Faculty of Electrical Engineering - Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

PSZ 19:16 (Pind. 1/07)UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIADECLARATION OF THESIS / UNDERGRADUATE PROJECT PAPER AND COPYRIGHTAuthor’s full name : NORSURAYA BINTI RADZUANDate of birth : 19 DECEMBER 1988Title : WIRELESS SMOKE ALARM DETECTORAcademic Session : 2011/2012I declare that this thesis is classified as :√CONFIDENTIALRESTRICTEDOPEN ACCESS(Contains confidential information under the OfficialSecret Act 1972)*(Contains restricted information as specified by theorganization where research was done)*I agree that my thesis to be published as onlineopen access (full text)I acknowledged that Universiti Teknologi Malaysia reserves the right as follows:1. The thesis is the property of Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.2. The Library of Universiti Teknologi Malaysia has the right to make copies for the purposeof research only.3. The Library has the right to make copies of the thesis for academic exchange.Certified by :SIGNATURESIGNATURE OF SUPERVISORSIGNATURE 881219135624 MR. KAMALUDIN SIGNATURE BIN OF MOHAMD SUPERVISOR YUSOF(NEW IC NO. / PASSPORT NO. )NAME OF SUPERVISORDate : 29 JUNE 2012 Date : 29 JUNE 2012NOTES : * If the thesis is CONFIDENTAL or RESTRICTED, please attach with the letter fromthe organization with period and reasons for confidentiality or restriction.

“I hereby declare that I have read this report and in myopinion this thesis is sufficient in terms of scope and quality for theaward of the degree of Bachelor of Engineering (Electrical – Telecommunication)”Signature: ...................................................Name of Supervisor: MR KAMALUDIN MOHAMAD YUSOFDate: 29 JUNE 2012

WIRELESS SMOKE ALARM DETECTORNORSURAYA BINTI RADZUANA report submitted in partial fulfillment of therequirements for the award of degree ofBachelor of Engineering (Electrical-Telecommunication)Faculty of Electrical EngineeringUniversiti Teknologi MalaysiaJUNE 2012

iiI declare that this report entitle “Wireless Smoke Alarm Detector” is the result of myown research except as cited in the references. The report has not been accepted for anydegree and is not concurrently submitted in candidature of any other degree.Signature: ..........................................................Name: NORSURAYA BINTI RADZUANDate: 29 JUNE 2012

iiiDEDICATIONSpecial dedication to my beloved parent:-RADZUAN B JON and LATIFAH BT MARJUKIFor their support and concernSpecial thanks to my supervisor:-MR KAMALUDIN MOHAMAD YUSOFFor the advice and guidanceThank you to all my friends for their support

ivACKNOWLEDGEMENTAlhamdulillah all praise and gratitude to Allah S.W.T for giving me health andstrength to complete my final year project for these last two semesters. I would like toexpress my deepest appreciation to my supervisor, Mr. Kamaludin Mohamad Yusof forthe guidance and encouragement to complete this project. A special thanks goes to myparent that always be my side giving me their full support in completing my project.Last but not least, a further appreciation goes to all my friends especially to mycolleague from batch SET0809 for the helping hand and also their support during myhard time in completing this project.

vABSTRACTNowadays there are an increasing numbers of incidents that occur due to fires inthe building. Most of the fire incident will cause damage and the owner will have to facea loss. Unfortunately some of the fires incident will also cause injuries and fatalities tothe resident. In order to reduce and prevent such accident occur, the smoke detector wascreated to alert the user upon the smoke detection. Current smoke detector systeminstalled in the building mostly connected via wires to the monitor panel. For the largebuilding it will cause a complicated wiring and very costly. Therefore a completewireless smoke alarm detection system was implemented using an ArduinoDuemilanove board which is an open-source physical computing platform and Xbeemodule for the wireless communication. The C language is used to program themicrocontroller in the Arduino Duemilanove board. The monitoring system for thissmoke detector was design using Microsoft Visual Basic that will be used to monitor thetriggered alarm location. With this wireless smoke detector, it will give an early warningto the people in that area with the alarm sound upon the smoke detection. The exactlocation of the smoke detection also can be known by the person in charge by looking atmonitoring system. Therefore, early response can be deployed to the affected area andcan help in reducing the possibility of fatalities and injuries when the fires happen.

viiTABLE OF CONTENTCHAPTER TITLE PAGEDECLARATIONDEDICATIONACKNOWLEDGEMENTSABSTRACTABSTRAKTABLE OF CONTENTLIST OF TABLESLIST OF FIGURELIST OF APPENDICESLIST OF ABBREVIATIONSiiiiiivvviviixixiixivxv1 INTRODUCTION1.1 Chapter Overview 11.2 Research Background 21.3 Problem Statement 31.4 Objective of Study 31.5 Scope of Study 31.6 Expected Outcome 41.7 Thesis Outline 4

viii2 LITERITURE REVIEW2.1 Chapter Overview 52.2 Wireless Sensor Network 62.3 Smoke Alarm Detector 72.4 Types of Smoke Detector 82.4.1 Photoelectric/Optical Smoke Detector 82.4.2 Ionization Smoke Detector 92.4.3 Air Sampling Smoke Detector 92.5 Related Work 102.5.1 Wireless Smoke Detector Systemby Fatimah Khairiah (UTM undergraduatethesis) 102.5.2 Optical Smoke Detector by AhmadNor Bin Mupagat (UTM undergraduate thesis) 102.5.3 Wireless Smoke Detection System byOthman O. Khalifa, A. Albagul, Sheroz Khan,Mohd Rafiqul Islam, Noruzaihan Mod Usman,Electrical and Computer Engineering,International Islamic University Malaysia. 112.5.4 Wireless security control system &sensor network for smoke & fire detection byLipu M.S.H., Karim T.F, Rahman M.L, andSultana.F, Electrical & Electronic EngineeringDepartment, IP Network, ImplementationDepartment, and Technical Department. 113 METHODOLOGY3.1 Chapter Overview 123.2 Project Flow 13

ix3.2.1 The work detail for each stepof project flow 143.3 Gantt Chart 164 HARDWARE DEVELOPMENT4.1 Chapter Overview 174.2 Arduino Duemilanove(main board) 184.2.1 Arduino Duemilanove BoardSpecification 194.2.1.1 Power 204.2.1.2 Memory 204.2.1.3 Input and Output 214.2.1.4 Communication 224.2.1.5 Programming 234.3 RF module (XBee) 234.3.1 XBee Specification 244.3.2 XBee Pin Signal 254.4 XBee Shield 264.5 Smoke Detector 264.5.1 Smoke Detector Specifications 275 SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT5.1 Chapter Overview 285.2 X-CTU Software 295.2.1 XBee Configuration 295.3 Arduino Software 325.3.1 Upload Sketch into ArduinoBoard 325.3.2 Transmitter Coding 335.3.3 Receiver Coding 35

x5.4 Visual Basic 365.4.1 Visual Basic Coding 366 RESULT6.1 Chapter Overview 396.2 Transmitter Part 406.3 Receiver part 416.4 Overall Project Design 426.5 Testing 436.6 Working Principle of the projectDesign 447 CONCLUSION7.1 Chapter Overview 457.2 Conclusion 467.3 Future Recommendation 46REFERENCES 47APPENDICES A-B 49-59

xiLIST OF TABLESTABLE NO. TITLE PAGE4.1 Specifications of Arduino Duemilanove 194.2 Power Pin Function 204.3 Specialized Digital Pin Function 214.4 Specialized Analog Pin Function 224.5 XBee Specification 244.6 Pin Assignment for XBee Module 254.7 Smoke Detector Specification 27

xiiLIST OF FIGURESFIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE2.1 Piezoelectric Diaphragm 73.1 Project Flow 134.1 Arduino Duemilanove (main board) 184.2 XBee Module 234.3 XBee Shield 264.4 Photoelectric Smoke Detector 265.1 X-CTU Software 295.2 X-CTU Test/Query 305.3 XBee Configuration 315.4 X-CTU Terminal 315.5 Arduino Software 325.6 Transmitters Coding to Initialize the SerialCommunication 335.7 Transmitters Coding to read and send data 345.8 Receiver Coding 355.9 Visual Basic 365.10 Visual Basis Coding for serial port 375.11 Visual Basic Coding for button action 375.12 Visual Basic Coding to read and display result 38

xiii5.13 Monitoring System Layout in Visual Basic 386.1 Transmitter Part 406.2 Receiver Part 416.3 Overall Project Design 426.4 Smoke Monitoring System 436.5 Working Principle 44

xivLIST OF APPENDICESAPPENDIX TITLE PAGEA Photoelectric Smoke Detector IC Datasheet 49B XBee / XBee Pro OEM RF Module Product Manual 51

xvLIST OF ABBREVIATIONSPIC - Peripheral Interface ControllerRF - Radio FrequencyWSN - Wireless Sensor NetworkOFM - Optical Frequency MeasurementsLED - Light Emitting DiodeLCD - Liquid Crystal DisplayGPS - Global Positioning SystemUSB - Universal Serial BusDH - Destination HighDL - Destination LowDC - Direct CurrentAC - Alternating CurrentI/O - Input/Output

CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION1.1 Chapter OverviewThis chapter will discuss on the research background, problem statementobjective and scope of the project. Problem statement states the reason why this projectwas carried out. Then the objective of this project was based on what the problemstatement is stated. The scope of this project was based on the objective of this project.

21.2 Research BackgroundToday, wireless communication has been used in many applications ofelectronic devices such as cellular phones, global positioning system control (GPS),remote and in the smoke detector system. Radio frequency (RF) technology has beenimplemented to transfer information without the use of wires. RF is basically thefrequency of radio wave and alternating current that carry a radio signal. The basicprinciple of how it works is energy in RF current conductor can radiate off into space asradio waves.RF technology is currently implemented in the smoke detector system to reducewiring and create a communications transmitter and receiver via RF signals to transmitdata. This technology also can reduce wiring costs because it can be installed by usersthemselves without a technician. The smoke detectors may be one way to create aneffective tool in providing early warning of smoke detection.Smoke detectors are often used in confined spaces such as inside a building,houses, airplanes, and factories. It basically work on the principle of when smoke isdetected, an alarm will be activated to warn the people around the area.

31.3 Problem statementNowadays, there are lot of fatalities and damages caused by fire. In order to givean early warning to the people, the smoke detector was used to give an alert on thesmoke detected. The current industrial smoke alarm system used by the user usuallyinvolves a network that requires wider space and wires, therefore make installationprocess more complicated and costly. When the alarm triggered, it requires user to gothe building itself and find the monitoring panel in order to find the exact location of thesmoke detected. This process makes the early response to be delayed.1.4 Objective of StudyThe main objective of this project is to design a wireless smoke detection systemthat can give alert to user upon any detection of smoke and to monitor using computerupon location of any detection of smoke in a building.1.5 Scope of studyIn order to achieve the objective of this project, the scope of this wireless smokealarm detector is basically focusing on the implementation of wireless smoke alarmdetector using Arduino board. Design a monitoring system for wireless smoke alarmdetector using Visual Basic programming. Finally integrate the hardware and softwareinto a complete wireless smoke alarm detection system.

41.6 Expected OutcomeThe expected outcome of this project is the system can perform when detects anysmoke where it will give an alarm to the users and the computer can show the locationupon the place of the detection.1.7 Thesis OutlineThis report consists of five chapters. Chapter 1 is an introduction to the projectthat consists of research background, objective, scope of project and also problemstatement. Chapter 2 covers on the literature reviews on the project that include therelated work or study on the previous project. Meanwhile, Chapter 3 covers themethodology of the project that consists of the project flow, hardware selection and alsothe Gantt chart for the project. As for Chapter 4, it will cover hardware development ofthe project that will include the specification of the hardware itself. In Chapter 5, it willdiscuss on the software development of this project which are the Arduino software andvisual basic. Chapter 6 will discuss about result of this project and lastly Chapter 7 willexplain overall conclusion and recommendation.

CHAPTER 2LITERITURE REVIEW2.1 Chapter OverviewIn this chapter, the literature review on wireless sensor network and smoke alarmdetector will be discuss and also the related work on the previous project design will alsobe explain and the type of smoke detector that currently used today.

62.2 Wireless Sensor Network (WSN)Wireless Sensor Network is a collection of node distribution that capable onoperating with the presence of minimal user whereby one user can monitor severalnodes. WSN was built from some number of hundreds or even thousands, in which eachnode is connected to one or several sensor. For example, one node is attached to severalsensors such as temperature sensor, pressure sensor and gas sensor [1].Wireless Sensor Network can be the most useful way to collect variousparameters and all the information needed by environments such as in industrial,shipboard, home, building, utilities and transportation system automation. But the sensoris resources constrained which include the battery life, communication bandwidth, CPUstorage and capacity.The main function of wireless sensor network is to determine the environmentalconditions that are monitored by sensing some physical event. Sensor network consistsbasically of a large number of sensor nodes deployed in a large physical area to monitorand track the activities of real-time environment. This sensor nodes works together tocollect data such as temperature, humidity, and acceleration from the environment.In each of sensor network node consist of several parts which are the radiotransceiver with an internal or external connection to an antenna, a microcontrollerwhich are the electronic circuit for interfacing with the sensors and energy source,usually a battery or an embedded form of energy harvesting.

72.3 Smoke Alarm DetectorThe contribution in development of smoke detector was from research made byWalter Jaeger in 1930 [14]. In the early 1940’s, the first smoke detector was developedby Meili and Jaeger that required high voltage power input [14]. Then in 1965, Duane D.Persall created the first affordable home smoke detector that using individual batterypowered that can be replace and install easily by the users [17]. Francis Robbins Uptonthen invented the first automatic fire alarm in 1890 that give great contribution to todaysmoke alarm detector [17].Smoke alarm, both ionization and photoelectric type using a piezoelectric horn,as shown in Figure 2.1, to inform the consumer that the smoke alarm has been activated.Piezoelectric horn sound source is a piezoelectric diaphragm. Diaphragm consists of apiezoelectric ceramic plate, which has electrodes on both sides, and metal plates areusually made of brass or stainless steel [11].Figure 2.1 Piezoelectric DiaphragmsWhen voltage DC is used for piezoelectric diaphragm electrode, it causes amechanical distortion of the piezoelectric element. A piezoelectric element eitherexpands or contracts depending on the polarity of the applied voltage to the piezoelectric

8elements. Metal plate that was attached to a piezoelectric element do not expanding. Itwills alternately repeated expansion and contraction when the voltage AC is used forelectrodes producing sound waves in air.The unit that most commonly used to measure the sound intensity is in decibel(dB). Decibel scale is a logarithmic scale, an increase of 10 dB in sound intensityrepresents 10-fold increase in sound power and 100-fold increase in sound pressuresince the noise power is directly proportional to the square of sound pressure. Wherebythe sound pressure is measured with a meter sound-stage..2.4 Types of Smoke DetectorGenerally there are three types of smoke detector that was currently used andavailable in the market which are photoelectric smoke detector, ionization smokedetector and air sampling smoke detector. Each smoke detector has their own way ondetecting the smoke.2.4.1 Photoelectric/Optical Smoke DetectorThe photoelectric smoke detector is actually a light sensor. When used as asmoke detector, it includes a light source which is from LED, lens will adjust the line ofsight of the light into the beam, and the photodiode or other photoelectric sensor at an

9angle to the beam as the light detector. In the absence of smoke, the light passes in frontof the detector in a straight line. When smoke enters the optical chamber across the lineof the light beam, some light will scattered by the smoke particles, leads to the sensorand thus triggering the alarm.2.4.2 Ionization Smoke DetectorIt consists of ionization chamber and a source of ionizing radiation. Anionization type smoke detector is generally cheaper to compare an optical smokedetector. However, it is sometimes rejected because likely to sound a false alarms due tothe sensitivity of smoke particles whereby it can detect smoke particles that are too smallto be seen. When the smoke entering the ionization chamber, the smoke particles attachto the ions and neutralize them, so they do not reach the plate. The drop in currentbetween the plates would trigger the alarm.2.4.3 Air Sampling Smoke DetectorThe air sampling smoke detector was capable of detecting smoke microscopicparticles. Most air-sampling detectors work by actively drawing air through a network ofsmall bore pipe lay on or under the ceiling running parallel covering an area protected.Small holes drilled into the pipe every matrix form holes of sampling points, providingeven distribution throughout the pipe network. Air samples work over a sensitive opticaldevice, often a solid-state laser, is tuned to detect very small particles of combustion.

102.5 Related work2.5.1 Wireless Smoke Detector System by Fatimah Khairiah (UTMundergraduate thesis)The project that has been done by Fatimah Khairiah was involving fabricationand programming process of wireless smoke detector system. Therefore, this projectconsists two part which is hardware and software part. For the hardware part, it consistsof PIC microcontroller, LED, LCD, air contaminant sensor and RF module. For thesoftware part, MPLAB IDE and PICkit2 were used to create and load the program. Theway of this system work is when a smoke detected by air contaminant sensor, it willtransmit RF signal to the receiver part. Then, the buzzer will activated while the LEDand LCD will display the condition of the detected smoke. [4]2.5.2 Optical Smoke Detector by Ahmad Nor Bin Mupagat (UTM undergraduatethesis)This optical smoke detector was design to detect the intensity of smoke and givea warning to people inside the building. The design of circuit was using Proteus wherethen it will converted into printed circuit board. For the programming and simulation ofthe microcontroller, MPLAB IDE software was used. This smoke detector work whenthe smoke is detected, the alarm and LED will activate. [5]

112.5.3 Wireless Smoke Detection System by Othman O. Khalifa, A. Albagul,Sheroz Khan, Mohd Rafiqul Islam, Noruzaihan Mod Usman from Electrical andComputer Engineering, International Islamic University Malaysia.This wireless smoke detection system is basically using a photoelectric smokedetector whereby when it sense smoke, the alarm will activate and send signal to othersmoke detector in the vicinity. Signal will activates the individual relays in the othersmoke detectors causing them to activate the alarm. There are battery operated andtherefore no external connections are required. It can be installed by homeowner just asthey would a normal smoke detector. This design basically aiming to have cost efficientsystem, compact design, easily expandable, simple to install and replaceablecomponents. [3]2.5.4 Wireless security control system & sensor network for smoke & firedetection by Lipu M.S.H., Karim T.F, Rahman M.L, and Sultana.F from Electrical& Electronic Engineering Department, IP Network, Implementation Department,and Technical Department.This project was designing a smoke detector that will raise alarm signal thatactivate relay. Whereby this relay is connected to computer via parallel port that willallow reading on alarm signal from smoke detector circuit. When it receives the alarm, itwill send message to specified mobile station. The hardware used is including PICmicrocontroller, temperature sensor, smoke sensor, low battery sensor, transmitter andreceiver. For the software component, the program and code is implemented using PICmicrocontroller.[6]

CHAPTER 3METHODOLOGY3.1 Chapter OverviewIn this chapter, the methodology of this project will be discuss in detail theapproach and method that will be used in this project which include the project flow andthe Gantt chart for both semester 1 and semester 2.

133.2 Project FlowFigure 3.1 below shows the project flow of the designing process.Literature review / ResearchSelection and Analysis of devicesMicrocontroller CodingCommunicate between XbeeMonitoring system designSmoke detector testingRun and test whole systemFigure 3.1 Project Flow

143.2.1 The work detail for each step of project flowi. Literature Review / ResearchIn this step, the information about developing this RF technologywas being search. Especially in wireless sensor network and wirelesssmoke detector system. The source of this information are gathered frombooks, journal, article, internet and also thesis from previousundergraduate students that relate to this project in order to make surethere was a different approach in designing this project. The suitablehardware is also being search in this step.ii.Selection and Analysis of devicesAfter some research that has been done in selecting the suitabledevices to use in this project. The analysis of the devices was done inthese steps that include the architecture and specification of the devices.

15iii.Communicate between XbeeTo make the xbee communicate with each other, configuration onthis RF module was made using XCTU software. As for this project weneed the xbee to be a transmitter and receiver.iv.Microcontroller CodingIn this step, the coding for microcontroller was created using theArduino software and uploads the program into the Arduino board. Thisprogram was created based on the working principle of the projectdesign.v. Monitoring system designTo design the monitoring system, visual basic was used to createthe graphical user interface. The layout for the monitoring system wasdesign to see the location upon any detection of the smoke.

16vi.Smoke detector testingAfter done with the programming in arduino and visual basic, thesmoke detector was test using the smoke to see where the constant outputcurrent flow after the smoke was detected then the smoke detector wasattached to the transmitter part.vii.Run and test whole systemIn this step, the smoke detector was triggered when the smoke was placeto the smoke detector and as a result the visual basic will display the detectionupon the smoke.

CHAPTER 4HARDWARE DEVELOPMENT4.1 Chapter overviewThe hardware development for this project will be explain in this chapter thatconsist of three main component which are the Arduino Duemilanove board that consistof microcontroller, RF module (XBee) for wireless data transmission and a photoelectricsmoke sensor which are a standalone smoke detector.

184.2 Arduino Duemilanove (main board)The Arduino Duemilanove main board is an open-source physical computingplatform based on a simple I/O board and a development environment that implementsthe processing. Arduino can be used to develop stand-alone interactive objects or it canbe connected to software on the computer. It was automatically select the power supplyeither from USB or external power. This board is exposed the microcontrollerinput/output pin to enable connection between this pin to other circuit or sensor. Figure4.1 show the component on the Arduino Duemilanove board.Figure 4.1 Arduino Duemilanove (main board)

194.2.1 Arduino Duemilanove Board SpecificationTable 4.1 below shows the specification of the Arduino Duemilanove BoardTable 4.1 Specification of Arduino Duemilanove boardSpecificationArduino Duemilanove BoardMicrocontrollerATmega328Operating Voltage5VInput Voltage (recommended) 7-12VInput Voltage (limits) 6-20VEEPROM1 KB (ATmega328)SRAM2 KB (ATmega328)Clock Speed16 MHzDC Current for 3.3V Pin50 mADC Current per I/O Pin40 mAAnalog Input Pins 6Digital I/O Pins 14 ( provide 6 PWM output )Flash Memory32 KB of which 2 KB used bybootloaderBefore using Arduino Duemilanove board, we must know the specification of theboard that we are using to avoid any damage on the board itself. The arduino board areusing ATmega328 microcontroller with operating voltage of 5V. For this project, thedigital I/O pin will be used and the current per I/O pin should not be more than 40mA.

204.2.1.1 PowerThe Arduino Duemilanove board can be powered via USB or external powersupply. The power source is automatically selected. External power can come eitherfrom an adapter or battery. The adapter can be connected by plug it into the power jackof the board. The board is able to operate on an external supply of 6 to 20 volts. Ifsupplied with less than 7V, however, the 5V pin may supply less than five volts and theboard may be unstable. If using more than 12V, the voltage regulator may overheat anddamage the board. The recommended range is 7 to 12 volts. The power pins are asshown in Table 4.2Table 4.2 Power pins functionsPower Pins FunctionsVIN The input voltage when using an external power source.5V Regulated power supply to power up the microcontroller and othercomponents on the board.3V3 A 3.3 volt supply generated by the on-board FTDI chip.GND Ground pins.4.2.1.2 MemoryThis board is using the ATmega328 that has 32 KB with 2 KB are used for theboot loader. This ATmega328 has 2 KB of SRAM and 1 KB of EEPROM.

214.2.1.3 Input and OutputEach of the 14 digital pins on the board can be used as an input or output,using pinMode(), digitalWrite(), and digitalRead() functions. They operate at 5 volts.Whereby each pin can provide or receive a maximum of 40 mA and has an internal pullupresistor of 20-50 kOhms. In addition, some pins have specialized functions as shownin Table 4.3.Digital pinsFunctionSerial: 0 (RX) and 1 (TX) Used to receive (RX) and transmit (TX) TTL serial data.PWM: 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and Provide 8-bit PWM output with the analogWrite() function11External Interrupts: 2 and 3 These pins can be configured to trigger an interrupt.LED: 13A built-in LED connected to digital pin 13. LED is onwhen it receive HIGH value and LED is off when itreceive LOW value.SPI: 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), Support SPI communication by using the SPI library12 (MISO), 13 (SCK).Table 4.3 Specialized Digital pins functionThe board also has six analog inputs, provides ten bits of resolution each. Bydefault they measure from ground to 5 volts, thus is it possible to change the upper endof their range by using the AREF pin and the analogReference() function. In addition,some analog pins have specialized functionality as shown in Table 4.4.

22Table 4.4 Specialized Analog pins functionAnalog PinsResetI 2 CAREFFunctionLOW value to reset the microcontroller.Support I 2 C (TWI) communication by using the Wire libraryThe analog input reference voltage that used withanalogReference().4.2.1.4 CommunicationIn order to communicate with a computer, another Arduino, or othermicrocontrollers the Arduino Duemilanove board has a number of facilities. Whereby,the ATmega328 provide UART TTL (5V) serial communication, which is available ondigital pins 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). An FTDI FT232RL on the board channels this serialcommunication over USB and the FTDI drivers provide a virtual com port to softwareon the computer. Arduino software includes a series of monitors that allow the collectionof data in the form of simple text to be sent to and from the Arduino board. The RX andTX LEDs on the board will flash when data is transmitted via the FTDI chip and USBconnection to the computer. A serial communication library allows Software Serial onany digital pin on the board.

234.2.1.5 ProgrammingThe Arduino Duemilanove board can be programmed with the Arduino software.Without the use of an external hardware programmer, ATmega328 on the ArduinoDuemilanove comes preburned with a bootloader that allows new code uploading into it.The original STK500 protocol was used to communicate.4.3 RF module (XBee)For this project, XBee Series 1 which are point to point communication wereused in this project. This type of RF module was selected because it can provide reliabledelivery of data and only require minimal power to transmit the data between thedevices. Since the communications network up 100 meters with low power (1mW). ThisXBee RF module was design to meet the IEEE 802.15.4 standard and it was a low-costand low power wireless sensor network. It can transmit data wirelessly without anyadditional configuration. No configuration necessary for out of the box RFcommunications. XBee modules are equipped with application software to facilitateusers to edit the configuration and also to test the function.Figure 4.2 XBee module

244.3.1 XBee SpecificationThe specification of XBee module is shown in Table 4.5 below.Table 4.5 XBee SpecificationSpecificationRF Module (XBee)Operating frequencyISM 2.4 GHzPower output1 mW (0 dBm)Command setAT or APIIndoor/Urban range up to 100 ft (30 m)Power-down sleep current

254.3.2 XBee Pin SignalThis XBee need minimum connection of VCC, GND, DOUT and DIN. Thismodule includes a 50kohms pull-up resistor attached to RESET and several input pullupcan be configured using PR command. Table 4.4 shows the pin assignment for theXBee.Table 4.6 Pin Assignment for XBee module

264.4 XBee shieldThis XBee Shield is an XBee expansion board that design for Arduino board andit was used to make the connection between RF module and the Arduino board. Figure4.3 below shows the XBee Shield.Figure 4.3 XBee Shield4.5 Smoke DetectorFor a smoke detector part, it will consist of photoelectric sensor, a 9V DC batteryand a buzzer. This smoke detector will be connected to the transmitter part of the sensornode. Figure 4.4 below shows the photoelectric smoke alarm detector.Figure 4.4 Photoelectric Smoke Detector

274.5.1 Smoke Detector SpecificationsTable 4.7 shows the specification of the smoke detector.Table 4.7 Smoke Detector SpecificationSpecificationSmoke DetectorSensor typePhotoelectric sensorPower supplyDC9V batteryOption current20uaAlarm current10maAlarm sonority≥85dbWorking temperature -10-45℃Relative humidity

28CHAPTER 5SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT5.1 Chapter overviewThis chapter will explain the details on the software development in this project.In the software part, the Arduino software will be used and C programming languagewas used to create the program in the Arduino board. To program the XBee, X-CTU wasused to create the communication program. To create a GUI program for monitoringpurpose, Microsoft visual basic will be used to create the program.

295.2 X-CTU SoftwareIn order to configure the RF module, the X-CTU software was used to createcommunication between the XBee that will act as transmitter and receiver. Figure 5.1below show the X-CTU software.Figure 5.1 X-CTU software [10]5.2.1 XBee ConfigurationTo configure this RF module, X-CTU software was used. First place the jumperin USB connection on the Arduino board. When the program is launched, select the “PCSetting” tab. In this PC setting tab, select the COM port and the COM port wasconfigured to these setting:Baud Rate: 9600Flow Control: NoneData bits: 8Parity: NoneStop bit: 1

30Then the Test/Query button is select and it wills response as Figure 5.2.Figure 5.2 X-CTU Test/QueryThen select the modem configuration. First read the XBee module to get thecurrent configuration and XBee was configured to these setting:COM 20 (Transmitter)PAN ID: 2223DH: 0DL: 0Baud rate: 9600COM 21 (Receiver)PAN ID: 2223DH: 0DL: FFFFBaud rate: 9600The configuration was shown in Figure 5.3. Then select the write button and waituntil the program complete process on configuring the RF module. But the XBeemodule can be both transmitter and receiver. To create that function, configure the valueof DH and DL to 0. To see whether the XBee can communicate with each other, selectthe terminal tab and type any word on transmitter of the COM port than it will appear tothe receiver COM port as shown in Figure 5.4.

31Figure 5.3 XBee ConfigurationFigure 5.4 X-CTU Terminal

325.3 Arduino SoftwareTo create program in Arduino duemilanove board, Arduino software was used toupload the program into the microcontroller. This Arduino software was using Clanguage. First the Arduino software and board need to be installed in the computer.Then identified what are the COM port for the Arduino board since there is two Arduinoboard are used in this project. As for this project the COM 21 and COM 20 was used.Figure 5.5 shows the Arduino software.Figure 5.5 Arduino Software5.3.1 Upload Sketch into Arduino BoardTo upload a sketch into the microcontroller inside the Arduino board, make surethe jumper in the USB setting on Arduino board then select the tool tab and select theboards which are Arduino Duemilanove w/ ATmega328. Then select serial port which isCOM20 and COM21. Then select upload button to upload the sketch. To test thecommunication between XBee change the jumper to XBee setting.

335.3.2 Transmitter CodingFigure 5.6 below show the coding to transmit the data from transmitter board tothe receiver board. First the pin that will be used will be declared. Then initialized theserial communication using Serial.begin(9600). Value of 9600 refers to the baud rateused in sending the serial data. Then defined the pin as an input which refers to pin thatwill receive input from smoke detector.To declare the pinthat will be usedTo initialize theserial communicationand pin as inputFigure 5.6 Transmitters Coding to Initialize the Serial Communication

34Figure 5.7 below show the coding to read add send the data. Void loop was usedto make it always run. First the state of pin was read. The if statement was used to checkthe pins that detect input from smoke detector. LOW will identified no detection whileHIGH identified the detection. Then Serial.print used to display the data then transmit itto the receiver board. Delay was used to provide the delay time before next detection.Read the state of pinin the boardCheck if the pindetects any input anddisplay the result thensend it to the receiverFigure 5.7 Transmitters Coding To Read and Send the Data

355.3.3 Receiver CodingFigure 5.8 below shows the receiver coding in Arduino software. First the pinand the incomingByte was declared. Then initialize the serial communication and definepin as an output. Serial.available was used to check any incoming serial data and read itusing Serial.read. Then when the data detected it will display it then send it to the visualbasic.To declare the pin andthe incomingByteTo initialize theserial communicationand pin as outputCheck if there is incomingserial data and read theoldest byte in the serialbuffer.If incomingByte = 0,turn off the LED. Elsetrun ON the LEDFigure 5.8 Receiver Coding

365.4 Visual BasicVisual Basic was used to create the GUI of the monitoring system of thiswireless smoke alarm detector. Figure 5.6 shows the visual basic software and Figure5.7 shows the layout for the monitoring system.Figure 5.9 Visual Basic [9]5.4.1 Visual Basic CodingFigure 5.10, Figure 5.11 and Figure 12 shows the coding in the visual basic. FirstImport was used to define the scope element in the visual basic programming. Then thecoding to detect the serial port was created and also the button function and actions.There are four button was used, which are connect, disconnect, refresh and logout buttonand all the function and action was created. In order to read data from Arduino board,delegates and invoke statement was used. Then when receive the data from Arduinoboard, it will display the result in the monitoring system layout as in Figure 5.13.

37Scope of the elementTo get the serial portdetected and alsolist the baud ratethat will be used.Button state wasdeclared.Figure 5.10 Visual Basic Coding for Serial port detectionDefine the button connectaction when serial portdetected and connected.Define the disconnect button actionwhen serial port disconnected.Figure 5.11 Visual Basic Coding for button action

38Read the buffer from theserial port.Button Logout actionRead the incoming data and displaythe result.Figure 5.12 Visual Basic Coding to read and display the resultFigure 5.13 Monitoring System Layout in Visual Basic

39CHAPTER 6RESULT6.1 Chapter OverviewIn this chapter, the overall design of this wireless smoke alarm detector was testand will be analyze. The monitoring system was also being test to get the input fromsmoke detector when the smoke detector was triggered. The overall working principle ofthis project design will also be discussed.

406.2 Transmitter partIn the transmitter part, it consist of XBee (TX) with shield, ArduinoDuemilanove board, smoke detector and a simple circuit in order to make connectionbetween smoke detector and Arduino board. Figure 6.1 shows the circuit in thetransmitter part.Figure 6.1 Transmitter partThere are 6 digital pin are used to receive the input from smoke detector. A dipswitch was used as a replacement for the smoke detector to make sure the connectionwas correct before connected to the smoke detector. First before testing make sure thecurrent supply to the pin is less than 40mA or else it will damage the board. Since theArduino board has 5V pin, it can be used to supply voltage to the circuit. Then 10KOhmresistor was used to reduce the current. When done testing using dip switch, connect thesmoke detector to the circuit and a LED was added to the circuit to see whether aconstant current flow in the circuit when smoke was detected.

416.3 Receiver partIn the receiver part, it consists of XBee (RX) with shield, Arduino Duemilanoveboard and computer. Figure 6.2 shows the receiver part of project design.Figure 6.2 Receiver PartFor this receiver part the connection was made using USB cable plug in to thecomputer and Arduino board and make sure the jumper in XBee setting so it can receivedata from the transmitter.

426.4 Overall Project DesignFigure 6.3 below shows the complete project design.Smoke detectorTransmitterWIRELESSMonitoring PanelReceiverFigure 6.3 Overall Project DesignThe Figure 6.3 shows the overall project design when the smoke detector detectthe smoke the alarm will triggered then it will produce output current that will activatethe pin in the transmitter Arduino board. Then through XBee it will send data wirelesslyto the receiver node and from the receiver node, it will send the data through the USBcable to the computer.

436.5 TestingThe testing for this project was done by applied a smoke at the smoke detectoruntil the smoke detector was triggered. At the same time, the monitoring system willgive warning upon the detection of the smoke. Figure 6.4 shows the monitoring systemwhen the smoke detector was triggered.Figure 6.4 Smoke Monitoring System

446.6 Working Principle of the project designFigure 6.5 below shows the working principle of the project design.Figure 6.5 Working PrincipleWhen the smoke detector does not detect any smoke, it will send data to thetransmitter to indicate that there is no smoke detected. But when smoke is detected, thebuzzer will activate and send data to transmitter part to indicate that there is smokedetected. Then from the transmitter, the data will be send wirelessly via the RF moduleto the receiver part. At the receiver part, data will send to the computer to indicatewhether there is any detection of smoke and the monitoring system in visual basic willdisplay the result of the indication.

CHAPTER 7CONCLUSION7.1 Chapter OverviewIn this chapter, the conclusion and future recommendation will be discuss. Inconclusion, the objective of this project will be analyzed to see whether it was beingachieved or not. The future recommendation for this project will be suggest toimproving the quality and also the performance of the project design.

467.2 ConclusionBased on the result of this project design, the objective of this project wassuccessfully being achieved whereby the design a wireless smoke detection system thatcan give alert to user upon any detection of smoke was able to function. The monitoringsystem using computer upon location of any detection of smoke was done using thevisual basic. But this prototype design has some limitation in term of the datatransmission distance since it only can be up to 100m and this design only point to pintcommunication.7.3 RecommendationIn order to improve the design limitation, some future recommendation is beingsuggested to overcome this weakness. First is to use RF module that has high power inorder to transmit the data for long distance but also to improve the transmission qualitysince in real situation there will be some blocking occur that will reduce the transmissionsignal. Secondly is to use point to multipoint RF module so it can transmit data morethan one sensor node and the signal hopping can be done to transmit the data from onepoint to another point to create a wireless sensor network.

47REFERENCES1. Mitta, R. Bhatia, M.P.S. Wireless sensor networks for monitoring theenvironmental activities. Computational Intelligence and Computing Research(ICCIC), 2010 IEEE International Conference .1-5, 28-29 Dec. 20102. Anu Jyothy (2011). Secure and Efficient Data Transfer in WSN ME ( AppliedElectronics ), IJECT Vol. 2, Issue 3.3. Khalifa, O.O. Albagul, A. Khan, S. Islam, M.R. Usman, N.M., Wireless smokedetection system. Computer and Communication Engineering, 2008. ICCCE2008. International Conference .409-413, 13-15 May 20084. Fatimah Khairiah binti ABD Hamid (2011). Wireless Smoke Detector SystemBachelor Degree Thesis. Universiti Teknologi Malaysia:5. Ahmad Nor bin Mupagat (2011). Optical Smoke Detector. Bachelor DegreeThesis, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia6. Lipu M.S.H, Karim T.F , Rahman M.L, Sultana, F. , Wireless security controlsystem & sensor network for smoke & fire detection. Advanced ManagementScience (ICAMS), 2010 IEEE International Conference , vol.3, 153-157, 9-11July 20107. Deitel and Paul J (2010). C: How to Program (6 th ed) Upper Saddle River,NJ.:Pearson/Prentice Hall.8. M.R.McRoberts (2009) Arduino Starter Kit Manual, Earthshine Design9. visual-basic-net-simple-web-browser, http://www.itechsociety.com/2010/11

4810. http://www.matlog.com/accessoires/accessoires-radio/digi-x-ctu.html11. Lee .A, Midgett .J, White .S, (2004). Sound Effectiveness of Residential SmokeAlarms U.S Consumer product Safety Commission.12. B.C. Taber, J.Z. Su, N. Bénichou. et , “ Smoke Detection In Full-Scale HouseExperiments”, Fire Research Program, National Research CouncilCanada13. Microsoft Developer Network, http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/default.aspx14. Jim Milke, (2011) “The History of Smoke Detection: A Profile of HowTechnology and Role of smoke Detection Has Change”, Department of FireProtection Engineering, University of Maryland.15. Photoelectric Smoke Detector IC, Datasheet16. XBee / XBee Pro OEM RF Module, Product Manual17. Smoke Detector, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoke_detector

APPENDIX A49

APPENDIX B51