,their generation, and methods for testingand destroying them. (100 pagebibliography also available for additional$10)ISBN 1-890607-14-280pp $30Add item #4 to my shopping cart.Other BooksAs you can see, I have been involved in energy researchall my life. My book on thermodynamics below preparedme for sophisticated calculations. King Hubbert was myoffice mate when I worked at Shell Oil...http://www.woodgas.com/bookstore.htm (13 of 19) [10/9/2008 08:22:58]

Biomass Energy Foundation Bookstore - technical books about renewable fuels plus Woodgas camp stovesBEYOND OIL: THE VIEW FROMHUBBERT'S PEAK by KennethDeffeyes, Hill and Wang(March15,2005) Hardcover. KenDefeyes is a famous petroleumgeologist at Princeton. In this book heuses the methods that Hubbarddeveloped to predict the 1974 peak inUS oil production, to predict a 2005peak in world oil production. He thenconsiders what our fuel options will beas the oil prices double every 5 years.Be prepared for an exciting century!ISBN: 0809029561 224pp$20 price LOWER!!Add item #21 to my shopping cart.FREE ENERGY OF BINARYCOMPOUNDS: AN ATLAS OFCHARTS FOR HIGH-TEMPERATURECALCULATIONS, 2 nd edition, ThomasB. Reed. We published this book withMIT Press in 1971 when I was workingin high temperature materials research.The data and charts apply to all ofchemistry, so you can calculate thethermodynamics of almost any reaction.MIT Press, 1971. My magnum opus!ISBN 1-890607-19-390pp $22.50Add item #19 to my shopping cart.http://www.woodgas.com/bookstore.htm (14 of 19) [10/9/2008 08:22:58]

Biomass Energy Foundation Bookstore - technical books about renewable fuels plus Woodgas camp stoves(not just) for kids!We're offering our first children's book! We would like tooffer more, so if you know of titles we should be offering,please let us know!Have Fries - Will Travel! Written byLinda K. Hempel, illustrated by KathyDotsonThis is an adventure story for kids ofall ages, featuring "Rock," an eco-rapsinger, who goes to a used car lotand buys "Tiny," a smelly diesel car.Pretty soon, Rock has Tiny runningon biodiesel fuel made from usedveggie oil from Rock's favoriterestaurant.The book's introduction was written by film star DarylHannah and Grassolean Solutions founder CharrisFord, both of whom use and promote biodiesel. In theintroduction, they say "Running our cars on cleanburningfuel grown by farmers is just one of the manyways people can have fun and help take care of theEarth at the same time."One of the book's key lessons is that keeping theEarth clean and beautiful is everyone's job, and if eachof us does "just a little" we'll be able to continue toenjoy its beauties for a "long, long, long time!"ISBN: 0865715491 72pp$12.95 unchanged!Add item #24 to my shopping cart.http://www.woodgas.com/bookstore.htm (15 of 19) [10/9/2008 08:22:58]

Biomass Energy Foundation Bookstore - technical books about renewable fuels plus Woodgas camp stovesOrderingTo order any of our books, just click the link that says "Addthis to my shopping cart." The shopping cart will calculateappropriate shipping and handling charges, based on theweight of your books and the shipping destination.CONTACT USWe are located at:701 Pine Ridge Road, #3Golden, CO 80403 USAOur telephone: 303-279-3707Our fax: 303-279-3734Our e-mail: mike@befp.orgRETURN POLICYYou may return your books, in "New" condition, by shippingthem back to us. We will issue a refund promptly, usingthe same method that you used to pay for the books(charge card or PayPal).UNITED STATES:SHIPPINGhttp://www.woodgas.com/bookstore.htm (16 of 19) [10/9/2008 08:22:58]

Biomass Energy Foundation Bookstore - technical books about renewable fuels plus Woodgas camp stovesAny order up to (and including) $30 --$7.95Any order up to (and including) $74 --$9.95Any order up to (and including) $99.99-- $14.95Any order of $100 or more,shipping is free!CANADA and MEXICO:CHINA and JAPAN:ALL OTHER:$15 plus$4/lb$15 plus$5/lb$15 plus$6/lbSHIPPING WEIGHTS - Biomass Energy BooksPrice Item # BEF ORDER BLANK WEIGHT (Pounds)$35 1 A SURVEY OF BIOMASS GASIFICATION 2000: 1.50$35 2BIOMASS DOWNDRAFT GASIFIER ENGINE SYSTEMSHANDBOOK: 1.50$12.50 3 CONTAMINANT TESTING FOR GASIFIER ENGINE SYSTEMS:0.25$30 4BIOMASS GASIFIER "TARS": THEIR NATURE, FORMATION,AND CONVERSION: 1.00$40 5GENGAS: THE SWEDISH CLASSIC ON WOOD FUELEDVEHICLES: 2.50$35 6 SMALL SCALE GAS PRODUCER ENGINE SYSTEMS:2.00$10 7 PRODUCER-GAS: ANOTHER FUEL FOR MOTOR TRANSPORT:0.25$40 8FUNDAMENTAL STUDY .. OF THE AIR-OXYGEN .. DOWNDRAFTGASIFIER 2.50http://www.woodgas.com/bookstore.htm (17 of 19) [10/9/2008 08:22:58]

Biomass Energy Foundation Bookstore - technical books about renewable fuels plus Woodgas camp stoves$27.50 9 EVALUATION OF GASIFICATION..FOR..MSW$22.50 10 DENSIFIED BIOMASS: A NEW FORM OF SOLID FUEL:$5 11 WOOD GAS GENERATORS FOR VEHICLES:$17.50 12 CONSTRUCTION OF A SIMPLIFIED WOOD GAS GENERATOR:$40 13 BIOMASS TO METHANOL SPECIALISTS' WORKSHOP:$27.50 14 DRIVING ON WOOD$30 15 GASIFICATION OF RICE HULLS: THEORY AND PRAXIS:$ 2 16 TREES:$35 17 TREE CROPS FOR ENERGY CO-PRODUCTION ON FARMS:$40 18 MODERN GAS PRODUCERS (1923)$22.50 19 FREE ENERGY OF BINARY COMPOUNDS$60 20 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF BIOMASS THERMAL CONVERSION1.000.500.101.002.501.002.000.102.002.501.004.00$2021 BEYOND OIL: THE VIEW FROM HUBBERT'S PEAK 1.00$25 22BIOMASS TO ENERGY: THE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OFIIsC 1.00$18$12.95$16.95$55$7523 BIODIESEL: GROWING A NEW ENERGY ECONOMY 1.0024 HAVE FRIES - WILL TRAVEL! 1.0025 BIODIESEL POWER 1.0026 WOODGAS CAMP STOVE 4.0027 XL WOODGAS CAMP STOVE 4.00http://www.woodgas.com/bookstore.htm (18 of 19) [10/9/2008 08:22:58]

Biomass Energy Foundation Bookstore - technical books about renewable fuels plus Woodgas camp stoveshttp://www.woodgas.com/bookstore.htm (19 of 19) [10/9/2008 08:22:58]

Biomass Energy Foundation: About UsAbout the biomass energy foundationHomeBiomassEnergyGasification &ReformingThe Biomass EnergyFoundation-HISTORYLiquid FuelsWoodCookingEnergyRosetta StoneBookstoreAbout theBEFLinksThe Biomass Energy Foundation (BEF) is a 501-3-C nonprofit foundation devoted to biomass energy andspecializing in gasification.The BEF wasfounded in 1984by my goodfriend andmentor, Dr.HarryLaFontaine.Harry builtgasifiers duringWorld War II as acover for hisnighttimeactivities in theDanishUnderground.http://www.woodgas.com/aboutBEF.htm (1 of 4) [10/9/2008 08:23:00]

Biomass Energy Foundation: About UsBecome aMemberof theBiomassEnergyFoundationWhen the"energy crisis"struck in 1974,Harry gavelectures anddemonstrationson gasification inmany universitiesaround the East.He converted aLincolnContinentalstretch limo toWoodGas anddemonstrated itand lectured ongasification inmany Easterncolleges.Tom Reed met Harry in 1985. In 1982 Harry set up a 501-3-C (not for profit) foundation for his activities in biomass.Reed was invited to be a member of the board of directorsof BEF. At that time Tom Reed began to publish books atthe Biomass Energy Foundation.In 1994 Harry died (at age 80) and leftthe BEF to Dr. Reed to pursue itsoriginal purposes. It is used forresearch, consulting, publishing andtravel activities in the field of biomassand gasification. The BEF is able andwilling to sponsor projects related tothese purposes.Tom in Amsterdam, 2001Currently Tom Reed is president andhis wife Vivian is secretary of the BEF.Mr. Tom Smith is the treasurer. Wehave been publishing books anddeveloping new gasifiers and stoves,and now we are expanding into stovehttp://www.woodgas.com/aboutBEF.htm (2 of 4) [10/9/2008 08:23:00]

Biomass Energy Foundation: About Usmanufacture and alternate fuelresearch.CURRENT RESEARCH IN ALTERNATE ENERGY AT BEFI am a Physical Chemist (PhD, U.Minn.) and I love research, (as wellas engineering, teaching, inventing,and now manufacturing stoves).Following my extended careers atLinde (Praxair) on high temperatureresearch (8 years) and at MIT (18years in Material Science), I becameinterested in Alternate Energy andFuels. I published a major article inScience on Methanol as the Fuel ofthe Future in 1973 that totallychanged my career.I have a laboratory in my garage andworkshop in my basement where Iperform experiments on biomasspyrolysis and gasification, makestoves and am measuring flamevelocities.In 1990 I developed with Bill Mobeck an oil absorbentcalled "SeaSweep".I have been working on small gasifiers since 1980.Starting in 1998 I have been working on the design ofsmall gasifiers for distributed power with the CommunityPower Corporation, CPC. In 1999 we built a small 5 kWgasifier in my garage workshop.In 2000 we installed a 15 kW combined heat and powergasifier in a village in the Philippines and in 2001 anotherat the Hoopa Indian reservation.In 1985 I began work on gasifiers for cooking and we arehttp://www.woodgas.com/aboutBEF.htm (3 of 4) [10/9/2008 08:23:00]

Biomass Energy Foundation: About Uscurrently manufacturing and selling a WoodGas stove forcampers.In 2002 I began working with the National AlternativeFuels Foundation, NAFF. We believe that there areimportant improvements that can be made to fuels suchas gasohol and biodiesel and we are building a researchlaboratory to investigate these fuels.In 2002 I built 15 of our woodgas campstoves in my shopand gave them to various people to test. With positiveresults from those tests in 2003 Shivayam Ellis produced100 stoves to market at our new corporation,WoodGasLLC. We now sell these stoves through thiswebsite.In 2004 we were selected as a subcontractor to design astove for army field kitchens.Our most recent research is described in the BiomassEnergy Foundation's new website!Contacts: tombreed@comcast.nethttp://www.woodgas.com/aboutBEF.htm (4 of 4) [10/9/2008 08:23:00]

Biomass Energy Foundation: LinksMAJOR BEF linksHomeBiomassEnergyGasification &ReformingLiquid FuelsWoodCookingEnergyRosetta StoneWOODGAS SITES WORTH VISITING (added in August 2006):●●●●●●WoodGas in WikipediaGreentrustWoodGas ProducersA WoodGas StoveAustralian Van conversionWood and WoodGas StovesMajor BEF links...BookstoreAbout theBEFLinksREPP - THE RENEWABLE ENERGY POLICY PROJECTREPP, (formerly CREST) is a site dedicated to renewable energy. I amthe moderator at their site "GASIFICATION" and we have 5 years ofarchives of hundreds of letters to and from members of the field. Whenlast I checked there were >300 members of GASIFICATION and a similarnumber from STOVES, but we mostly hear from a few dozen. (I presumethe rest are "lurking" and will respond when someone touches their hotbutton.)http://www.woodgas.com/links.htm (1 of 4) [10/9/2008 08:23:01]

Biomass Energy Foundation: LinksBecome aMemberof theBiomassEnergyFoundationREPP maintains files on GASIFICATION, STOVES,BIOCONVERSION, BIOENERGY, ETHANOL, BIOGAS, and other areasrelevant to biomass energy. Check the other sites out too if you areinterested. Read over their archives to get a flavor. Anyone interested injoining the gasification (or other) discussion groups should visit the site andfollow their instructions for joining or check out the old and newarchives. We are particularly interested in the STOVES group since weare developing and working with manufacturers of WoodGas Stoves.CPC: I have been working with the Community Power Corporation here inDenver to develop Small Modular Biomass Power systems and woodgascookstoves since 1998. We have had operating gasifier power systems inthe Philippines and US and contracts for many gasifier projects. Visit oursite to see our major advances in this field.BIODIESEL - McDIESEL - EEA InFall 1989, Dr. Tom Reed developed aprocess for the conversion of animalfats and vegetable oils to their methylesters for fuel purposes. The productis now called "Biodiesel" and the process is quite simple. It works for newvegetable oils (~$2/gal) or waste oil (

Biomass Energy Foundation: Linksrefugees/crisis situations and recently supplied 500 stovesto Pakistan.Welcome to the NIST WebBook - Thermochemical data for over 7000organic and small inorganic compounds:CGPL Home Page - The "Combustion, Gasification, Pyrolysis Laboratoryin Bangalore, India with 10 times the research we do in alternate fuelsAlex English's Stove Page - Alex displays recent work on cookstovesGridwise (sm) Power Guide - GridWise seeks to modernize the nation'selectric system - from central generation to customer appliances andequipmentVegivan - Josh Tickel's page on Biodiesel and making your own..APPROVECHO RESEARCH CENTER - Research on stovesand alternate energyETHOS - Research on wood stoves at Approvecho Summer Camp,2005BIOBIB - A Database on biofuelsSoygold - Solvents, Diesel Additive, and Methylated Seed Oil - Otherchemicals you can make from biodieselNREL Homepage - The National Renewable Energy Laboratory here inGolden has been doing "renewable energy research" since 1990. Too badthey didn't focus on "renewable fuels".This is Winrock - The Winthrop Rockefeller Foundation funds proventechnology around the worldFluidyne Gasifiers - Doug Williams at The Fluidyne Company of NewZealand has been making gasifiers for 25 years and makes some of thebest comments at "Gasification"Pellet Stoves - Wood pellet stoves for post "cheap oil" eraPeterson Corp - Heavy machinery converts low-gradeorganic materials into high value products. Industrialchippers produce high quality, low bark pulp chips for thebiomass/wood energy market. Asphalt shingle grindershttp://www.woodgas.com/links.htm (3 of 4) [10/9/2008 08:23:01]

Biomass Energy Foundation: Linksrecycle roofing materials for re-use in road surfacing andother applications.ZZ Manufacturing Stoves - Steve Scofield's new production of the prettygood Hottenroth Sierra camp stove...The Shell Foundation - Shell has decided to support renewable energybig time...Welcome to M. K. Hubbert Center - The latest on when the oil runs out...Last updated ~ September 2005. Send me other links you think may beimportant for biomass at tombreed@comcast.nethttp://www.woodgas.com/links.htm (4 of 4) [10/9/2008 08:23:01]

Biomass Energy FoundationOur Mission is to Develop and DeployRenewable Alternative FuelsABOUT USWho We AreOur VisionTeamScience AdvisorsHistoryPROGRAMSOngoing H2 ProjectsAçai BrazilBEF 2006 GoalsLEARNHydrogenFuel IssuesPeak OilBiodieselBiomassScientific PapersBookstoreMEMBERSHIPJoin Us>The era of Cheap Oil is over.Alternatives are imperative.You will also want to visit Dr. Reed'slong-running (and very popular)Woodgas website!>Buy hard- to-find and interestingbooks about biomass, gasification,peak oil and more.http://www.biomassenergyfoundation.org/ (1 of 2) [10/9/2008 08:23:04]

Biomass Energy FoundationJoin / Shop Online / FAQ / Privacy Policy / Contact / MediaCopyright 2005 Biomass Energy Foundationhttp://www.biomassenergyfoundation.org/ (2 of 2) [10/9/2008 08:23:04]

Biomass Energy Foundation BookstoreTHE WOODGAS CAMP STOVE!HomeBiomass EnergyGasification &ReformingLiquid FuelsWood CookingBookstoreAbout the BEFLinksBecome aMemberof the BiomassEnergyFoundationGREAT NEWS! We're now selling Tom's WoodGas camp stoves!WoodGas Camp Stoves provide the cleanest heat in the remotest area, burning almost any fuel nature provides.Stay longer on any trip, using the stove that doesn't require commercial fuel.●●●●●●Cooks cleanly with very little smoke.Burns wood, pine cones, leaves - any plant based fuel.Light and compact. Equivalent to weight of a 1-Quart bottle of propane.Easy refueling while burning for long cooking sessionsTwo speed setting provides heat control.Great for camping, backpacking, or smores anywhere.Calibrated to reproduce the heat of a normal kitchen stove.The current dimensions for the WoodGas LE are:Weight: 23 ozHeight: 6.25"Diameter: 5.1 "Note: the unit requires two AA batteries to run the small fan.Welcome, BiomassEnergy Foundationsupporters!http://www.woodgas.com/bookSTOVE.htm (1 of 2) [10/9/2008 08:23:05]

Biomass Energy Foundation BookstoreClick here to visitthe BiomassAdd a WoodGas Camp Stove to myEnergy Foundationshopping cart!site.● Original WoodGas Camp Stove $55● WoodGas XL Camp Stove $75See what people using WoodGas Camp Stoves have to say.Return to the bookstore.http://www.woodgas.com/bookSTOVE.htm (2 of 2) [10/9/2008 08:23:05]

BIOMASS ENERGY FOUNDATIONYes, I would like to support the work of the Biomass EnergyFoundation. I am excited about renewable, clean, alternativesto oil.$35 Team MemberMemberships make agreat giftABOUT USWho We AreOur VisionTeamScience AdvisorsHistoryPROGRAMSOngoing H2 ProjectsAçai BrazilBEF 2006 Goals$50 Energy Steward$100 Energy Source$1,000 Harry LaFontaine Circle$15 Student/SeniorBiomass Energy Foundation is a 501(c)3 corporation.Your contributions are fully tax-deductible!LEARNHydrogenFuel IssuesPeak OilBiodieselBiomassScientific PapersBookstoreMEMBERSHIPJoin UsJoin / Shop Online / FAQ / Privacy Policy / Contact / MediaCopyright 2005 Biomass Energy Foundationhttp://www.biomassenergyfoundation.org/joinus/index.htm [10/9/2008 08:23:06]

Biomass Energy Foundation: HistoryHISTORY OF WOODGASHomeBiomassEnergyGasification &ReformingLiquid FuelsWoodCookingEnergyRosetta StoneBookstoreAbout theBEFLinksBecome aMemberof theBiomassEnergyFoundation"Woodgas" is my name for the various gases that can be easily made from wood or biomass.Various forms are: synthesis gas, typically 40% hydrogen, H2, 40% carbon monoxide, CO, 3%methane, and 17% Carbon dioxide; producer gas, made by gasifying biomass with air (andtherefore containing ~50% nitrogen); pyrolysis gas, similar to synthesis gas, but including lots orwater and tar and accompanied by production of 10-30% charcoal.The Industrial Revolution was fueled by gas starting in 1800 (primarily from coal by pyrolysis)initially used for city and home lighting, then for cooking and power generation. Coke for steelmaking was a useful by-product. By 1850, the major cities of the world had "gaslight" (see Dickensnovels). The internal combustion engine was invented to make electricity from producer gas about1880. See all the wonderful old coal systems in our book "Modern Gas Producers" on ourBooks page. All of this changed starting in 1930, when welded pipelines brought natural gasfrom oil wells to our houses and now few of us remember the producer gas (manufactured gas, citygas, water gas etc.) era.During World War II over a million gasifiers were built for the civilian sector while the military usedup all the gasoline. Now that world oil supplies are being depleted and global warming is perceivedas a threat to our environment, there is renewed interest in gas from BIOMASS. The NationalAcademy of Sciences published a great booklet on "Producer Gas: Another Fuel for MotorTransport" in 1983, and we are into our third printing at the BEF PRESS (see BEF Books).We show here a few interesting old pictures from that book. (Click each thumbnail to view largeand return here with Back button)and a few more modern ones from the late 1970s-early 80s.http://www.woodgas.com/history.htm (1 of 4) [10/9/2008 08:23:07]

Biomass Energy Foundation: HistoryOld & Modern GasifiersOn March 9, 2001 I visited a Mr. Mel Strand at his home in Boulder, CO. Mel was born inMinneapolis, but during WWII he was stranded in Norway during the occupation and drove agasifier truck - delivering groceries in the day and weapons to the underground at night.Mel returned to the U.S. after the war and his career has been in machining and fabrication. As ahobby a few years ago he decided to construct the gasifier he remembered it from a 1948 Chevypickup. What a beauty he made!Mel turned on the auxiliary starting fan, and started the gasifier on large aspen chunks with anewspaper. After a few minutes he lit the gas at the front of the truck and started the engine. Wedrove around Colorado Springs for several hours. I realized what an art it was to drive a gasifiercar, since he could control the spark advance, air fuel ratio and throttle, all from the steeringcolumn, while talking about the old and new days.Modern Small GasifiersA great deal of development of gasifiers is going on around theworld.In 1999 I collaborated with the company Community Power, CPC,Corporation, CPC, to build a 5 kW "Turnkey, Tarfree" gasifier usingnew principles I had discovered and learned. The picture at theright shows Kurt Kirscher, Shivayam Ellis, myself, Agua Das andRobb Walt (President of CPC) outside my laboratory.http://www.woodgas.com/history.htm (2 of 4) [10/9/2008 08:23:07]

Biomass Energy Foundation: HistoryCPC developed this gasifier with the aid of grants from the US DOE,Shell International, the California Energy commision ant others intofield gasifiers tested in Alaminos in the Philippines and the HoopaValley Indian Reservation in California.CPC is now quite active in many aspects of gasifier research andhas a dozen 15 kW "Turnkey, Tarfree" gasifiers in the field and usedby the US Forest Service and Others to turn forest litter andbiomass trash into heat and power. CPC is now also developing a 5kW heat/power and a 50 kW gasifier.THE DASIFIER FOUNDRY GASIFIERHere's a nifty gasifier developed by my colleague and co-author,Agua Das, for melting bronze and other metals with biomass. Builtfrom tincans and a refrigerator compressor, it burns all kinds ofbiomass trash. I also call it an "up-down draft gasifier. See thedescription at "Dasifier".BIG GASIFIERSI have lots of descriptions of large gasifier projects in my book"Survey of Biomass Gasification - 2000" (see Books). Here is thefamous Burlington Vt. 5 MW fluidized bed that makes a very richgas of 15 MJ/m 3. It is based on the double fluidized bed developedat Battelle and has been scaled up by FERCO and the US Dept. ofEnergy. It operates on wood chips from the Vermont forests. Ibelieve it is no longer in operation (July, 2004).The BEF is involved with research, design and construction of allgasifier sizes.GASIFIERS FOR FUELS AND CHEMICALSWhen biomass is gasified with air the resulting gas has ~50% nitrogen, and so is good only for useat the point of origin. For pipelines, for some storage or for chemical synthesis, oxygen gasificationproduces a gas with twice the energy (~12 MJ/m 3 ) while pyrolytic gasification can produce a gaswith 20 MJ/m 2 .In 1973 at MIT, I wrote the lead article for the journal Science, "Methanol: A versatileFuel for Immediate Use", (Vol. 182, pp 1299, 1973). Unfortunately, the USchose not to develop fuels alternative to gasoline and so has been exporting money for oil tofinance terrorists. Read the sad story at our Methanol page.In 1980 we built an oxygen gasifier at SERI/NREL which eventually was tested on pure oxygen atthe 25 ton/d level. This is discussed in our book FUNDAMENTAL STUDY AND SCALE UP OFTHE AIR-OXYGEN STRATIFIED DOWNDRAFT GASIFIER on the Books Page.http://www.woodgas.com/history.htm (3 of 4) [10/9/2008 08:23:07]

Biomass Energy Foundation: Historyhttp://www.woodgas.com/history.htm (4 of 4) [10/9/2008 08:23:07]

Biomass Energy Foundation: MethanolMETHANOL: A VERSATILE FUEL FOR IMMEDIATEUSEHomeBiomassEnergyGasification &ReformingLiquid FuelsWoodCookingEnergyRosetta StoneBookstoreAbout theBEFLinksI began experimenting with alcohol and alcohol blendfuels in 1973 when I worked at MIT. I published my resultsin an article 1 , "Methanol: A Versatile Fuel for ImmediateUse" with a colleague, Bob Lerner in the premier sciencejournal, SCIENCE (Vol 182, p.1299) in December 1973.This coincided with the peak of the first OPEC gasolineshortage and the article was summarized in the New YorkTimes. I couldn't believe the attention we got. The publicand Congress didn't realize that cars can run on otherfuels than oil. I testified in the U.S. Senate and severalstate legislatures and had many phone calls inquiringabout what I knew and telling me many things I didn'tknow.One reader, a Mr. Hawley from Minneapolis had made agreat deal of money in oil and gas and sent a check for$100,000 to me and MIT to do research on methanolproduction and use. I took a year leave of absence frommy material science interests to work at the newly createdMIT Energy Laboratory (and teach Thermodynamics). Weset up a gas station test for MIT students and faculty whowould be willing to use our blends in order to find out whatproblems might arise.http://www.woodgas.com/methanol.htm (1 of 5) [10/9/2008 08:23:07]

Biomass Energy Foundation: MethanolBecome aMemberof theBiomassEnergyFoundationUnfortunately the oil and motor industry was less thanenthusiastic. A few months later a grant of $1,000,000was given to the MIT Energy Laboratory. We wereinformed that the oil companies were the real experts inthis field and so the permission to run the tests wasrevoked after we had spent 6 months and $50,000developing our test methods.In 1975, SCIENCE sent a reporter, Allen L. Hammond, toMIT to investigate the project cancellation. Sciencepublished a news article 1 , "Methanol at MIT: IndustryInfluence Charged in Project Cancellation", (vol 190, p.761, November 1975).It is interesting - and fruitless - to speculate on how historymight have been different if the US had developed anaggressive synthetic fuel program in the 1970s. The threatof alternate production from gas, coal or biomass wouldhave tempered future rises in oil prices and reduced ourfunding of the Near East oil sheikhs. It would haveprevented the Iran-Iraq war and the US Iraq wars and theterrorist attacks and 9-11 and saved thousands of life; itwould have also saved millions of dollars. And we wouldhave a much better estimate of the cost and means ofproducing the alternate fuels that we will need as the oilruns out."Of all sad words of tongue or pen, The saddest are these"It might have been" (Whittier)Now, 30 years later and facing another presidentialelection, we can hope that we can develop a sensibleenergy policyhttp://www.woodgas.com/methanol.htm (2 of 5) [10/9/2008 08:23:07]

Biomass Energy Foundation: Methanol~~~Permit me a little personal history of how I came to beinterested in alternate fuels. In 1972 I was working at theMassachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in crystalgrowth. I ate lunch occasionally with a Peter Robeck whogrew up in Germany and knew a great deal about theNazis synthetic fuel program during WWII. He flew aspotter plane at the battle of Stalingrad fueled with whatwe now call "gasohol", a high octane mixture of gasolineand ethanol (the drinking alcohol made by fermentation ofcorn etc) .Oil, diesel and gasoline have become such a major baseof our society that I first heard concerns about "when theoil runs out", in 1959, and we still do. I became interestedin the question of alternate fuels in 1973 when my bossasked me to look into "hydrogen from sunlight" as apossible new energy source. However, hydrogen does notoccur in nature and Mother Nature has had 3 billion yearsof development on renewable fuels throughphotosynthesis. So I began inquiring about alcohols asfuels. Ethanol is easily made from any starchy plant andHenry Ford predicted that some day our case would berunning on fuels growing beside the road.However, methanol is by far the simplest and cheapest($0.15/gal at that time) synthetic fuel to makesynthetically. It is used in preference to gasoline at therace track, and I learned in 1973 that student teams hadconverted cars to methanol and won clean air car races. Itis made in enormous quantities, mostly from natural gas.It is also be made in well known processes from coal,wood, agricultural and forest wastes and municipalhttp://www.woodgas.com/methanol.htm (3 of 5) [10/9/2008 08:23:07]

Biomass Energy Foundation: Methanolwastes, according to...Gas, Coal, Biomass ==> (gasification,catalytic conversion,separation)==> METHANOL or other alcohols or FT dieselA close friend of mine, Dr. John Anderson, had justpatented a process for converting municipal waste tosynthesis gas which could be used to make methanol. Iwrote a draft of the article for SCIENCE magazineproposing that methanol would be the most likelyreplacement for gasoline as the oil ran out. I gave thearticle to another friend, Dr. R. M. Lerner to read andcomment. He liked the article, but suggested that thetransition to a methanol fueled future would be easier if itcould be blended in increasing amounts into gasoline, saystarting with 5 to 10% and gradually developing morecapacity as oil became increasingly difficult to find.I liked this suggestion, so tested a little methanol ingasoline and found it dissolved at all ratios (at roomtemperature). Being adventurous and having an aging1969 Toyota, I got a gallon of methanol from thestockroom and added it to my tank to get a 10% mixture.It started fine and I spent the afternoon doing severalerrands - didn't notice any difference in the driving. After afew more tanksfull of 10% methanol in my gasoline, Inoticed that the "tank to tank" fuel economy was equal toor better than gasoline. As a chemist, I knew that a gallonof gasoline had twice as much energy as a gallon ofmethanol, so I didn't believe it so decided to make somemore scientific tests. I obtained a fuel burette (graduatedcylinder) and mounted it in the window of my car anddrove over a test course involving a 1 mile hill climb using0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% methanol in the burette. Myhttp://www.woodgas.com/methanol.htm (4 of 5) [10/9/2008 08:23:07]

Biomass Energy Foundation: Methanolmileage went up from 26.8 MPG on gasoline to 28.8 MPGon 15% methanol (a 7% increase), then declined but wasstill drivable.~~~Propane is one of my favorite fuels, because we can shipand store it as a liquid under very modest pressure, but itburns very cleanly because it is a gas at roomtemperature, so that it is easy to mix in proper proportionwith air. Unfortunately, there isn't nearly enough for ourneeds in the oil barrel.An even better fuel closely related to methanol is dimethylether, DME, made by combining two methanol molecules(or directly with a suitable catalyst, according to2 MeOH ==> Me-O-MeDimethly ether boils at -23.6 C, propane at -42.1, so DMEcan be shipped, stored and burned in similar equipment. Itis even easier to make synthetically than methanol.1 Our thanks to the Journal SCIENCE for permission to publish. Pleasenote, "Readers may view, browse and/or download material fortemporary copying purposes only, provided these uses are fornoncommercial personal purposes. Except as provided by law, thismaterial may not be further reproduced, distributed, transmitted,modified, adapted, performed, displayed, published or sold in whole orin part, without prior written permission from the publisher".http://www.woodgas.com/methanol.htm (5 of 5) [10/9/2008 08:23:07]

TO: People interested in making BiodieselFROM: Thomas B. Reed, the Biomass Energy FoundationSUBJECT: Making Bio-diesel in the kitchenBiodiesel is a new, alternative, renewable, clean diesel fuel made from Nature’striglycerides - oils, fats, waste cooking oils and many other natural products. 1 , 2However, if you would like to try the reaction in your kitchen, here's the recipe for asimple demonstration you can try, using common household chemicals. 3 (REMEMBERTO HANDLE ALL CHEMICALS WITH CARE! While these are common "household"chemicals, the methanol will burn with an almost invisible flame, so extinguish all fires;the lye can burn your fingers or blind you. Read the warnings on the can!)The reaction (with the terrible names “transesterification” or “alcoholysis” 3 ) substitutesmethanol (wood alcohol) for the Glycerol in triglycerides (fats, oils) to make the methylesters called biodiesel. It uses lye as a catalyst. A junior chemist might write it:Triglyceride (fats or oils) + Methanol! Biodiesel + Glycerol (+soap from catalyst)The lye converts a small amount of the oil to soap so that the methanol will be soluble inthe triglyceride. After the reaction is over, the glycerol and soap settle to the bottom ofthe vessel and the biodiesel floats on top.In a measuring cup measure 200 ml of methanol. 4 To this add 1 level tsp of lye (sodiumhydroxide). 5 In a separate pan, heat 500 ml (1 cup) of any vegetable oil cooking oil(such as Mazola, Canola etc.to about 120F (using a candy thermometer). Put the oil ina blender and add the methanol-lye mixture to the warm oil while vigorously stirring. Stirfor 30 minutes. This solution is opaque at first, but as the reaction progresses itbecomes thinner than the original oil and translucent.Allow the mixture to settle for a day in a tall thin vessel. You will see two separatelayers. The biodiesel floats to the top as a clear liquid, and can be poured off into acontainer for display(or into your diesel car or truck). The glycerol and some soap go tothe bottom and can be discarded in this experiment. In commercial practice the glyceroland soap can be further processed to other fuels.You have now made biodiesel on a small scale and can better appreciate the use ofrenewable fuels from farms.BIODIESEL FROM WASTE VEGETABLE OILSEvery fast food restaurant discards large quantities of waste vegetable oils weekly.They are collected and sold as “yellow grease” and can contain fats from cooked meatand free fatty acids from the breakdown of the oil. Yellow grease is an attractive sourceof biodiesel, but is more difficult to convert to biodiesel because it contains 2-10% freefatty acids (the cause of the rancid taste) which consume some of the lye catalyst.

Many people are converting “yellow grease” to biodiesel or using it directly. (Seehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_grease)andhttp://www.easternct.edu/depts/sustainenergy/calendar/biodiesel/Geise%20-%20Biodiesel%20from%20Recycled%20Vegetable%20Oil.pdfIt requires additional lye to neutralize the free fatty acids and the process so morechemistry than the kitchen provides.1Corn based ethanol has been a “renewable fuel” since about 1980,available as a 10%blend with gasoline. It competes directly with corn for food and can cause economicupsets if we make too much. Biodiesel is made from soy oil and many other vegetableoils and animal fats. Soy beans are raised primarily for their protein content and the oilis a by product, since many other plants also contain vegetable oils. Used cooking oil(yellow grease) is a waste product, but is fed to cattle or burned for heat.I have been running my diesel vehicles on biodiesel since I first discovered it in 1990and it is now the most successful of our “renewable fuels”.2 Don’t worry about long complicated chemical names. They are usually descriptive ofthe molecule and more like a map. You probably heard them in high school chemistryand promptly forgot them. Your doctor measures the “triglyceride” content of your bloodon any blood test. Healthy humans are typically about 20% triglyceride (fat) or else allyour joints would squeak. Making biodiesel on a large scale is a task for chemicalengineers. It is a relatively simple process, but requires purification and washing tomake a commercial fuel3 Don’t worry about these long and complicated chemical names. They are usuallydescriptive of the molecule and more like a map. Your doctor measures the“triglyceride” content of your blood on any blood test. Healthy humans are typicallyabout 20% triglyceride (fat) or else all your joints would squeak. Making biodiesel on alarge scale is a task for chemical engineers. It is a relatively simple process, butrequires purification and washing to make a commercial fuel.4 The easiest source of methanol is Dri- Gas, obtainable from any automotive store. Besure to get the cheap yellow variety - contains methanol - not the red one containingiso-propyl alcohol. Methanol is also used as the preferred fuel at most race tracks andyou can buy a 5 gallon can.) The methanol must be new and DRY.5Red Devil lye or the equivalent is carried by most grocery and hardware stores. Readthe safety instructions. Stir well into the methanol with a wooden spoon, crushing asneeded until all the flakes disappear. The mixture will be slightly cloudy and is called"sodium methoxide".

Biomass Energy Foundation: CookstovesCOOKSTOVESHomeBiomassEnergyGasification &ReformingLiquid FuelsWoodCookingEnergyRosetta StoneBookstoreAbout theBEFLinksBecome aMemberof theBiomassEnergyFoundationHalf the world (~3 billion people) cooks substandard meals, consumingtoo much wood, breathing too much smoke and burning the kids. Mygrandmother had a wood/coal range that worked pretty well, but wood isdifficult to burn on a smaller scale. On first lighting the volatiles aredriven off faster than combustion air can be supplied. Then, when thewood is reduced to charcoal, it is difficult to supply enough air to makeflames. We think that our WoodGas stoves are the best fix for theseproblems. However, we don't think they are the only fix and there is a lotof good work going on around the world. The best way to keep in touchis to join the STOVE discussion group at the Renewable Energy PolicyProject, REPP.REPP maintains a discussion group on STOVES and GASIFICATIONwith archives of thousands of letters on file asking and answeringquestions about all aspects of biomass stoves and gasification. Anyoneseriously wanting to help with world stove problems should join thisgroup.The Aprovecho research institute is actively developing new improvedstoves and deploying them around the world. They also maintain aschool for cookstoves, alternative building methods etc. Worth a tripanytime. They will be having a Spring Cookoff in June 2003. Maybe I'llsee you there.I have long admired the wood stoves developed by Fred Hottenroth.Unfortunately, Fred died several years ago, but the stoves are still beingmanufactured by the ZZ Manufacturing Co.http://www.woodgas.com/cookstoves.htm (1 of 2) [10/9/2008 08:23:09]

Biomass Energy Foundation: CookstovesSource:http://www.zzstove.com/Source:http://www.aprovecho.net/at/atindex.htmHowever, these are not gasifier stoves, so have lots of unburned gas.Gas which burns more than an inch above any stove will be quenchedby the cooking pot when it is put on the fire, resulting in blackened potsand high emissions.You can purchase a WoodGas Camp Stove through our onlinebookstore.http://www.woodgas.com/cookstoves.htm (2 of 2) [10/9/2008 08:23:09]

Biomass Energy Foundation: Woodgas StovesWOODGAS COOKSTOVESHomeBiomassEnergyGasification &ReformingLiquid FuelsWoodCookingEnergyRosetta StoneBookstoreAbout theBEFLinksGas from wood? That's my specialty and the name of thissite.It is now possible to turn wood into Wood-Gas which isthen easy to burn efficiently with low emissions, as shownabove. I have been working on wood-gas stoves since Ibecame aware of the world cooking problem on a trip toSouth Africa in 1985. We have developed both naturalhttp://www.woodgas.com/woodgasstoves.htm (1 of 3) [10/9/2008 08:23:10]

Biomass Energy Foundation: Woodgas StovesBecome aMemberof theBiomassEnergyFoundationconvection (with Ron Larson) and forced convectionstoves (Patent applied for). Check out these papers forthe principles of WoodGas stoves and performancedetails. We expect to continue this work indefinitely andhope to deploy a billion stoves to ease the world cookingproblem - an ambitious target. (You can also use largervariations of these stoves for clean, indoor cooking andother major heat applications.)Our first target for this fundamental new development isthe U.S. campstove market. There are lots of campersthat don't want to lug propane or gasoline on their backsand do want to use the biomass they find along the way.There are lots of others worried about possible cutoff ofgas or power. They are critical users and we will welcometheir comments (at tombreed@comcast.net).We believe our WoodGas Cook Stove far exceeds theperformance of any other biomass cooking device. It willburn twigs, chips or the wood-pellets widely sold inhardware stores (typically $3 for a 40 lb bag). It generates1.5 - 3 KW of heat, comparable to the big element on anelectric stove; it burns only 10 g of fuel/min (40%efficient); and it can be used indoors with minimalemissions. It uses a single AA cell that lasts 3 hours onHIGH and 6 hours on LOW. We hope a lithium hydridebattery and solar charger will be available as anaccessory soon.The current dimensions for the WoodGas LE are:Weight: 23 ozHeight: 6.25"Diameter: 5.1 "http://www.woodgas.com/woodgasstoves.htm (2 of 3) [10/9/2008 08:23:10]

Biomass Energy Foundation: Woodgas StovesWe plan to sell these stoves in the US campstove marketfirst to establish our manufacturing and sales abilitiesbefore designing stoves for the international community.The stove sells for $55 plus shipping and comes with a fullinstructional manual. You can purchase a WoodgasStove through this site.Our second target for wood-gas stoves will be the refugeecamps around the world that have 40 million mouths tocook for, and are currently using propane, gasoline orkerosene. They have the skills to manufacture the stoveand labor to do it. They could also manufacture for thecountry as a whole. The BEF is prepared to apply ourskills to the needs of developing countries andrecommend a stove program that fits local conditions. Ifinterested in working with the Biomass Energy Foundationto develop a stove program for other countries, pleasecheck with us at tombreed@comcast.net.You can purchase a WoodGas Camp Stove through ouronline bookstore.See what people using them have to say.http://www.woodgas.com/woodgasstoves.htm (3 of 3) [10/9/2008 08:23:10]

Biomass Energy Foundation Water Content of BiomassBIOMASSHomeBiomassEnergyGasification &ReformingLiquid FuelsWoodCookingEnergyRosetta StoneBookstoreAbout theBEFWATER CONTENT OF BIOMASSThe water content of biomass can be a major problem if itisn't recognized, and a wet log looks exactly like a dry one, so one can't judge "by eye".Biomass is a complex fuel, composed of the volatilecomponents (typically 70-90%), charcoal that results onheating (10-30%), some mineral/ash content (1-20%) andvarying amounts of moisture. For this reason mostanalyses are given on a "dry ash free" (DAF) basis.However, wood and other biomass are almost NEVERbone dry, and go up and down with the seasons. Worseyet, sometimes moisture content is reported on a wetbasis (MCWB) and sometimes on a dry basis. When atree is cut down in summer it can contain 50% moisture(wet basis) or 100% moisture (!) dry basis. These twostandards can cause a lot of confusion unlessunderstood.LinksHowever it is easy to measure water content. Weigh asample, then heat to 105 C for 1-4 hours, depending onsample size to find bone dry weight. (I use my wife'soven.) The moisture content wet basis (MCWB) is givenbyhttp://www.woodgas.com/water_content_of_biomass.htm (1 of 2) [10/9/2008 08:23:11]

Biomass Energy Foundation Water Content of BiomassBecome aMemberof theBiomassEnergyFoundationMCWB = 100 X (Initial Wt - Dry weight)/(Initial Weight)However, since we are interested in the dry use ofbiomass and don't want to pay for the water, biomassmoisture content is sometimes reported on a "dry" basis(MCDB) whereMCDB = 100 X (Initial Wt - Dry weight)/(Dry Weight)MCWB would be the basis usually assumed, but if one isinterested in the fuel or lumber properties, one is mostinterested in the MCDB.http://www.woodgas.com/water_content_of_biomass.htm (2 of 2) [10/9/2008 08:23:11]

Biomass Energy Foundation: Fuel DensitiesFUEL DENSITIESHomeWe usually find the mass energy content of fuels tabulated on an energy/mass basis. Yet the energy/volume is often equally important for shipment, storage and use. This tableincludes the densities of various fuels and calculates the volumetric energy density.BiomassEnergyGasification &ReformingLiquid FuelsWoodCookingEnergyRosetta StoneBookstoreAbout theBEFLinksBecome aMemberof theBiomassEnergyFoundationrefnrFUELPROPERTIES:From Reed,LHV-base HHV-base LHV-base HHV-base LHV-base LHV-base LHV-base HHV-base HHV-base HHV-baseJamie & AndriesMass Mass Volumetric Volumetric Relative Relative Relative Relative Relative RelativeFUEL TYPE Density Moisture Ash* Energy DensityEnergyDensityEnergyDensityMass Bulk Vol. Bulk Vol. Mass Bulk Vol. Bulk Vol. Unit** Costkg/m3 % MC % MJ/kg or GJ/ton GJ/m3 GJ/m3 Ener. Dsy Ener.Dsy Multiplier Ener. Dsy Ener.Dsy Multipliersolid bulk Solid bulk Solid bulk(to coalAW)(to coalAW)(to coalAW)(to coalTR)(to coalTR)(to coalTR)Cost$Co2Emissions$/Gj kg/Gj1 kg/Gj21Brown Coal -VIC1120 860 62.5 2 8.0 9.0 6.9 0.33 0.34 2.97 5/t 0.63 93.3 87.72Black Coal -NSW1450 940 8 22 24.0 34.8 22.6 1.00 1.11 0.90 30/t 1.25 90.7 89.43 Petrol n/a

Biomass Energy Foundation: Fuel DensitiesInternatl steam17coal850 24 20.4 1.00 1.00 1.00Loose saw dust18(dry)200 18 3.6 0.75 0.18 5.67Wood pellets19(dry)1300 650 18 23.4 11.7 0.75 0.57 1.7420 Torrefied pellets 1300 650 3% 22 28.6 14.3 0.92 0.70 1.43softwood chips21(dry)190 7% 20 3.8 0.62 0.11 9.42HD 1/4"sawdust22pellets680 20 13.6 0.62 0.38 2.633/8" peanut shell23pellets650 19.8 12.9 0.61 0.36 2.7824 Corn 760 19 14.4 0.58 0.40 2.4825 Soybeans 770 21 16.2 0.65 0.45 2.21Coconut shells261/4"540 20.5 11.1 0.63 0.31 3.2327 Coal bitumous 1100 32.5 35.8 1.00 1.00 1.0028 Biodiesel 920 41.2 37.9 1.2729 Diesel 880 45.7 40.2 1.41* Percentages byweight.Mass energy density (in MJ/kg or GJ/ton) and Solid and Bulk Volumetric density (in GJ/m3)on Low Heat Value or High Heat ValueCosts - Unit cost for Black and Brown coal from Brockway(1997).Energy density - effects volume of throughput required, storage, cost oftransport per btu etcFigures for Wood Pellets based on 8500 btu/lb. Wood pellets range in energy from just under8000 to almost 9000 btu/lb.Figures for sawdust and woodchips are based on an energy value for oven dry eucalypthardwood of about 19Kj/g. Figuresfor energy value by weight for softwoods such as pine, would be about10% higher.Figures were converted to energy values at variousmoisture contentsusing the formula EV (energy value @ mc%) = EV(od)*(100-(MC/8))/(100+MC)Density of wood reflect approximate averages for common East coast Australian hardwoods.Green density varies considerablyless than air dry density (700- to 900+), relfecting variation in moisturecontents of 'green' timber.Bulk Density of woodchips and sawdust are taken to be 50% and 33% of the originalwoods density respectively.1 - Co2 emission factors fromwww.gas.asn.Australia/gas1.htm2 - Co2 emission factors from Oz instenergy site35.315 cu foot per cu metrejoules per1055.056 British thermal units(International table)x 1055.056btuBtu (th) x 1054.350Btu (mean) x 1055.87http://www.woodgas.com/fuel_densities.htm (2 of 4) [10/9/2008 08:23:13]

Biomass Energy Foundation: Fuel Densities** - Unit cost is the cost of the fuel to the end user in units common forthat fuel.Hence coal is cost to power station, petrol to consumers etc. Pelletcosts are USD.^ - Bulk densities for coal as sized for transporting onconveyors.In terms of value on the world market, 1 green tonne of woodchips isworth $75/tonne,compared with $60 for coal and $30 foriron oreFUEL SOURCEreferencesPers Comm Mr. Michael Laird Mine Strategy Manager Loy Yang Power - email131 Oct 2000Pers Comm Ross Shirtly - Sevices Manager Eraring Power Station,2email 2/11/00.Pers Comm Ministry of Energy & Utilities - Pers Comm 31Oct 2000Australian Institiute of Energy web site -3www.aie.org.Australia/melb/material/resource/fuels.htmAustralian Institiute of Energy web site -4www.aie.org.Australia/melb/material/resource/fuels.htmEnergy value from OzInst energy av of two5figures given.Gross calorific value after extraction of NGL's WEC 2000. Price (1998) from Energy6at a Glance 1999 NSW78910from Pellet Flame web site - www.pelletflame.com/pelletanalysis.htm, price11averige retail fromPellet Fuels Inst Arlington, VA USA in$USenergy varies by +- 6% depending on fuelqualityPers Comm Steve Jolley Dec1 00 @1238$ per bdtEnergy and mc from Greenhouse Gas13Assessment handbookEnergy and mc from Greenhouse Gas14Assessment handbook5mc and 29 according15to GGAHAssumed a 20% weight loss TW from "forest16dry" chips.approximate plant data from17A. Weststeijnapproximate plant data from18A. Weststeijnapproximate plant data from19A. Weststeijndata from Tom Reed via20A.Weststeijndata from Tom Reeds posting of May2128th, 2001data from Tom Reeds posting of May2228th, 2001http://www.woodgas.com/fuel_densities.htm (3 of 4) [10/9/2008 08:23:13]

Biomass Energy Foundation: Fuel Densitiesdata from Tom Reeds posting of May2328th, 2001data from Tom Reeds posting of May2428th, 2001data from Tom Reeds posting of May2528th, 2001data from Tom Reeds posting of May2628th, 2001data from Tom Reeds posting of May2728th, 2001data from Tom Reeds posting of May2828th, 2001data from Tom Reeds posting of May2928th, 2001http://www.woodgas.com/fuel_densities.htm (4 of 4) [10/9/2008 08:23:13]

Biomass Energy Foundation: Proximate/Ultimate AnalysisDENSIFICATIONHomeBiomassEnergyGasification &ReformingPROXIMATE AND ULTIMATE ANALYSESBiomass fuels are characterized by what is called the "Proximate and Ultimateanalyses". The "proximate" analysis gives moisture content, volatile content (whenheated to 950 C), the free carbon remaining at that point, the ash (mineral) in thesample and the high heating value (HHV) based on the complete combustion of thesample to carbon dioxide and liquid water. (The low heating value, LHV, gives theheat released when the hydrogen is burned to gaseous water, corresponding to mostheating applications and can be calculated from the HHV and H2 fraction.)Liquid FuelsWoodCookingEnergyRosetta StoneBookstoreAbout theBEFLinksBecome aMemberof theBiomassEnergyFoundationThe "ultimate" analysis" gives the composition of the biomass in wt% of carbon,hydrogen and oxygen (the major components) as well as sulfur and nitrogen (ifany).The table below, showing Proximate and Ultimate analyses, is from Appendix A ofour book 1 , and gives analyses of over 140 fuels, including biomass components,natural biomass (woods, agricultural products), processed biomass, other solid andliquid fuels. For ease of reading download to a spreadsheet file.The Proximate Analysis (D-3175), gives the fixed carbon, volatile and ash content ofbiomass. The Ultimate Analysis gives the elemental (C, H, O, S, N) analysis. TheGross heating value The data is often published with various articles in widelyscattered journals. The data have been brought together for convenience in this oneplace. These standard ASTM tests and are performed by many laboratories in thecountry, routinely on coal, but competently on biomass. They typically cost $100-$200 so it is good to be able to find collected results for various biomass materials.Our book "Thermal Data for Natural and Synthetic Fuels", Marcel Dekker, 1998,gives an extended list of the Prox and Ult analyses of about 300 forms of biomass,most of which were collected in the thesis of S. A. Channiwala from the IndianInstitute of Technology, 1992.I have long been fascinated with the close relationship between the heat ofcombustion (high heating value, HHV) and the elemental composition as given in theultimate analysis. This was first noticed by DuLong in the 19th century and broughtup to date by other scientists. Most recently a Mr. S. A. Channiwala 1992 thesis, Thehttp://www.woodgas.com/proximat.htm (1 of 7) [10/9/2008 08:23:16]

Biomass Energy Foundation: Proximate/Ultimate AnalysisIndian Institute of Technology, Bombay) collected data on over 200 species ofbiomass and fitted the following equation to the data:HHV (in kJ/g) = 0.3491C + 1.1783 H - 0.1034 O - 0.0211 A + 0.1005 S -0.0151 N(where C is the weight fraction of carbon; H of hydrogen; O of oxygen; A of ash; S ofsulfur and N of nitrogen appearing in the sltimate analysis. )He found that this equation fitted the experimental data with an average error of1.45%, typical of the error of most measurements. This equation permits using heatvalues in calculations and models of biomass processes.Other analyses can be found at the following websites:The Energy Center of the Netherlands,IEA, The International Energy Agency,Biobib (Austria)Name Fixed Volatiles Ash C H O N S HHV HHVCarbon MEAS CALC% % % % % % % % kJ/g kJ/gWOODBeech - - 0.65 51.64 6.26 41.45 0.00 0.00 20.38 21.10Black Locust 18.26 80.94 0.80 50.73 5.71 41.93 0.57 0.01 19.71 20.12Douglas Fir 17.70 81.50 0.80 52.30 6.30 40.50 0.10 0.00 21.05 21.48Hickory - - 0.73 47.67 6.49 43.11 0.00 0.00 20.17 19.82Maple - - 1.35 50.64 6.02 41.74 0.25 0.00 19.96 20.42Ponderosa Pine 17.17 82.54 0.29 49.25 5.99 44.36 0.06 0.03 20.02 19.66http://www.woodgas.com/proximat.htm (2 of 7) [10/9/2008 08:23:16]

Biomass Energy Foundation: Proximate/Ultimate AnalysisPoplar - - 0.65 51.64 6.26 41.45 0.00 0.00 20.75 21.10Red Alder 12.50 87.10 0.40 49.55 6.06 43.78 0.13 0.07 19.30 19.91Redwood 16.10 83.50 0.40 53.50 5.90 40.30 0.10 0.00 21.03 21.45WesternHemlock15.20 84.80 2.20 50.40 5.80 41.10 0.10 0.10 20.05 20.14Yellow Pine - - 1.31 52.60 7.00 40.10 0.00 0.00 22.30 22.44White Fir 16.58 83.17 0.25 49.00 5.98 44.75 0.05 0.01 19.95 19.52White Oak 17.20 81.28 1.52 49.48 5.38 43.13 0.35 0.01 19.42 19.12Madrone 12.00 87.80 0.20 48.94 6.03 44.75 0.05 0.02 19.51 19.56Mango Wood 11.36 85.64 2.98 46.24 6.08 44.42 0.28 19.17 18.65BARKDouglas Fir bark 25.80 73.00 1.20 56.20 5.90 36.70 0.00 0.00 22.10 22.75Loblolly Pinebark33.90 54.70 0.40 56.30 5.60 37.70 0.00 0.00 21.78 22.35ENERGYCROPSEucalyptusCamaldulensis17.82 81.42 0.76 49.00 5.87 43.97 0.30 0.01 19.42 19.46Casuarina 19.58 78.58 1.83 48.50 6.04 43.32 0.31 0.00 18.77 19.53Poplar 16.35 82.32 1.33 48.45 5.85 43.69 0.47 0.01 19.38 19.26Sudan Grass 18.60 72.75 8.65 44.58 5.35 39.18 1.21 0.01 17.39 17.62PROCESSEDBIOMASShttp://www.woodgas.com/proximat.htm (3 of 7) [10/9/2008 08:23:16]

Biomass Energy Foundation: Proximate/Ultimate AnalysisPlywood 15.77 82.14 2.09 48.13 5.87 42.46 1.45 0.00 18.96 19.26AGRICULTURALPeach Pits 19.85 79.12 1.03 53.00 5.90 39.14 0.32 0.05 20.82 21.39Walnut Shells 21.16 78.28 0.56 49.98 5.71 43.35 0.21 0.01 20.18 19.68Almond Prunings 21.54 76.83 1.63 51.30 5.29 40.90 0.66 0.01 20.01 19.87Black WalnutPrunings18.56 80.69 0.78 49.80 5.82 43.25 0.22 0.01 19.83 19.75Corncobs 18.54 80.10 1.36 46.58 5.87 45.46 0.47 0.01 18.77 18.44Wheat Straw 19.80 71.30 8.90 43.20 5.00 39.40 0.61 0.11 17.51 16.71Cotton Stalk 22.43 70.89 6.68 43.64 5.81 43.87 0.00 0.00 18.26 17.40Corn Stover 19.25 75.17 5.58 43.65 5.56 43.31 0.61 0.01 17.65 17.19SugarcaneBagasse14.95 73.78 11.27 44.80 5.35 39.55 0.38 0.01 17.33 17.61Rice Hulls 15.80 63.60 20.60 38.30 4.36 35.45 0.83 0.06 14.89 14.40Pine needles 26.12 72.38 1.50 48.21 6.57 43.72 20.12 20.02Cotton gin trash 15.10 67.30 17.60 39.59 5.26 36.38 2.09 0.00 16.42 15.85AQUATICBIOMASSWater Hyacinth(Florida)- 80.40 19.60 40.30 4.60 33.99 1.51 0.00 14.86 15.54BrownKelp,Giant,Soquel Point- 57.90 42.10 27.80 3.77 23.69 4.63 1.05 10.75 10.85AVERAGE 47.91 5.74 40.98 0.52 0.05 19.11 19.15http://www.woodgas.com/proximat.htm (4 of 7) [10/9/2008 08:23:16]

Biomass Energy Foundation: Proximate/Ultimate AnalysisLIQUID FUELSn-octane 0.00 - 0.00 84.10 15.90 0.00 0.00 0.00 47.80 48.09Benzene, C6H6 0.00 92.25 7.75 0.00 0.00 0.00 41.79 41.34Motor Gasoline 0.00 85.50 14.40 0.00 0.00 0.10 46.88 46.83Kerosene 0.00 0.01 85.80 14.10 0.00 0.00 0.10 46.50 46.58Methanol,CH3OH0.00 0.00 37.50 12.50 50.00 0.00 0.00 22.69 22.65Ethanol,C2H5OH0.00 0.00 52.20 13.00 34.80 0.00 0.00 30.15 29.94PYROLYSISOILSLBL Wood Oil 0.78 72.30 8.60 17.60 0.20 0.01 33.70 33.53BOM wood oil 0.66 82.00 8.80 9.20 0.60 0.00 36.80 38.02Coke-oven tar 0.25 91.75 5.50 0.80 0.90 0.80 38.20 38.49Low Temp Tar 83.00 8.20 7.40 0.60 0.80 38.75 37.94SOLID FUELSCoal - PittsburghSeam55.80 33.90 10.30 75.50 5.00 4.90 1.20 3.10 31.75 31.82Peat, S-H3 26.87 70.13 3.00 54.81 5.38 35.81 0.89 0.11 22.00 21.70Charcoal 89.31 93.88 1.02 92.04 2.45 2.96 0.53 1.00 34.39 34.78Oak char (565C) 55.60 27.10 17.30 64.60 2.10 15.50 0.40 0.10 23.05 23.06Casuarina Char(950C)71.53 15.23 13.24 77.54 0.93 5.62 2.67 0.00 27.12 27.26http://www.woodgas.com/proximat.htm (5 of 7) [10/9/2008 08:23:16]

Biomass Energy Foundation: Proximate/Ultimate AnalysisCoconut ShellChar (750C)87.17 9393.00 2.90 88.95 0.73 6.04 1.38 0.00 31.12 31.21Eucalyptus char(950C)70.32 19.22 10.45 76.10 1.33 11.10 1.02 0.00 27.60 26.75ORGANICCHEMICALSMcal/mo cal/g kJ/gAcetone;(CH3)2CO58 62.07 10.34 27.59 428 7.38 30.9 31.01Acetic Acid;CH3CO2H60 40.00 6.67 53.33 209 3.48 14.6 16.30D-Glucose;C6H12O6180 40.00 6.67 53.33 670 3.72 15.6 16.30Phenol;C6H5OH94 76.60 6.38 17.02 730 7.76 32.5 32.50Cellulose;C6H10O5162 44.44 6.17 49.38 17.68Lignin(Softwood)63.8 6.30 29.90 26.60Lignin(Hardwood)59.8 6.40 33.70 24.93EXCEPTIONSHydrogen, H2 0.00 100.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 141.26 117.83CarbonMonoxide, CO42.86 0.00 57.14 0.00 0.00 10.16 9.05Acetylene 92.25 7.75 0.00 0.00 0.00 49.60 41.34Carbon 100.00 0.00 0.00 32.81 34.91http://www.woodgas.com/proximat.htm (6 of 7) [10/9/2008 08:23:16]

Biomass Energy Foundation: Proximate/Ultimate AnalysisCarbon dioxide,CO227.27 0.00 72.7% 0.00 9.45Water 0.00 11.11 88.89 0.00 3.90(1) "Thermal Data for Natural and Synthetic Fuels", S. Gaur and T. Reed, MarcelDekker, 1998.http://www.woodgas.com/proximat.htm (7 of 7) [10/9/2008 08:23:16]

Biomass Energy Foundation: Small GasifiersSMALL GASIFIERSHomeBiomassEnergyGasification &ReformingLiquid FuelsWoodCookingEnergyRosetta StoneBookstoreAbout theBEFLinksGasifiers are usually rated in kW (or Horsepower) ofoutput, either kWth or kWel and vary from . If you have alarge quantity of biomass (ie MSW) you might like a 100ton/day unit which would yield about 20 MW thermal orabout 4 MW el at 20% efficiency. Could cost you $10Million (at $2000/kW capacity). These large gasifiers canbe fixed bed (updraft or downdraft), fluidized bed, or evenentrained feed gasifiers.I have written a number of articles and books on allaspects of gasification and you can get an overview ofcurrent activity from our book "Survey of BiomassGasification - 2001" including the different gasifier types,who is making them, costs, addresses etc. (see books).The "old testament" of small gasifiers is "Gengas: TheSwedish Classic on Wood Fueled Vehicles". The "newtestament" of small gasifiers is the "Biomass downdraftGasifier Handbook", by T. Reed and A. Das.I am very much dedicated to seeing gasifiers serve theneeds of humanity, but most of the world can't afford touse large scale gasifiers and doesn't have a large supply,so there needs to be information on small gasifiers aswell.So, my personal specialty has been small gasifiers forhttp://www.woodgas.com/small_gasifiers.htm (1 of 3) [10/9/2008 08:23:16]

Biomass Energy Foundation: Small GasifiersBecome aMemberof theBiomassEnergyFoundationpower and transportation that I can make in my own smalllaboratory here in Golden Colorado. These small gasifiersare particularly useful and educational because they areeasy to build, alter and study. From 1980-1986 we builtand operated a 1 ton/day gasifier at the Solar EnergyResearch Institute, spending possibly $6 million fordesigners, fabricators, instrumentation engineers andrented space at Hazen Research here in Golden. Eachinstitutional step could take days or weeks to complete.While waiting for the institutional wheels togrind, we took matters into our own handsand built a 5 gallon pail gasifier in the alleybehind our laboratory. It had a blower and aflair, and we learned more about the basicscience of gasification in that zero costproject than we learned from the $6 millionproject. All of this is described in our book"FUNDAMENTAL STUDY AND SCALE UPOF THE AIR-OXYGEN STRATIFIEDDOWNDRAFT GASIFIER" (see Books).One of our smallest gasifiers was used to investigate therelationship between the superficial velocity and theamount of charcoal and tar produced in the pyrolysisstage of gasification. It resulted in a paper, "SuperficialVelocity - The Key to Biomass Gasification", which isone of the most fundamental studies of my long careerand which informs my judgment on all gasifier design. Thegasifier was only 30 cm tall and 5 cm inside diameter. Theresearch was completed in less than a week (but tookmonths to appreciate the importance).Currently our smallest gasifier is incorporated in ourhttp://www.woodgas.com/small_gasifiers.htm (2 of 3) [10/9/2008 08:23:16]

Biomass Energy Foundation: Small GasifiersWoodGas Cookstoves which we hope will eventuallycook better meals for the 3 billion people now cookingsubstandard meals with too much fuel and smoke. Thestove is only 15 cm tall and 12 cm in diameter and is idealfor camping or emergency cooking. We hope to build aneven smaller gasifier for lighting.http://www.woodgas.com/small_gasifiers.htm (3 of 3) [10/9/2008 08:23:16]

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Biomass Energy Foundation: Synthetic FuelsSYNTHETIC FUELS BY GASIFICATIONHomeBiomassEnergyGasification &ReformingLiquid FuelsWoodCookingGasification is used to make synthetic fuels and chemicalssuch as methanol, ammonia, diesel fuel and even (withmore difficulty) gasoline. It is difficult to imagine ourcurrent civilization continuing without them.In 1980 we built a high pressure biomass oxygen gasifierat SERI/NREL (now the National Renewable Energy Lab).Eventually that became the "Syngas, Inc." gasifier,operated on oxygen at 25 tons/d and on air at 75 t/d. (SeeFUNDAMENTAL STUDY AND SCALE UP OF THE AIR-OXYGEN STRATIFIED DOWNDRAFT GASIFIER: T.Reed, M. Graboski and B. Levie (SERI 1988) in Books.EnergyRosetta StoneBookstoreWhen fossil fuels are gone or too expensive we can makethese necessities from coal and biomass with thefollowing three stages of reactions:About theBEFLinks1. Manufacture of synthesis gas:Biomass (or coal) + O2 ==> CO + H2(carbon monoxide and hydrogen)2. Water gas shift adjusts CO/H2 ratio:CO + H2O CO2 + H23. Synthesis with CatalystCO + 2 H2 ==> CH3OH (methanol)CO + H2 ==> "(CH2)n" (diesel or gasoline,the Fischer Tropsch reaction)http://www.woodgas.com/synthetic_fuels.htm (1 of 2) [10/9/2008 08:23:53]

Biomass Energy Foundation: Synthetic FuelsBecome aMemberof theBiomassEnergyFoundation3 H2 + N2==> 2 NH3 (ammonia)Sounds simple, but is usually done commercially inchemical plants making 50 -2000 tons/day.My specialty since 1974 has been the synthesis ofmethanol, a superior automotive fuel, from biomass.(Methanol is used at the racetrack in preference togasoline and would replace gasoline with a minimum ofchanges. Methanol is no better than ethanol as a fuel, butwould cost 1/4 as much to make and can be made frombiomass, waste, coal, natural gas, and oil (not from corn!).See the article from Science on methanol that changedmy career from material scientist at MIT in 1973 to Fuelscientist today.http://www.woodgas.com/synthetic_fuels.htm (2 of 2) [10/9/2008 08:23:53]

Biomass Energy Foundation: DatabaseDATABASEHomeBiomassEnergyGasification &ReformingLiquid FuelsWoodCookingEnergyRosetta StoneBookstoreAbout theBEFLinksBecome aMemberof theBiomassEnergyFoundationDownload this database as an Excel spreadsheetDATE CATEGORY ORGANIZATION PURPOSE/DESCRIPTION9/20/99 EQUIPMENT BG&TECHNOLOGIES,CONSULTING LLC9/1/97 EQUIPMENT CALIFORNIA&PELLET MILL CO.CONSULTING9/20/99 EQUIPMENT CAPSTONE&MICROTURBINESCONSULTING9/20/99 EQUIPMENT DTI (Danish&TechnologicalCONSULTING Institute, DTIEnvironment, WasteManagement)Exclusive marketingand installation ofAnkur (ASCENT)gasifiersManufacturer ofpellet mills forbiomassdensificationBuild and marketsmall turbines (30kW)Updraft pilot plantfor hazardouswaste. Consultingon updraft andwaste.9/20/99 EQUIPMENT FERNAdaptation of gas&CONSULTINGENGINEERING, INC. turbines to run onproducer gas,design gasif. Eqpt.COUNTRY CONTACT PHONE/ E-MAIL WWW PAGE ADDRESS STATUS FUELS SIZES YEARS UNITSFAXBUILTUSA Wm. E.PartanenUSABobMassengill202 4521911202 4528323612 3321400612 7553713USA Ake Almgren 818 7162929DENMARKBjornMalmgren-Hansen818 716991045 8943894345 89438673USA Jeff Phillips 508 5637181507 5644851delaqui@ibm.net www.bgtechnologies.com 1155 15 th St., NW,Suite 810,Washington, D.C.20005www.capstoneturbine.com2524 118 th Lane ActiveNW, Coon Rapids,MN 55433bjorn.malmgren-Hansen@dti.dk www.dti.dk DTI Environment,DTI,Teknologiparken#22, DK-8000,Aarhus C,Denmark.ferneng@capecon.net www.capecod.net/ferneng Bix 3380 55Portside Dr.,Pocasset, MA02559546 gasifiersinstalled byAnkur since 1987Pilot plantoperational,planning fullscale plants forhazardous waste3 - 700 kWeinstallations;also thermalapplicationsLeatherwaste,impregnatedwood,COSTCOMMENTS1 - 700 kWe 10: 18000hr 2 BG Systems aimed at gasificatin of agwastes for powerPlanning 2-15 MWPilot plant operational, larger plants inplanning stageActive NA NA 30 NA NA Prodoced designs for gas turbines tooperate on producer gas modifyingnozzles etc., unaffiliated withturbinemfgrs.9/1/97 EQUIPMENT FLEXENERGY&(Formerly ReflectiveCONSULTING Energies)Small turbinedevelopment forbiomassUSA Edan Prabhu 949 3804899edanprabhu@msn.com 22922 Tiagua,Mission Viejo, CA92692-1433ActiveProducergasGas turbines typically need high pressuregas, but Prabhu developing atmosphericproducer pressure turbines949 38084071/20/98 EQUIPMENT KAMENGONon-consolidating&TECHNOLOGY, INC. feeder systemCONSULTINGCANADANazmirBundalli604 2709995604 2709921Suite 210-10451 ACTIVEShellbridge Way,Richmond, BC,V6X2W8, CANADAMostbiomassfuels10 Novel feeder design, a "spin-off" fromBritish Columbia Research Corporation3/1/98 EQUIPMENT STIRLING THERMAL Manufacturers of&CONSULTINGMOTORSStirling EnginesUSAWilliamMcKeough314 4580169238 Waterside Dr.,Grover, MO. 63040Chiptec gasifier with Stirling engine314 45849379/4/97 EQUIPMENT SUNPOWER, INC.&CONSULTINGSmall scale powerfrom biomass; freepiston,2.5 kWStirling engineUSA Neill W. Lane 614 5942221614 5937531lane@sunpower.com http://www.sunpower.com Box 2625, AthensOH, 45701ActivedevelopmentSimple Sitrling engine systemhttp://www.woodgas.com/gdatabase.htm (1 of 15) [10/9/2008 08:24:00]

Biomass Energy Foundation: Database8/1/97 EQUIPMENT SUSTAINABLE&ENGINE SYSTEMSCONSULTING (SES) LTDStirling enginedevelopment forbiomass operationUKDrummondHislop44 71792224151 Artesian Rd.,London W2 5DB,UK644 7179225431/27/98 EQUIPMENT T. R. MILES,&TECHNICALCONSULTING CONSULTING, INC.Biomass Counciing, USA T. R. Miles 503 646 @teleport.com www.teleport.com/~tmiles 1470 S. W.wide experienceWoodward Way,1198feeding, gasification,Portland OR 97225combustion wood,ag residues503 6050208>509/20/99 EQUIPMENT UMSICHT&(Fraunhofer-InstituteCONSULTING for EnvironmentalSafety and EnergyTechnology)CFB gasification forgas enginesGERMANY Markus Ising 49 208859818949 2088598290info@umsicht.fhg.de www.umsicht.fhg.de Osterfelder Strasse3, D-486047Oberhausen,GermanyWood chips 0.5 MWeplantoperatingsince 1995,12 MWplanned2 $2800/kWe Has operated a 0.5 MWe pilot plan since1996, now planning 12 MW commercialplant9/30/97 EQUIPMENT VALMET&AUTOMATON INC.CONSULTING (Energy product line)9/1/97 EQUIPMENT WARREN & BAERG&MFG. CO.CONSULTINGControl and FINLANDinformationmanagementsstems foratmospheric andpressurizedgasification systemsManufacture cubingeqpt.USAMarkkuTuovinenJimPennington358 32668592FX207 5916790207 5915728markku.tuovinen@valmet.com www.valmet.com/automation/ Lentokentankatu11, Box 237, FIN-33101 Tampere,FINLAND39950 Rd. 108,Dinuba, CA 93618ActiveActive W & B took over the John Deere cuber,making it stronger for fuel use3/1/97 GASIFIERSYSTEMSLARGEAMBIENT ENERGYLTD.Build large biomasspower plants in UKUKGerrySwarbrick44 1179147158gjswarbr@netcomuk.co.uk 33 UpperCranbrook Rd.,Bristol BS6 7UR,UKHolding 15 yearcontracts,seeking gasifiers5.5 MWe $1800/kW Ambient owns power sale contracts for 2projects and is actively seeking a supplierof gasification plants for construction atlocation in the UK44 11794930638/1/97 GASIFIERSYSTEMS-LARGEAERIMPIANTI(Ansaldo, TPS)Fuel gas for cement ITALY G.kiln of power, 2CampagnolaCirculating TPS FBs39 2 5497241Aerimpianti Spa, V.Bergamo 21,Milano 21135, Italy39 2 54973008/1/97 GASIFIERSYSTEMS-LARGEARBRE (TPS)8MW CFBdemonstration ofIGCC & Shortrotation forestryUKKeith Pitcher?44 11322442384YorkshireEnvironmental Ltd.,2 TheEmbankment,Sovereign St.,Leeds LS1 4BG,UK8MWe plant using short-rotation forestry,and demonstrating hot gas cleanup. Pilotplant test ‘95-96 on willow feedstock.12/97 GASIFIERSYSTEMS-LARGE8/1/97 GASIFIERSYSTEMS-LARGEASSIDOMNKRAFTLINERBIG-GT (State Bahia,Brazil, Electro-Braz,Shell, World Bank)94186 Pitea SWEDEN GunnarLundkvistBiomass Integrated BRAZILGasification withcombined cycle toprove commercialviability ofatmospheric BIG-CCEduardoCarpentieri55 81228260555 812272785Gunnar.lundkvist@asdo.secarpent@elogica.com.br CHESF; RuaDelmiro Gouveia,333-1-B-3; Bongi-50761-901;Recufife,Pernambuco, BrazilDesigncompleted,Wood,Eucalyptusplantation($1400/kWeprojected)Still in planning stage, TPS Termiskachosen contractor, see Eric Rensfelt.System expected to approach 47%efficient (LHV)8/1/97 GASIFIERSYSTEMS-LARGEBIOELETTRICA(Energy FarmDemonstration ofshort rotationITALYprojectof E.C. in Italy) forestry, using LurgiCFB gasifierIGCCCostantinoPanzani39 50535 49939 50535 477delange@bioelectrica.it Bioelectrica, ViaCesare Battisti 47,Pisa 56125, ItalyActiveShortrotationwood8-12 MW Planning Planning began in 1994, European Union,extended details in [Overend, 1999]8/1/97 GASIFIERSYSTEMS-LARGEBIOMASSGASIFICATIONFACILITY (BGF)(Westinghouse,PICHTR/IGT, USDOE)PressurizedBubbling FB,Renugas Process,for IGCCUSA Ben Wiant 808 5798020808 5799812bgfmaui@maui.net HawaiianCommercial andSugar Co., Paia,Maui, HawaiiPermitted,Testing Bagasse,Aug-Nov ‘97 plantationwoodBagasse,100 TPDdry basisProgram on hold Jan 1998http://www.woodgas.com/gdatabase.htm (2 of 15) [10/9/2008 08:24:00]

Biomass Energy Foundation: Database8/1/97 GASIFIERSYSTEMS-LARGEBIOSYNOxygen gasifier for CANADAmethanol productionProf. EstebanChornet819 821 echornet@7171coupal.gcm.usherb.ca;esteban_chornet@nrel.gov819 8217955Dept. of GenieChimique, Univ. deSherbrooke, PQ,J1K 2R1, CanadaCompleted Wood Biosyn project for methanol. See Chapter38/97 GASIFIERSYSTEMS-LARGEBRIGHTSTARSYNFUELS CO.Externally heated, USA Ron Menville 504 642 ronmenvillejr@worldnet.att.net Box 539 St.steam reforming ofbiomass, for mediumBtu syngas2500Gabriel, LA 70776504 6422503Developingprojects US,Australia, EuropeSawdust,bark,MSW,bagasse,sludge, coal6 1 Proprietary medium energy gasificationtechnology for use for use in burners,rotary dryers, boilers, dryers, turbines,recip engines8/1/97 GASIFIERSYSTEMS-LARGEBURLINGTON IGCC Demonstration USA John Irving 802 865ELECTRIC, of Battelle gasifier at7482VERMONT (FERCO, existing wood plantBattelle)802 8657481jirving104@aol.comwww.future-energy.com/FERCOhomepage/A585 Pine St.,Burlington, VT05401-4891 (Plantat 111 Intervale Rd.Testing Wood 200 TPD,10 MWBattelle Columbus Double Fluid BedProcess, see Chapter 38/1/97 GASIFIERSYSTEMS-LARGECARBONA (FormerlyTampella,Enviropower, andVattenfall)PressurizedFluidized BedUSA Kari Rasanen 358 933580300358 933580325Carbona Corp.,USA, 4501 Circle75 Pkwy, Su E5300, Atlanta, GA30339; Box 610,FIN-33101Tampere, FinlandGasification based power plants, seeChapter 39/20/99 GASIFIERSYSTEMS-LARGE12/97 GASIFIERSYSTEMS-LARGECESP (CompanhiaEbergetica de SanPaulo)COMBUSTION Fixed bed closeCONSULTANTS LTD coupled gasifiers tosupply cleancombustion gas atover 2,000 FBRAZIL Electrically heated gasifier for makingmethanolNEW ZEALAND Paul D.Williams64-6875073464-68750098enquiries@waterwide.co.nz www.waterwide.co.nz 37 Parkhill Rd.,Hastings, NewZealand600 units incommercialoperatinWood 2-60(chips, Mbtu/hrsawdust,shavings,etc.) papersl, Ag, barketc20 600 $100,000/MW(th) The Waterwide Close Coupled Gasifier isa proven system able to accommodateraw waste, gasify it, then clean andcombust the gas. Output is clean flue gasat over 2,000F.8/1/97 GASIFIERSYSTEMS-LARGEELSAM/ELKRAFTFluidized Bed forBiocycle project;coal-strawcogasificationDENMARKMichaelMadsen45 44 6600 2245 44 6561 04SK Power Co.,Project Div.Lautruphoj 5-7, DK-2750 Ballerup,DenmarkBiomass,coal, strawIGCC, Press. Circ Fl Bed fromEnviropower, see Chapter 38/1/97 GASIFIERSYSTEMS-LARGEENVIROPOWER(Tampella, IGT)RecirculatingFluidized BedGasificationFINLAND Kari Salo 46 8 73960 00Teknikantie 12 S-162 87, Stockholm,SwedenProcess for large, central power plantsand IGCC, see Capter 3.46 8 73968 028/1/97 GASIFIERSYSTEMS-LARGEEPI (Energy Productsof Idaho, formerlyJWP)Steam, powerFluidized BedUSA Michael L.Murphy208 7651611208 7650503EPI@EnergyProducts.com 4006 IndustrialAve., Coeurd’Alene, ID 83814,USACompany activein comb, fewgasifier projectsWood, Agres, sludge,rice hulls,RDF25MWth 3 3 Fluidized bed gasifiers for wood inOregon, California and Missouri, seeChapter 3.1/20/98 GASIFIERSYSTEMS-LARGEFERCO (FutureEnergy ResourcesCorp.)Developers of large USA Sim Weeks 404 831gasifier systems forefficient power(Burlington, Binaga)9355404 8140549www.future-energy.comFERCO, 950 EPaces Ferry Rd.,NE., SU 810,Atlanta, GA 30326ActiveWood chips, 5 MWe 3 Plant currently under testgeneral8/1/97 GASIFIERSYSTEMS-LARGEFOSTER WHEELER(Formerly Ahlstrom,AB)Circulating FINLANDAtmospheric &Presssurized FBs forpowerRagnarLundqvist35852293314Foster WheelerR&D Center, SF-48601 Karhula,FinlandWood chips, 2 t/h-27t/h Now Foster Wheeler. Circulatingbark, peatFluidized Bed Gasifier, full scale inSweden, pilot on MSW. Exceeds 300 hrcommercial operating, see Chapter 3358522933099/30/97 GASIFIERSYSTEMS-LARGEGLOBAL ENERGY(AFT-IGCC)Combining Coal,MSW IGCC forclean powerUSA 513 6210077513 62159471500 ChiquitaCentre, 250 E. fifthSt., Cincinnati, OH45202Planning Coal, MSWhttp://www.woodgas.com/gdatabase.htm (3 of 15) [10/9/2008 08:24:00]

Biomass Energy Foundation: Database12/15/98 GASIFIERSYSTEMS-LARGEHERMANRESEARCH PTY,LTDIDGCC Gasification AUSTRALIAsystem for powergeneration from highmoisture fuelsAnthonyCampisiAlf Ottrey61 29565976061 395659777campa@hrl.com.auhrl@hrl.com.auwww.hrl.com.auHRL Technology, Development677 Springvale Rd.,Mulgrave, Victoria,Australia 3179Low rank Up to 300coals, MWconsideringbiomasspartners2 10 t/h (10MW demo)Fluid-bed gasifier with integrated gascooling/fueldrying system and 5 MW gasturbine. New Lahti gasifier beingdeveloped. Also R&D, Equipment andConsulting (Alf Ottrey).8/1/97 GASIFIERSYSTEMS-LARGEHURST BOILER &WELDING CO.Underfed stokergasifier-combustorfor Heat, power,steamUSA Gene Zebley 912 346 hboiler@rose.net3545912 3463874www.thomasregister.com/hurstboiler21971 US Hwy 319South, Coolidge,GA 31738-0529active>600 types;Up to55%MCwood, MF,tires,sludge,paper0.4 to 56MBTU/hrper unit30 >400 $1M/MWt Leading mfgr of fixed bed gasificationsystems for heat and power, R&D andsupport. Provide engineering, fabricationand mfg "in house". 200+ employees,l,see Chapter 3.8/1/97 GASIFIERSYSTEMS-LARGEIMTRAN VOIMACombined cyclepowerprocess usingsteam drying,injectionFINLAND S. Hulkkonen 358 985614612358 95632225weppo.hulkkonen@ivo.fi IVO, Rajatorpantie8, Vantaa, 01019IVO FinlandPilot plant forsteam drying…Highmoisturewood, peat,papersludge1 pilot dryer High pressure fuel drying and steaminjection, air blown pressurizedgasification, combined cycle8/1/97 GASIFIERSYSTEMS-LARGE8/1/97 GASIFIERSYSTEMS-LARGEKVAERNERENVIROPOWERINC.LURGIUMWELTTECHNIKGMBHCirculating Fluid BedGasifier for powergeneration, cementor lime kilnsUSA Herbert. J.Fruth410 3561111GERMANY Rainer Reimert 49 695808353010055 Red RunBlvd., Owings Mills,Md 21117Lurgi-Allee 5, P.O. In design, tested RDF, wood, 14 MW el,Box 11 12 31, D- pilot scale bark, carbon 50-10060295 Frankfurt amash, waste MW(th)Main.Used in Elsam Gasifier, Euro. Comm. ,Fixed & fluidized bed gasifiers, seeChapter 3.49 69580826288/1/97 GASIFIERSYSTEMS-LARGE8/1/97 GASIFIERSYSTEMS-LARGENEW ENGLANDPOWER SERVICEPOWER GASIFIERSINTERNATIONALCompletegasificaiton systems,40-5000kWUSA Raymond L.Coxe508 3669011X3120UK Nigel Viney 44 767680 35144 767683 29825 Research Drive,Westborough, MA.0158229 St. Neots Rd.,Sandy,Bedfordshire, SG19ILG, U.K.40-5,000kWSee TBR letter, brochure, planning 500-5MW gasifier demoComplete gasificaiton systems, 40-5000kW8/1/97 GASIFIERSYSTEMS-LARGEPOWER SOURCES,INC.Owner operator ofVarious commercialgasifiers for steam,hot air, powerUSA Dennis C.Williams704 5255819704 5271218powersou@aol.com 9140 ArrowPointPlvd., Su 370,Charlotte, NC282737 Gasificationand combustionWood,papersludge, ricehulls, otherbiomassTo 330 tpd 12 3 Gasifiers,4 combu2 wood waste gasifiers, one rice hullgasifier1/20/98 GASIFIERSYSTEMS-LARGEPRM ENERGYSYSTEMS, INC -FABRICATION ANDTESTINGMulti zone, fixedgrate, co-currentLarge gasifiersystems for heat,steam powerUSAW. N. (Bill)Scott918 8351011918 8351058sales@prmenergy.com www.primenergy.com Box 581742, Tulsa,OK 74158Many units Rice 10-1,000 t/d $1,500 -around the world husk/straw,bark,sawdust,RDF, etc...$2,500/kWe;$1.4Mfor 100 t/dLicensed for design and construction ofPRMES type gasifiers8/1/97 GASIFIERSYSTEMS-LARGEPRM ENERGYSYSTEMS, INC.-CORPORATEOFFICESMulti zone, fixedgrate, gasifier forprocess heat,steam, power.USA Ron Bailey Jr., 501 7672100501 7676968info@prmenergy.com www.prmenergy.com PRMES, 504WindamereTerrace, HotSprings, AR 71913Many unitsaround the worldRice 10-1,000 t/d 15 18 gasifiers, $1,500 -husk/straw,bark,sawdust,RDF, etc...15 pla $2,500/kWe18 operating systems in US, Australiaand Malaysia, Costa Rica, many newplants building, PRMES (see alsoPRIMENERGY) over 500,000 tons/yrinstalled capacity, planning MSW, seeChapter 3.8/1/97 GASIFIERSYSTEMS-LARGEPROLERINTERNATIONALReforming HC waste USAto syngasDennisCaputo, VP713 62737374265 San Felipe, #900; Houston, TX770271800 kgdemo plantDeveloped a 50 t/d pilot unit for MSW,producing 300 Btu/scf -synthesis gas¦.Have 100 hr continuous713 62727378/1/97 GASIFIERSYSTEMS-LARGE12/15/98 GASIFIERSYSTEMS-LARGEPUROXQBEG LTD(QueenslandBiomass EnergyGroup Ltd.)Fixed bed updraftslagging gasifier fordisposal of MSW,steam, syngasR&D &Commercializationof IGCC powercogen for sugarprocessingoperationsUSAHiroshiTamura415 3451338AUSTRALIA Terry Dixon 61 74952760061 749521734terry@sri.org.au QBEG, C/-SRI, Box Planning5611 Mackay MailCentre, Australia4741951 Mariners Island Closed, 1997 MSW 200 t/d 1 inBlvd., San Mateo,Chichibu,CA 94404operaSugar canebagasse,trash, in2,000; woodchips, coalcofire, post20025 MW IGCC(Long term50-200MWe)5 MweunderConstr$2400/kWe$1020 nth plAn advanced, slagging oxygen gasifier,closed for political reasons, see Chapter3.Sugar industry in Australia has 3400MWe potential; building on Maui gasifier;plant to be constructed near sugar site by2004.http://www.woodgas.com/gdatabase.htm (4 of 15) [10/9/2008 08:24:00]

Biomass Energy Foundation: Database8/1/97 GASIFIERSYSTEMS-LARGESKYGASVENTURESEARCH(Unitel)Electric Arc FixedBed Gasifier for Syngas,methanolUSARaviRandhava,SergeRandhava847 2972265847 2971365UnitelTechnologies, Inc.,411 BusinessCenter Dr., Su 111,Mount Prospect, IL60045Wc 96t/d Electric aric pyrolysis with 3 electrodes inbed; secondary reactor in coke bed alsoelectrically heat, see Chapter 3.8/1/97 GASIFIERSYSTEMS-LARGESOFRESID/CALIQUA Slagging updraft air(Andco Torrax, Ascab- gasifierStein)FRANCE M. J.Vigouroux33 1 4870 469233 1 4870 444459 Rue de la Many built, 1 still MSW Novel MSW slagging gasifier, seeRepublique, 93104, in operatChapter 3.Montreuil, Cedex,France8/1/97 GASIFIERSYSTEMS-LARGESUR-LITE CORP.Fluidized Bed forGas, SteamUSA Edward G.Gjerde562 6930796562 6937564sur-lite@deltanet.com 8124 Allport Ave.,Santa Fe Springs,CA 90670Chips,cottonwaste, ricehulls, autowaste120 t/d 40 Have 4 or 5 commercial units, seeChapter 38/1/97 GASIFIERSYSTEMS-LARGETERAMETHINDUSTRIES (TMI)Landfill gasreforming tomethanol, DME H2,CO2USA Gil Cervantez 510 9392020510 9392052Box 4689, WalnutCreek, CA 94596Underconstruction3.7 M cf/dlandfill gasGASIFIERSYSTEMS-LARGE1 Site specific9/29/99 GASIFIERSYSTEMS-LARGETHERMOCHEM(MTCI)Pulse combustorsteam fluidized bedUSA Ravi R.Chandran410 3540420410 3540471rchandran@mecionline.net www.tchem.net MTCI, 6001Chemical Rd.,Baltimore, MD,21226Actively buildingseveral systems,see text Chapter320TPD,Balt,50TPD,NewBern, NCProduces high energy gas with IndirectlyHeated Fluidized Bed Gasification usingpulsed combustion, see Chapter 3.8/1/97 GASIFIERSYSTEMS-LARGETHERMOSELECT,SASolid wastetreatment; hightemperature oxygengasifier, turnkeyplantUSA David Runyon 248 6893060248 6892878201 W. Beaver, Ste230, Troy, MI480846 unitscontracted, 2underconstructionMSW, 50,000 t/y 10 2 undercommercial andconstructionwastes,sludge,100,000 t/y;multiplesmedicalHave a 100 ton/day proto type with 30khrs operation MSW yielding Snygas, frit,S, metal pellets.8/1/97 GASIFIERSYSTEMS-LARGETPS TERMISKAPROCESSOR, AB(Formerly Studsvik,see Greve, BIG-CC,ARBRE)Major CFB gasifiermanufacturer forIGCC, Greve plantin Chianti, IT, IGCCBrazil, UKSWEDEN Eric Rensfelt 46 15522 13 0046 15526 30 52tps@tps.se Studsvik, 611 82 Operating plants Wood, bark, Up to 50Nykoping, Swedenpeat, straw MWeRDF15 2 Project specicic Circulating Fluidized Bed Gasification,formerly Studsvik, the parent company ofmany systems, see Chapter 3.8/1/97 GASIFIERSYSTEMS-LARGEUHDE GMBHGasification ofbiomass,ceogeneration.GERMANY Jochen Keller 49 2315472335Friedrich-Uhdestrasse 15 44141Gasification of biomass, ceogeneration.49 23154730328/1/97 GASIFIERSYSTEMS-LARGEVARNAMO IGCCPLANT, SYDKRAFT(Sydkraft, FosterWheeler)IGCC, recirculatingpressurized fluid bedfor First biomassIGCC pressurizedfluid bed planoperating.SWEDEN Krister Stahl 46 40 2559 6346 406115184S-205 09, Malmo,SwedenOperatingWoodWaste6MW + 9WMth1 1 First successful IGCC plant, 1000 hoursby mid 1997, see Chapter 3.8/1/97 GASIFIERSYSTEMS-LARGEVOLUND R&DCENTER (Ansaldo)Updraft Gasifier forstraw, wood-chips,heat, powerDENMARK Knud E. Holm 45 75 56 keh@ave.dk www.volund.dk Ansaldo Volund ComercialA/S, Falkevej 2 KD-88746705 Esbjerg,DENMARK4575 568873Wood chips, 1-15 MWth 11 3 Updraft Straw Gasification, district heat inbark, strawHarboore; gas cleanup permits powerproduction, see Chapter 3.8/1/97 GASIFIERSYSTEMS-LARGEWELLMANPROCESSENGINEERINGUpdraft Fixed BedGasifier forgeneration of fuel &process gas fromsolid fuelUKRichardMcLellan44 121601300044 1216013123wellman.process@dial.pipex.comCornwall Rd., CommercialSmethwick, Warley,West Midlands, UKB66 2LBWood,lignite,petcoke,Coal, cokeTo 3 mdiameter75 1700 Gasifiers and clean up systemsindividually designed to meet thecustomer’s requirements, see Chapter 3.8/1/97 GASIFIERS -SMALLADVANCEDALTERNATIVEENERGYCORPORATIONGasification systems USA Les Blevins 785 842for demand orsupply of heat andpower1943785 8420909lbj@cjnetworks.com 1207 N 1800 Rd,Lawrence, KA66049Active, for profitWidevariety,dependingon gasifierGasifierdependent16 4 Type specific AAEC is seeking partners, distributors,investors, licenseeshttp://www.woodgas.com/gdatabase.htm (5 of 15) [10/9/2008 08:24:00]

Biomass Energy Foundation: Database3/31/98 GASIFIERS -SMALLCOMPACT POWERPyrolytic gasifier forMSW, Sludge…UK Nick Cooper 44 242224 24344 242221 273compower33@aol.com 33 Rodney Rd., ActiveCheltenham, GL501HX, UKMSW,Sludge,Tires,Modularplant, 2tubes=6,0006 3 >85% of energy in waste recovered inusable heat and power. Tolerates waterto 50% (more with front end drying); lowChicken liter t/yr, 8 tubes,profile.30,000t/y inplanning4/6/98 GASIFIERS -SMALLCRATECHPressurized fluidized USA Joe Craig 806 327bed 1.2MWe gasifierfor cotton trash etc.5220806 3275570cratech@onramp.net Box 70, Tahoka TX79373Second stagewith activesupport fromDOE, EPA, DOD,Vt., TVA, TX,COTTONTRASH(manyothers)1.2 MWe 18 2 $1500-$2300/kWe Joe Craig is in final stages of constructionof 1 MW unit, see Chapter 4.4/6/98 GASIFIERS -SMALLHYDROTESTDown-Updraftgasifier systemsSWITZERLAND WillyGemperle41 42044 7741 42044 76Reussegstrasse 17CH 6020,EmmenBrucke,SwitzerlanOperating unit ondisplay,Wood chips, 25 kWe See AMERICAN HI-TEMPERATURE…entry3/31/98 GASIFIERS -SMALLNEWCASTLE, Fixed Bed DowndrafUNIVERSITY OF CHP(Chemical andProcesss EngineeringDept.)UK Dogru, Murat 44 1912226000944 1912225292Murat.Dogru@newcastle.ac.uk Merz Court, Chem.&Proc. Eng., U. ofNewcastle,Newcastle UponTyne, NE1 7RU,UKOperatingWood chips,hazel-nutshells,MSW,SewageSludge.30 kWe(Feed 30kg/hr)1 1 Working on fuel flow and ash melting3/1/98 GASIFIERS -SMALL12/15/98 GASIFIERS -SMALLPOWERGENERATING, INC.SYSTEMJOHANSSONGASPRODUCERSTar free Powergasifiers - 350 kWUSA Bill Partnen 207 8833052SOUTH AFRICA GusJohansson27 11310100827 1180511382501 Parkview De.,SU 500, FortWorth, TX, 76102-5800kgj@iafrica.net PO Box 295;Halfway House1685; Midrand,South Africa350 kWoperational atASKOM since1997, severalothers long term.1412/15/98 GASIFIERS -SMALLTHIRDGENERATION LTD.Development of fullyautomated fixedgrate gasifiers forheatingUKJonathanTaylor44 183582304344 1835822997admin@bblnorth.demon.co.uk Tweed HorizongsCentre, NewtownSt Boswells,Melrose, TD6 0SG,UKFully automatic100 kWth plantproviding heat inTweed Centre;200 kW begun inNov. 1998Sawmill 100, 200residues, kWthshortrotationcoppice (10-40% WB)2 3 $75-$200/ kWth Close coupled cross/updraft gasifier toboiler, wide variety of fuels, automaticcold starts, remote monitoring8/1/97 GASIFIERS-SMALLAEW (AssociatedEngineering Works)Low tar downdraftthermal and powergasifiersINDIA G. M. 91 8819Satyanarayana2295091 881924572Gamini Compound,Box 17, Tanuku534 211, AndhraPradesh, IndiaHeat, Steam,PowerWood chips, Manyrice hulls, .. installed,many sizes8 200 $225/kW Thermal gasifiers used for bulk cooking,novel rice husk gasifier, centrifugal tarseparators, in House R&Dl, see Chapter4.8/1/97 GASIFIERS-SMALLAMERICAN HIGHTEMP INC.Clean up-down draftgasifier for powerUSA Kevin McDevitt 603 6256669603 6278670kip2251@aol.com Box 5151, 1 MackAve., Manchester,NH 03108Sold 3 systemsWaste fuels,demolitionlumber,railroad ties,pelletizedfluff250 kW,500 kW (25,50)10 10 $3,000/kWeCOMPLETE3 Systems sold 1 MW, 500 kW. Hydrotestin Lucerne. Willie Gempela. Acquiredfrom Humbolt Deutz. Avoids tipping fees.8/1/97 GASIFIERS-SMALLANKUR SCIENTIFICENERGYTECHNOLOGIESLow tar downdraftgasifiers for Steam,Power, thermalenergy, irrigationINDIA B. C. Jain 91 48102191 481042ankur.energy@smn.sprintrpg.ems.vsnl.net.inAnkur, near oldSama Jakat Naka,BARODA-390 008,India (nowVadodara)Many commercial Wood,installations, IN,otherstalks, cobs,shells, ricehusksTo 500 kW >400 $400/kkWh Largest manufacturer of gasifier systemsin India, represented in US by P.DeLaquil, see Chapter 4.10/8/97 GASIFIERS-SMALLB9 Energy BiomassLtd.Demonstration ofGasification atMuseumIRELAND Debra Jenkins 44 0504271520200 kWe44 05043080908/1/97 GASIFIERS-SMALLBIOSYSTEMSENERGY, LTDNovel design NEW ZEALAND Ian Kearney 64 03544New Zealand Construction WoodWaste1.5 MW Building 1.5 MW pilot plant in NZ.555664 035440374http://www.woodgas.com/gdatabase.htm (6 of 15) [10/9/2008 08:24:00]

Biomass Energy Foundation: Database8/1/97 GASIFIERS-SMALLBUCK ROGERSDowndraft gasifier,retrofit for heatUSA Bill Ayres 913 5996911Ag EnvironmentalProducts, AEP,Kansas City913 59921218/1/97 GASIFIERS-SMALLCHIPTEC WOOD Crossdraft boilerENERGY SYSTEMS systems, new orretrofitUSA Robert Bender 802 6600956802 6608904chiptec@together.net 48 Helen Ave.,South Burlington,VT. 05403Active productionand installClean HWand SWchips, 6%-45%MC500,000-10M Btu/hr11 100+ $25,000/MBtu Crossdraft gasifier retrofit for existingboilers, l, see Chapter 4.8/1/97 GASIFIERS-SMALLCLEW (CampLejeune Energy fromWood)1 MW Downdraftgasifier powersystemUSACarol Purvis 919 541(John Clelland)7519919 5417885purvis.carol@epa.gov www.epa.gov/appcd U.S. EPA Ctr., MD-63, ResearchTriangle Park, NC,27711Active,refinancingHoggedwood atCampLejeune,pelletizedwood,stumps, …1 MW 3 1 $600-$1200 perkWhInstalled and operated > 500 hr a 1 MWgasifier at camp LeJeune, NC. Gasifiertechnology owned by Thermotek, OmahaNB, l, see Chapter 4.9/27/99 GASIFIERS-SMALLCOMMUNITYPOWERCORPORATION25 kW Small USA Robb Walt 303 690Modular BiomassPower micro-utilities7869robbcpc@aol.com 15796 E.Chenango Ave.,Aurora, CO 80015ActiveAgriculturalresidues25 kW 2 1 1000 hours with sewage sludge - 300with MSWBuilding gasifier with combustor for 450houses for EXPO 2,000 in Hanover;waste wood gasifier for 1500 tons/yr8/1/97 GASIFIERS-SMALLFLUIDYNEDowndraft gasifiersand engines forpowerNEW ZEALAND Doug Williams 64 9 838graeme@powerlink.co.nz,613264 9 8386132p-h-energy@clear.net.nzBox 21583,Henderson,Auckland 8, NewZealandGasifiers mfd toorderWood 45 Kg/r forblocks and 35 kWelchips,coppice,willow chips21 14 $22,750/ kW New model, 500 kWe in preproductionstage, 4 projects9/30/97 GASIFIERS-SMALLHEURISTIC Wet wood, 2 stageENGINEERING INC. gasifier orCombustorCANADA Malcolm D.Lefcort604 263 mlefcort@compuserve.com8005604 2630786http://www.woodgas.com/gdatabase.htm (7 of 15) [10/9/2008 08:24:00]

Biomass Energy Foundation: Database8/1/97 GASIFIERS-SMALLHTV ENERGYDowndraft gasifier,engine, turnkeyoperationSWITZER-LANDP. Juch 41 622165844Mittelgaustrasse205, CH-46172Gunzgen,SwitzerlandCommercial plantstartup 8/97Wood, woodwaste0.25-4MW 6 Testing, 1comm, 3$4,000/kWelExceeds German engine emissionrequirements;l, see Chapter 4.41 6221651098/1/97 GASIFIERS-SMALL8/1/97 GASIFIERS-SMALLHYDROMAX USA Marc Kalish 212 3857560IDAHO ENERGYDIVISIONDemonstrate USAgasification for homeenergy needs withresidential pelletgasifierGeraldFleischman208 3277959208 3277866gfleisch@idwr.state.id.us Box 83720, BoiseID 83720-0098PlanningWoodpellets150 t/hr pilot plantFred Beierle experienced in gasifiers10/5/97 GASIFIERS-SMALL8/1/97 GASIFIERS-SMALLLESLEY MFG. CO. USA 913 842 1943LESLIE MFG. CO. USA Les Blevins 913 8421943913 84203411207 N 1800 Rd,Lawrence KA660491/20/98 GASIFIERS-SMALLLOTERIOS (Wastereclaim Loterios)MSW pyrolysis gas USA Gail A.for MSW processing,Brichforddisposal713 977585410555 Richmond Active MSW 3 tonAve., SU 301;MSW/hrHouston, TX 77042Since 1926(charcoal,Italy)Italian charcoal process modified forMSW713 97764263/1/98 GASIFIERS-SMALLMARTEZODowndraft Gasifierfor SI EnginesFRANCEMarielleTouillet33 5 49 Martezo@cyberscope.fr 237, 4ou53 deParis, B. P. 419,37 02 0386010 PoitersCedex, France33 5 4937 39 79Wood, Agwastes100-600kWe$3,000kW (1987)See brochure; WIBA10/5/97 GASIFIERS-SMALL3/1/98 GASIFIERS-SMALLMORBARKINDUSTRIESNEWCASTLE,UNIVERSITY OFCyclonic Gasifier USA Jerry Demslow 517 8662381Downdraft, CHPgasifierUK Murat Dogru 44 1912226000944 1912225292murat.dogru@newcastle.ac.uk8507 S. Winn Rd.,Winn, MI 48896Merz Court,Chemical & Proc.Eng., U. ofNewcastle,Newcastle UponTyne, NE1 7RUActive Sawdust 1-4 M Btu/hr 20 Entrained cyclonic gasifierActiveWood chips, 30 kWhehazel-nut (30 kg/hr)shells,MSW,sewagesludge1 Solving fuel flow and Ash meltingproblems8/1/97 GASIFIERS-SMALLSHAWTONENGINEERING)Downdraftgasifier/gas enginefor power, heatUK Donald C.Patrick44 192522033844 1925220135Downdraft power generation Unit 1, JunctionLane, SankeyValley Estate,Newton le Willows,WA12 8DN,EnglandActiveIndustrialand Agwastes300 kWe 1 Patrick is expert in converting engines forproducer gas, see Chapter 4.8/1/97 GASIFIERS-SMALLSRC-GAZEL (AtUCL, UniversiteCatholique deLouvain)Pilot project for small BELGIUMscale power withshort rotationcoppiceJ. Martin (F.Bourgois)32 10 47 bourgois@term.ucl.ac.be220032 10 452692martin@teUCL, 2 Place duLevant, B-1348Louvain-la-Neuve,BelgiumActivewood chipsfromcoppice160kWe $1200/kWe Aiming at high reliablility, low costExcludes grid,civil industrial system for decentralized powerplants10/5/97 GASIFIERS-SMALL9/30/97 GASIFIERS-SMALL1/20/98 GASIFIERS-SMALLSTWALLEYENGINEERING(Division of ParadocsEnterprises,Inc.)SYNGAS INC.SYSTEMJOHANSSON GASPRODUCERSDowndraft channelgasifier for ag wastegasificationAir/Oxygen fixedbed downdraftgasifier operated1985-89 for power,syngasUSA R. M. Stwalley 516 Main St., Suite#1, Lafayette, IN47901 1445USA Tom Reed 303 2780560Downdraft low tar SOUTH AFRICA K. G.gasifier for powerJohanssonproduction, primarilyfrom wood27 11310100827 118051138Activetombreed@comcast.net 1810 Smith Rd., Inactive, can beGolden, CO 80401 revivedBox 295, HalfwayHouse, 1685Midrand, SouthAfricaActiveWood chips, 40 kW 2 1 40 kW demo at Burch Mfg., W.Va.corn cobsFunded by SERBEP. Paper"Operation ofa Piston Engine with a DowndraftChannel Gasifier" in Bioenergy ‘96, p.612.Urban 25, 75 t/d;waste wood 350 kWWoodblocks,chips,briquettes4 2 GASIFIER SYSTEMS-LARGE st fixedbed gasifier ever built, oxygen operation,described in (The Air-Oxygen StratifiedDowndraft Gasifier), T. B. Reed et al30-500 kWe 13 10 $750/kWe SJG is a responsible(1,000 kWdesignavailableengineer/manufacturer in SA, themanufacturing power house ofAfrica;Systems marketed through CARBOCons. Eng., 27-11-8866721 in Bryanston,SA, see Chapter 4.http://www.woodgas.com/gdatabase.htm (8 of 15) [10/9/2008 08:24:00]

Biomass Energy Foundation: Database3/1/98 GASIFIERS-SMALLTERMOQUIP Downdraft gasifier BRAZIL Saul D’Avila 55 19ENERGIA242ALTERNATIVA LTDA037155 192420371Rua Projetada, 260-jd., Sta. Genebra,Campinas, SP-CEP13080-290, BrazilDowndraft gasifier for heat8/1/97 GASIFIERS-SMALLTHERMOGENICSBottom fed inverteddowndraft gasifier,improved ESPcleaning for steamand powerUSA Stephen C.Brand505 3444846505 3446090thermogenics@worldnet.att.net www.thermogenics.com 7100-F Second St.,NW, Albuquerque,NM 8710712 t/h; 3 t/hunderconstructionWood, RDF,tires,sludge, Indwastes3+ Novel design, innovative ESP gascleaning, see Chapter 4.8/1/97 GASIFIERS-SMALLWASTECONVERSIONSYSTEMS8/1/97 RESEARCH & ALABAMA,SUPPORT UNIVERSITY OF10/5/97 RESEARCH & ASIAN INSTITUTESUPPORT OF TECHNOLOGY(AIT)Close coupledgasifierPyrolysis andgasificationResearch inalternate energy,gasificationUSA Stan Abrams 303 6908300USA Michael Eley 205 8956361THAILAND Prof.66 2 524Bhatacharya540366 2 524543914590 E. FremontAve, Englewood,CO 80112bhatta@ait.ac.th www.ait.ac.th Asian Inst. OfTechnology,Energy Program,Box 4, KlongLuang,Pathumthani12120, Thailand65 t/d plant;AIT in an International post-graduateeducational Institute, courses in power,energy economics and energytechnology. Working on low tar gasifiers9/1/97 RESEARCH & ASTON UNIVERSITY Research andSUPPORTevaluation ofgasification,pyrolysisUKTonyBridgwater44 213593611a.v.bridgwater@aston.ac.uk www.pyne.co.uk Aston University,Aston Triangle,Birmingham B47ET, UKActive General Tony Bridgwater has been a major hostand editor of many internationalconferences44 2135940948/1/97 RESEARCH & BATTELLESUPPORT COLUMBUSLABORATORIES,BCLResearch gasifier for USA Mark A Paisley 614 4242 FB pyrolyticgasifier4958614 4243321Paisley@battelle.org Battelle ColumbusLaboratories, 505King Avenue,Columbus, OhioActive, catalysttestingWood chips,RDF,bagasse24 t/d Double fluidized beds pyrolyse in one,combust charcoal in the other to producemedium energy gas. See Chapter 34/6/98 RESEARCH & BERA (The BiomassSUPPORT Energy ResearchAssociation)9/1/97 RESEARCH & BIOMASS ACTIONSUPPORT RESEARCHCENTRELobby for biomassutilization in U.S.CongressConsulting pyrolysisand gasificationUSA Donald L.Klass202 7852856INDIA P. D. Grover 91 65 65418991 65 6670881825 K St., N.W.,Su 218,Washington, D. C.,20006.pdgrover@netearth.ernet.in 7, Street-C, IITCampus, New Delhi-110016Retired from IIT,activelyconsultingProf. Grover is well known for producing anumber of excellent students and thesesin the field of biomass. Now retired andconsulting1/20/98 RESEARCH & BIOMASS ENERGY GasificationSUPPORT FOUNDATION (BEF) research, studiesand publication ofbooks9/20/99 RESEARCH & BTG (BiomassSUPPORT Technology Group)Fluidized and Fixedbed DD, CHP, andother gasificationresearch, ConsultingUSA Thomas B.Reed303 2780558NETHERLANDS H. Knoef 31 53489289731 534893116tombreed@comcast.net www.webpan.com/BEF 1810 Smith Rd.,Golden, CO 80401Active 13 30 $1 - $2M A 501 C-3 Corporation established in1983 by Dr. Harry LaFontaine,nowoperated by T. Reed to promote the useof biomass, especially biomassgasification. See WWW page atwww.webpan.com/BEFknoef.btg@ct.utwente.nl http://btg.ct.utwente.nl Box 217, 7500 AEEnschede, TheNetherlandsPlanning, Wood chips,building, briquettes,operating, miscanthus,commercial with strawconstruction firms25 kW to 1MWeNA 10 $1500-3000 Involved in design and construction withKARA energy systems and StorkThermeq. Currently testing 150 kWegasifier. Designing novel crossdraft/O2gasifier, see Chapter 5.9/1/97 RESEARCH & CALIFORNIASUPPORT ENERGYCOMMISSIONEnergy support anddevelopment ofgasifiersUSA Valentino M.Tiangco916 6544664916 6536010valen@ns.net Energy Tech. Dev.Division, 1516 9 thSt. MS-43,Sacramento, CA95814-5512Active CEC and developing small powergasifiers in the Phillipines9/1/97 RESEARCH & CASCADESUPPORT RESEARCH, INC.Consulting,evaluation oftechnologies, IEArepresentative USUSA Don J.Stevens509 375 c.refrch@televar.com3124509 3753267http://www.abdn.ac.uk/ieabioenergy2952 GeorgeWashingto Way,Richland, WA99352Active 5 (25) Stevens worked at PNL during the 1980sand prepared an overview of all the workin the thermal conversion program. He isthe operating agent for task 13 (biomassutilization) for the International EnergyAgency9/4/97 RESEARCH & CEMIG (CompanhiaSUPPORT Energetica de MinasGerais)Power generationfrom charcoal-blastfurnace gasBRAZIL E. C.VasconcelosAv. Barbacena,1200-20, Al-SantoAgostinho, BeloHorizonte-MG-CEP, 30161970,BrazilTesting smallsystemCharcoal15 kW test,1-2 MWplanned1 Paper USE OF CHARCOAL BASEDBLAST FUNACE GAS… in 3 rd Biomassof Americas Proceedingshttp://www.woodgas.com/gdatabase.htm (9 of 15) [10/9/2008 08:24:00]

Biomass Energy Foundation: Database8/1/97 RESEARCH &SUPPORTCHINESE ACADEMY Chinese CentralOF AGR. AND GasificationMECHANICAL ResearchSYSTEMS (CAAMS)9/1/97 RESEARCH & CONEG (Coalition of Support of EnergySUPPORT NortheasternGovernors)projectsCHINAGaoXiansheng86 10201713186 102017326USA Rick Handley 202 6248450202 6248463RenewableResourcesTechnologyDevelopment Co.,Ltd., No. 2Beishatan,Deshengmen Wai,10083, Beijing400 North CapitolSt., NW, Su 382,Washington, D. C.20001CAAMS Manufactures two downdraftgasifiers, one industrial (100 kg/hr) 1domestic cooking (10 kg/hr).1/20/98 RESEARCH & CONEG (NortheastSUPPORT Regional BiomassProgram)Regional biomassenergy program ofthe US DOEUSARichardHandley528 8999572528 8999574rhandley@capital.net 400 N. Capital St.,SU 382;Washington, D. C.20001Active1/20/98 RESEARCH & DAIMLER BENZSUPPORT AEROSPACE AGGasifier research GERMANY S. Girges 49 5055 suaaraf.girges@ri.dasa.de Ask if actively participating in gasification598 25849 5055598 2028/1/97 RESEARCH &SUPPORTDANISH TECHNICAL Conversion ofUNIVERSITY (DTU)(Department ofEnergy Engineering)biomass, straw togas for power,experimentalsystemsDENMARKHenriksen,Ulrik45 45 9337 5745 45 9357 61gaspro@inet.uni-c.dk Dept. of EnergyEngineering, DTU,Bldg 403; DK-2800Lyngby, DKActive, lookingfor industrialpartnerWoodchips,straw,pellets0.5 to 450kWDowndraft gasifier with engine, plusparallel basic experiments, TGA, ashmelting, and computer models, seeChapter 5.8/1/97 RESEARCH & DELFT UNIVERSITY 1.5 MWt processSUPPORT OF TECHNOLOGY development unitwith pressurizedfluidized bedgasifier, hi T ceramicfilter and gas turbinecombustorNETHERLANDS Jans Andries 31 15278541031 152782460j.andries@wbmt.tudelft.nlhttp://wwwpe.wbmt.tudelft.ne/~andries/innex.htm#Laboratory forThermal PowerEngineering, DelftUniv. Mekelweg 2,2628 Delft, TheNetherlandsGasification modeling, LCV gascombustion, trace components, control,micro-turbines, conversion of LCV gas incat combustors and fuel cells8/97 RESEARCH & DEMONTFORTSUPPORT UNIVERSITYHybrid Biomass-Wind for ruralelectric powerUK Andrew P.Chick44 140027562444 1400273708apchick@dmu.ac.uk School ofAgriculture,DeMontfort Univ.,Caythorpe,Lincolnshire, NG323EP, UKActive Biomass9/20/99 RESEARCH & DK-TEKNIKSUPPORTDanish Energy DENMARKAgency; all aspectsof gasification R & DSorenHoumoller45 39 6965 1145 39 6960 02houmoller@DK-Teknik.dk www.dk-teknik.dk DK-TEKNIK,Gladsaxe M¢llevej15, 2860 S¢borg,DenmarkVery Active inbiomass fieldsWood,straw, allbiomass,MSWSmall tomediumprojects,oversite forDenmark80 GASIFIER SYSTEMS, large staff, veryactive in gasification, combustion andenergy policy for Danish governmentr,see Chapter 5.8/1/97 RESEARCH & ECN-SUPPORT NETHERLANDSENERGYRESEARCHFOUNDATIONCirculating Fluid NETHER-Bed, 700 kWth; LANDSDowndraft 300 kWthJohan 31 224Beesteheerde56 459431 22456 3489biomass@ecn.ni http://www.ecn.nl/ RenewableEnergies, Box I,1755 ZAG Petten,The NetherlandsMajor R&D center - biomass energy - 800employees9/1//97 RESEARCH & ELECTRIC POWERSUPPORT RESEARCHINSTITUTE (EPRI)Research andTechnology basedsolutions for theElectric Industry,testing anddevelopmentUSAEvan HughesMgr. BiomassPower650 8552179650 8558501ehughes@epri.com 3412 Hillview Ave.,Palo Alto, CA94304Wood, other 50kW-500biomass, MWtires, MSW24 10 tested $50-$2,000/kWe EPRI has longterm interest in biomass forits customers, the Electric PowerIndustry!12/15/98 RESEARCH & ENERGY &SUPPORT ENVIRONMENTALRESEARCHCENTER, U. of N.DakotaOversite of GasifieractivitiesUSZ Darren D.Schmidt701 7775120701 7775181dschmidt@eerc.und.nodak.edu Energy andEnvironmentalResearch Center,Box 9018, GrandForks, ND 58202-9018Darren was the chief engineer on theCamp LeJeune gasifier and brings hisexpertise to management9/30/97 RESEARCH & EPA RESEARCHSUPPORT TRIANGLE8/1/97 RESEARCH & ESMAP (EnergySUPPORT Sector ManagementAssist. Program)Demonstration of 1MW downdraftgasifier for steamand poer, seeMECHEMFunding andguidance forgasificationprograms atUNDP/World Bank,world oversiteUSA Carol Purvis Research TrianglePark, NC 27711USAExecutiveSecretaryhttp://www.woodgas.com/gdatabase.htm (10 of 15) [10/9/2008 08:24:00]1818 H St. N.W.,Washington, D. C.20433WasteWood1 MW 4 1 See MechemActive Financial assessment and technicalreports on gasification projects in variouscountries

Biomass Energy Foundation: Database8/1/97 RESEARCH & ETSU (UKSUPPORT Gasification Oversite)UKNick Barker(ProjectOfficer)44 0235433 51144 0235432 923ETSU, B156Harwell Laboratory,Harwell,Oxfordshire, OX110RA.Oversite on UK gasification1/20/98 RESEARCH & EUROPEANSUPPORT COMMISION:DIRECTORATE-GENERAL FORENERGY (DGXVII),THERMIE4/6/98 RESEARCH & EUROPEANSUPPORT COMMISSIONBIOMASSGASIFICATIONTARGETEDPROJECTSSupport of ECGasificationgasification projects:See BIOCYCLE;ENERGY FARM;ARBREBELGIUM G. L. Ferrero 32 2 2950150Promote Biomass BELGIUMGasification underEQUIPMENT &CONSULTING 1995agreementG. L. Ferrero?32 2 29501 50rue de la Loi 200,B1049, BelgiumRue de la Loi 200,B-1049, Brussels,BelgiumActive May 1996 BrochureActiveCoppicedfuels5.5, 11MWeEuropean Commision demonstratingbiomass energy projects1/20/98 RESEARCH & FEE (Society for the NGO organizingSUPPORT Promotion of R&D for biomassRenewable Energies) gasification,lobbying, PR andsupportGERMANYEberhardOettel49 30 6576 27 0649 30 6576 27 08FEE-eV@t-online.de InnovationsparkWuhlheide,Kopenicker Str 325,12555, Berlin,GermanyActiveWood,waste wood,MSW,sewagesludge,25-5,000kW, somebuilt, someunderconstructionVarious 11 Contact FEE FEE is a non-government organizationdevoted to various forms of renewableenergy. Four years ago they initiated atask force "Gasification of Biomass",joining their R&D with manufacturers ofgasifiers, engines and turbines8/1/97 RESEARCH & GASIFICATIONSUPPORT TECHNOLOGIESCOUNCIL1/20/98 RESEARCH & GREAT LAKESSUPPORT REGIONALBIOMASS ENERGYPROGRAMRegional biomassenergy program ofthe US DOEUSAJamesChildress,PresidentUSA Fred Kuzel 312 4070177312 4070038fkuzel@cedar.cic.net www.cglg.org/project/biomass ActiveSee Dan Tyndall memo or Jane Turnbull8/1/97 RESEARCH & HAMBURG,SUPPORT UNIVERSITY OFGERMANYW Kaminsky,NorbertGrittner49 404123317349 4041236008Inst. f. Techn. u.Makromol. Chemie,Bundesstr. 45,2000 Hamburg 13,GermanyFluidized Bed Pyrolysis of Plastic andRubber Wastes8/97 RESEARCH & HAWAII NATURALSUPPORT ENERGY INSTITUTE(HNEI)Research renewable USA Scott Q. Turn 808 956 ssturn@hawaii.eduenergy2346808 95623358/97 RESEARCH & HAWAII,SUPPORT UNIVERSITY OF9/19/97 RESEARCH & HYDRO-QUEBECSUPPORT9/4/97 RESEARCH & IEA BIOENERGYSUPPORT8/1/97 RESEARCH & INDIAN INSTITUTESUPPORT OF SCIENCE -BANGALOREGasification R&D USA Jiachun Zhou jiachun@hawaii.eduSupport ofrenewable energyOperating agent fortask 13 (biomassutilization)All aspects ofGasifier Research,development anddissemination forIndiaCANADABeorgesAabiadadmcom@mail.dcrp.hydro.qc.cawww.hydro.qc.ca1010, rue Sainter-Catherine ouest,Montreal, QuebecCanada H3C 457USA, EEC c.refrch@televar.com http://www.abdn.ac.uk/ieabioenergy 2952 GeorgeWashingto Way,Richland, WA99352INDIA Mukunda, H.S.91 80 mukunda@cgpl.iisc.ernet.in348 53691 80341 683http://144.16.73.100/~mukunda/home.htmlActive Developed 3 energy plantations, monitorforest biomassActiveCombustion, ActiveGasification &PropulsionLab,Dept. ofAerospace Eng.,IISc, Bangalore 560012, IndiaWood chips, 3.7kWe to 5Ag residues MWe(straws,husks,bagasse,coir, stalk10 8 $300-1,000/kWe The Combustion, Gasification andPyrolysis lab publishes many papers onvarious aspects of gasification, seeChapter 5.8/1/97 RESEARCH & INDIAN INSTITUTESUPPORT OF TECHNOLOGY,BOMBAY(Gasification ActionRes. Center)Engine-gasifierresearch, 15 kWdual fuel dieselgasifier, damper.INDIA P. P. Parikh 91 22578254591 225783480parikh@me.iitb.ernet.in Dept. of Mechanical ActiveEngineering, IIT-Bombay, Bombay400 076, INDIAAll relevantbiomassAs required 18 Natl. Test Facility for Gasifier EngineSystem. Prof. Parikh operates gasifiersand engines in laboratory for testing andstudent study. Many theses published ingasification field, see Chapter 5.9/1/97 RESEARCH & INRA (AFRICASUPPORT Gasification)Development of FRANCEsmall scale gasifiersin AfricaRiedacker?33-1-46704113riedacke@worldnet.fr INRA, 118 rued’Alemid, 75014,Paris FrancePlanningWood,charcoal5-10 hp Technology transfer to villages in Africa,also interested in GASIFIER SYSTEMS-LARGE r unitshttp://www.woodgas.com/gdatabase.htm (11 of 15) [10/9/2008 08:24:00]

Biomass Energy Foundation: Database8/1/97 RESEARCH & INSTITUTE OF GAS Presssurized FluidSUPPORT TECHNOLOGY (IGT) Bed tests onRenugas system;Processes forPower, MethanolUSA Suresh P.Babu847 7680509847 7680516babu@igt.org www.igt.org 1700 S. MountProspect Rd., DesPlaines,IL 60018-1804Active inInternationalEnergy planningWood chips,Bagasse,variousothers11 t/d IGT has had a major research program,but is now involved in internationalplanning. See Chapter 3.8/1/97 RESEARCH & IOWA STATESUPPORT UNIVERSITY5 t/d FB gasifier foragricultural wastes,corn, andswitchgrassUSA Robert C.Brown515 294 rcbrown@iastate.edu8733515 2943261#http://www.eng.iastate.edu/coe/me/homepage.html#Dept. Mechanical ActiveEng., 2020 H. M.Black Bldg., Ames,IA 50011Waste seed 5 t/d 1 $50,000 grant for gasifier, announced incorn;April 1995 Res. Rec. Rept.switchgrass3/31/98 RESEARCH & IVD (Institute for R&D in gasificationSUPPORT Process eningeering, of all biomass andUniv. of Stuttgart) fossis fuels forpower generationGERMANYChristianStorm49 7116853745storm@ivd.uni-stuttgart.de www.ivd.uni-stuttgart.de Pfaffenwaldring 23, Ongoing R&DD-79569, Stuttgart,GermanyWood,straw,energycrops,50 kW 8 1 each 1 FB reactor (Bubbling or re-circulating),1 Entrained flow reactor both with hot gasfiltration; on line tar measurement system.49 711685 349/30/97 RESEARCH & KANSAS STATESUPPORT UNIVERSITY9/1/97 RESEARCH & KEMESTRIE, INC.SUPPORTStratified downdraftgasifier research,thesesDevelopment of CANADAcommercial fluidizedbed and otherprocesses fromSherbrooke U.researchUSA Walter P.WalawenderNicolas 819 569Abatzoglou,4888Dir. En. & Env.819 5698411Dept. Chemical ActiveEngineering,Kansas State Univ.,Manhattan KS66506kem@interlinx.qc.ca 4245 rue Garlock,Sherbrooke,Quebec, J1L 2C8,Quebec, CanadaWood chips,Plantationfuels100 kW 15 1 Wallawender has used the "Buck Rogers"gasifier for research and generated manyfine theses - and studentsActive E. Chornet is active in teaching, researchand commercialization of biomassprocesses8/1/97 RESEARCH & KTH (Kungl Tekniska Research on allSUPPORT Hogskolan)aspects ofgasificationSWEDENKristerSjostrom46 8 79082 4846 8 1085 79Krister@chemtech.kth.se KTH, ChemicalTechnology, S-10044 Stockholm,SwedenActive Well equipped laboratory, research onfluidized beds, tars, alkali detection, seeChapter 5.10/5/97 RESEARCH & LUND INSTITUTESUPPORT OF TECHNOLOGY(Dept. of ChemicalEngineering)Operaton andecomics ofpressurizedcirculating andbubbling fluid bedgasifiersSWEDENProf. IngemarBjerle46 8 68191 0046 8 1968 26Dept. of ChemicalEngineering, LundInst. OfTechnology,Sweden (?)Active Wood chips Well equipped laboratory, pr FBgasification test facility9/21/99 RESEARCH & MINISTRY OFSUPPORT AGRICULTURE OFTHE PRC (MOA)Evaluation ofChina’s biomasscapability andresearch on villagegasifiersPRC Ralph Overend 303 2754450303 2752905ralph_overend@nrel.gov NREL, 1617 ColeBlvd., Golden, CO80401Active All biomass Joint DOE and MOA assessment andresearch program, see Chapter 5.9/1/97 RESEARCH & MNES (MINISTRY Support of biomassSUPPORT OF NON-CONVENTIONALENERGY SOURCES)gasification in IndiaINDIA N. P. Singh 91 114361920secmnes@x400.nicgw.nic.in Block 14, CGOComplex, Lodi Rd.,New Delhi - 110003, IndiaActive India has a very large program ingasification, supported primarily by Mr.Singh91 1143612988/1/97 RESEARCH & NATIONALSUPPORT RENEWABLEENERGYLABORATORY(NREL)Downdraftair/oxygengasification, labfacilities availableUSA Dave Dayton 303 3846245303 3846103david_dayton@nrel.gov 1617 Cole Blvd., ActiveGolden, CO 80401Wood,MSW1 t/d airoxygen20 1 TCUF, thermochemical user facility,available for testing, 22 years ofgasification research, see Chapter 5.8/1/97 RESEARCH & NEBRASKA,SUPPORT UNIVERSITY OF8/1/97 RESEARCH & NIMBKARSUPPORT AGRICULTURALRESEARCHINSTITUTE (NARI)Spouted BedgasifierUSADaveClements,Use of loosebiomass for thermalapplications, 500 kWthermal stratifieddowndraft gasifier,othersINDIA Anil K.Rajvanshi402 472017791 21662239691 216623328Dept. BiologicalSystems Engr., ??root@nimbkar.ernet.in NARI, Box 44,Phaltan 415523,Maharahtra, India.Available forcommercial useCane,sorghum,millet,safflowertrash500-800kW(th)New Spouted bed design.>1987 2 $60/kW(th) I have visited AR in Phaltan and hevisited Golden many times. InterestingR&D.1/20/98 RESEARCH & ONTARIO HYDROSUPPORT (EnvironmentalResponsibility andLeadership Dept.)Support ofThermogenic 6Mbtu/h gasifier &other renewableenergy optionsCANADA John Russell 416 2075684ERL Dept., OntarioHydro, 700University Ave.,Toronto, OntarioM5G 1X6Active See SED Case Study on Thermogenics,Aug. 1997http://www.woodgas.com/gdatabase.htm (12 of 15) [10/9/2008 08:24:00]

Biomass Energy Foundation: Database1/20/98 RESEARCH &SUPPORTPacific Northwest and Regional biomassAlaska Regional energy program ofBiomass Energy the US DOEProgramUSA Jeffrey James 206 553 jeffrey.james@hq.doe.gov 800 5 th Ave., SU Active20793950, Seattle, WA98104206 55322008/97 RESEARCH & PAUL SCHERRERSUPPORT INSTITUTE (PSI)Bubbling fluidizedbed research,research on Syn-fuelproduction fromwaste biomassSWITZER-LANDLuiz Carlos de 41 56310 40Sousa60C. Von Scala41 56310 2199desousa@psi.ch OLGA/215; CH-5232 Villigen PSI;SwitzerlandActiveSawdust, 120kWt (30scrapwood, kg/hplattics sawdust)1 Studying influence of contaminants ongasification behavior, seeking optimumconditions for methanol synthesis syngas,tar behavior9/1/97 RESEARCH & PRINCETON Evaluation of energy USA Eric D. Larson 609 258SUPPORT UNIVERSITY (Center projects4966for Energy and Env.Studies)609 2583661elarson@princeton.edu Center for Energyand EnvironmentalStudies, PrincetonUniv., Princton, N.J.08544-52639/20/99 RESEARCH & PYNESUPPORTPyrolysis/gasification UKnewsletter fromAston Univ.TonyBridgwater44 121359361144 1213596814a.v. bridgwater@aston.ac.ukwww.pyne.co.ukBio-EnergyResearch Group,Aston Univ.,Birmingham B47ET, UKActive9/20/99 RESEARCH & PYNESUPPORTPyrolysis/gasification UKnewsletterTonyBridgwater44 121359361144 1213596814a.v.bridgwater@aston.ac.uk www.pyne.co.uk Bio-EnergyResearch Group,Aston University,Birmingham B47ET, UKMany activities Primarily fast pyrolysis, but othergasification activities as well.1/20/98 RESEARCH & REGIONALSUPPORT BIOMASS ENERGYPROGRAMS (U.S.Department ofEnergy, DOE)Support of biomasspower in U.S. in 5geographicalregionsUSA Mike Voorhies 202 5861480202 5869815michael.voorhies@hq.doe.gov Office of FuelsDevelopent, EE-31,1000IndependenceAve., S. W.,Washington, DC20585Active Central support for the 5 regionalbiomass energy programs - Strategicplan, 1997-2003, July 1997.9/1/97 RESEARCH & SAO PAULO,SUPPORT UNIVERITY OFBRAZIL Suani T.Coelho55 11818suani@iee.usp.br506455 1181850311/20/98 RESEARCH & SARAGOSA,SUPPORT UNIVERSITY OFDeveloping newfluidized bedgasification and gasclean-upprocesses/conceptsSPAIN Prof. M. P.Aznar34 76 7613 3934 76 7621 42Chemical and ActvieEnvironmentalEngineering Dept.,Univ. of Saragossa,40009, Saragossa,SpainWood chips, 1050 kg/hr 10 2 $0.5M There are several catalytic bedsenergycrops, olivehulls, strawdownstream of the gasifier in slip flow8/1/97 RESEARCH & SHANDONGSUPPORT ENERGYRESEARCHINSTITUTE (SDERI)Development ofvillage gasifiersystemCHINA Xu Min 86 0531296563586 05312961954ShandongAcademy ofSciences, KeyuanRd., Jihshi Rd.,Jinan 250014, PRChinaJoint program with NREL, have ademonstration village gas systemoperating, see Chapter 5.8/1/97 RESEARCH & SHERBROOKE,SUPPORT UNIVERSITY OFUniversity-drivenresearch forfundamentals &training.Energy/Envir.centered research;50 kg/h FBCANADAProf. EstebanChornet819 821 echornet@7171coupal.gcm.usherb.ca819 8217955Département deGénie Chimique,Université deSherbrooke, PQ,J1K 2R1, Canada1 patent, manypublications2.5cm-10cm 8 2 Novel fluidized bed research, partialres.,oxidation studies recovery metals fromwaste, see Chapter 5.9/1/97 RESEARCH & SINTEF (FoundationSUPPORT for Scientific andIndustrial Research atthe Norwegian Inst.Of Technology)Research ingasification,pyrolysisNORWAY Morten Gronli 47 73 59 morten.gronli@termo.unit.no N-7034 Trondheim,20 70Norway47 73 5928 89Active Excellent thesis on pyrolysishttp://www.woodgas.com/gdatabase.htm (13 of 15) [10/9/2008 08:24:00]

Biomass Energy Foundation: Database9/19/97 RESEARCH & SOUTHEASTERNSUPPORT REGIONALBIOMASS ENERGYPROGRAM(SERBEP)Regional biomassenergy program ofthe US DOEUSAPhillip Badger,Mgr205 3863086205 3862963pcbadger@tva.gov TVA, CEB 3A, BOX Active1010, MuscleShoals, AL 35662-10109/1/97 RESEARCH & SWISS FEDERALSUPPORT INSTITUTE OFTECHNOLOGY(ETH)Support inGasificationSWITZERLAND ThomasNussbaumer41 1 632 nussbaumer@iet.mavt.ethz.ch Laboratory forThermodynamics2589(LTNT), CH-8092,Zurich, SW41 1 63211768/97 RESEARCH & TERI (TATASUPPORT ENERGYRESEARCHINSTITUTE)Development ofgasifiers forsilkboiling, drying,crematoriumINDIA V. V. N.Kishore91 11462224691 114621770vvnk@teri.ernet.in Darbari Seth Block,Habitat Place,Lodhi Rd., NewDelhi, 110 003IndiaActive Wood 2 kWth(silk);4okWeVery active program in gasifierdevelopment for commercial uses inIndia, see Chapter 5.9/27/99 RESEARCH & THE BIOMASSSUPPORT ENERGYFOUNDATION9/1/97 RESEARCH & THOMAS KOCHSUPPORT ENERGIDowndraftgasification R&D, 25kW Small ModularBiomass PowerSystemUSA Thomas B.ReedConsulting ongasification of strawetc.303 2780560DENMARK Thomas Koch 46 19 1554tombreed@comcast.net www.webpan.com/BEF 1810 Smith Rd., ActiveGolden, CO 80401100711.220@compuserve.comHovedgaden3,4621 Gadstrup,DenmarkActive Straw etc.Wood chips, 2-25 kW 25 2 complete process CFB gasification for CHP with gasengines, leading to 12 MW deo project(CFB) + lean gas furnace and boilersystem9/1/97 RESEARCH & VERENUMSUPPORTTar measurement,gas cleaning, watertreatmentSWITZER-LANDThomasNussbaumer41 1 632 verenum@access.ch Langmauaerstrasse Active research109, CH-8006,2589ZurichSWITZEWRLAND41 1 63211769/30/97 RESEARCH & VIENNA,SUPPORT TECHNICALUNIVERSITY OFFluidized bed,dolomite catalystsAUSTRIAReinhardRauch43 1 588 hhofba@fbch.tuwien.ac.at01 513043 1 58801 58763 94http://edv1.vt.tuwien.ac.at/AG_HOFBA/Vergaser/e_vergas.htmInst. Fur ChemicalEngineering, 9/159,A 1060 Vienna,AUSTRIAActive Use of dolomite to reduce tar to 200-300mg/Nm3; research in methanation ofproducer gas8/1/97 RESEARCH & VTT GASIFICATION Various gasifiersSUPPORT R&D CENTER and bench rigsFINLAND E. Kurkela 358 94566599VTT Energy, FIN-02044 VTT, Espoo,FinlandVarious, all Extensive research on large gasifiers, seeChapter 5358 9460 4931/20/98 RESEARCH & WALES,SUPPORT UNIVERSITY OF(2)200 kW fixedbed/gasair heatexchanger for cropdryingUK David Beedie 44 222 BeedieD@cardiff.ac.uk874 93044 222874 420http://vlsi2.elsy.cf.ac.uk:80/www/citsgDivision ofElectronics, Schoolof Engineering,Cardiff Univ. ofWales, Box 917,Cardiff, CF2 1XH,UKActive Ag wastes 200 kWth 1 For complete details of crop-dryer andgasifier, see thesis. See Chapter 5.1/20/98 RESEARCH & WESTERNRegional biomassSUPPORT REGIONALenergy program ofBIOMASS ENERGY the US DOEPROGRAM (WRBEP)USADaveWaltzman303 2754821303 2754830dave.waltzman@hq.doe.gov 1617 Cole Blvd., Active Regional office also in NebraskaGolden, CO 804019/1/97 RESEARCH & WINROCKSUPPORT INTERNATIONALSupport ofgasification andbiomass energyWORLD Dan Jantzen 303 4227785danjantzen@compuserve.com 5906 NewcombeCt., Arvada CO80004Active Dan Jantzen was formerly at NREL/SERIand is very knowledgable in gasification.My co-author on GENGAS. Recentlyreturned to U.S. from India office ofWINROCKhttp://www.woodgas.com/gdatabase.htm (14 of 15) [10/9/2008 08:24:00]

Biomass Energy Foundation: Database9/1/97 RESEARCH & WISCONSIN, STATE Support ofSUPPORT OF (Energy andIntergovernmentalRelations)gasificationUSA Don Wichert 608 266 wichert@mail.state.wi.us7312608 26769311/20/98 RESEARCH & ZARAGOZASUPPORT UNIVERSITYDowndraft air SPAINgasification R&D, 22& 200 kWe plantsavailable; studiesand expts onbiomass and MSWPedro Garcia-Bacaicoa34 976761 88034 976761 861bacaicoa@posta.unizar.es Chemical and Env.Eng. Dept.,Zaragoza Univ.,50015 Zaragoza,SpainActiveWood chips, 50, 100mbriquettes 300 kg/hand almondshells4 $200,000 Downdraft air gasification R&D, 33 and200 kWe available. Studies andexperiments on biomass and wastegasification, see Chapter 5.http://www.woodgas.com/gdatabase.htm (15 of 15) [10/9/2008 08:24:00]

Biomass Energy Foundation: OilOIL, ETC.HomeBiomassEnergyGasification &ReformingLiquid FuelsWoodCookingEnergyRosetta StoneBookstoreAbout theBEFLinksBecome aMemberof theBiomassEnergyFoundationOil, more properly "petroleum" was discovered about 1869 in Drake PA., and haschanged the world dramatically.I was a professor at the Colorado School of Mines which has a large petroleumproduction department and the Hubbert Center for studying oil supplies...Long ago I worked for Shell Exploration and production in Houston Texas and shared anoffice with M. King Hubbert. He became famous in the 1970s for predicting that USproduction would peak in 1974 (it did) and then decline (it has). I met him in the 1980s fordinner and asked if he had a prediction for world oil. He declined to predict because hesaid that other countries didn't keep as good records as the US and they lied about theirreserves in order to claim a larger share of the market.More recently another Shell employee and friend of Hubbert, Kenneth S. Deffeyes, wrote"Hubbert's Peak: The Impending World Oil Shortage". (Princeton Univ. Press, 2001). Heis a world famous geologist at Princeton, teaching "Rocks for Jocks". He has put thisreputation on the line, saying "My own opinion is that the peak in world oil production mayeven occur before 2004. What happens if I am wrong? I would be delighted to be provedwrong. It would mean that we have a few additional years to reduce our consumption ofcrude oil. However, it would take a lot of unexpectedly good news to postpone the peakto 2010."There are 37.6 million websites dealing with OIL and only 218,000 dealing with OILDEPLETION, such as..http://www.odac-info.org/ and http://www.peakoil.net/.Here are a few excerpts...http://www.woodgas.com/oil.htm (1 of 3) [10/9/2008 08:24:07]

Biomass Energy Foundation: OilPeak Oil in 2008Colin Campbell and the UppsalaHydrocarbon Depletion Study Grouphas now made the 2004 upgrade of the peak oilmodel. The peak is moved from 2010 to 2008(read more).Welcome to MK Hubbert CenterHubbert Center is dedicated to Assembling and disseminating global petroleumsupply data. M. King Hubbert Center for Petroleum Supply Studies. ...hubbert.mines.edu/I could also find a lot of "experts" saying this is the old "wolf, wolf" cry and that the oil peakwill not occur for 20-50 years. Whatever. It will occur in many of our lifetimes and causea lot of disruption unless we have substitutes well under way.Figure 2Graph showing Production (Mbd) against Time (Years), based on Campbell’s data.http://www.woodgas.com/oil.htm (2 of 3) [10/9/2008 08:24:07]

Biomass Energy Foundation: OilThe four different lines correspond to different possible scenarios taking place from 1996onward. It can be seen that whichever scenario actually occurs, the end result isreasonably constant. This is because the Ultimate is a constant value, so that more oilnow means less in the future: whilst it may be possible to alter the shape of the curve,one cannot alter the area beneath it. The ‘premature peak’ in the early 1970s correspondsto the oil crisis of 1973.Now it is time to re-examine our approach to alternative fuels and hope we can keepahead of the oil depletion curve.http://www.woodgas.com/oil.htm (3 of 3) [10/9/2008 08:24:07]

Biomass Energy Foundation: BiodieselBIODIESEL - McDIESELHomeBiomassEnergyGasification &ReformingLiquid FuelsWoodCookingEnergyRosetta StoneBookstoreAbout theBEFLinksBecome aMemberof theBiomassEnergyFoundationIn Summer, 1989, I learned about the conversion of animal fats andvegetable oils to their methyl esters for fuel purposes from someproceedings of the US Dept of Agriculture workshops held in the early1980s and from research at the University of Idaho and others. The processis called "Transesterification", and is quite simple. It means converting thefats are oils, which are tri-esters with glycerol, to the monoester withmethanol. Being interested in alternate fuels, I mulled this over in mysubconscious and in November, 1989, I wondered what happened to all thatgood oil/fat when it was "used up". I found that there are about a billiongallons a year under the heading "yellow grease" which are used for soap,cattle feed, but has a very low value (

Biomass Energy Foundation: Biodieselconsidering the source, I decided to call it McDIESEL. I applied for acopyright. I even approached McDonalds to see if they were interested.They were, but said they would sue me if I used that name. Later peoplecame to call these fuels "BIODIESEL", and I now live with that. However, Iwould love to have had McDonalds sue me - what publicity!We discovered that there was NO political base for using low cost wastegrease for an alternate fuel. There was a tremendous base for spendingmuch more money to make Biodiesel from Soy Oil. Now biodiesel is highlypolitical and there is a newsletter telling of test results and new companieshoping for government subsidies courtesy of global warming. Check themout at www.biodiesel.org.In February 1990 we tested the fuel on a dynamometer and a bus and it ranfine and had low emissions. We have published a number of papers onBiodiesel from waste grease, but no one is particularly interested.Meanwhile biodiesel from soy is still $3-4/gal.If you are interested in making some biodiesel, here is our recipe for makingit in the kitchen with easily available materials:May 20, 1997TO: People interested in making BiodieselFROM: Thomas B. Reed, the Biomass Energy FoundationSUBJECT: Making Bio-diesel in the kitchenBiodiesel is a new, alternative, renewable, clean diesel fuel made fromNature’s triglycerides - oils, fats, waste cooking oils and many other naturalproducts. ,However, if you would like to try the reaction in your kitchen, here's therecipe for a simple demonstration you can try, using common householdchemicals. (REMEMBER TO HANDLE ALL CHEMICALS WITH CARE!While these are common "household" chemicals, the methanol will burn withan almost invisible flame, so extinguish all fires; the lye can burn yourfingers or blind you. Read the warnings on the can!)The reaction (with the terrible names “transesterification” or “alcoholysis”3)http://www.woodgas.com/biodiesel.htm (2 of 4) [10/9/2008 08:24:27]

Biomass Energy Foundation: Biodieselsubstitutes methanol (wood alcohol) for the Glycerol in triglycerides (fats,oils) to make the methyl esters called biodiesel. It uses lye as a catalyst. Ajunior chemist might write it:Triglyceride (fats or oils) + MethanolŁ Biodiesel + Glycerol (+soapfrom catalyst)The lye converts a small amount of the oil to soap so that the methanol willbe soluble in the triglyceride. After the reaction is over, the glycerol andsoap settle to the bottom of the vessel and the biodiesel floats on top.In a measuring cup measure 200 ml of methanol. To this add 1 level tsp oflye (sodium hydroxide). In a separate pan, heat 500 ml (1 cup) of anyvegetable oil cooking oil (such as Mazola, Canola etc.to about 120F (usinga candy thermometer). Put the oil in a blender and add the methanol-lyemixture to the warm oil while vigorously stirring. Stir for 30 minutes. Thissolution is opaque at first, but as the reaction progresses it becomes thinnerthan the original oil and translucent.Allow the mixture to settle for a day in a tall thin vessel. You will see twoseparate layers. The biodiesel floats to the top as a clear liquid, and can bepoured off into a container for display(or into your diesel car or truck). Theglycerol and some soap go to the bottom and can be discarded in thisexperiment. In commercial practice the glycerol and soap can be furtherprocessed to other fuels.You have now made biodiesel on a small scale and can better appreciatethe use of renewable fuels from farms.BIODIESEL FROM WASTE VEGETABLE OILSEvery fast food restaurant discards large quantities of waste vegetable oilsweekly. They are collected and sold as “yellow grease” and can contain fatsfrom cooked meat and free fatty acids from the breakdown of the oil. Yellowgrease is an attractive source of biodiesel, but is more difficult to convert tobiodiesel because it contains 2-10% free fatty acids (the cause of the rancidtaste) which consume some of the lye catalyst.Many people are converting “yellow grease” to biodiesel or using it directly.(See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_grease) andhttp://www.easternct.edu/depts/sustainenergy/calendar/biodiesel/Geise%20-http://www.woodgas.com/biodiesel.htm (3 of 4) [10/9/2008 08:24:27]

Biomass Energy Foundation: Biodiesel%20Biodiesel%20from20Recycled%20Vegetable%20Oil.pdf It requiresadditional lye to neutralize the free fatty acids and the process so morechemistry than the kitchen provides.http://www.woodgas.com/biodiesel.htm (4 of 4) [10/9/2008 08:24:27]

http://www.woodgas.com/hydrogen_economy.pdfEmbedded Secure DocumentThe file http://www.woodgas.com/hydrogen_economy.pdf is a secure document that has been embeddedin this document. Double click the pushpin to view.http://www.woodgas.com/hydrogen_economy.pdf [10/9/2008 08:24:29]

Biomass Energy Foundation: Woodgas Stove TestimonialsTESTIMONIALSHomeBiomassEnergyGasification &ReformingLiquid FuelsWoodCookingI recently took my WoodGas camp stove to asoccer game with my daughter. I loaded it with fuelpellets and let it burn on a camera tripod. Theweather was cold, rainy and windy. Soon, most ofthe parents were gathered around warming theirhands at my portable warming station. I was themost popular parent in the place!On the low setting, the pellets burned a nice flamefor one hour. I then kept it burning with a few pelletsevery 5 minutes or so. Don't go to a cold soccergame without one.EnergyRosetta StoneBookstoreAbout theBEFLinksJim, Bonney Lake, WAFeb 15, 2007I love to take mymotorcycle oncamping trips inthe Black Hills ofSouth Dakota. Ihave taken yourstove on manyextended trips. Itfits great on my2000 Ural 2WDhttp://www.woodgas.com/testimonials.htm (1 of 11) [10/9/2008 08:24:35]

Biomass Energy Foundation: Woodgas Stove TestimonialsBecome aMemberof theBiomassEnergyFoundationmotorcycle, whichis pretty loadeddown when I'm outfor several days.My dad didn'treally think itwould work, untilhe tried it, andnow he's abeliever. He threwaway his WWIIGerman cookstove, and nowuses nothing butthe WoodGascamp stove.Anyone withquestions cancontact me at:justindorrance-athotmail-dot-comJunstin D,Customer SDJan 5, 2007http://www.woodgas.com/testimonials.htm (2 of 11) [10/9/2008 08:24:35]

Biomass Energy Foundation: Woodgas Stove TestimonialsUsing a few woodpellets and somesaw dust, I was ableto get the stoverunning well in aminute or two. Then Iput on my lunch.Soup with meat balls!With the stove onhigh, the soup wasboiling in short order.Then I put the stoveon low, and it made anice cooking fire forabout 30 minutes.Then I dumped outthe ashes and it wascool about 15minutes later.I'm pleased with yourstove, and will enjoytaking it on my nextcamp out.John H, PrescottAZOct 4, 2006http://www.woodgas.com/testimonials.htm (3 of 11) [10/9/2008 08:24:35]

Biomass Energy Foundation: Woodgas Stove TestimonialsI use this stovepractically everyday. It alwaysperforms no matterwhat fuel I try - andI've tried many:pellets, plum seeds,split wood, pinecones and grasses.About a year ago,the stove saved mylife. I was on akayak on a NorthIdaho river early inspring. Aftercapsizing in theriver, soaking all myclothes andsleeping bag, anddevelopinghypothermia, Ispent a subfreezingnight huddled over10,000BTU ofWoodGas heat. Itwas one of theworst nights of mylife - and I've seen afew. But the stovegave me the heat tosurvive untilmorning.Thanks for a greatstove!http://www.woodgas.com/testimonials.htm (4 of 11) [10/9/2008 08:24:35]

Biomass Energy Foundation: Woodgas Stove TestimonialsChris S, NorthernIdahoAug 28, 2006Great stove... water boiled in under 7 minutes withpine chips and the like from the forest floor. I easilystarted the stove with my own recipe for a firestarter. Here is the recipe for those of you whowould like to make your own:1 - clump of dryer lint1 - coffee filter1 - string1 - small pot of melted wax.Put clump of dryer lint in coffee filter - not too tight.Tie with the string and dunk in hot wax. Cheap,easy and fun!Bob GHi Adventure Trek Planning and Leave No TraceMasterCircle Ten Council of Boy ScoutsDallas, TXJune 29, 2006http://www.woodgas.com/testimonials.htm (5 of 11) [10/9/2008 08:24:35]

Biomass Energy Foundation: Woodgas Stove TestimonialsI liked the stove somuch, I wanted touse it around thehouse for barbeque.I cut a hole in thebottom of a grill,filled it with woodpellets, and it ranfor over an hour onlow power. Perfectheat and perfecttime for BBQ. Nomore charcoal topurchase!Ribs and corn inKorean Sauce -Mmmmm!Shivayam E,Denver COJune 8, 2006Tonight I fired upthe new WoodGasCampstove for thefirst time sincereceiving it a couplemonths ago. Forfuel I used somecedar split from 1 x6 drops from ahttp://www.woodgas.com/testimonials.htm (6 of 11) [10/9/2008 08:24:35]

Biomass Energy Foundation: Woodgas Stove Testimonialsfence project. Usinga little starting gelthe woodimmediately lit andafter a few secondsusing the low fansetting it wasproducing a greatcooking source. Inseveral minutes Ihad brought someleftover chili to agood edibletemperature.I plan to use thisstove mainly forexpeditions bymotorcycle. Withthis stove, theproblem oftransportingflammable fuel willbe eliminated.Karl W, PortlandORMay 22, 2006Just thought I let you know I tried out the woodgascampstove today. I loved it! I cooked 4 hambergerson it in about 20 minutes.One thing that amazed me, was how fast the heatcame up, less than 2 minutes after we lit it, we hadthe frying pan on it, and it cooked awayhttp://www.woodgas.com/testimonials.htm (7 of 11) [10/9/2008 08:24:35]

Biomass Energy Foundation: Woodgas Stove Testimonialswonderfully. It burned up all the fuel in about 15minutes and just to see how it worked, I reloadedthe unit with wood chips. It smoked for a minute orso, so we dropped another lighted match in the top,and everything came up a nice flame and it workednicely for another 15 minutes with nice cleanburning, little or no smoke.When it was done, I dumped out the remaining ashand let the unit cool. Start to finish, everything tookless than 45 minutes.Amazing.Collin C, Saskatchewan CAMay 2, 2006I love this bullet-prooflittle stove. I had a hugesmile on my face thewhole time I was playingwith it. By the way,"playing" is a misnomer -this is seriousequipment. It's well worththe $50 bucks or so tohave this as anemergency stove or heatsource in your survivalkit (though you need totreat this like any openfire and watch out forcarbon monoxide,especially indoors).http://www.woodgas.com/testimonials.htm (8 of 11) [10/9/2008 08:24:35]

Biomass Energy Foundation: Woodgas Stove TestimonialsComes with a one-yearlimited warranty too.Read his entire reviewhereDon B, CaliforniaMarch 15, 2006The stoveburned the fuelevenly andmade a greatflame forcooking. Weeasily cookedtwo pans ofhamburgers onone stove-fullof fuel. I alsoquickly boiledwater forcoffee.As I walkedaround thepark, all I couldthink of washow much fuelthere was forthe stove. Andto think thathttp://www.woodgas.com/testimonials.htm (9 of 11) [10/9/2008 08:24:35]

Biomass Energy Foundation: Woodgas Stove Testimonialsone mediumbranch wasenough to cookdinner.Congratulationson making agreat, fuelefficIent stove.Phil R, LongBeach, CAMarch 10,2006The XL stove arrived in the post this morning,thanks, and is very nice. I tried it out just with someScots pine cones I'd picked up recently, and itburns very nicely. I think it will be less work to usethan the LE, which I have been enjoying very muchsince last Sept, because of easier woodpreparation as well as longer burn times of course,and I'm drying some larger chunks to try in it. Iwould be interested to know if you have arecommendation for optimum chunk size for thetwo stoves, but I'm aware of how flexible they arewith a range of fuel.I couldn't help noticeing that it is so much deeperthan the LE which prompts me to wonder if the newstainless LE's are also deeper now?http://www.woodgas.com/testimonials.htm (10 of 11) [10/9/2008 08:24:35]

Biomass Energy Foundation: Woodgas Stove TestimonialsIf the weather picks up we may go camping in aweek's time, and it will be nice to try them both outwith whatever N. Wales can provide us with in earlyApril!Best wishes,Neil TaylorHave a story to share?Send an email here and we'll post it!http://www.woodgas.com/testimonials.htm (11 of 11) [10/9/2008 08:24:35]

Welcome to RENEWABLEHYDROGEN.ORGRENEWABLEHYDROGEN.ORGSearch:Related SearchesHydrogen Renewable EnergyRenewable and Non Renewable EnergyHydrogen SafetySolar Energy CompanyGeothermal Energy SourcesRenewable PowerHydrogen EducationRenewable Energy from the WindHydrogen EfficiencyRenewable SolarPopular CategoriesTravelAirlineCar RentalHotelsCruisesVacationsE CommerceVoIPBroadbandDomain NamesWeb HostingWeb DesignReal EstateMortgagesRefinancingHome Equity LoansFor Sale by OwnerCredit ScoreBusinessBankruptcyBusiness CardsAffiliate ProgramsConference CallsCRMPersonal FinancesInvestmentsStudent LoansWork from HomePersonal LoansJobsFinancial PlanningLoansCredit CardsDebt ConsolidationStocksPayday LoansLifestyleFitnessDatingSinglesEducationDegreesInsuranceCar InsuranceTravel InsuranceHealth InsuranceHome InsuranceLife InsuranceLegal HelpDUI LawyersAccident LawyersBankruptcy LawyersProbate LawyersPatent LawyersComputersLaptopsSoftware TrainingHigh Speed InternetDSLData Recoveryhttp://www.renewablehydrogen.org/index.htm (1 of 3) [10/9/2008 08:24:49]

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Biomass Energy FoundationOur Mission is to Develop and DeployRenewable Alternative FuelsABOUT USWho We AreOur VisionTeamScience AdvisorsHistoryPROGRAMSOngoing H2 ProjectsAçai BrazilBEF 2006 GoalsLEARNHydrogenFuel IssuesPeak OilBiodieselBiomassScientific PapersBookstoreMEMBERSHIPJoin Us>The era of Cheap Oil is over.Alternatives are imperative.You will also want to visit Dr. Reed'slong-running (and very popular)Woodgas website!>Buy hard- to-find and interestingbooks about biomass, gasification,peak oil and more.http://www.biomassenergyfoundation.org/index.htm (1 of 2) [10/9/2008 08:24:50]

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CartBiomass Energy FoundationReturn to the bookstore.Product Quantity Price AmountWoodGas Camp Stove55.00 55.00All prices are in US DollarsSubtotal 55.00Shipping 0.00Tax 0.00TOTAL 55.00Calculate shipping for this orderIf you change your order then click on the button to calculate the new costof shipping.Select your US State for sales taxDo you have any special requests?To delete an item, change the quantity to zero and click RECALCULATE.http://ww9.aitsafe.com/cf/add.cfm?userid=B663412&product=WoodGas Camp Stove&price=55&units=4 (1 of 2) [10/9/2008 08:24:51]

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CartBiomass Energy FoundationReturn to the bookstore.Product Quantity Price AmountWoodGas Camp Stove55.00 55.00WoodGas Camp Stove XL 75.00 75.00All prices are in US DollarsSubtotal 130.00Shipping 0.00Tax 0.00TOTAL 130.00Calculate shipping for this orderIf you change your order then click on the button to calculate the new costof shipping.Select your US State for sales taxDo you have any special requests?http://ww9.aitsafe.com/cf/add.cfm?userid=B663412&product=WoodGas Camp Stove XL&price=75&units=4 (1 of 2) [10/9/2008 08:24:52]

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CartBiomass Energy FoundationReturn to the bookstore.Product Quantity Price AmountWoodGas Camp Stove55.00 55.00WoodGas Camp Stove XL 75.00 75.00Encyclopedia of Biomass Thermal Conversion 60.00 60.00All prices are in US DollarsSubtotal 190.00Shipping 0.00Tax 0.00TOTAL 190.00Calculate shipping for this orderIf you change your order then click on the button to calculate the new costof shipping.Select your US State for sales taxDo you have any special requests?http://ww9.aitsafe.com/cf/add.cfm?userid=B663412&p... of Biomass Thermal Conversion&price=60&units=4.00 (1 of 2) [10/9/2008 08:24:52]

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Biomass Energy Foundation BookstoreThe BEF Press BooksHomeBiomass EnergyGasification &ReformingLiquid FuelsWood CookingEnergy RosettaStoneBookstoreAbout the BEFLinksBecome a Memberof the BiomassEnergy FoundationWelcome, BiomassEnergy Foundationsupporters!http://www.woodgas.com/book20.htm (1 of 2) [10/9/2008 08:24:53]

Biomass Energy Foundation BookstoreClick here to return tothe Biomass EnergyFoundation site.ENCYCLOPEDIA OF BIOMASS THERMAL CONVERSION: PYROLYSIS,GASIFICATION AND COMBUSTION PRINCIPLES AND TECHNOLOGY: FirstPublished in 1970, then republished in 1972, this monumental work has long been outof print. Nevertheless, it is the most complete survey of this field, written by a stable ofscientists and engineers for the new (then) Solar Energy Research Institute to guidetheir choices of programs. The facts of biomass life don't change, and most of themcan be found here.ISBN:1-890607-20-7 420 pp $60Add this to my shopping cart.Return to the bookstore.http://www.woodgas.com/book20.htm (2 of 2) [10/9/2008 08:24:53]

CartBiomass Energy FoundationReturn to the bookstore.Product Quantity Price AmountWoodGas Camp Stove55.00 55.00WoodGas Camp Stove XL 75.00 75.00Encyclopedia of Biomass Thermal Conversion 60.00 60.00Densified Biomass 22.50 22.50All prices are in US DollarsSubtotal 212.50Shipping 0.00Tax 0.00TOTAL 212.50Calculate shipping for this orderIf you change your order then click on the button to calculate the new costof shipping.Select your US State for sales taxDo you have any special requests?http://ww9.aitsafe.com/cf/add.cfm?userid=B663412&product=Densified Biomass&price=22.5&units=0.50 (1 of 2) [10/9/2008 08:24:54]

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Biomass Energy Foundation BookstoreDENSIFIED BIOMASS: A NEW FORM OF SOLID FUEL: Tom Reed andBecky Bryant, A "State of the Art evaluation of densified biomass fuels"with documentation of processes, energy balance, economics andapplications. First published in 1978, & still the best (only?) text on theoryand practice. Second edition with Paper on Energy of BiomassDensification appended.ISBN 1-890607-16-935pp$22.50Add item #10 to my shopping cart.Return to bookstore.Click here to return tothe Biomass EnergyFoundation site.http://www.woodgas.com/book10.htm (2 of 2) [10/9/2008 08:24:55]

CartBiomass Energy FoundationReturn to the bookstore.Product Quantity Price AmountWoodGas Camp Stove55.00 55.00WoodGas Camp Stove XL 75.00 75.00Encyclopedia of Biomass Thermal Conversion 60.00 60.00Densified Biomass 22.50 22.50Tree Crops for Energy Co-Production on Farms 35.00 35.00All prices are in US DollarsSubtotal 247.50Shipping 0.00Tax 0.00TOTAL 247.50Calculate shipping for this orderIf you change your order then click on the button to calculate the new costof shipping.Select your US State for sales taxDo you have any special requests?http://ww9.aitsafe.com/cf/add.cfm?userid=B663412&p... Energy Co-Production on Farms&price=35&units=2.00 (1 of 2) [10/9/2008 08:24:55]

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Biomass Energy Foundation BookstoreTREE CROPS FOR ENERGY CO-PRODUCTION ON FARMS: TomMilne (SERI 1980) Evaluation of the energy potential to grow trees forenergy.ISBN 1-890607-05-3 260pp $35Add item #17 to my shopping cart.Return to the bookstore.Click here to return tothe Biomass EnergyFoundation site.http://www.woodgas.com/book17.htm (2 of 2) [10/9/2008 08:24:56]

CartBiomass Energy FoundationReturn to the bookstore.Product Quantity Price AmountWoodGas Camp Stove55.00 55.00WoodGas Camp Stove XL 75.00 75.00Encyclopedia of Biomass Thermal Conversion 60.00 60.00Densified Biomass 22.50 22.50Tree Crops for Energy Co-Production on Farms 35.00 35.00Trees 2.00 2.00All prices are in US DollarsSubtotal 249.50Shipping 0.00Tax 0.00TOTAL 249.50Calculate shipping for this orderIf you change your order then click on the button to calculate the new costof shipping.Select your US State for sales taxDo you have any special requests?http://ww9.aitsafe.com/cf/add.cfm?userid=B663412&product=Trees&price=2&units=0.10 (1 of 2) [10/9/2008 08:24:57]

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Biomass Energy Foundation BookstoreTREES: by Jean Giono, 1953. While we strongly support using biomassfor energy, we are also very concerned about forest destruction. Thisdelightful story says more than any sermon on the benefits and methodsof reforestation.ISBN 1-89060712-6 8pp $2Add item #16 to my shopping cart.Return to the bookstore.Click here to return tothe Biomass EnergyFoundation site.http://www.woodgas.com/book16.htm (2 of 2) [10/9/2008 08:24:58]


Biomass Energy Foundation BookstoreA SURVEY OF BIOMASS GASIFICATION 2001: T. Reed and S. Gaurhave surveyed the biomass gasification scene for the NationalRenewable Energy Laboratory and the Biomass Energy Foundation. 180pages of large gasifiers systems, small gasifiers and gasifier researchinstitutions with descriptions of the major types of gasifiers and a list ofmost world gasifiers. 2nd edition.ISBN 1-890607-13-4180180pp$35Add item #1 to my shopping cart.Return to the bookstore.Click here to return tothe Biomass EnergyFoundation site.http://www.woodgas.com/book1.htm (2 of 2) [10/9/2008 08:24:59]

CartBiomass Energy FoundationReturn to the bookstore.Product Quantity Price AmountWoodGas Camp Stove55.00 55.00WoodGas Camp Stove XL 75.00 75.00Encyclopedia of Biomass Thermal Conversion 60.00 60.00Densified Biomass 22.50 22.50Tree Crops for Energy Co-Production on Farms 35.00 35.00Trees 2.00 2.00Survey of Biomass Gasification 2001 35.00 35.00All prices are in US DollarsSubtotal 284.50Shipping 0.00Tax 0.00TOTAL 284.50Calculate shipping for this orderIf you change your order then click on the button to calculate the new costof shipping.Select your US State for sales taxhttp://ww9.aitsafe.com/cf/add.cfm?userid=B663412&pr...ey of Biomass Gasification 2001&price=35&units=1.50 (1 of 2) [10/9/2008 08:25:00]

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CartBiomass Energy FoundationReturn to the bookstore.Product Quantity Price AmountWoodGas Camp Stove55.00 55.00WoodGas Camp Stove XL 75.00 75.00Encyclopedia of Biomass Thermal Conversion 60.00 60.00Densified Biomass 22.50 22.50Tree Crops for Energy Co-Production on Farms 35.00 35.00Trees 2.00 2.00Survey of Biomass Gasification 2001 35.00 35.00Biomass Downdraft Gasifier Engine Systems Handbook 35.00 35.00All prices are in US DollarsSubtotal 319.50Shipping 0.00Tax 0.00TOTAL 319.50Calculate shipping for this orderIf you change your order then click on the button to calculate the new costof shipping.Select your US State for sales taxhttp://ww9.aitsafe.com/cf/add.cfm?userid=B663412...0Engine%20Systems%20Handbook&price=35&units=1.50 (1 of 2) [10/9/2008 08:25:00]

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Biomass Energy Foundation BookstoreBIOMASS DOWNDRAFT GASIFIER ENGINE SYSTEMS HANDBOOK:T. Reed and A. Das, (SERI-1988) Over a million wood gasifiers wereused to power cars and trucks during World War II. Yet, there are nowonly a few companies manufacturing gasifier systems. The authors, whohave spent more than 20 years working with various gasifier systems,discuss the factors that must be correct to have a successful "gasifierpower system." Our most popular book, the "new Testament" ofgasification.ISBN 1-890607-00-2140pp$35Add item #2 to my shopping cart.Click here to return tothe Biomass EnergyFoundation site.Return to the bookstore.http://www.woodgas.com/book2.htm (2 of 2) [10/9/2008 08:25:01]

Renewable Hydrogen Foundation BookstoreThe BEF Press BooksHomeBiomass EnergyGasification &ReformingLiquid FuelsWood CookingEnergy RosettaStoneBookstoreAbout the BEFLinksBecome a Memberof the BiomassEnergy FoundationWelcome, BiomassEnergy Foundationsupporters!http://www.woodgas.com/book5.htm (1 of 2) [10/9/2008 08:25:02]

Renewable Hydrogen Foundation BookstoreGENGAS: THE SWEDISH CLASSIC ON WOOD FUELED VEHICLES: (SERI-1979)T. Reed, D. Jantzen and A. Das, with index. This is the "Old Testament" ofgasification, written English translation, of "Gen-Gas", written by the Swedish RoyalAcademy at the end of WW II after successfully converting 90% of transportation ofWW II Sweden to wood gasifiers.ISBN 1-890607-01-0 340pp $40Add item #5 to my shopping cart.Click here to return tothe Biomass EnergyFoundation site.Return to the bookstore.http://www.woodgas.com/book5.htm (2 of 2) [10/9/2008 08:25:02]

CartBiomass Energy FoundationReturn to the bookstore.Product Quantity Price AmountWoodGas Camp Stove55.00 55.00WoodGas Camp Stove XL 75.00 75.00Encyclopedia of Biomass Thermal Conversion 60.00 60.00Densified Biomass 22.50 22.50Tree Crops for Energy Co-Production on Farms 35.00 35.00Trees 2.00 2.00Survey of Biomass Gasification 2001 35.00 35.00Biomass Downdraft Gasifier Engine Systems Handbook 35.00 35.00Gengas 40.00 40.00All prices are in US DollarsSubtotal 359.50Shipping 0.00Tax 0.00TOTAL 359.50Calculate shipping for this orderIf you change your order then click on the button to calculate the new costof shipping.http://ww9.aitsafe.com/cf/add.cfm?userid=B663412&product=Gengas&price=40&units=2.50 (1 of 2) [10/9/2008 08:25:02]

CartSelect your US State for sales taxDo you have any special requests?To delete an item, change the quantity to zero and click RECALCULATE.http://ww9.aitsafe.com/cf/add.cfm?userid=B663412&product=Gengas&price=40&units=2.50 (2 of 2) [10/9/2008 08:25:02]

CartBiomass Energy FoundationReturn to the bookstore.Product Quantity Price AmountWoodGas Camp Stove55.00 55.00WoodGas Camp Stove XL 75.00 75.00Encyclopedia of Biomass Thermal Conversion 60.00 60.00Densified Biomass 22.50 22.50Tree Crops for Energy Co-Production on Farms 35.00 35.00Trees 2.00 2.00Survey of Biomass Gasification 2001 35.00 35.00Biomass Downdraft Gasifier Engine Systems Handbook 35.00 35.00Gengas 40.00 40.00Producer-Gas 10.00 10.00All prices are in US DollarsSubtotal 369.50Shipping 0.00Tax 0.00TOTAL 369.50Calculate shipping for this orderIf you change your order then click on the button to calculate the new costof shipping.http://ww9.aitsafe.com/cf/add.cfm?userid=B663412&product=Producer-Gas&price=10&units=0.25 (1 of 2) [10/9/2008 08:25:03]

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Renewable Hydrogen Foundation BookstorePRODUCER-GAS: ANOTHER FUEL FORMOTOR TRANSPORT: Ed. Noel Vietmeyer (The U.S.National Academy of Sciences-1985) A seeing-isbelievingprimer with historical and modern pictures ofgasifiers. An outstanding text for any introductoryprogram.ISBN 1-890607-02-680pp $10Add item #7 to my shopping cart.Return to the bookstore.Click here to return tothe Biomass EnergyFoundation site.http://www.woodgas.com/book7.htm (2 of 2) [10/9/2008 08:25:04]

CartBiomass Energy FoundationReturn to the bookstore.Product Quantity Price AmountWoodGas Camp Stove55.00 55.00WoodGas Camp Stove XL 75.00 75.00Encyclopedia of Biomass Thermal Conversion 60.00 60.00Densified Biomass 22.50 22.50Tree Crops for Energy Co-Production on Farms 35.00 35.00Trees 2.00 2.00Survey of Biomass Gasification 2001 35.00 35.00Biomass Downdraft Gasifier Engine Systems Handbook 35.00 35.00Gengas 40.00 40.00Producer-Gas 10.00 10.00Small Scale Gas Producer-Engine Systems 35.00 35.00All prices are in US DollarsSubtotal 404.50Shipping 0.00Tax 0.00TOTAL 404.50Calculate shipping for this orderhttp://ww9.aitsafe.com/cf/add.cfm?userid=B663412&...cale Gas Producer-Engine Systems&price=35&units=2 (1 of 2) [10/9/2008 08:25:04]

CartIf you change your order then click on the button to calculate the new costof shipping.Select your US State for sales taxDo you have any special requests?To delete an item, change the quantity to zero and click RECALCULATE.http://ww9.aitsafe.com/cf/add.cfm?userid=B663412&...cale Gas Producer-Engine Systems&price=35&units=2 (2 of 2) [10/9/2008 08:25:04]


Renewable Hydrogen Foundation BookstoreSMALL SCALE GAS PRODUCER-ENGINE SYSTEMS: A. Kaupp and J.Goss. (Veiweg,1984) Updates GENGAS and contains critical engineeringdata and good common sense, indispensable for the serious gasifierproject. Ali Kaupp is thorough and knowledgeable.ISBN 1-890607-06-1278pp$35Add item #6 to my shopping cart.Return to the bookstore.Click here to return tothe Biomass EnergyFoundation site.http://www.woodgas.com/book6.htm (2 of 2) [10/9/2008 08:25:05]

CartBiomass Energy FoundationReturn to the bookstore.Product Quantity Price AmountWoodGas Camp Stove55.00 55.00WoodGas Camp Stove XL 75.00 75.00Encyclopedia of Biomass Thermal Conversion 60.00 60.00Densified Biomass 22.50 22.50Tree Crops for Energy Co-Production on Farms 35.00 35.00Trees 2.00 2.00Survey of Biomass Gasification 2001 35.00 35.00Biomass Downdraft Gasifier Engine Systems Handbook 35.00 35.00Gengas 40.00 40.00Producer-Gas 10.00 10.00Small Scale Gas Producer-Engine Systems 35.00 35.00Fundamental Study and Scale Up of the Air-Oxygen StratifiedDowndraft Gasifier 40.00 40.00All prices are in US DollarsSubtotal 444.50Shipping 0.00Tax 0.00TOTAL 444.50http://ww9.aitsafe.com/cf/add.cfm?userid=B663412&pro...en Stratified Downdraft Gasifier&price=40&units=2.50 (1 of 2) [10/9/2008 08:25:05]

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Renewable Hydrogen Foundation BookstoreClick here to return tothe Biomass EnergyFoundation site.FUNDAMENTALS, DEVELOPMENT, AND SCALE UPOF THE AIR-OXYGEN STRATIFIED DOWNDRAFTGASIFIER: T. Reed, M. Graboski and B. Levie (SERI 1988). In 1980the Solar Energy Research Institute initiated a program to develop anoxygen gasifier to make methanol from biomass. A novel air/oxygen lowtar gasifier was designed and studied for five years at SERI at 1 ton/d andfor 4 years at Syn-Gas Inc. in a 25 ton/day gasifier. This book describesthe theory and operation of the two gasifiers in detail and also discussesthe principles and application of gasification as learned over eight yearsby the author-gasifier team.ISBN 1-890607-03-7$40Add item #8 to my shopping cart.Return to the bookstore.290pphttp://www.woodgas.com/book8.htm (2 of 2) [10/9/2008 08:25:06]

CartBiomass Energy FoundationReturn to the bookstore.Product Quantity Price AmountWoodGas Camp Stove55.00 55.00WoodGas Camp Stove XL 75.00 75.00Encyclopedia of Biomass Thermal Conversion 60.00 60.00Densified Biomass 22.50 22.50Tree Crops for Energy Co-Production on Farms 35.00 35.00Trees 2.00 2.00Survey of Biomass Gasification 2001 35.00 35.00Biomass Downdraft Gasifier Engine Systems Handbook 35.00 35.00Gengas 40.00 40.00Producer-Gas 10.00 10.00Small Scale Gas Producer-Engine Systems 35.00 35.00Fundamental Study and Scale Up of the Air-Oxygen StratifiedDowndraft Gasifier 40.00 40.00Evaluation of Gasification and Novel Thermal Processes 27.50 27.50All prices are in US DollarsSubtotal 472.00Shipping 0.00Tax 0.00TOTAL 472.00http://ww9.aitsafe.com/cf/add.cfm?userid=B663412&p... and Novel Thermal Processes&price=27.5&units=1.00 (1 of 2) [10/9/2008 08:25:07]

CartCalculate shipping for this orderIf you change your order then click on the button to calculate the new costof shipping.Select your US State for sales taxDo you have any special requests?To delete an item, change the quantity to zero and click RECALCULATE.http://ww9.aitsafe.com/cf/add.cfm?userid=B663412&p... and Novel Thermal Processes&price=27.5&units=1.00 (2 of 2) [10/9/2008 08:25:07]


Renewable Hydrogen Foundation BookstoreEVALUATION OF GASIFICATION AND NOVEL THERMALPROCESSES FO W. Niessen et al. A 1996 NREL report by on energyconversion processes for MSW.ISBN 1-890607-15-0198pp$27.50Add item #9 to my shopping cart.Return to the bookstore.Click here to return tothe Biomass EnergyFoundation site.http://www.woodgas.com/book9.htm (2 of 2) [10/9/2008 08:25:08]

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