Alternatively, if a charge is to be laid, the offender isplaced <strong>in</strong> a s<strong>in</strong>gle cell and, once a case has beenestablished aga<strong>in</strong>st him, he is sent back to theAdmission <strong>Centre</strong> until his case has been f<strong>in</strong>alised.In the Westville <strong>Prison</strong> Await<strong>in</strong>g Trial Section, thetelevision is used as a major means of social control.Assaults and gang activities are punished by thewithdrawal of the television from the cell <strong>in</strong> question.This, accord<strong>in</strong>g to the warders, has reduced assaultstremendously. At this prison it was reported thatthere are formal discipl<strong>in</strong>ary procedures for offencessuch as carry<strong>in</strong>g a concealed weapon or <strong>in</strong>jur<strong>in</strong>g orassault<strong>in</strong>g another prisoner or member of staff. Themost common category of offence is assault, and thetypes of punishment adm<strong>in</strong>istered <strong>in</strong>clude solitaryconf<strong>in</strong>ement or the removal of privileges.At Westville, as at all prisons, all compla<strong>in</strong>ts are entered<strong>in</strong> a compla<strong>in</strong>ts book. If a compla<strong>in</strong>t is laid aga<strong>in</strong>st achild or staff member, a sworn statement must be made.A hear<strong>in</strong>g is then held <strong>in</strong> the. office of the chairpersonof the Discipl<strong>in</strong>ary Committee where a decision ismade either to <strong>in</strong>vestigate further, to send theaccused for trial or to abandon the <strong>in</strong>quiry. Parentsare not <strong>in</strong>formed or drawn <strong>in</strong> to discipl<strong>in</strong>ary <strong>in</strong>quiries.At the' Westville Youth <strong>Centre</strong>, both the sentenced andunsentenced children said that the warders treatedthem 'OK'. There were, however, signs that there hadbeen assaults by staff on the children. The researcherwas told that the children assault each other muchmore than the staff do, which <strong>in</strong>dicates at least somelevel of staff assault. Some staff admitted that rudeand <strong>in</strong>sult<strong>in</strong>g behaviour by children had provokedphysical violence (be<strong>in</strong>g 'Mapped'.) — Some of thestaff reported that the children try to set them up fora compla<strong>in</strong>t of assault and, if they speak roughly to aprisoner, or if a prisoner is hit by another and has abruise, he will get the others to 'witness' that he wasassaulted by a staff member. Although such compla<strong>in</strong>tsare recorded and <strong>in</strong>vestigated, it is unclearwhat the results are.The procedure is that, if a staff member is accused ofassault<strong>in</strong>g a prisoner, it-is entered <strong>in</strong>to the compla<strong>in</strong>tsregister. The prisoner is exam<strong>in</strong>ed by the medical staff,a form is filled <strong>in</strong>, and the matter is put before thedoctor. It may then be referred to the police. However,both children and staff say that is extremely rare for acase to be followed up. Although there is no <strong>in</strong>ternaldiscipl<strong>in</strong>ary procedure, the head of the prison maywrite a letter reprimand<strong>in</strong>g the staff member. Althoughthere is a possibility of dismissal, it is more likely toaffect the staff member's chance of promotion.At the Westville Women's <strong>Prison</strong>, juveniles are punished<strong>in</strong> a variety of ways. These <strong>in</strong>clude the removal ofprivileges, be<strong>in</strong>g locked up <strong>in</strong> cells dur<strong>in</strong>g the day,scrubb<strong>in</strong>g the ramp, the removal of visits and be<strong>in</strong>ghit on the hand with key belts.At the Ekuseni Youth Development <strong>Centre</strong>, staffreported that they were not allowed to discipl<strong>in</strong>e thechildren at all. Observers noted litter ly<strong>in</strong>g around anddirty floors <strong>in</strong> the communal rooms. They asked staffabout this and were told that they could not even askthe youth to clean the floors or pick up litter. Observersreported that the atmosphere was very undiscipl<strong>in</strong>edand gave an impression of total breakdown <strong>in</strong> relationsbetween staff and .'students'. It seemed that therewas no culture of responsibility amongst the pupils.New legislation on Correctional Services is planned <strong>in</strong>. the near future and will set down discipl<strong>in</strong>ary policy. Inthe meantime, it must be concluded that discipl<strong>in</strong>arypractice seems to operate on an ad hoc basis, withouta clear direction and, often, <strong>in</strong> conflict with <strong>in</strong>ternationalpr<strong>in</strong>ciples and departmental policy.Staff Conditions of Service"To secure the forego<strong>in</strong>g ends, personnel should beappo<strong>in</strong>ted as professional officers with adequateremuneration to attract and reta<strong>in</strong> suitable womenand men. " (UN RULES 83)At Rustenburg, where the staff complement is 54 for110 prisoners when the prison is at full capacity, theresearchers reported on deficiencies <strong>in</strong> warderaccommodation. While the senior staff live <strong>in</strong>'respectable' houses on the premises, many of therema<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g staff live <strong>in</strong> a build<strong>in</strong>g alongside the prison.12 Smacked, hit.VIOLENCE IN PRISONS
The member of staff conduct<strong>in</strong>g the tour said that thebuild<strong>in</strong>g had been declared unfit for human habitation,the imprisoned children had been moved out, andthe accommodation allocated to the staff.The researchers agreed that the rooms, shared bythree warders each, were stuffy and too small. Metalcupboards had been provided for their personneleffects. There was a large hole <strong>in</strong> the ceil<strong>in</strong>g and staffwere expected to cook <strong>in</strong> the rooms they slept <strong>in</strong>. Therewere no facilities for married personnel, and staffmembers were obliged to live separately from theirfamilies whom they only see once or twice a month.As <strong>in</strong>dicated earlier, staff are frequently overworked andprisons understaffed. This is asource of grievance. Insome prisons, staff report high levels of stress.At Ekuseni, staff are selected - some from theDepartment of Correctional Services and some fromoutside. At this centre (a pilot project), the regime is. very different to that at other prisons. Yet there are<strong>in</strong>dications of high levels of staff dissatisfaction,evidenced by a high number of threatened resignations.There are also, reports of an attempted rape of afemale teacher and of fear amongst the staff.
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• ContentsINTRODUCTION 1ACKNOWLED
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almost certainly because they tear
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Figure 2 gives a breakdown of child
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THANKS ARE DUE TO:The children and
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.Ekuseni Youth CentreThe Ekuseni Yo
- Page 13 and 14: 1• Definition of Children andJuve
- Page 15 and 16: age of 18 with their own age groups
- Page 17 and 18: Dedicated facilities for JuvenilesT
- Page 19 and 20: At the Pollsmoor Admission Centre,
- Page 21 and 22: Separation of sentenced and unsente
- Page 23: Beds and bedding"Every juvenile sho
- Page 26: At Pietersburg, the researcher was
- Page 29 and 30: are virtually unoccupied for long p
- Page 31 and 32: At Rustenburg, a qualified, nurse i
- Page 33 and 34: At Pretoria Central, a new prison,
- Page 35 and 36: offers them a 'good opportunity of
- Page 37: The South African Constitution ensh
- Page 40 and 41: Leeuwkop were extremely demotivated
- Page 42 and 43: trial- are the responsibility of th
- Page 44: Where programmes are jn placeIn som
- Page 47: At Westville Youth Centre, there is
- Page 50 and 51: VIOLENCE IN PRISONS
- Page 52 and 53: AssaultAs part of their mission sta
- Page 54 and 55: of 24, sometimes without even a tel
- Page 56 and 57: "Personnel should be qualified and
- Page 58 and 59: the night at 3pm. In some instituti
- Page 60 and 61: the ages of 15 and 17. In an emerge
- Page 62 and 63: Generally, serious problems are ref
- Page 66 and 67: One of the consistent patterns that
- Page 68 and 69: Often children say that they are, n
- Page 70 and 71: the names of their lawyers. Three o
- Page 72 and 73: Bail"Every child has the right not
- Page 74 and 75: Postponements and finalisation of c
- Page 76 and 77: Figure 7 shows the length of senten
- Page 78 and 79: How the Children are Cared For8. An
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