In <strong>Bangladesh</strong>, Government policy is aimed more: (a) at the development <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> accreditati<strong>on</strong> ofknowledge <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> vocati<strong>on</strong>al skills than at the ‘softer’ skills <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> attitudes; (b) <strong>on</strong> the dem<strong>on</strong>strati<strong>on</strong>of assets than their deployment – particularly for adults (e.g. lack of provisi<strong>on</strong> of a careereducati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> guidance service for adults); (c) at <strong>in</strong>dividuals look<strong>in</strong>g to enter the labour market(e.g. from educati<strong>on</strong> or unemployment) than with<strong>in</strong>; <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> (d) <strong>on</strong> the <strong>in</strong>dividual <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> the supply sidethan <strong>on</strong> employers <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> the dem<str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> side (i.e. the labour market c<strong>on</strong>textual factors).5.2. Priorities for acti<strong>on</strong> <strong>on</strong> data <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>in</strong>formati<strong>on</strong> gapsrelated to decent workFor rais<strong>in</strong>g the skill profile of the exist<strong>in</strong>g workforce, especially at lower levels to boostflexibility <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> competitiveness, there are a number of potential priority groups <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g: (a)labour market entrants, (b) labour market re-entrants, (c) disadvantaged groups, <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> (d) <strong>in</strong>secureor under-utilized employees, where different policies may need to be targeted accord<strong>in</strong>g todifferent circumstances. For employers the priorities might be to help key groups of staff todevelop both those assets which have explicit, immediate value to the organizati<strong>on</strong> as well asthose transferable <strong>on</strong>es which have a wider, l<strong>on</strong>ger-term value, thereby engender<strong>in</strong>g a sense ofsecurity, encourag<strong>in</strong>g commitment, risk-tak<strong>in</strong>g <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> flexibility am<strong>on</strong>g employees. For the<strong>in</strong>dividual the need is to boost those aspects of their employability which will most enhance theiropportunities <strong>in</strong> the light of their circumstances. To this end, adequate data <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>in</strong>formati<strong>on</strong> <strong>on</strong>these variables should be generated.Employability, so viewed, provides a basis for analyz<strong>in</strong>g the policies affect<strong>in</strong>g the employabilityof certa<strong>in</strong> groups (e.g. 15-17 year old school leavers), or c<strong>on</strong>versely how major policy <strong>in</strong>itiativesimpact <strong>on</strong> employability. This policy orientati<strong>on</strong> may reflect a variety of factors such asdifficulties <strong>in</strong> def<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g, assess<strong>in</strong>g <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> verify<strong>in</strong>g “soft skills”, <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> difficulties identify<strong>in</strong>g <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g>access<strong>in</strong>g specific groups of employees at which to target limited resources. Thus some keyquesti<strong>on</strong>s for future policy <strong>in</strong>terventi<strong>on</strong>s <strong>in</strong>clude: (a) who are the priority groups; (b) where arethe most serious gaps for such groups <strong>in</strong> relati<strong>on</strong> to assets, dimensi<strong>on</strong>s of deployment orpresentati<strong>on</strong>al skills; (c) how these gaps might best be remedied, <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> (d) which of the arms ofpublic policy are best placed to add such value <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> how through <strong>in</strong>terventi<strong>on</strong>s.Whatever the <strong>in</strong>terventi<strong>on</strong>s, they need to be evaluated so that less<strong>on</strong>s can be fed back <strong>in</strong>to furtherimprovements <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> to the decisi<strong>on</strong> to c<strong>on</strong>t<strong>in</strong>ue with, change or stop such <strong>in</strong>terventi<strong>on</strong>s. Potentialmeasures <strong>in</strong>clude collecti<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> dissem<strong>in</strong>ati<strong>on</strong> of those <strong>in</strong>formati<strong>on</strong> relat<strong>in</strong>g to: (i) <strong>in</strong>putmeasures, e.g. possessi<strong>on</strong> of vocati<strong>on</strong>al qualificati<strong>on</strong>s, or the receipt of career managementtra<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g; (ii) percepti<strong>on</strong> measures, e.g. the views of employers <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> the workforce of theiremployability; <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> (iii) outcome measures, e.g. the speed at which people are able to get jobs or“measurements of failure”, e.g. the numbers or proporti<strong>on</strong> of people with difficulty f<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g orkeep<strong>in</strong>g work, or the number of job changes, however def<strong>in</strong>ed. Obviously there is room for somecomb<strong>in</strong>ati<strong>on</strong> of all three. Whatever route is chosen, it is important to take account of the overallstate of the labour market <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> how it is chang<strong>in</strong>g, to take account of any dead-weight effect <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g>assess value additi<strong>on</strong>.Employability is a two-sided equati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> many <strong>in</strong>dividuals need various forms of support toovercome the physical <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> mental barriers to learn<strong>in</strong>g <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> development (i.e. updat<strong>in</strong>g theirassets). Employability is not just about vocati<strong>on</strong>al <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> academic skills. Individuals need relevant<str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> usable labour market <strong>in</strong>formati<strong>on</strong> to help them make <strong>in</strong>formed decisi<strong>on</strong>s about the labourmarket opti<strong>on</strong>s available to them. They may also need support to realize when such <strong>in</strong>formati<strong>on</strong>would be useful, <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> to <strong>in</strong>terpret that <strong>in</strong>formati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> turn it <strong>in</strong>to <strong>in</strong>telligence. F<strong>in</strong>ally, peoplealso need the opportunities to do th<strong>in</strong>gs differently, to access relevant tra<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g>, mostcrucially, employment. The review of the literature <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> discussi<strong>on</strong>s raised a number of areas ofpotential <strong>in</strong>terest for further research. These <strong>in</strong>clude (a) the balance between the comp<strong>on</strong>ents of40
employability, (b) whether there are any m<strong>in</strong>imum levels of employability, (c) the unskilledlabour market, <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> (d) overcom<strong>in</strong>g employability deficits (Hillage <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> Pollard, 1998).In <strong>Bangladesh</strong>, gaps <strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong>formati<strong>on</strong> <strong>on</strong> labour market regulati<strong>on</strong>s <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> employment policies figureprom<strong>in</strong>ently. In the policy priorities, the employment strategy has three primary objectives:achiev<strong>in</strong>g full employment, <strong>in</strong>creas<strong>in</strong>g productivity <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> the quality at work, <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> promot<strong>in</strong>gcohesi<strong>on</strong>. The issues <strong>in</strong>volve more flexibility <strong>in</strong> the labour markets, while provid<strong>in</strong>g workerswith appropriate levels of security: Flexibility is not <strong>on</strong>ly <strong>in</strong> the <strong>in</strong>terest of employers but also ofworkers, as they can then more easily comb<strong>in</strong>e work with care, educati<strong>on</strong> or free-timepreferences. To this end, these various aspects po<strong>in</strong>t to the need for str<strong>on</strong>ger data <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>in</strong>formati<strong>on</strong><strong>in</strong> these areas.By <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> large, reduc<strong>in</strong>g exist<strong>in</strong>g gaps <strong>in</strong> data <strong>on</strong> <strong>Decent</strong> <strong>Work</strong> Indicators rema<strong>in</strong>s a greatchallenge <strong>in</strong> <strong>Bangladesh</strong>. All the ILO c<strong>on</strong>stituents <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> other stakeholders of decent work need toresp<strong>on</strong>d to this challenge collectively. The resp<strong>on</strong>se strategy needs to <strong>in</strong>corporate suitablemodules <strong>in</strong> the exist<strong>in</strong>g surveys <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> other sources, <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> the development of new data collecti<strong>on</strong>tools <strong>in</strong> light of data gaps <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> deficits for each of the <strong>Decent</strong> <strong>Work</strong> Indicator.A process needs to be put <strong>in</strong> place to <strong>in</strong>stituti<strong>on</strong>alize <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> make operati<strong>on</strong>al the c<strong>on</strong>solidati<strong>on</strong> of anati<strong>on</strong>al DWI database, which should be readily <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> publicly accessible. The MOLE <strong>in</strong> closecollaborati<strong>on</strong> with BBS should ideally be resp<strong>on</strong>sible as the lead agency <strong>in</strong> this regard. Thisrequires capacity build<strong>in</strong>g of both the MOLE <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> BBS, al<strong>on</strong>g with technical <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> f<strong>in</strong>ancialassistance.41