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perished during trials. Body mass increased more for the treatment group that had access to sodium (60.7 ± 4.6 g) compared to the group that did not (43.3 ± 4.5 g; t46 = 2.69, P = 0.01; difference = 17.4 ± 6.5) in 2009, but groups did not differ in 2010 (t24 = 0.23, P = 0.82; difference = 2.0 ± 8.5). Within specific food-item feeding trials, body mass did not change differently between treatment groups (t≤0.53, df = 46 except 22 during red elderberry and cascara trials in 2010, P≥0.60) except that in 2009 birds without access to sodium lost 15.2 ± 5.4 g (t46 = 2.82, P
at the station each day ranged from 0–14 (4.14 ± 0.30) and use peaked mid-August. Each marked pigeon visiting the station did so up to 12 different days (5.08 ± 0.31), but 83.9% of the birds visited ≤8 days and 10.8% visited only 1 day. The mean span between daily visits for each bird with ≥2 visits (n = 83) was 13.08 ± 0.89 days and ranged from 3.8–65.0 days. The number of 1-minute unique detections for each bird within a daily visit ranged from 1–7, but 80.1% (378 of 472) had ≤2. Most all (93.1%) of the 403 time spans between repeat detections in a day were ≤60 minutes and only 5 were >90 minutes (max = 269 minutes). Marked birds visited the station between 0601–2001 hours (daylight), 68.0% by noon and 95.0% by1500 hours. Most (54.6%) of the males first visited the station by 1000 hours and 86.0% of the females after 1000 hours. In 2011, 2 adjacent stations provided supplemental minerals, 1 with sodium solution and 1 with calcium solution, and both additionally offered whole corn before 1 June. Pigeons used both stations equally before June and were observed flying between stations during use. Overall mineral station use patterns in 2011 were similar to that in 2010. However, pigeons did not use the station with supplemental calcium after 2–3 days following change from supplemental sodium and pigeon use immediately tracked the sodium station. Combining use information from both stations, and when mineral was the only offering, I detected 1,126 daily-unique visits by 174 marked pigeons during 116 days (1 June–24 September) in 2010. The 174 unique birds represented only 32.7% of the 220 birds marked earlier that year (29.1% of the 351 birds banded in the previous year) near the station and 71.0% of the 245 birds confirmed to be in the area and using the station that year (184 days, 25 March–24 September). Birds that did use the station with only supplemental minerals first used the station more quickly than in 2010; 25% of the unique birds were first detected after 2 days, 50% after 12 days, but still only 75% after 44 days. The number of marked birds at the station each day ranged from 0–37 (9.71 ± 0.56) and use peaked mid to late August. Each marked pigeon visiting the station did so up to 20 different days (6.47 ± 0.32), but 82.2% of the birds visited ≤10 days and 13.2% visited only 1 day. The mean span between daily visits for each bird with ≥2 visits (n = 151) was 13.74 ± 0.81 days, but ranged from 1.0–85.0 days. The number of 1-minute unique detections for each bird within a daily visit ranged from 1–8; however 80.9% (911 of 1,126) had ≤2. Most all 29 (92.0%) of the 879 time spans between repeat detections in a day were ≤60 minutes and only 5 were >90 minutes (max = 269 minutes). Marked birds visited the station between 0545–1930 hours (daylight), 77.5% by noon and 94.6% by1500 hours. Most (51.3%) of the males first visited the station by 1000 hours and 81.0% of the females after 1000 hours. Periodic observations indicate that about 5% of the population of pigeons using the mineral stations were marked (n = 37 flocks, 54 marked of 1,078 birds examined) and in no case was a marked bird observed on an antenna rail or in a station where a detection could not be subsequently verified at the station during the same time. In May 2010, I also marked 98 adult band-tailed pigeons with a PIT tag and aluminum leg band in northwestern Oregon near a replicate mineral site created that month. The station, mineral offerings, procedures, and monitoring (114 days, 15 June–6 October) were the same as the created mineral site in southwestern Washington. Only 11 birds returned to use the station with mineral only and 14 in total including the earlier days with corn and mineral beginning 12 May when the station was established. Six birds used the mineral station only 1 day while the other 5 birds used the station 2–8 days (2.91 ± 0.88). The span between visits for birds with ≥2 visits was 9.38 ± 4.60 days (range = 2–27), but sample size was small (n = 5). So although use patterns were similar among created mineral sites for birds that used them, I discontinued monitoring at this station because the effective sample size was small for the number of birds marked, which I assume was due to its recent creation and close proximity (600 ppm at 95.5% of mineral sites and >300 ppm at all sites while calcium was >600 ppm at only 48.5% of mineral sites and 47.0% of the sites had
Page 1 and 2: U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Webles
Page 3 and 4: CONTENTS Development and History of
Page 5 and 6: HISTORY AND ADMINISTRATION OF THE W
Page 7 and 8: Program Administration The USFWS Pr
Page 9 and 10: Appendix A - Priority Information N
Page 11 and 12: Table 1. Harvest and crippling of m
Page 13 and 14: idge between current monitoring eff
Page 15 and 16: Figure 1. Estimated age ratios of m
Page 17 and 18: other, showing similar behavior (e.
Page 19 and 20: Table 5. Detection probability and
Page 21 and 22: mechanism for accurate aging of whi
Page 23 and 24: Currently laboratory measurements o
Page 25 and 26: Band-tailed Pigeons BAND-TAILED PIG
Page 27 and 28: flux:rock), fused at 1000°C in a m
Page 29 and 30: The mineral station design was adju
Page 31: unripe], cascara, and blue elderber
Page 35 and 36: that Interior birds tended to retai
Page 37 and 38: Sandhill Cranes POPULATION GENETIC
Page 39 and 40: distinguishing between nearly ident
Page 41 and 42: Table 2. Pairwise Fst Values betwee
Page 43 and 44: VHF transmitters were synchronized
Page 45 and 46: Alternatively, a different survey m
Page 47 and 48: (Bennett and Bennett 1990, Nesbitt
Page 49 and 50: Spatial Data Landscape-scale data
Page 51 and 52: time-dependent variable of minimum
Page 53 and 54: We found colt survival was lower on
Page 55 and 56: McWethy, D. B., and J. E. Austin. 2
Page 57 and 58: Recent advancements in technology a
Page 59 and 60: Wildlife Resource Agency, Obion (So
Page 61 and 62: Figure 4. Preliminary breeding terr
Page 63 and 64: American Woodcock HABITAT USE AND O
Page 65 and 66: Figure 2: Map of a pointing dog tra
Page 67 and 68: Figure 4: Kriged 13th secondary fea
Page 69 and 70: Texas A&M University, College Stati
Page 71 and 72: ASSESSMENT OF TECHNIQUES FOR EVALUA
Page 73 and 74: ivers, marshes, and shrub swamps. V
Page 75 and 76: adio-marked broods 5-7 days per wee
Page 77 and 78: adult female, considerably lower th
Page 79 and 80: FACTORS AFFECTING DETECTION OF AMER
Page 81 and 82: We classified land-cover types at e
Page 83 and 84:
were neighbor = 1.0, observer = 1.0
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was included within the official su
Page 87 and 88:
Beyer, H. L. 2004. Hawth's Analysis
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Marshbirds THE EFFECT OF WATERFOWL
Page 91 and 92:
Table 2. Relative Importance of mod
Page 93 and 94:
nests to account for repeated measu
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Literature Cited Bogner, H. E. and
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a common nest substrate. Tall forms
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despite rails’ apparent ability t
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EVALUATION OF AN EXPERT-BASED LANDS
Page 103 and 104:
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE NATIONAL MARS
Page 105 and 106:
truthed before the actual survey. H
Page 107 and 108:
IMPLEMENTATION OF A NATIONAL MARSHB
Page 109 and 110:
Table 1. Numbers of individuals of
Page 111 and 112:
was required because it was not rea
Page 113 and 114:
ESTIMATING POPULATION TRENDS, RELAT
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This abstract represents a final ab
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Virginia Rail (Rallus limicola), So
Page 119 and 120:
volunteers to cover new sites in la
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Plain of Louisiana (Figure 1). We s
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for concentrations of wintering sni
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Table 1. Model selection results an
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DEVELOPING OPTIMAL SURVEY TECHNIQUE
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Conway, C. J., and J. P. Gibbs. 201
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Figure 1. Red Slough Wildlife Manag
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estimate visual obstruction 10 m fr
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Table 3. Habitat measurements recor
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Thesis, South Dakota State Universi
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Reproductive Success and Survival i
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The goal of the study is to address
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When interacting with private lando
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