Natural Gas Technologies and Markets: Japanese Experience

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For Presentation at APEC Clean Fossil Energy Technical and Policy SeminarFriday, 28 January 2005, Cebu City Marriott Hotel, Cebu, PhilippinesNatural Gas Technologies and Markets: JapaneseExperienceHisao WatanabeGeneral Manager of Research DepartmentTokyo Gas Co., Ltd.JapanPage 1 of 5
For Presentation at APEC Clean Fossil Energy Technical and Policy SeminarFriday, 28 January 2005, Cebu City Marriott Hotel, Cebu, Philippines1. Natural Gas in the Japanese Energy Market1.1. Current SituationJust like petroleum, Japan does not have large domestic natural gas reserves anduntil LNG (liquefied natural gas) import started in 1969, share of natural gas inJapan’s primary energy supply was less than 1%. In around 35 year since then,share of natural gas rose to 13.5% or 3,111 PJ(peta joule=10 15 joule) of Japan’sprimary energy supply in 2002, which was 22,977PJ or 583 million kilo litter of oilequivalent.97% of natural gas used in Japan is imported in the form of LNG, mainly (about80%) from Asia Pacific economies such as Australia, Brunei Darussalam, Indonesiaand Malaysia.Out of 55 million(10 6 ) tons of LNG imported to Japan in 2002, 69% was imported byelectric power companies for electricity generation at LNG power stations. The rest isprimarily distributed as city gas by city gas utilities for various end use applications inindustrial, commercial and residential energy market.Natural gas accounted for 26% of electricity generated in Japan in 2000. On theother hand, 87% of energy source of city gas was natural gas. Tokyo Gas pioneeredconversion of city gas source to natural gas in 1969 to mitigate air pollutions in urbanareas. Since then, 133 out of 238 city gas utilities have introduced natural gas.1.2. Future of Natural Gas in JapanNatural gas is environmentally more benign compared to other fossil energysources and its reserves are geographically more dispersed than petroleum whosereserves are largely concentrated in politically unstable Middle-east. Because ofthese advantages, Japanese government has positioned natural gas as an importantenergy source from the viewpoint of securing stable energy supply and protectingglobal environment, and has been promoting the shift to natural gas from petroleum.Japanese government’s “Long-term Energy Demand and Supply Outlook (2004)”says “Expansion of natural gas use both in electricity generation and in heatapplication is desirable as natural gas has environmentally advantageouscharacteristics.” The “Outlook” forecasts that in 2030, share of natural gas in Japan’sprimary energy supply will increase to 18%.Because natural gas use in electricity generation in large scale power station isobvious, the rest of the paper describes the development of natural gas applicationsin Japan’s industrial, commercial, and residential sectors which are supplied withnatural gas as city gas by city gas utilities.2. Natural Gas Technology in Japanese Industrial Energy Market2.1. Historical DevelopmentNatural gas use in Japanese industrial sector began as a substitute for petroleum tomitigate air pollutions in urban areas. Although natural gas has been priced higherthan competing petroleum products, higher efficiency, pollution-free combustiontechnologies developed for boilers, furnaces and other industrial heat processeshave promoted conversion of industrial fuel from petroleum to natural gas.Page 2 of 5
Page 3 and 4: Composition of Primary Energy Suppl
Page 5 and 6: Efficiency Improvement of Gas Engin
Page 7 and 8: Gas Engine Heat Pump• Japanese or
Page 9 and 10: Types of Fuel CellPhosphoricAcid Fu
Page 11: Conclusion• Natural gas: Japan’
Page 15 and 16: For Presentation at APEC Clean Foss
Page 17: Profile of Hisao WatanabeJanuary 10

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