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VII. TaITIGATION 93affords no adequate protection against discriminatory conduct."Antiunion, violence instigated by the employer.—Physical violenceagainst employees because of their union membership is, of course,a violation of the Act, and an employer may be held responsible forsuch violence where be has instigated, encouraged, or tactitly countenancedand condonedEspionage.—Section 8 (1) findings based upon the use of thepernicious technique of industrial espionage have been uniformlysustained," and one court has noted that the employment of laborspies carries with it a presumption that the information so obtainedwas put to use."Anti-union contracts.—A modified form of "yellow-dog" contractwhich "stipulated for the renunciation by the employees of rightsguaranteed by the Act," was declared in National Licorice Co. V.N. L. R. B., 309 U. S. 350, to be "a continuing means of thwartingthe policy of the act." 42Other interference.—Among other forms of interference recognizedby the courts during the past year were the ever-recurring questioningof employees concerning their union affiliations with express or impliedwarnings against such membership ; 43 the holding of elections underthe employer's auspices or by company union officers with the employer'sconsent; 44 the solicitation or repudiations of union membership,circulation of "loyalty" petitions, and the instigation of"back-to-work" movements ; 45 the utterance of threats of or the actualshutdown or removal of operations to discourage union activity,"33 National LiCOACO Co. V. N. L. R. B., 309 U. S. 350; American Mfg. Co. v. N. L. II. B.,309 U. S. 029; N. L. R. B. V. Goshen Rubber Mfg. Co., 110 F. (2d) 432 (C. C. A. 7) ;North Whittier Heights Citrus Ass'n v. N. L. R. B. 109 F. (2d) 76 (C. C. A. 9), certioraridenied, 310 U. S. 632. rehearing denied. 61 S. CE. M.r9 N. L. R. B. v. Sunshine Mining Co., 110 F. (2d) 780 (C. C. A. 9), certiorari denied January13, 1941; N. L. R. B. v. J. Greenbaum Tanning Co., 110 F. (2d) 984 (C. C. A. 7), certioraridenied, 61 S. Ct. 18; N L. R. B. v. Good Coal Co., 110 F (2d) 501 (C. C. A. 6). certioraridenied, 310 U. S. 030; "Republic Steel Corp. v. N. L. R. B., 107 F. (2d) 472 (C. C. A. 3),certiorari denied, 309 U. S. 684, upon rehearing Board order modified as to one issue only311 U. S. 7; N. L. R. B. V. Planters Mfg. Co., 105 F. (2d) 750 (C. C. A. 4) ; but seeN. L. R. B. v. Asheville Hosiery Co., 108 F. (2d) 288 (C. C. A. 4).40 Republic Steel Corp. v. N. L. R. B., 107 F. (2d) 472 (C. C. A. 3). certiorari denied, 309U. S. 684, upon rehearing, Board order modified as to one issue only, 311 U. S. 7; MontgomeryWard ct Co. v. N. L. R. B., 107 F. (2d) 555 (C. C. A. 7) ; Link-Belt Co. V. N. L. R. B.,110 F. (2d) 506 (C. C. A. 7), affirmed, 61 S. Ct. 358; Kansas City Power if Light Co. v.N. L. R. B., 111 F. (2d) 340 (C. C. A. 8) ; Fort Wayne Corrugated Paper Co. V. N. L. R. B.,111 F. (2d) 869 (c. C. A. 7).41 Montgomery Ward cf Co. v. N. L. R. B., 107 F. (2d) 555 (C. C. A. 7).42 Accord : American if Co. v. N. L. R. B., 309 U. S. 029; see infra, p. 95.4. Botany Worsted Mills v. N. L. R. B., 106 F. (2d) 263 (C. C. A. 3) ; N. L. II. B. v.Lane Cotton Mill8, 111 F. (2d) 814 (C. C. A. 5), certiorari dismissed December 9. 1940: MontgomeryWard it Co. v. N. L. R. B., 107 F. (2d) 555 (C. C. A. 7) ; North Whittier HeightsCitrus As8'n V. N. L. R. B., 109 F. (2d) 76 (C. C. A. 9), certiorari denied, 310 U. S. 632,rehearing denied, 61 S. Ct. 54.44 American Mfg. Co. v. N. L. R. B., 309 U. S. 629; Titan Metal Mfg. Co. v. N. L. R. B.,106 F. (2d) (C. C. A. 2), certiorari denied. 308 U. S. 615; McNeely t Price Co. V.N. I,. R. B., 106 F. (2d) 878 (C. C. A. 3) ; N. L. R. B. V. Sunshine Mining Co.. 110 F. (2d)780 (C. C. A. 9), certiorari denied, January 13, 1941; N. L. R. B. v. Somerset Shoe Co., 111 F.(2d) 681 (C. C. A 1)"American Mfg. Co. V. N. L. R. B., 309 U. S. 629: Republic Steel Corp. v. N. L. R. B,107 F. (2d) 472 (C. C. A. 3), certiorari denied, 309 U. S. 684, upon rehearing Board ordermodified as to one issue only, 311 U. S. 7 • N. L. R. B. v. Good Coal Co., 110 F. (2d) 501(C. C. A. 6), certiorari denied, 310 U. S. 630 ; N. L. R. B. v. Goshen Rubber Mfg. Co., oF. (2d) 432 (C. C. A. 7) ; N. L. R. B. v. Sunshine Mining Co., 110 F. (2d) 780 (C. C. A. 9).certiorari filed, denied, January 13, 1941; N. L. R. B. v. Lane Cotton Mills, 111 F. (2d) 814(C. C. A. 5), certiorari dismissed 61 S. Ct. 316; N. L. R. B. V. Somerset Shoe Co., 111 F.(2d) 681 (C. C. A. 1).4° Republic Steel Corp. V. N. L R. B., 107 F. (2d) 472 (C C. A. 3), certiorari denied.309 U. S. 684, upon rehearing Board order modified as to one issue only, 311 U. S. 7Titan Metal Mfg. Co. v. N. L. R. B. 106 F. (2d) 254 (C. C. A. 3), certiorari denied, 308U. S. 015' McNeely d Price Co. V. N. L. R. B. 106 F. (2d) 878 (C. C. A. 3) ; MontgomeryWard it Co. v. N. L. R. B. 103 F. (2d) 147 (C. C. A. 8) ; N. L. R. B. v. Asheville HosieryCo., 108 F. (2d) 288 (C. C. A. 4) ; but see Empire Furniture Corp. v. N. L. R. B., 107 F.(2d) 92 (C. C. A. 6).
94 FIFTH ANNUAL REPORT OF NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARDand the granting of concessions to employees to discourage or forestallunion organization.47UNFAIR LABOR PRACTICES—SECTION 8 (2)Perhaps the most significant development in this field has been thedelineation of certain characteristic patterns in the mechanics by whichcompany-dominated unions are formed. Side by side with this developmenthas occurred a growing appreciation of the significance ofsome of the less apparent but effective methods by which employerinfluence may be exerted over labor organizations.A widespread and important pattern of company-union formationlargely developed since the decisions of April 1937 48 is the use of theprestige given to a well-entrenched and clearly illegal company-dominatedorganization or "representation plan" to carry over after ostensibledissolution of the old organization. Experience shows that littleor no overt employer action is needed to cause a nominally new bodyto rise in place of the old under the same leadership, which enjoysinfluence amongst the employees because of the employer's favor andwhich remains subservient to the employer's wishes. To cause this tohappen, an employer does not have to act; it may be sufficient for himto refrain from acting."In its most characteristic form the "made-over" company unionsucceeds the old organization "without any line of fracture." 5° Thus,the employer's intention to abandon the old company union is announcedfirst, or only, to "insiders"—to the leaders and organizers ofthe old union ; 51 or if any announcement is made to the employees atlarge it is accompanied by praise for the "harmonious relations" existingunder the old plan and an expression of hope that means will befound to continue such relationships ; 52 or the illegality of the old planis admitted, but placed upon a very narrow ground, suggesting thatminor or technical changes will be sufficient; 53 or the new organizationfollows substantially the outlines or structure of the old ; 54 or interim47 Southern Colorado Power Co. v. N. L. R. B., 111 F. (2d) 539 (C. C. A. 10) ; AmericanMfg. Co. v. N. L. R. B., 309 U. S. 629; H. H. Ritzwoller Co. v. N. L. R. B., 114 F. (2d) 432;Montgomery Ward & Co., Inc., v. N. L. R. B., 103 F. (2d) 147 (C. C. A. 8).48 N. L. R. B. v. Jones d Laughlin Steel Corp., 301 U. S. 1, and companion cases.•"N. L. R. B. v. Newport News Shipbuilding & Dry Dock Corp., 308 U. S. 241, and othercases infra under "Oarapas."50 Westinghouse Electric & Mfg. Co. V. N. L. R. B., 112 F. (2d) 657 (C. C. A. 2), certiorarigranted, 61 S. Ct. 135.61 Westinghouse Electric CG Mfg. Co. v. N. L. R. B., 112 F. (2d) 657 (C. C. A. 2), certiorarigranted, 61 S. Ct. 135; Kansas City Power d Light Co. V. N. L. R. B., 111 F. (2d) 340(C. C. A. 8) ; Continental Oil Co. v. N. L. R. B., 113 F. (2d) 473 (C. C. A. 10), certiorarigranted as to another issue, 61 S. Ct. 72; N. L. R. B. V. Greenebaunt Tanning Co., 110 F. (2d)984 (C. C. A. 7), certiorari denied, 61 S. Ct. 18; Texas Co. v. N. L. R. B., 112 F. (2d) 744(C. C. A. 5), certiorari denied, 61 S. Ct. 392; N. L. R. B. v. Stoift cf Co., 108 F. (2d) 988(C. C. A. 7), enforcing, as modified, 11 N. L. R. B. 809; cf.. N. L. R. B. v. H. E. Fletcher Co.,108 F. (2d) 459 (C. C. A. 1), certiorari denied, 309 U. S. 678; cf. House Report 1147 (74thCong., 1st sees.), p. 18.52 N. L. R. B. v. J. Greenebaum Tanning Co., 110 F. (2d) 984 (C. C. A. 7), certiorari denied,61 S. Ct. 18; Union Drawn Steel Co. V. N. L. R. B.„ 109 F. (25) 587 (C. C. A. 3) ; cf. TexasCo. v. N. L. R. B., 112 F. (2d) 744 (C. C. A. 5). certiorari denied. 61 S. Ct. 392: N. L. R. B. v.Swift & Co.. 108 F. (2d) 988 (C. C. A 7), enforcing, as modified, 11 N. L. R. B. 809.53 N. L. R. B. V. Swift & Co., 108 F. (2d) 988 (C. C. A. 7), enforcing, as modified. 11 N. L.R. B. 809; cf. N. L. R. B. v. Newport News Shipbuilding & Dry Dock Co., 308 U. S. 241;N. L. R. B. v. H. B. Fletcher Co., 108 F. (2d) 459 (C. C. A. 1), certiorari denied, 308U. S. 678.'Westinghouse Electric ct Mfg. Co. V. N. L. R. B. 112 F. (2) 657 (C. C. A. 2), certiorarigranted, 61 S. Ct. 135; Continental Oil Co. v. N. L. R. B., 113 F. (25) 473 (C. C. A. 10),certiorari granted as to another issue, 61 S. Ct. 72: N. L. R. B. v. Swift & Co., 108 F. (2d)988 (C. C. A. 7), enforcing, as modified, 11 N. L. R. B. 809.
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NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARDWILLI
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CONTENTSPageI. Introduction 1A. Wor
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FIFTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE NATIONAL
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I. INTRODUCTIONThe number of worker
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I. INTRODUCTION 5finding powers. In
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I. INTRODUCTION 7percent. There was
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II. THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BO
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III. PROCEDURE OF THE BOARDPrevious
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IV. STATISTICAL RECORD OF BOARD ACT
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IV. STATISTICAL RECORD OF BOA:RD AL
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IV. STATISTICAL RECORD OF BOARD Ac,
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TABLE I V.-Disposition of unfair la
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Region.TABLE VIII.—Disposition of
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TABLE X.-Character and results of r
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V. PRINCIPLES ESTABLISHEDIn previou
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V. PRINCIPLES ESTABLIS.LLED 33coupl
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V. PRINCiPLES ESTABLISHED 37tion. T
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V. PRINCIPLES ESTABLISHED 39in the
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V. PRINCIPLES ESTABLISHED 41conditi
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Page 89 and 90: VI. JURISDICTIONThe decisions of th
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Page 131 and 132: IX. DIVISION OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1
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144 FIFTFI ANNUAL REPORT OF NATIONA
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146 FIFTH ANNUAL REPORT OF NATIONAL
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XII. FISCAL STATEMENTThe expenditur
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