13.07.2015 Views

PART 7 Aquifers and aquitards - Dr. M. Zreda - University of Arizona

PART 7 Aquifers and aquitards - Dr. M. Zreda - University of Arizona

PART 7 Aquifers and aquitards - Dr. M. Zreda - University of Arizona

SHOW MORE
SHOW LESS

Create successful ePaper yourself

Turn your PDF publications into a flip-book with our unique Google optimized e-Paper software.

PredgovorOva skripta je napisana s namjerom da pomogne studentima Prirodoslovnomatematičkogfakulteta Sveučilišta u Splitu pri polaganju kolegija Vektorskiprostori 1 i 2. U njoj se proučavaju, s manjim iznimkama, konačno dimenzionalnivektorski prostori nad poljem realnih, odnosno kompleksnih brojeva.Podijeljena je na sedam poglavlja.U prvom poglavlju se ponavljaju neke osnovne definicije i tvrdnje iz linearnealgebre u svrhu uvodenja i st<strong>and</strong>ardiziranja oznaka. Sve tvrdnje iz ovogpoglavlja su dane u obliku primjera.U drugom poglavlju je izložen funkcionalni račun operatora na konačnodimenzionalnom prostoru korištenjem Jordanove forme, te preformuliran uterminima rezolvente. Dan je i Jordanov aditivni i multiplikativni rastavoperatora na konačno dimenzionalnom kompleksnom prostoru.U trećem poglavlju se razmatraju normirani i unitarni prostori, uglavnomkonačno dimenzionalni, te Banachove algebre. Razmatraju se i razne norme,spektralni radius, formula spektralnog radiusa, te proučavaju osnovnasvojstva kontrakcija, strogih kontrakcija i izometrija.U četvrtom poglavlju se proučavaju normalni operatori na realnim i kompleksnimeuklidskim prostorima, dokazuje se spektralni teorem, uvodi spektralniuredaj na hermitskim operatorima, te polarni rastav. Nadalje, daju seneka osnovna svojstva singularnih brojeva i uvodi Schmidtov rastav operatora.U petom poglavlju se proučavaju klasične linearne grupe i djelovanje tihgrupa na topološkim mnogostrukostima. Uvodi se pojam homogenog prostorai pomoću njega opisuju Grassmannove mnogostrukosti, Stiefelove mnogostrukosti,mnogostrukosti parcijalnih izometrija, kao i neke druge klasičnetopološke mnogostrukosti.Šesto poglavlje je posvećeno tenzorskim, simetričnim i antisimetričnimproduktima konačno dimenzionalnih vektorskih prostora te operatora na takvimprostorima. Posvećena je posebna pozornost euklidskim prostorima teoperatorima na euklidskim prostorima.U posljednjem poglavlju se proučavaju tenzorske, simetrične, antisime-


<strong>Aquifers</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>aquitards</strong> 48(c) alluvial aquiferRhine RiverAlong streams. Usually in equilibrium with the stream, i.e.,;;; yyyalternately drains <strong>and</strong> recharges streams along their length<strong>and</strong> at different times.Example: Rhine River;;; yyyStream may be either gaining water from the aquifer or losing water to the aquifer.Streamlosing part(upstream)gaining part(downstream)red = equipotentialsgreen = flow directions(d) perched aquiferLocated on impermeable lenses or discontinuous layers.;;;; yyyy;;;; yyyy;;;; yyyyyyy perched water tables<strong>and</strong>clay lenswater tableHydrogeology, 431/531 - <strong>University</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Arizona</strong> - Fall 2002<strong>Dr</strong>. Marek <strong>Zreda</strong>


<strong>Aquifers</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>aquitards</strong> 49(2) Confined aquifer is one in which the top <strong>of</strong> the saturated zone is confined (bounded) by anaquitard, i.e., at the top <strong>of</strong> the aquifer, pressure is not zero (p top ≠ 0).h top = z top + p top /γthus,h top ≠ z topwhich means that if the head (h) increases, the pressure (p) also increases.In a confined aquifer, the piezometric head (or water level in an observation well, or a piezometer)is higher than the upper boundary <strong>of</strong> the aquifer.If the head is higher than the surface elevation, the aquifer is artesian.Piezometric surface - a conceptual, imaginary (!) surface joining the water levels in all piezometersin the aquifer. In a phreatic aquifer, it was the water table <strong>and</strong> it had a physical meaning.rechargearea;;;;; yyyyy ;piezometricsurfaceywelldischarge;;;;; yyyyy ; yareaartesian;;;;; yyyyywellExamples <strong>of</strong> artesian aquifers: the Great Artesian Basin in Australia, Milk River aquifer inAlberta (Canada).Hydrogeology, 431/531 - <strong>University</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Arizona</strong> - Fall 2002<strong>Dr</strong>. Marek <strong>Zreda</strong>


<strong>Aquifers</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>aquitards</strong> 50Water seeks the most efficient way to lose potential (or energy). Therefore, in isotropic <strong>and</strong> homogeneousmedia, water flows in the direction perpendicular (normal) to the equipotential lines, i.e.,normal to the piezometric (potentiometric) contours.IsotropicaquiferAnisotropicaquiferno preferreddirection_qh 1h 2hh 1 3h 2h 3_qpreferreddirectionFlow line (along the direction <strong>of</strong> specific discharge q) is a compromise between the direction <strong>of</strong>applied gradient J <strong>and</strong> the preferred direction (or the direction <strong>of</strong> least resistance to flow).Hydrogeology, 431/531 - <strong>University</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Arizona</strong> - Fall 2002<strong>Dr</strong>. Marek <strong>Zreda</strong>

Hooray! Your file is uploaded and ready to be published.

Saved successfully!

Ooh no, something went wrong!