POTENTIAL BIOGAS PRODUCTION FROM FISH WASTE AND ...

Potential Biogas Production from Fish Waste and Sludge2.1. Regulations on disposal of fish wastes and by-catchIn order to protect the marine environment from human activities, 1996Protocol to the 1972 Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollutionby Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter (1996) was implemented in2006, administrated by International Maritime Organization (IMO),which forbids all dumping of wastes into the sea, except for a list ofpossibly acceptable wastes, such as ‘fish waste or material resulting fromindustrial fish processing operations’. However, on 23 rd November, 2011,the ministers of fisheries in Norway, Sweden and Denmark signed a jointdeclaration prohibiting the fish dumping into Skagerrak in order toimprove the marine environment and achieve sustainable managementof marine resources in the future. It will be implemented on 1 st January,2013 (Ministry of Fisheries and Coastal Affairs, 2011) and could be thedeveloping trend for the fisheries to protect the marine environment inthe future. The enacted ban of discards, as one of the most essentialissues on the international agenda, attracts many other costal states’attention.Therefore, how to dispose fish waste and by-catch will be a bigchallenge to the fisheries not only in these three countries, but alsoglobally.2.2. Anaerobic digestionThe biogas production from degrading high content of organic matterbiologically has been known since 1630 by Von Helmont and 1667 byShirley. However, the presence of CH 4 in the biogas was proved until1808 when Sir Humphrey Davy researched the AD of manure. After 76years, the use of biogas was presented by Louis Pasteur, such as heatingand lighting (Solmaz & Peyruze, 2009).2.2.1. The process of anaerobic digestionThe microbiological process of AD is the process of complex organicmaterials decomposed by many groups of microorganisms in the oxygenfree condition. The final products from AD are digestate including avariety of nutrients, and biogas containing CH 4 (50 %-75 %), CO 2(25 %-45 %) and few by-products such as H 2S (